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JYVÄSKYLÄN
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JYVÄSKYLÄ 2004
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JYVÄSKYLÄN
YLIOPISTO
JYVÄSKYLÄ 2004
Editors
Erkki Peuranen
Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä
Pekka Olsbo and Marja-Leena Tynkkynen
Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä
URN:ISBN 9513919153
ISBN 951-39-1915-3 (PDF)
ISSN 1459-4331
ISBN 951-39-1446-1 (nid.)
ISSN 1459-4323
Copyright © 2004, by University of Jyväskylä
Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2004
ABSTRACT
Siiberg, Liilia
‘White Lilies’: The Genesis of the Finnish National Myth in Bulgaria and the Role of
Russian Fennophilia therein (on the Material of Cultural and Literary Relations
between Bulgaria and Finland)
Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä 2004, 284 p.
(Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities
ISSN 1459-4331; 20)
ISBN 951-39-1915-3
Finnish summary
Diss.
The aim of the work is to research cultural and literary connections between
Finland and Bulgaria that have not been studied before. These quite small countries
are geographically distant from each other and have big cultural and social
differences. Hence, a limited amount of material could be expected. An Unexpected
discovery was that in Bulgaria there is a very positive national image about Finnish
people; in a way the Bulgarians are fennophiles. The methodology was extended to
include the cultural side using the terms world picture, national character, cliché
and stereotyping The first stereotypes were apparently already in place before the
first official contacts the two countries: the locus of the North and the South.
The first contact between these countries started dramatically: during the
Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878 nine hundred Finnish volunteers participated in
the relise of Bulgaria. The soldiers readily published their diaries and memoirs,
whose main point was that “we” were at war “there”. Direct literare connections
started from year 1896. Various authors were of interest in Bulgaria according to
clearly defined cultural, ideological and educational needs of the young country.
D. Bozhkov dedicated his tinne to the enlightenment of the Bulgarian people
through publishing in Bulgarian the books known Russian public figure and
fennophile G. Petrov. All the basic traits of Russian finnophilia were reflected in the
book of G. Petrov “V stranata na belite lilii. Finlandia – Suomi” (1925): Finland was
a small country, poor in natural resources, the home for poor, but persistent people
ardently loving their fatherland and ready to die for it. Whereas big Russia,
according to the thinking of the “progressive” intellectual of those times, received
criticism as the oppressor, the opposite of the “white Evangelical lilies” – the Finns.
The material follows the ideological code of an idealized model, the genesis of the
national myth. This gives new approaches to the mechanism of the internal
descriptions of national image and to the mechanism of the external perception of
the country.
From the Finnish point a vising, there has been los interest in Bulgaria.
During the national liberation movement, before 1917 the novel “Pod igoto” by I.
Vazov was translated into finnish three times.
Keywords: Finnish-Bulgarian contacts, inter-cultural communication, national
image, national myth
Author’s address
FL Liilia Siiberg
Department of Languages
Russian Language and Literature
University of Jyväskylä Finland
Supervisor
Professor Erkki Peuranen
Department of Languages
Russian Language and Literature
University of Jyväskylä Finland
Reviewers
Professor Igor Černov
University of Tartu
Estonian
Docent Georgi Vålčev
Bulgarian Academie
Opponents
Professor Igor Černov
University of Tartu
Estonian
Docent Georgi Vålčev
Bulgarian Academie
Tyttärilleni:
Sari-Maaret Sinikalle ja
Päivi Christinalle
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4 :4H,D"HJD>ZN BD@42&,*,>4bN. E@$ZH4b 1877-78 (@*" @H>@FbHFb 8
19
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4 *D.).
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>4N >"N@*4H F&@. @HD"0,>4, D,P,BP4b L4>F84<4 F@:*"H"<4 $@:("DF8@6
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Sarajasó1957), ',D<">4,6 (Klinge 1989), " H"80, F@F,*>4<4, "2>"8@<Z<4"
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20
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A@B4&">@& 1980), CJ<Z>4,6, 4, & @F@$,>>@FH4, F@ F:"&b>F84<4 (7@>,& 1966,
“E:"&b>F84H, :4H,D"HJD4 & #X:("D4b” 1988, 1:Z*>,& 1985 4 BD.) 42JR,>Z
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>,4FF:,*@&">>ZN 4:4 <":@4FF:,*@&">>ZN H,DD4H@D46. 7 $,:Z< BbH>"<
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>"D@*@& #":8">F8@(@ B@:J@FHD@&", 8"8 >"BD4<,D: Balkan 2000 (1997, 1999),
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21
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F@P4":\>Z6 4:4 *"0, 8J:\HJD@:@(4R,F846 B@*N@*, H"8 8"8 @8"2Z&",HFb
&>4<">4, B@RH4 :4T\ H@:\8@ $ZHJ >"D@*" 4 @$V,FH&,>>Z< JF:@&4b< &
FHD">"N, 8"8 ^H@ R.H8@ BD@F:,04&",HFb & D,P,>24bN >" BJ$:48"P4` 8>4(
E4::">Bb (@$ ^H@< & (:. 3.3.5 <Z F8"0,< B@*D@$>,,).
E&@,@$D"2>Z< &@ &2"4<@@H>@T,>4bN K4>:b>*44 4 #@:("D44 b&:b,HFb
H@, RH@, N@Hb <Z D,*8@ F:ZT4< D,P,BH4&>Z6 @H8:48 F@&D,<,>>48"
8@>H"8H", 8@>8D,H42"P44 "DH,L"8H", - H,< >, <,>,, 4FF:,*@&"H,:\ &4*4H
D,2J:\H"H: 8J<J:bH4&>@, >"8@B:,>4, B@:@04H,:\>ZN ^8FB:48"P46 @
L4>>"N, @H<,R,>>@, <>@(4<4 $@:,, B@2*>4<4 4 *"0, F@&D,<,>>Z<4
L4>F84<4 "&H@D"<4. AD@4::`FHD4DJ,< ^H@ >" >,F8@:\84N BD4<,D"N 42
H,8FH@& L4>F84N "&H@D@&. K4>> ?>>4 G":"F, F:J04&T46 *@ %H@D@6
<4D@&@6 &@6>Z & #@:("D44 B@F:@< (1934-1940), B4T,H:
“Joka kerran hän [Bulgarian kuningas] osoitti Suomea kohtaan aivan erikoista
kiinnostusta tiedustellen minulta tarkalleen, miten asiat Suomessa edistyvät” [B@*R.
9.E.](Talas 1960: 266),
-“Matkallamme saatoimme todeta, että Bulgarian kansa suhtautuu Suomeen
erittäin ystävällisesti” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Talas 1960: 280)2
!&H@DZ B@F:,&@,>>ZN 42*">46 *:b HJD4FH@& H"80, @H<,R"`H
FJV,FH&J`V,, J $@:("D B@:@04H,:\>@, <>,>4, @ L4>>"N 4 @F@$@
J&"04H,:\>@, @H>@T,>4, 8 >4<:
-“Kun bulgaari kuulee sinun olevan Suomesta, hänen kasvoille ilmestyy iloinen,
ystävällinen ja kunnioittava ilme. Hän tietää tarkalleen, mistä olet ja minkälainen”
[B@*R. 9.E.](Kondakov 1983: 15)
-"hyvä, jopa liiankin hyvä, kuva suomalaisten rehellisyydestä” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Ylinen
1978: 5)
-"Bulgarialaiset suhtautuvat ystävällisesti kaikkiin ulkomaalaisiin, mutta
suhtautuminen suomalaisiin on tavallista sydämellisempää” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Ylinen
1978: 5)3
? BD4R4>"N ^H@6 F4<B"H44 4 J&"0,>4b "&H@DZ FHD@bH F"<Z, D"2>Z,
BD,*B@:@0,>4b: &@-B,D&ZN, JR"FH4, L4>>@& & &@6>, 1877-78 (@*": “Yleisesti
27
näyttää olevan tiedossa, että suomalaistakin verta on vuodatettu Bulgarian
vapauden hyväksi” (Talas 1960: 280), “Kun bulgarialainen kuulee, että hänen
juttukumppaninsa on suomalainen, hän alkaa heti puhua niistä suomalaisista, jotka
taistelivat Venäjän ja Turkin sodassa 1877-1878 Bulgarian puolesta” [B@*R.
