Право на образование (статья 13

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(_=)!K) 4<,,H @F@$@, 2>"R,>4, *:b @FJV,FH&:,>4b FH"H\4 13. E@(:"F@&">>Z, JF4:4b B@
D,":42"P44 BD"&" >" @$D"2@&">4, *@:0>Z B@-BD,0>,<J BD,*BD4>4<"H\Fb & P,:bN B@&ZT,>4b
JD@&>b 8@@D*4>"P44 4 &2"4<@*,6FH&4b <,0*J &F,<4 2"4>H,D,F@&">>Z<4 FJ$X,8H"<4, &8:`R"b
D"2:4R>Z, ^:,<,>HZ (D"0*">F8@(@ @$V,FH&". _=+E7?, AD@(D"<<" D"2&4H4b ?D(">42"P44
?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, _=3E+K, ;?G, %F,<4D>Z6 $">8, D,(4@>":\>Z, $">84 D"2&4H4b,
;,0*J>"D@*>Z6 &":`H>Z6 L@>* 4 *DJ(4, F@@H&,HFH&J`V4, @D(">Z F4FH,<Z ?D(">42"P44
?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 *@:0>Z "8H4&424D@&"H\ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@ F P,:\` @FJV,FH&:,>4b BD"&"
>" @$D"2@&">4, >" >"P4@>":\>@< JD@&>, BD4 *@:0>@< F@$:`*,>44 F&@4N F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N
<">*"H@& 4 F @B@D@6 >" BD4@$D,H,>>Z6 4<4 @BZH. % R"FH>@FH4, <,0*J>"D@*>Z<
L4>">F@&Z< JRD,0*,>4b<, @F@$,>>@ %F,<4D>@<J $">8J 4 ;%K, F:,*J,H J*,:bH\ $@:\T,
&>4<">4b 2"V4H, BD"&" >" @$D"2@&">4, & D"<8"N F&@4N 8D,*4H>@6 B@:4H484 4 F@(:"T,>46,
BD@(D"<< FHDJ8HJD>@6 B,D,FHD@684 4 BD4>bH@6 & F&b24 F 8D424F@< 2"*@:0,>>@FH4 29/.
AD4 D"FF<@HD,>44 *@8:"*@& (@FJ*"DFH&-JR"FH>48@& 7@<4H,H $J*,H JR4HZ&"H\ &@2*,6FH&4,
B@<@V4, @8"2">>@6 &F,<4 FH@D@>"<4, B@<4<@ (@FJ*"DFH&-JR"FH>48@&, >" FB@F@$>@FH\
(@FJ*"DFH& &ZB@:>bH\ F&@4 @$b2"H,:\FH&" B@ FH"H\, 13. AD4<,>,>4, FB,P4":424D@&">>Z<4
JRD,0*,>4b<4, BD@(D"<<"<4 4 @D(">"<4 ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 B@*N@*",
@F>@&">>@(@ >" BD"&"N, & 2>"R4H,:\>@6 FH,B,>4 FB@F@$FH&@&":@ $Z @FJV,FH&:,>4` BD"&" >"
@$D"2@&">4,.
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1/
%F,<4D>J` *,8:"D"P4` @$ @$D"2@&">44 *:b &F,N BD4>b:4 155 BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN
*,:,("P46; %,>F8J` *,8:"D"P4` 4 A:"> *,6FH&46 - 171 BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>"b *,:,("P4b;
7@>&,>P4` @ BD"&"N D,$,>8" D"H4L4P4D@&":@ 4:4 BD4F@,*4>4:@F\ 8 >,6 191 (@FJ*"DFH&@-
E/C.12/1999/10
page 17
JR"FH>48; A:"> *,6FH&46 >" ),FbH4:,H4, @$D"2@&">4b & @$:"FH4 BD"& R,:@&,8"
?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 $Z: ,*4>@(:"F>@ BD4>bH D,2@:`P4,6 ',>,D":\>@6
!FF"<$:,4 (49/184).
2/
]H@H B@*N@* F@@H&,HFH&J,H ">":4H4R,F84< D"<8"<, @BD,*,:,>>Z< 7@<4H,H@< &
@H>@T,>44 BD"& >" *@FH"H@R>@, 04:4V, 4 B4H">4,, " H"80, *,bH,:\>@FH4 EB,P4":\>@(@
*@8:"*R48" ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 B@ &@BD@FJ @ BD"&, >" @$D"2@&">4,.