9.E.](Salokorpi 1985: 115, Kondakov 1983: 15)4. _:4>,> F@(:"F,> F G":"F@<
(Ylinen 1978: 5). =@ & *DJ(@< <,FH, G":"F @BD@&,D(",H &"0>@FH\ JR"FH4b
L4>>@& & @F&@$@0*,>44 #@:("D44 FD,*4 BD4R4> *@$D@(@ @H>@T,>4b 8
L4>>"<:
“Suomi nautti Bulgariassa aivan erikoista suosiota. Vähäiseksi osaksi tämä johtui
siitä, että Suomen kaarti oli Turkin sodassa taistellut Venäjän joukoissa Bulgarian
vapauden puolesta. Mutta tämä oli enää vain verrattain harvojen tiedossa, joten se
ei paljoakaan voinut vaikuttaa asiaan”. [B@*R. 9.E.](Talas 1960: 267)5
_:4>,> >"N@*4H 4 *DJ(4, BD4R4>Z F4<B"H44 $@:("D 8 L4>>"<, &
R"FH>@FH4, FN@*>J` 4FH@D4R,F8J` FJ*\$J >"D@*@&, " H"80, (,@(D"L4R,F8@,
B@:@0,>4, (F8@D,, &F,(@ _:4>,> 4<,,H & &4*J B@:@0,>4, <,0*J %@FH@8@<
4 1"B"*@< [9.E.]), *@$D@0,:"H,:\>@FH\ @*>@(@ <":@(@ >"D@*" 8 *DJ(@<J.
(Ylinen 1978: 5). ?*>@6 42 &"0>,6T4N BD4R4> "&H@DZ FR4H"`H 8>4(J “@
FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46”, "&H@D@< 8@H@D@6 b&:b,HFb >,846 B4F"H,:\ A,HD@&.
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FH,D,@H4B42"P4b.
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4 :4H,D"HJD>ZN 8@>H"8H@&, >"< J*":@F\ &Zb&4H\ & L4>F8@6 4 $@:("DF8@6
D,P,BP44 >,8@H@DZ, 8@>8D,H>Z, R,DHZ 8"8 L4>>@&, H"8 4 $@:("D, 8@H@DZ,
& <,0>"P4@>":\>@< @$V,>44 4>H,(D4D@&":4F\ & @$VJ` <@*,:\ <4D".
A@>bH4, <@*,:\ <4D", 4:4 B@-*DJ(@<J, 8"DH4>" <4D", B@ %.=. G@B@D@&J,
,FH\ “F@8D"V.>>@, 4 JBD@V.>>@, @H@$D"0,>4, &F,6 FJ<<Z BD,*FH"&:,>46
@ <4D, &>JHD4 *">>@6 HD"*4P44, &2bHZN & 4N F4FH,<>@< 4 HD"*4P4@>>@<
"FB,8H, [...] <4D ,FH\ D,2J:\H"H B,D,D"$@H84 4>L@D<"P44 @ FD,*, 4 F"<@<
R,:@&,8,, BD4R.< “R,:@&,R,F84,” FHDJ8HJDZ 4 FN,<Z R"FH@
28
^8FHD"B@:4DJ`HFb >" FD,*J”(G@B@D@& 1982":161). ;@*,:\ <4D"
8@>8D,H424DJ,H &@ &D,<,>4 4 & (,@(D"L4R,F8@< BD@FHD">FH&, "DH,L"8HZ
8J:\HJDZ, :4H,D"HJDZ, >"D@*@&. “;@*,:\ <4D" D,":42J,HFb & D"2:4R>ZN
F,<4@H4R,F84N &@B:@V,>4bN, >4 @*>@ 42 8@H@DZN >, b&:b,HFb B@:>@FH\`
>,2"&4F4<Z<, B@F8@:\8J &F, @>4 F8@@D*4>4D@&">Z <,0*J F@$@6 4
@ $ D " 2 J ` H ,*4>J` J>4&,DF":\>J` F4FH,<J, 8@H@D@6 @>4 4
B@*R4>,>Z”(G@B@D@& 1982":161). ;@*,:\ <4D" &8:`R",H >, H@:\8@
“4FH@D4R,F8@,” BD,*">4,, >@ 4 FD,*FH&@ @$XbF>,>4b >"FH@bV,(@ 4
$J*JV,(@. ?>" &8:`R",H & F,$b, & R"FH>@FH4, BD@FHD">FH&,>>@-&D,<,>>Z,
B"D"<,HDZ, BD4R4>>Z, 4 ^H4R,F84,. ]H4R,F84, F@*,D0"H & F,$,
>D"&FH&,>>Z, JFH">@&:,>4b B@ BD4>P4BJ $4>"D>@FH4, RH@ 0,:"H,:\>@ 4
RH@ >,*@2&@:,>@, RH@ F&@., RH@ RJ0*@, RH@ ,FH\ *@$D@, " RH@ 2:@ 4
H.B.(G@B@D@& 1982":162)
% *":\>,6T,< <Z $J*,< 4FB@:\2@&"H\ D"&>@2>"R>Z6, & >"FH@bV,,
&D,<b R"V, JB@HD,$:b,<Z6 H,D<4>: 8"DH4>" <4D". A@:\2JbF\ B@>bH4,<
8"DH4>Z <4D", <Z, BD"8H4R,F84, B@:JR",< &@2<@0>@FH\ @H&,H4H\ >" H"84,
&@BD@FZ 8"8: 8"84, R,DHZ >"D@* BD4@$D,H",H & 2"&4F4<@FH4 @H
(,@(D"L4R,F8@(@ D"FB@:@0,>4b (Takala 1982:1-18) F@@H&,HFH&,>>@
$4>"D>Z< 8"H,(@D4b< F,&,D - `(, 4FH@D4R,F8@6 FJ*\$Z, &,:4R4>Z F&@,6
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2"&@,&"H,:\, <":,>\846 - $@:\T@6 4 BD.
E:,*J,H JH@R>4H\ B@>bH4, "8"DH4>" <4D"" 4 @H(D">4R4H\ ,(@ @H
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<4D"). ]H>4R,F8"b 8"DH4>" <4D" BD,*FH"&:b,H F@$@6 @F@$Z< @$D"2@<
FHDJ8HJD4D@&">>@, BD,*FH"&:,>4, @ <4D@2*">44, N"D"8H,D>@, *:b R:,>@&
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8J:\HJD, *">>@(@ >"D@*"” (9JD\, 1997: 45). % 8"DH4>, <4D" >"4$@:,,
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8"DH4>Z, F@@H&,HFH&4, F *,6FH&4H,:\>@FH\`, F&b2\ F F@@H&,HFH&J`V4<4
8"DH4>"<4 *DJ(4N :`*,6. %F. ^H@ H,F>@ F&b2">@ 4 $"24DJ,HFb, 8"8 J0,
(@&@D4:@F\, >" @P,>@R>ZN 8"H,(@D4bN. % H@ &D,<b 8"8 <4D@&@22D,>4, $@:,,
F@@H>,F,>@F R,:@&,R,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH\`, 8@H@D@, >"BD"&:,>@ >" D,T,>4,
&,R>ZN BD@$:,<: 8"8 D@*4:Fb <4D, 8,< JBD"&:b,HFb, 8J*" <Z 4*.<, <,FH@
R,:@&,8" & 8@F<@(@>44, P,:\ 042>4 4 BD., " B@>bH4, 042>,>>Z6 8DJ(@2@D
2"8:`R",H & F,$, D,T,>4b @ F&@,6 F@$FH&,>>@6 042>4, ,. 2"*"R"N 4 P,:bN.
7"DH4>" <4D" 4<,,H H,>*,>P4` 8 B@>4<">4` P,:@FH>@FH4. =4R,< >,
&2"4<@F&b2">>Z6 >"$@D BD,*FH"&:,>46 >, b&:b,HFb 8"DH4>@6 <4D" (Takala
1982: 8).
% N@*, D"$@HZ <Z B@8"0,<, RH@ @$D"2 L4>>" <@0>@ HD"8H@&"H\ 8"8
P,:\>Z6, >"T,*T46 F&@` >4TJ & <@*,:4 <4D" $@:("D4>", H@(*" 8"8 J
L4>>@& @ $@:("D"N >,H P,:@FH>@(@ BD,*FH"&:,>4b, 8@H@D@, <@(:@ $Z 2">bH\
29
F&@. <,FH@ & 8"DH4>, <4D". 7"DH4>" <4D" b&:b,HFb >,84< P,>HD@<, @F>@&@6
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<"FTH"$@&. ? >,*@FH"H8"N 4 @T4$8"N & >,6 $Z&",H >,&@2<@0>@ J2>"H\ &
@$ZR>@6 FD,*, 4 FL,D, *,bH,:\>@FH4 R,:@&,8", H"8 8"8 8"DH4>" <4D"
$Z&",H >"<>@(@ T4D,, R,< FL,D" *,bH,:\>@FH4 R,:@&,8". E&b24 <,0*J
8"DH4>@6 <4D" 4 *,bH,:\>@FH\` R,:@&,8" @$JF:"&:4&"`H H@, RH@ 8"DH4>"
<4D" >"8:"*Z&",HFb >, ,*4>4R>Z< R,:@&,8@< 4 >, >" ,*4>4R>@, :4P@, "
BD4>"*:,04H (DJBB, 4:4 8@::,8H4&J, F @*>@6 FH@D@>Z, 4 BD4:"(",HFb 8
(DJBB, 4:4 8@::,8H4&J, F *DJ(@6 FH@D@>Z. %,:4R4>" (DJBB <@0,H <,>bH\Fb
@H >,F8@:\84N R,:@&,8 *@ P,:@(@ >"D@*" 4 8"F"H\Fb BD,*FH"&:,>46 @H
F"<ZN J284N 4 8@>8D,H>ZN 4 *@ (:@$":\>@6 &,:4R4>Z. (Takala 1982: 12)
="JR>@, 4FF:,*@&">4, >"P4@>":\>@(@ N"D"8H,D", H@ ,FH\
BFN4@:@(4R,F84N @F@$,>>@FH,6 D"2:4R>ZN >"D@*>@FH,6, F&b2">@ F 4<,>,<
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^&@:`P4@>4FHF8@6 H,@D44, F:@04&T,6Fb & XIX &,8,, BD@(D,FF
D"FF<"HD4&":Fb 8"8 BDb<@:4>,6>Z6 BD@P,FF B,D,N@*" @H BD@FH@(@ 8
F:@0>@<J. K4>:b>*4b 2" 8@D@H846 FD@8 BD4T:" 8 H,< *@FH40,>4b<,
8@H@DZ, B@8"2":4 &ZFH"&84 & A"D40, & 1900 4 & M,:\F4>84 & 1910 (@*"N.
#ZH FH": B@<@("H\ :JRT, FBD"&:bH\Fb F H,<4 FB,P4L4R,F84<4
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30
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12
E<. @$ ^H@< I. Liikanen Fennomania ja kansa. Joukkojärjestäytymisen läpimurto ja
Suomalaisen puolueen synty. Historiallisia tutkimuksia 191, Helsinki, 1995.
13
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"DH48J:4D@&">@ 8"8 J>48":\>"b 4 >,2"&4F4<"b @H T&,*F8@(@ &:4b>4b
b2Z8@&"b 4 *JN@&>"b ,*4>4P". %,F\ XIX &,8 & 8:`R, ^&@:`P4@>4FHF8@6
H,@D44 @$FJ0*":Fb D"F@&Z6 &@BD@F, B@ 8@H@D@<J L4>>Z $Z:4 @HFH":@6
>"P4,6, >48@(*" >, 4<,&T,6 F&@,(@ (@FJ*"DFH&" 4 >,FB@F@$>@6 8
JBD"&:,>4` (@FJ*"DFH&@<. ]H4<4 4*,b<4 DJ8@&@*FH&@&":4F\ T&,*F84,
B"DH44, 8@H@DZ, @*4>"8@&@ BD,2D4H,:\>@ @H>@F4:4F\ 8"8 8 L4>>"<, H"8 4
8 DJFF84<:
Kuvaus venäläisistä saattoi olla hyvin kielteinen. Väitettiin, että he eivät ole
psyykkisesti euroopalaisia eivätkä aasialaisia. Heiltä puuttuu tasapainoisuutta ja
loogisuutta, joskin he ovat älykkäitä. He ovat jäljitelleet länsimaisuutta ja
irtautuneet itämaalaisten apatiasta, mutta heiltä puuttuu kestävyyttä ja tervettä
järkeä. He ovat sekarotua. (Kemiläinen 1994: 166, 260)7.
G"84< @$D"2@<, T&,*@<">Z 4 &484>(4 &ZN@*4:4 >, :`*\<4, 8@H@DZ,
P,B8@ *,D0":4F\ F&@4N 4>H,D,F@&, " DZP"Db<4, 2"V4V"`V4<4 L4>>@& @H
DJFF84N &"D&"D@&.
% :4H,D"HJD, >"Db*J F D@<">H4R>Z<4 2"D4F@&8"<4 L4>F8@6 BD4D@*Z
*"`HFb 4*,":424D@&">>Z, 8"DH4>84 042>4 $,*>@(@, >@ HDJ*@:`$4&@(@
L4>F8@(@ >"D@*", (@H@&@(@ &F,(*" &FH"H\ Db*@< F@ T&,*@b2ZR>Z<4
BD"B@DV48@< EH@:,< 4 E&,>@< )J&@6 BD@H4& &@FH@R>@(@ &D"("14. EH4N4
5.9. CJ>,$,D(" "7D"6 D@*>@6", B,D,&,*.>>Z, >" L4>F846 b2Z8, FH":4 (4<>@< K4>:b>*44. G@, RH@ L4>F846 >"P4@>":\>Z6 L@:\8:@D, 2"B4F">>Z6 ].
9.>D@H@<, F@ND">4:Fb H@:\8@ >" H,DD4H@D44 7"D,:44, >@ >, P,>HD":\>@6
4 2"B"*>@6 K4>:b>*44 8D"F>@D,R4&@ B@8"2Z&",H, >"F8@:\8@ F4:\>@
L4>F8@, >"P4@>":\>@, F@2>">4, >4&,:4D@&":@F\ B@* &:4b>4,< T&,*F8@6
14
5.9. CJ>,$,D( E8"2">4b BD"B@DV48" EH@:b (H. 1-2, 1848-1860).
48
8J:\HJDZ. E *DJ(@6 FH@D@>Z, B@FD,*FH&@< T&,*@& JF8@D4:Fb BD@P,FF
F4>ND@>42"P44 L4>F8@6 8J:\HJDZ F ,&D@B,6F8@6 8J:\HJD@6, N@Hb
BD4>"*:,0>@FH\ L4>>@& 8 ,&D@B,6F8@6 8J:\HJD, ,V. *@:(@ FH"&4:"F\ B@*
&@BD@F15.
%B:@H\ *@ 1917 (@*" & K4>:b>*44 $Z:" B@:>"b &@2<@0>@FH\ *:b
:,(":\>@6 B"D:"<,>HF8@6 $@D\$Z 2" F&@4 4>H,D,FZ. % 8@>P, XIX &,8" &
FHD">, 4:,H "8H4&>"b B"DH46>"b 042>\. K,>>@<">F8"b B"DH4b _.