% F&@,< 1"<,R">44 @$V,(@ B@Db*8" 4 7@<4H,H @BD,*,:b,H Db* L"8H@D@&, 2"HD"(4&"`V4N
BD"&@ >" *@FH"H@R>@, 04:4V,, & R"FH>@FH4 ,(@ ">":4R4,", "*@FHJB>@FH\ F H@R84 2D,>4b
D"FN@*@&", "*@FHJB>@FH\" 4 ""*,8&"H>@FH\ F H@R84 2D,>4b 8J:\HJDZ". % F&@,< 1"<,R">44
@$V,(@ B@Db*8" 12 7@<4H,H BD4&@*4H ^:,<,>HZ BD"&" >" *@FH"H@R>@, B4H">4,, H"84,, 8"8
">":4R4,", "BD4,<:,<@FH\" 4 "*@FHJB>@FH\". % F&@,< BD,*&"D4H,:\>@< *@8:"*, 7@<4FF44
?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 B@ BD"&"< R,:@&,8" EB,P4":\>Z6 *@8:"*R48 B@ &@BD@FJ
@ BD"&, >" @$D"2@&">4, J8"2Z&",H "R,HZD, @F>@&>Z, N"D"8H,D4FH484, 8@H@DZ<4 *@:0>Z
@$:"*"H\ >"R":\>Z, T8@:Z, H.,. >":4R4,, *@FHJB>@FH\, BD4,<:,<@FH\ 4 &@2<@0>@FH\
"*"BH"P44" (E/CN.4/1999/49, BJ>8H 50).
3/
E<. BJ>8H 6.
),8:"D"P4b @BD,*,:b,H "$"2@&Z, @$D"2@&"H,:\>Z, B@HD,$>@FH4" 8"8
4/
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FR4H"H\ 4 D,T"H\ 2"*"R4), H"8 4 @F>@&>@, F@*,D0">4, @$JR,>4b (2>">4b, BD@L,FF4@>":\>Z,
>"&Z84, P,>>@FH>Z, JFH">@&84 4 &@22D,>4b), 8@H@DZ, >,@$N@*4<Z :`*b< *:b &Z04&">4b,
D"2&4H4b &F,N F&@4N FB@F@$>@FH,6, FJV,FH&@&">4b 4 D"$@HZ & JF:@&4bN F@$:`*,>4b
R,:@&,R,F8@(@ *@FH@4>FH&", &F,FH@D@>>,(@ JR"FH4b & D"2&4H44, B@&ZT,>4b 8"R,FH&" F&@,6
042>4, BD4>bH4b &F,FH@D@>>, &2&,T,>>ZN D,T,>46 4 BD@*@:0,>4b @$D"2@&">4b" (FH"H\b
1).
5/
Advocacy Kit, Basic Education 1999 (UNICEF), section 1, page 1.
6/
E<. BJ>8H 6.
7/
See International Standard Classification of Education 1997, UNESCO,
para 52.
8/
]H" H@R8" 2D,>4b H"80, @HD"0,>" & BD4>bHZN ;,0*J>"D@*>@6 @D(">42"P4,6
HDJ*" 7@>&,>P44 1975 (@*" @ D"2&4H44 :`*F84N D,FJDF@& (7@>&,>P4b
142) 4 7@>&,>P44
1962 (@*" @$ @F>@&>ZN P,:bN 4 >@D<"N F@P4":\>@6 B@:4H484 (7@>&,>P44
117).
9/
E<. F>@F8J 8.
10/
E<. BJ>8H 6.
11/
E<. BJ>8H 15.
E/C.12/1999/10
page 18
12/
E<. BJ>8H 6.
13/
E<. BJ>8H 9.
14/ ]H@ B,D,8:48",HFb F BJ>8H@< 4 FH"H\4 18 ;,0*J>"D@*>@(@ B"8H" @ (D"0*">F84N
4 B@:4H4R,F84N BD"&"N (;A'AA), " H"80, F&b2">@ F@ F&@$@*@6 4FB@&,*@&"H\ F&@` D,:4(4`
4 J$,0*,>4b, BD,*JF<@HD,>>@6 & BJ>8H, 1 FH"H\4 18 ;A'AA. (E<. 1"<,R">4, @$V,(@
B@Db*8" 22 7@<4H,H" B@ BD"&"< R,:@&,8" B@ FH"H\, 18 ;A'AA, F@D@8 &@F\<"b F,FF4b,
1993 (@*.) 7@<4H,H B@ BD"&"< R,:@&,8" @H<,R",H, RH@ @F>@&@B@:"("`V46 N"D"8H,D
FH"H\4 18 ;A'AA >"N@*4H F&@, @HD"0,>4, & H@<, RH@, F@(:"F>@ BJ>8HJ 2 FH"H\4 4
JB@<b>JH@(@ A"8H", @HFHJB:,>4b @H ^H@6 >@D<Z >, *@BJF8"`HFb *"0, & B,D4@*
RD,2&ZR"6>@(@ B@:@0,>4b.