7@F84>,>" (Yrjö Koskinen) 4<,:" BD@(D"<<J B@ J8D,B:,>4` L4>F8@(@
b2Z8", 8J:\HJDZ 4 ^8@>@<484. ?>" BD,*FH"&:b:" H"80, P,>>@FH4 4
4>H,D,FZ 8D,FH\b>F8@(@ >"F,:,>4b. % 1890 (@*J B"DH4b D"FB":"F\ >" *&,
R"FH4: FH"D@L4>>@& & (:"&, F _. 7@F84>,>@< (("2,H" "Uusi Suometar")
<:"*@L4>>@& (("2,H" "Päivälehti", F 1906 (@*" "Helsingin Sanomat"),
8@H@D"b FH":" BD4&>@F4H\ 4*,@:@(4` 8:"FF@&@(@ BD@H4&@FH@b>4b 4
F4:@&@6 $@D\$Z. ?F>@&>"b R"FH\ F,6<", *&@Db>FH&@ 4 $JD0J"24b 42 BD4<@DF84N D"6@>@& BD4>"*:,0":" 8 :4$,D":\>@6 B"DH44, 8@H@D"b F:4:"F\ F
%484>(F8@6 (DJBB@6. ?>4 FH@b:4 2" T&,*F84< >"P4@>":\>Z< 4*,":@<,
@BB@24P4b 8@H@DZN "BD@H4& b2Z8@&@6 (DJBBZ L,>>@<">@& $Z:" & $@:\T,6
R"FH4 BD@*48H@&">" 0,:">4,< 2"V4H4H\ R4FH@HJ L4>F8@6 8J:\HJDZ"
(7:4>(, 1990: 85). ]H@ 2&JR4H @R,>\ "$FJD*>@, >@ BD@*@:0,>4, ^H@6 LD"2Z
@$XbF>b,H 4FH4>>@, ,(@ F@*,D0">4,: "4 @2"$@R,>>@FH\` 2" 8J:\HJD>Z,
F&b24 F 1"B"*@<" (7:4>(, 1990: 85).
A@:4H4R,F8"b 4(D" “D,":\>@(@” B@:4H48" ?HH@ #4F<"D8",
@$X,*4>4&T,(@ ',D<">4`, B@ FJH4 $Z:" P,:,>"BD"&:,>>@ &D"0*,$>@6
C@FF44, N@Hb 4 BD48DZ&":"F\ *4D:@<"H4R,F84<4 @H>@T,>4b<4 (Tiiainen
1992), B@^H@<J, 8@(*" K4>:b>*4b FH":" 8:@>4H\Fb 8 ',D<">44, H@ & C@FF44
FH":4 8D4H4R,F84 F<@HD,H\ >" "&H@>@<>Z, BD4&4:,(44 K4>:b>*44, &,DN4
8@H@D@6 FHD,<4:4F\ 8 F$:40,>4` F@ S&,P4,6 4 ',D<">4,6. % 1898 (@*J
(,>,D":-(J$,D>"H@D =. 3. #@$D48@& F@(:"F>@ D@FF46F8@6 B@:4H48, ^H@(@
&D,<,>4 BD,*BD4>b: B@BZH84 BD,F,R\ &@&:,R,>4, K4>:b>*44 &
,&D@B,6F8J` B@:4H4R,F8J` 4(DJ, HD,$Jb 42JR,>4b DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" & T8@:"N, " H"80, 4FB@:\2@&">4b DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" &<,FH@ T&,*F8@(@ & (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44, " H"80, *:b DJFF84N D"&>ZN BD"& F *DJ(4< >"F,:,>4,< 8>b0,FH&". +F:4 HJD84 >, D"2 8D@&"&@ B@*"&:b:4 $@:("DF84,
&@FFH">4b, H@ & K4>:b>*44, >"@$@D@H, *4F8D4<4>"P4b DJFF8@(@ >"F,:,>4b
2"8@>R4:"F\ H@:\8@ & 1912 (@*J: @>4 B@:JR4:4 BD"&@ BD4>4<"H\ JR"FH4, &
B@:4H4R,F8@6 042>4 8>b0,FH&". AD@L,FF@D" 8"L,*DZ 4FH@D44
K4>:b>*44, E8">*4>"&44 4 C@FF44 & 60-, ((. XIX &,8" F@&,DT,>>@ >, 2>":4
DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" 4 HD,$@&">4, @ &:"*,>44 DJFF84< b2Z8@< 8"8 >,@$N@*4<Z< *:b 2">bH4b *@:0>@FH4, &@FBD4>4<":@F\ T&,*F84<4 BD@L,FFF@D"<4
8"8 (DJ$"b DJF4L48"P4b (Sarajas 1968: 57) A,D4@* F 1898 *@ 1904 (. &
15
E<. @$ ^H@< B@*D@$>,, Aira Kemiläinen Suomalaiset, outo Pohjolan kansa. Rotuteoriat
ja kansallinen identiteetti. Helsinki.. 1993.
49
K4>:b>*44 >"2Z&"`H B,D4@*@< "&,:48@(@ J(>,H,>4b". % 1904 (@*J =.3.
#@$D48@& $Z: J$4H FHJ*,>H@< ]J(,>@< S"J<">@< (Eugen Schauman),
8@H@DZ6 B@R4H",HFb 8"8 >"P4@>":\>Z6 (,D@6 K4>:b>*44.
?F@$@, BD4&4:,(4D@&">>@, B@:@0,>4, K4>:b>*F8@(@ 7>b0,FH&"
&Z2Z&":@ J <>@(4N DJFF84N @$V,FH&,>>ZN *,bH,:,6 >,*@&@:\FH&@,
@$FJ0*":Fb H"8 >"2Z&",<Z6 L4>F846 &@BD@F, F HD,$@&">4,< 4:4
BD4D"&>4H\ BD"&" 8>b0,FH&" F D@FF46F84<4 4:4 0, D@FF46F84, F
L4>F84<4. ?H(@:@F84 L4>F8@(@ &@BD@F" *@T:4 *@ #@:("D44 4 BD@$:,<,
$Z:@ B@F&bV,>@ >,F8@:\8@ FH"H,6 & BD,FH40>@< 0JD>":, “#X:("DF84
BD,(:,*”: “CJF84b P"D42X< 4 “K4>:">*4b” (1898), )D"(">@& !.
“K4>:">*F84b &XBD@F” 1908 4 BD.
% K4>:b>*44 D@F:" >, FH@:\8@ B@:4H4R,F8"b $@D\$", F8@:\8@ $@D\$"
2" ^8@>@<4R,F8@, D"&,>FH&@ &>JHD4 K4>:b>*44: >,*@&@:\FH&@ *,D,&,>F8@6
$,*>@HZ: $,22,<,:\>ZN "D,>*"H@D@& (H@DB"D4) 4 $"HD"8@&. % D,2J:\H"H,
&@:>,>46 1905 (. =48@:",< II ?8Hb$D\F8@6 8@>FH4HJP4,6 (1906) $Z:@ *">@
K4>:b>*44 &F,@$V,, BD"&@ >" &Z$@DZ, 4 L4>F84, 0,>V4>Z B,D&Z<4 &
C@FF44 4 &@ &F,6 +&D@B, B@:JR4:4 BD"&@ (@:@F". A,D4@* F 1909 B@ 1916 (@*
42&,FH,>, 8"8 "&H@D@6 B,D4@* J(>,H,>4b". E,>"H L4>F8@(@ 8>b0,FH&"
B@FH@b>>@ &ZN@*4: F D"2>Z<4 HD,$@&">4b<4 8 P"D`, H"8 8"8 P"D\ $Z:
&ZFT,6 4>FH">P4,6 & *,:"N 8>b0,FH&": <@( ">>J:4D@&"H\ D,T,>4b
B"D:"<,>H" (F<,>4&T,(@ F 1906 (. F@F:@&>Z6 F,>"H). ?*>4< 42 HD,$@&">46
$Z: @H8"2 L4>F8@6 <@:@*.04 F:J04H\ & DJFF8@6 "D<44 &@ &D,<b A,D&@6
<4D@&@6 &@6>Z, @ R.< $Z:" B@F:">" P"D` B,H4P4b, B@*B4F">>"b
B@:J<4::4@>@<R,:@&,8. "% ^H4N JF:@&4bN B@b&4:@F\ FHD,<:,>4,, @F@$,>>@
& T&,*@b2ZR>ZN 8DJ("N, 4F8"H\ 8@>H"8HZ F@ S&,P4,6, " B@F:, >"R":"
A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z - F ',D<">4,6" (7:4>(, 1990: 96) *"0, *@ H"8@6
FH,B,>4, RH@ suomenkielisten isänmaanystävien elämä tuli “yhdeksi
helvetiksi”, kun maan ruotsalaiset huusivat aina “emämaata” apuun!
(Kemiläinen 1994: 373)8.
AD@42&,*,>4, 3. %"2@&" "A@* 4(@H@" (Ikeen alla) $Z:@ B,D,&,*,>@ >"
L4>F846 b2Z8 4 42*">@ 4<,>>@ >" &@:>, >"P4@>":\>@-@F&@$@*4H,:\>ZN
>"FHD@,>46 & 1910 (@*J, 2"H,< & 1913 (. 4 &>@&\ B,D,42*">@ & 1917 (@*J.
;,<J"DZ @R,&4*P,& & 20-, (@*Z MM &. BD@>48>JHZ 4*,":42"P4,6
$:"(@D@*>@6 >,<,P8@6 B@<@V4 & @F&@$@0*,>44 @H DJFF8@(@ (>.H".
(=@&48@&" 1997: 108, Klinge 1989) ?*>"8@ *@8J<,>H":\>@ B@*H&,D0*,>@,
RH@ B@**,D08" (,D<">F84< BD"&4H,:\FH&@< L4>F8@(@ F,B"D"H42<" $Z:"
BD@*48H@&">" BD"8H4R,F8@6 P,:\`: @F:"$4H\ BD@H4&>48" - C@FF4`.
',D<">4b &@ &D,<b A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z & b>&"D, 1915 (@*" @D(">42J,H
F,8D,H>Z, 8JDFZ *:b B@*(@H@&84 L4>F84N *@$D@&@:\P,&, 8@H@DZN &>"R":,
$Z:@ @8@:@ 200 R,:@&,8 (& @$V,< @$JR,>4, BD@T:@ @8@:@ 2 000 R,:@&,8).
]H4 :`*4, B@ :@(48, &@,>>@(@ &D,<,>4, $Z:4 B@ FJV,FH&J BD,*"H,:b<4 4,
,FH,FH&,>>@, BD,F:,*@&":4F\ DJFF84< BD"&4H,:\FH&@< F@@H&,HFH&,>>@
2"8@>"< &@,>>@(@ &D,<,>4. 3.=. =@&48@&" B@8"2Z&",H, 8"8 ',D<">4b
50
FB,8J:4D@&":" >" >"P4@>":\>ZN FHD,<:,>4bN L4>>@&, 8@(*" B@>bH4,
“>,2"&4F4<@, L4>F8@, (@FJ*"DFH&@” &FHD,R",HFb :4T\ BD4 &,D$@&8,
L4>>@& & ,(,DF846 $"H":\@>. +(,D4 F:J04:4 & >,<,P8@6 "D<44, >@
D"2@R"D@&">4, & 4F8D,>>@FH4 >,<P,& BD4&,:@ 8 &@:>,>4b<, 4 B@^H@<J &
1916 (@*J @>4 $Z:4 @HBD"&:,>Z F C40F8@(@ LD@>H" & HZ:. ="4$@:,,
P,>>Z< BD4@$D,H,>4,< ^H@6 "&">H`DZ &D,<.> A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z
$Z:@ H@, RH@ 27 7@D@:,&F846 ADJFF846 ,(,DF846 $"H":\@>, F@FH@b&T46 42
L4>>@&, FH": LJ>*"<,>H@< >"P4@>":\>@6 "D<44 K4>:b>*44. (=@&48@&"
1997: 110-111).
K4>:b>*4b BD4T:" 8 >,2"&4F4<@FH4 B"D:"<,>HF84< BJH.<. 9,H@<
1917 (@*" L4>F846 B"D:"<,>H &2b: >" F,$b B@:>@<@R4b P"Db. AD,*F,*"H,:\
%D,<,>>@(@ BD"&4H,:\FH&" !. 7,D,>F846 & @H&,H D"FBJFH4: B"D:"<,>H. %@
(:"&, c A.+.E&4>NJL&J*@< (Pehr Evind Svunhufvud) @D(">42J,HFb E,>"H
>,2"&4F4<@FH4, 8@H@DZ6 BD,*:@04: >" (@*@F@&">4, ),8:"D"P4`
>,2"&4F4<@FH4 K4>:b>*44, 8@H@D"b $Z:" BD4>bH" >,$@:\T4<
$@:\T4>FH&@< (@:@F@& (100 : 88) 6 *,8"$Db 1917 (@*", 8@H@DZ6 FH": )>.<
>,2"&4F4<@FH4 K4>:b>*44. 1"DJ$,0>Z, (@FJ*"DFH&" @H8"2":4F\ BD42>"H\
>,2"&4F4<@FH\ K4>:b>*44 BD,0*,, R,< ^H@ >, $J*,H F*,:">@ C@FF4,6.
9,>4>F8@, BD"&4H,:\FH&@, F:,*Jb BD4>P4BJ "BD@4(D"H\ FHD">J, >@ J*,D0"H\
&:"FH\" 31.12.1917 BD42>":@ >,2"&4F4<@FH\ K4>:b>*44 B,D&Z<, B@F:, R,(@
&F, FHD">Z @*>" 2" *DJ(@6 BD42>":4 K4>:b>*4` & 8"R,FH&, >,2"&4F4<@(@
(@FJ*"DFH&".
G@:\8@ B@F:, ^H@(@ F@$ZH4b & K4>:b>*44 BD4>b:4 *D"<"H4R,F846
@$@D@H 4 BD4&,:4 8 8D@&@BD@:4H4`. C"*48":\>@ >"FHD@,>>Z, :,&Z,
F@P4":4FHZ (8D"F>Z,), >"*,bF\ >" D,&@:`P4` & K4>:b>*44, >, N@H,:4
@HDZ&"H\Fb @H F@P4":4FH4R,F8@6 C@FF44 4 2"N&"H4:4 &:"FH\ & M,:\F4>84.
E,>"H $,0": & %""2J. (E<. >"BD4<,D Paavolainen 1974) 7. '. ;">>,D(,6<J,
*@F:J04&T,(@ *@ 2&">4b (,>,D":" & CJFF8@6 "D<44, $Z:@ B@DJR,>@
8@<">*@&">4, $,:Z<4. A@ BD@F\$, F,>"H" (,D<">F8"b *4&424b 2"N&"H4:"
M,:\F4>84. SJD4> 8"62,D" (KD4*D4N 7"D: ',FF,>F846) $Z: 42$D"> FH"H\
8@D@:.< K4>:b>*44. 7. '. ;">>,D(,6<, >"2>"R,>>Z6 D,(,>H@<
D,FBJ$:484, &ZF8"2":Fb BD@H4& BD@(,D<">F84N >"FHD@,>46. 3< 0, $Z:"
B@*B4F">" 7@>FH4HJP4b 17 4`:b 1919 (., 8@H@D"b & F4:, *@ F4N B@D.