15/
EH"H\b 2 (:"F4H:
"E:,*J`V4, B@:@0,>4b >, D"FF<"HD4&"`HFb 8"8 *4F8D4<4>"P4b F H@R84 2D,>4b
FH"H\4 1 >"FH@bV,6 7@>&,>P44, ,F:4 @>4 *@BJF8"`H & @H*,:\>ZN (@FJ*"DFH&"N:
a)
F@2*">4, 4:4 F@ND">,>4, D"2*,:\>ZN F4FH,< @$D"2@&">4b 4:4 JR,$>ZN
2"&,*,>46 *:b JR"V4NFb D"2>@(@ B@:" & H,N F:JR"bN, 8@(*" ^H4 F4FH,<Z 4:4 2"&,*,>4b
@$,FB,R4&"`H D"&>Z6 *@FHJB 8 @$D"2@&">4`, 8@(*" 4N BD,B@*"&"H,:\F846 F@FH"& 4<,,H
@*4>"8@&J` 8&":4L48"P4`, 8@(*" @>4 D"FB@:"("`H B@<,V,>4b<4 4 @$@DJ*@&">4,<
D"&>@(@ 8"R,FH&" 4 B@2&@:b`H BD@N@*4H\ @$JR,>4, B@ @*4>"8@&Z< BD@(D"<<"<;
b)
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D"2*,:\>ZN F4FH,< @$D"2@&">4b 4:4 JR,$>ZN 2"&,*,>46, *"`V4N @$D"2@&">4,,
F@@H&,HFH&J`V,, &Z$@DJ D@*4H,:,6 4:4 2"8@>>ZN @B,8J>@& JR"V4NFb, & H,N F:JR"bN,
8@(*" &8:`R,>4, & ^H4 F4FH,<Z 4:4 B@FHJB:,>4, & ^H4 2"&,*,>4b b&:b,HFb
*@$D@&@:\>Z< 4:4 ,F:4 *"&",<@, 4<4 @$D"2@&">4, F@@H&,HFH&J,H >@D<"<,
BD,*B4F">>Z< 4:4 JH&,D0*,>>Z< 8@<B,H,>H>Z<4 @D(">"<4 @$D"2@&">4b, & R"FH>@FH4 &
@H>@T,>44 >@D< @$D"2@&">46 @*>@6 4 H@6 0, FHJB,>4;
c)
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4N P,:\` b&:b,HFb >, 4F8:`R,>4, 8"8@6-:4$@ (DJBBZ, " :4T\ *@B@:>,>4,
&@2<@0>@FH,6 @$D"2@&">4b, BD,*@FH"&:b,<ZN (@FJ*"DFH&@<, BD4 JF:@&44, RH@ 4N
*,bH,:\>@FH\ *,6FH&4H,:\>@ @H&,R",H &ZT,J8"2">>@6 P,:4 4 RH@ *"&",<@, 4<4
@$D"2@&">4, F@@H&,HFH&J,H >@D<"<, BD,*B4F">>Z< 4:4 JH&,D0*,>>Z< 8@<B,H,>H>Z<4
@D(">"<4 @$D"2@&">4b, & R"FH>@FH4 & @H>@T,>44 >@D< @$D"2@&">4b @*>@6 4 H@6 0,
FHJB,>4".
16/ E<. C,8@<,>*"P4` _=+E7? @ B@:@0,>44 BD,B@*"&"H,:\F8@(@ F@FH"&" F4FH,<Z
&ZFT,(@ @$D"2@&">4b (1997).
E/C.12/1999/10
page 19
17/ AD4 F@FH"&:,>44 ^H@(@ BJ>8H" 7@<4H,H BD4>b: &@ &>4<">4, `D4*4R,F8J`
BD"8H48J *DJ(4N @D(">@& <,0*J>"D@*>@6 F4FH,<Z BD"& R,:@&,8", >"BD4<,D H@:8@&">4,
7@<4H,H@< B@ BD"&"< D,$,>8" BJ>8H" 2 FH"H\4 28 7@>&,>P44 @ BD"&"N D,$,>8", " H"80,
H@:8@&">4, 7@<4H,H@< B@ BD"&"< R,:@&,8" FH"H\4 7 ;A'AA.
18/ 7@<4H,H @H<,R",H, RH@, N@Hb & BJ>8H, 2 FH"H\4 26 ),8:"D"P44 >, JB@<4>",HFb
@ *@FH@4>FH&, :4R>@FH4, F@FH"&4H,:4 ;A]E7A >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@ &8:`R4:4 *@FH@4>FH&@
R,:@&,R,F8@6 :4R>@FH4 & R4F:@ @$b2"H,:\>ZN P,:,6, >" 8@H@DZ, *@:0>Z $ZH\
@D4,>H4D@&">Z &F, &4*Z @$D"2@&">4b (BJ>8H 1 FH"H\4 13).
19/
E<. 1"<,R">4, @$V,(@ B@Db*8" 3 7@<4H,H", BJ>8H 1.