#@:\T,&484, J8D,B4&T4F\ J &:"FH4, N@H,:4 "D"2*JH\ <4D@&@6 B@0"D" 4
2"$D"H\ @$D"H>@ K4>:b>*4`, AD4$":H46F84, FHD">Z, A@:\TJ, >@ 8@(*" ^H@
>, J*":@F\, :,>4>PZ @H8JB4:4F\ H,DD4H@D4b<4: B@ JF:@&4b< <4D" 1920
(@*" K4>:b>*44 $Z:4 B,D,*">Z A,R,>(" 4 9"B:">*4b16.
A@F:, B@:JR,>4b >,2"&4F4<@FH4 D"2(@D,:"F\ “b2Z8@&"b” $@D\$".
S&,*@b2ZR>Z, :4P" 2">4<":4 8:`R,&Z, <,FH" & "*<4>4FHD"P44 FHD">Z,
RH@ F@ &F,6 @R,&4*>@FH\` B@8"2Z&":@, RH@ L4>F8@, $@:\T4>FH&@
16
A@F:, B,D,<4D4b 1944 (. EH":4>F8@, BD"&4H,:\FH&@ B@HD,$@&":@ 4N @$D"H>@.
51
(BD@B@DP4b $Z:" BD4<,D>@ 1:9) >, 4<,:@ &:4b>4b & FHD">, (Kemiläinen
1994: 179) 4 >,J*4&4H,:\>@, RH@ B@$,*4:4 HD,$@&">4b <,>\T4>FH&"
(Kemiläinen 1994: 181). S&,*F846 b2Z8 $Z: BD42>"> 2" &H@D@6
@L4P4":\>Z6 b2Z8 K4>:b>*44, " ^H@ 2>"R4:@, RH@ & "*<4>4FHD"H4&>@6 4
8J:\HJD>@6 FL,D, @> $Z: B,D&Z<. A@-BD,0>,<J L4>>J >J0>@ $Z:@ 2>"H\
T&,*F846 b2Z8 @$V"bF\ F 4>H,::4(,>P4,6 FHD">Z: FJ*\4, &D"R4, JR4H,:b 4
H. *. 4 F:JT"b :,8P44 & JR,$>ZN 2"&,*,>4bN, RH@ >, <@(:@ >, FH"&4H\
BD,BbHFH&46 >" BJH4 L4>>@& 8 8"D\,D,, " T&,*"< @$,FB,R4:@ <>@0,FH&@
BD,FH40>ZN BD@L,FF46. O4LDZ, RH@ & 1920 (@*J >" 1000 L4>>@&
BD4N@*4:@F\ 8 T8@:, " >" HZFbRJ T&,*@& 28 T8@: 8D"F>@D,R4&@ (@&@DbH @
FH,B,>4 *@FHJB>@FH4 @$D"2@&">4b *:b L4>>" 4 T&,*" (Kemiläinen 1994:
180).
"Ns. tavallinen suomalainen kansa ei kuitenkaan suhtautunut
venäläisiin sotilaisiin ihailevasti, - >@ ?. 7"D,<"" *@$"&:b,H: jatkuvasti
toistetut stereotypiat [@ F@:*"H"N 9.E.] kuitenkin olivat hiukan yllättävästi
positiivisia"9 +V. & 1915 (@*J =48@:"b II, %,:48@(@ 7>b2b K4>:b>*44,
&FHD,R":4 F ^>HJ24"2<@< 4 &,D>@B@**">4R,F84<4 >"FHD@,>4b<4 (Karemaa
1998: 43). =@ D,T,>4, 7,D,>F8@(@ D"FBJFH4H\ B"D:"<,>H, 4 &F. T4D,
BD@>48"`V,6 & L4>F8@, F@2>">4, (& R"FH>@FH4, R,D,2 ,(,DF8@, *&40,>4,)
D"F4FHF8@6 H,@D44 (Karemaa 1998: 13-17), >"R":@F\ >"(>,H">4, ">H4DJFF84N
>"FHD@,>46 4 DJF@L@$44 FD,*4 "BD@FH@(@ >"D@*"", BD4&,*T,6 8 H@<J, RH@
4<,>>@ DJFF846 & >"P4@>":\>@6 <4L@:@(42"P44 2">b: >4TJ ">H4B@*" 4
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kiinteämpinä” ’8J:\HJD>Z, @H>@T,>4b F@ S&,P4,6 &F,(*" $Z:4 $@:,,
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18
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>,2"&4F4<@FH4 @$" >"D@*" *@FH4(:4 B@RH4 & @*>@ 4 H@ 0, &D,<b.
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@*>"8@ BD@&@2(:"F4:" F,$b >,2"&4F4<Z< (@FJ*"DFH&@< H@:\8@ F
BD4F@,*4>,>4,< %@FH@R>@6 CJ<,:44 & 1908 (@*J. 3<,>>@ ^H" FN@0,FH\
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>,8@H@DZ<4 L4>F84<4 "&H@D"<4. %@-B,D&ZN, “kansojen kärsimä pitkällinen
ja raskas sorto vieraan ikeen alla” ‘B,D,04H@, >"D@*"<4 *@:(@, RJ0,2,<>@,
4(@’, &@-&H@DZN, “vapautuminen sorronalaisuudesta ja tarmokas,
määrätietoinen työskentely vapautensa lujittamiseksi” ‘@F&@$@0*,>4, @H
B@D"$@V,>4b 4 ^>,D(4R>"b P,:,>"BD"&:,>>"b *,bH,:\>@FH\ &@ 4<b
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“hyvinvointinsa sekä kulttuurinsa edistämiseksi” ‘*:b D"2&4H4b
$:"(@F@FH@b>4b 4 8J:\HJDZ’. (Suomen sotilas 1938: 65)
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*,H":\>@ D"FFBD"T4&"b <,>b, 8"8 @$FH@bH *,:" & K4>:b>*44 [B@*R. 9.E.](Talas
1960: 266), %@ &D,<b B@,2*84 <Z 2"<,H4:4, RH@ $@:("DF846 >"D@* @H>@F4HFb 8
K4>:b>*44 @F@$,>>@ *@$D@0,:"H,:\>@ [B@*R. 9.E.](Talas 1960: 280).
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BD,*FH"&:,>4, J >4N @ L4>F8@6 R,FH>@FH4 [B@*R. 9.E.](Ylinen 1978: 5) #@:("DZ
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B@<>4: @$ ^H@<, B@^H@<J @>@ >, <@(:@ &:4bH\ >" ^H@ b&:,>4,”[B@*R. 9.E.](Talas
1960: 267).
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Ehrnrooth joutui olemaan tapausten keskuksesta syrjässä, sillä XI
jalkaväkidivisioonan osalle oli tullut rintamalohko, millä taistelutoiminta puoleksi
vuodeksi rajoittui käytännöllisesti katsoen pelkkään tiedusteluun ja silloin tällöin
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"Suomalaisten panos tuli kuitenkin merkillisen hyvin bulgarialaisen tietoisuuteen;
se sai eräänlaista symbolista arvoa. Tämä perustuu mm. siihen, että suomalaisten
toiminta nähtiin jotenkin pyytettömänä. Heidän osallistumistaan ei varmasti
64
sanellutkaan samanlainen valtiollinen tai poliittinen intressi kuin muilla sodan
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DJFF8@6 "D<44. ',>,D": ]D>D@H, B@ F:@&"< ;488@:", F@(:"F4:Fb $,2
@F@$@(@ ^>HJ24"2<" 2">bH\ ^H4 B@:4H4R,F84,, F8@D,, *"0,
*4B:@<"H4R,F84, B@FHZ (Mikkola s.a.: 3).