20/
E<. 1"<,R">4, @$V,(@ B@Db*8" 3 7@<4H,H", BJ>8H 2.
21/
E<. 1"<,R">4, @$V,(@ B@Db*8" 3 7@<4H,H", BJ>8H 9.
22/
E<. 1"<,R">4, @$V,(@ B@Db*8" 3 7@<4H,H", BJ>8H 9.
23/ % ^H@6 F&b24 (@FJ*"DFH&"-JR"FH>484 $J*JH @B4D"H\Fb >" P,:Z6 Db* 4FH@R>48@&,
>"BD4<,D >" *@8J<,>H _=+E7? Guidelines for Curriculum and Textbook
Development in International Education (ED/ECS/HCI). ?*>" 42 P,:,6,
BD,*JF<@HD,>>ZN & BJ>8H, 1 FH"H\4 13, 2"8:`R",HFb & H@<, RH@$Z "J8D,B:bH\ J&"0,>4, 8
BD"&"< R,:@&,8" 4 @F>@&>Z< F&@$@*"<"; & ^H@6 F&b24 (@FJ*"DFH&"<-JR"FH>48"< F:,*J,H
D"FF<@HD,H\ 4>4P4"H4&Z, D"2D"$@H">>Z, & D"<8"N ),FbH4:,H4b @$D"2@&">4b & @$:"FH4 BD"&
R,:@&,8" ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46. ?F@$,>>@ B@JR4H,:\>Z A:"> *,6FH&46 *:b
),FbH4:,H4b, BD4>bHZ6 ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,,6 & 1996 (@*J, 4 CJ8@&@*bV4, BD4>P4BZ &
@H>@T,>44 >"P4@>":\>ZN B:">@& *,6FH&46 B@ @$D"2@&">4` & @$:"FH4 BD"& R,:@&,8",
D"2D"$@H">>Z, IBD"&:,>4,< %,DN@&>@(@ 8@<4FF"D" B@ BD"&"< R,:@&,8" & P,:bN @8"2">4b
(@FJ*"DFH&"< F@*,6FH&4b & @D(">42"P44 JR"FH4b & ),FbH4:,H44 @$D"2@&">4b & @$:"FH4 BD"&
R,:@&,8" ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46.
24/ QH@ 8"F",HFb 2>"R,>4b H,D<4>@& "@$b2"H,:\>@," 4 "$,FB:"H>@,", H@ 7@<4H,H
FFZ:",HFb >" BJ>8HZ 6 4 7 F&@,(@ 1"<,R">4b @$V,(@ B@Db*8" 11 B@ FH"H\, 14.
25/ % F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N F:JR"bN H"8"b F4FH,<" FH4B,>*46 F:J04:" $Z 8@>8D,H>Z<
P,:,&Z< @D4,>H4D@< *:b <,0*J>"D@*>@6 B@<@V4 4 F@HDJ*>4R,FH&", @ 8@H@DZN (@&@D4HFb &
BJ>8H, 1 FH"H\4 2.
26/ % F&b24 F $"2@&Z< @$D"2@&">4,< _=3E+K @H<,H4:: "G@:\8@ (@FJ*"DFH&@ ...
FB@F@$>@ F&,FH4 &F, 8@<B@>,>HZ & ,*4>J`, >@ (4$8J` F4FH,<J @$D"2@&">4b". UNICEF,
The State of the World’s Children, 1999, "The education resolution", page 77.
E/C.12/1999/10
page 20
27/ E@(:"F>@ BJ>8HJ 2 FH"H\4 7, "(8)"0*@, (@FJ*"DFH&@-R:,>, BD4>4<"b &@
&>4<">4, &"0>@FH\ @$D"2@&">4b & *,:, 4F8@D,>,>4b *,HF8@(@ HDJ*", BD4>4<",H &
JFH">@&:,>>Z, FD@84 ^LL,8H4&>Z, <,DZ, >"BD"&:,>>Z, >":
c) BD,*@FH"&:,>4, &F,<
*,Hb<, @F&@$@0*,>>Z< @H >"4NJ*T4N L@D< *,HF8@(@ HDJ*", *@FHJB" 8 $,FB:"H>@<J $"2@&@<J
@$D"2@&">4`, " H"80,, B@ <,D, &@2<@0>@FH4 4 >,@$N@*4<@FH4, BD@L,FF4@>":\>@H,N>4R,F8@6 B@*(@H@&8," (7@>&,>P4b ;?G 182 @ >"4NJ*T4N L@D<"N *,HF8@(@ HDJ*",
1999 (@*).
28/
E<. 1"<,R">4, @$V,(@ B@Db*8" 3 7@<4H,H", BJ>8HZ 13-14.
29/
E<. 1"<,R">4, @$V,(@ B@Db*8" 2 7@<4H,H", BJ>8H 9.
-----
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