A,D,* 7. ]D>D@H@< $Z:4 >@&Z< BD"&4H,:\FH&@< #@:("D44
B@FH"&:,>Z 2"*"R4, &@-B,D&ZN, J8D,B4H\ "D<4` 4 0">*"D<,D4`, &@&H@DZN, JB@Db*@R4H\ FJ*,$>@, BD@42&@*FH&@, 4F8@D,>4H\ &2bH@R>4R,FH&@ 4
BD@42&@:. 7. ]D>D@H 2">4<": B@FHZ <4>4FHD" &@,>>ZN *,:, " H"80,
<4>4FHD" &>JHD,>>4N *,: 4 <4>4FHD" 4>@FHD">>ZN *,:, " @*>@ &D,<b H"80,
4 B@FH BD,<\,D-<4>4FHD". K"8H4R,F84 @> 4<,: B@:>J` &:"FH\ & #@:("D44,
R"FH4R>@ $:"(@*"Db F&@4< :4R>Z< 8"R,FH&"<. ?> D,T4H,:\>@ >"&@*4:
B@Db*@8 & FHD">,: JF<4Db: &@:>,>4b, @(D">4R4&": $`*0,H, J&@:\>b:
:4T>4N R4>@&>48@& & D"2*JH@< (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@< "BB"D"H,. ?> BD@&@*4H
>@&T,FH&" 8DJH@, >@, >,F<@HDb >" ^H@, &Z2Z&",H J 8@::,(, B@
&@FB@<4>">4b< 7@>FH">H4>" 3D,R,8", $@:\T@, J&"0,>4, 8 F,$,
R,FH>@FH\` 4 >,B@*8JB>@FH\` (Mikkola s. a.: 1-10). #@:,, &F,(@ &F,N
B@D"0":4 ,(@ BDb<@H" 4 $,F8@DZFH4,. ="4$@:\T4N 2"F:J( @> *@$4:Fb, 8"8
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65
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F&@4 :4R>Z, FD,*FH". ?> H&.D*@6 DJ8@6 BD@&@*4H <,DZ B@ &@*&@D,>4`
2"8@>>@FH4. 7@(*", & HDJ*>@6 F4HJ"P44, J !:,8F">*D" #"HH,>$,D("
&@2>48:" <ZF:\ @ D@FBJF8, ="D@*>@(@ F@$D">4b 4 8@>P,>HD"P44 &:"FH4 &
F&@4N DJ8"N, H@ 7. ]D>D@H ^H@6 4*,4 >, BD4>4<",H: & #@:("D44 ,FH\
7@>FH4HJP4b 4 *,6FH&@&"H\ F:,*J,H & ,. D"<8"N. ?> *@$4&",HFb @H
="D@*>@(@ F@$D">4b & E&4TH@&, RD,2&ZR"6>ZN BD"& *:b !:,8F">*D"
#"HH,>$,D(" >" F:JR"6 $,FB@Db*8@&7 & FHD">,, 4 H@:\8@ B@F:, 2"8DZH4b
="D@*>@(@ F@$D">4b 13.7.1881 (@*", @> B@84*",H #@:("D4`. ="D@*>@,
F@$D">4, 4 :4R>@ !:,8F">*D #"HH,>$,D( $:"(@*"DbH ,(@ 2" *,bH,:\>@FH\ >"
$:"(@ #@:("D44 (Mikkola s.a.: 10)
E:,*J,H @H<,H4H\, RH@ @P,>8" *,bH,:\>@FH4 7. ]D>D@H" $Z:" 4
@FH".HFb @R,>\ BD@H4&@D,R4&@6. E H@R84 2D,>4b *,<@8D"H4R,F84N F4:
B@24P4b 7.]D>D@H" $Z:" 8@>F,D&"H4&>@6. ?> 2"V4V": <@>"DN4` 4
4>H,D,FZ P"Db !:,8F">*D" II, 4FB@:\2Jb B@RH4 *48H"H@DF84, <,H@*Z
BD@H4& FH@D@>>48@& *,<@8D"H4R,F8@(@ <,H@*" BD"&:,>4b (Suvilehto 1988:
3). ]. EJ&4:,NH@, &@2<@0>@, BD"&, @*>"8@, @P,>4&"b *,bH,:\>@FH\ 7.
]D>D@H", >, F:,*J,H 2"$Z&"H\, RH@ B@:@0,>4, & #@:("D44 $Z:@ @R,>\
F:@0>Z<. % C@FF44 $Z:4 F&@4 HDJ*>@FH4, D,&@:`P4@>,DZ D"2>ZN
D"FP&,H@8 BZH":4F\ @D(">42@&"H\ $,FB@Db*84 4 & 1881 (@*J BD4 @R,D,*>@<
B@8JT,>44 P"D\-@F&@$@*4H,:\ $Z: J$4H, H"8 RH@ C@FF4b >, &F,(*" 4<,:"
&@2<@0>@FH\ J*,:bH\ &>4<">4, $@:("DF8@<J &@BD@FJ. !&FHD@-%,>(D4b
BZH":"F\ &2bH\ #@:("D4` B@* F&@` FL,DJ &:4b>4b, GJDP4b >, N@H,:"
B@H,DbH\ %@FH@R>J` CJ<,:4`. % F"<@6 #@:("D44 T:" $@D\$" <,0*J *&J<b
LD"8P4b<4 D"FB"&T,6Fb :4$,D":\>@6 B"DH44. ?*>", &@2(:"&:b,<"b
)D"(">@< O">8@&Z<, $Z:" F@(:"F>" >" 8@<BD@<4FFZ, " &H@D"b,
DJ8@&@*4<"b A,H8@ 7"D"&,:@&Z< 4 A,H8@ E:"&,68@&Z<, >, T:" >4 >"
8"84, JFHJB84, HD,$Jb *,<@8D"H44 4 &ZB@:>,>4b 8@>FH4HJP44.
',>,D": 7. ]D>D@H $,2 F@<>,>4b b&:b,HFb @*>4< 42 L4>>@&, 4(D"&T4N
F"<J` &4*>J` D@:\ >" B@:4H4R,F8@6 "D,>, +&D@BZ. EJV,FH&J,H <>,>4,,
RH@ 8@(*" !:,8F">*D #"HH,>$,D(8 @H8"2":Fb @H $@:("DF8@6 8@D@>Z, H@ J
!:,8F">*D" III $Z:4 b8@$Z B:">Z >"2>"R4H\ >" ,(@ <,FH@ 7. ]D>D@H".
;"(>JF ]D>D@H (@&@D4H, RH@ ^H@ <>,>4, @T4$@R>@. ?>@ b&:b,HFb
D,2J:\H"H@< >,BD"&4:\>@ B@>bH@6 LD"2Z ',D$,DH" L@> #4F<"D8",
>"B4F"&T,(@, RH@ @> F J*@&@:\FH&4,< @*@$Db,H (,>,D":" 7. ]D>D@H" >" D@:\
,*4>FH&,>>@(@ BD"&4H,:b #@:("D44, 2"$Z& *@$"&4H\: “als einzigen regenten
fur Bulgarien” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Ehrnrooth 1967: 294). K,D*4>">* 7@$JD(F846,
F<,>4&T46 !:,8F">*D" #"HH,>$,D(", @B"F"bF\ &:4b>4b 8"H@:4P42<",
7
19.9.1883 (@*" !:,8F">*D #"HH,>$,D( $Z: ^H4N B@:>@<@R46 :4T.>, 4 BD,<\,D<4>4FHD@< FH": :4$,D": )D"("> O">8@&.
8
!:,8F">*D #"HH,>$,D( B@(4$ >" @N@H, & 1893 (.
66
F$:40",HFb F BD"&@F:"&>Z<4 FHD">"<4: =48@:"6 II FH": 8D.FH>Z< @HP@<
,(@ FZ>", >"F:,*>@(@ BD4>P", B@2*>,, P"Db #@D4F" (1894-1943).
%,D>J&T4F\ 42 #@:("D44 7. ]D>D@H F:J04: & A,H,D$JD(, FH"HFF,8D,H"D.< %,:48@(@ 7>b0,FH&" K4>:b>*44 4, >"8@>,P, 4. @. 8">P:,D"
!:,8F">*D4>F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H" (1887-89). % @HFH"&8J @> &ZT,: & 1891
(@*J. AD@L,FF@D 3._. ;4888@:" B@<>4: 7. ]D>D@H", 8">P:,D"
J>4&,DF4H,H", *"&T,(@ ,<J B@:@04H,:\>J` D,8@<,>*"P4` >" B@,2*8J &
C@FF4` & M"D\8@&, (*, ;488@:" &FHD,H4:Fb F ;"D4>@< )D4>@&Z<, JR.>Z<4FH@D48@<, BD@L,FF@D@< M"D\8@&F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H". ;. )D4>@& :4R>@
2>": 7. ]D>D@H" 4 7. 3D,R,8", 4, H"84< @$D"2@<, 8@F&,>>@ B@&:4b: >"
>"B4F">4, 3._.;488@:@6 2"<,H@8 @$ ]D>D@H,. C@:\ 7. ]D>D@H" &
$@:("DF8@6 B@:4H48, >, 2"$ZH" L4>F84<4 4FH@D48"<4 4 JB@<4>",HFb
8"0*Z6 D"2 & F&b24 F F@$ZH4b<4 1877-78 ((. 1>"H@8 #@:("D44 ]. EJ&4:,NH@
@H<,R",H & 8J:\HJD, $@:("D @F@$,>>@ F4:\>J` 4FH@D4R,F8J` B"<bH\:
Muisto suomalaisista vapaaehtoisista ei elä vain diplomaattien juhlapuheissa, vaan
on säilynyt myös laajemman yleisön mielessä. Historiallinen tietoisuus on
Bulgariassa yleensäkin hyvin vahva, historia on erikoisella tavalla suorastaan osa
jokapäiväistä elämää (Suvilehto 1988: 3)2.
=, 2"$ZHZ 2"F:J(4 7. ]D>D@H" 4 & #@:("D44 >"T,(@ &D,<,>4. 7@(*" &
B@FHF@P4":4FH4R,F8@6 #@:("D44 D,28@ &@2D@F:" BD,FHJB>@FH\, H@ & b>&"D,
1995 (@*" C@F,> G"N@& &FB@<>4: @$ ]D>D@H, (@T4$@R>@ >"2Z&"b ,(@ 5@N">)
& FH"H\, "#">*4H4H, $,F,>4 BJ$:4R>@ BD,2 1880 (. K4>:">*,PXH :48&4*4D"
@D(">424D">"H" BD,FHXB>@FH & #X:("D4b 2" 6 <,F,P"" (G"N@& 1995).
#">*Z D"2$@6>48@&, D"FF8"2Z&",H C. G"N@&, H,DD@D424D@&":4
>"F,:,>4,, & @F@$,>>@FH4, `(@-&@FH@R>ZN D"6@>@& #@:("D44, & 8@H@DZN
$Z:@ @$Xb&:,>@ &@,>>@, B@:@0,>4,, H"8 8"8 $">*Z $Z:4 &@@DJ0,>Z 4
&FHJB":4 & $@,&Z, FN&"H84 F JF<4D4H,:b<4. %@,>>@<J <4>4FHDJ 7.
]D>D@HJ $Z:4 *">Z RD,2&ZR"6>Z, B@:>@<@R4b & 4`:, 1879 (@*". +<J
$,2@(@&@D@R>@ B@*R4>b:4F\ &@,>>Z, 4 (D"0*">F84, &:"FH4 H,DD4H@D46,
>"N@*bV4NFb >" &@,>>@< B@:@0,>44, ,<J *"&":@F\ BD"&@ BD,*"&"H\
&@,>>@<J FJ*J 04H,:,6, @$&4>b,<ZN & F@HDJ*>4R,FH&, F D"2$@6>48"<4, @>
4<,: BD"&@ JFHD">4H\ F *@:0>@FH4 R4>@&>48@& (&B:@H\ *@ @8DJ0>ZN, ,F:4
@>4 B@*@2D,&":4F\ & F&b2bN F D"2$@6>48"<4, 8"8 ^H@ F:JR4:@F\ & SJ<,>, 4
C"2(D"*,). C. G"N@& BD4&@*4H N"D"8H,D4FH484 F@&D,<,>>48@&,
B@8"2Z&"`V4, 7. ]D>D@H" F@ FH@D@>Z: "0,:,2,> <X0" (F:@&" 7. 3D,R,8"),
"@H +D>D@H &F4R84 HD,B,D,N" [...] I:@&:,>4H, $">*4H4 F" FX*,>4 B@ 8XF"
BD@P,*JD" 4 <@<,>H":>@ F" $,F,>4. 1" *" 4<"H &X2B4H"H,:,> ,L,8H,
,82,8JP44H, F" BJ$:4R>4". (G"N@& 1995: 24) =,8@H@DZ, *,BJH"HZ ="D@*>@(@
F@$D">4b $@b:4F\, RH@ RD,2&ZR"6>Z, B@:>@<@R4b, *">>Z, 7. ]D>D@HJ,
<@(JH BD4&,FH4 8 BD@42&@:J, >@ ^H@(@ >, BD@42@T:@, 4 & 8@>P, @8Hb$Db
="D@*>@, F@$D">4, ">>J:4D@&":@ &@,>>@, B@:@0,>4, & F&b24 F H,<, RH@ &
67
FHD">, ", JFH">@&,>@ FB@8@6FH&4,". E"<Z, $@:\T4, @BH4<4FHZ FR4H":4,
RH@ >" ^H@ J6*.H @*4> - *&" (@*", >@ 7. ]D>D@H FBD"&4:Fb F B@:@0,>4,< 2"
6 <,FbP,&. "...V"FH:4&4H, *,BJH"H4 F, >"*BD,&"D&"H *" $:"(@*"DbH >"
42$"&4H,:b". C. G"N@& 2"&,DT",H F&@` FH"H\` F:@&"<4, RH@ 8@(*" 27 "BD,:b
1881 (. 7. +D>D@H F,: & 8D,F:@ BD,<\,D <4>4FHD" “H@("&" , 42&XDT,>
BD,&D"H 4 H&XD*"H" L4>:">*F8"H" *,F>4P" B@,<" 42Pb:@ FX*$4H, >"
$X:("DF8"H" *XD0"&"” [B@*R. 9. E.]. (G"N@& 1995: 24). % F4HJ"P44 $@D\$Z F
BD,FHJB>48"<4 H"84, @P,>84, 8"8 0,:,2>Z6 R,:@&,8 4 H&.D*"b DJ8",
@H>@FbHFb 8 B@24H4&>Z< B@24P4b< <@D":\>ZN $4>"D>@FH,6. 9`$@BZH>@,
RH@ *,bH,:\>@FH\ K4>:b>*F8@(@ $"H":\@>" 4 (,>,D":" DJFF8@6 "D<44 7.
]D>D@H" &@FBD4>4<",HFb &>, DJFF8@(@ 8@>H,8FH", N@Hb ,(@ BD4FJHFH&4, &
#@:("D44 $Z:@ >, F&@$@*>Z< &@:,42Xb&:,>4,<, " BDb<Z< F:,*FH&4,<
$":8">F8@6 B@:4H484 C@FF44.
)@$DJ` B"<bH\ @ F,$, @FH"&4: & #@:("D44 H"80, DJFF846 @L4P,D,
T&,*, &ZN@*,P 42 K4>:b>*44 !&(JFH !:,8F">*D aD>,L,:\H (August
Alexander Järnefelt). 1"8@>R4& 8"*,HF8J` T8@:J & M"<4>,, @> BD@*@:04:
@$D"2@&">4, & A,H,D$JD(F8@6 "8"*,<44 >" (,@*,24R,F8@< @H*,:,>44. ?>
B@:JR4: 2"*">4, 8"DH@(D"L4D@&"H\ #@:("D4` 4 F 1877 B@ 1879 (@* @>
8"DH@(D"L4D@&": 140 000 8&. <. #@:("D44, ,. F,&,D>J` R"FH\. #@:("DF84,
(,@(D"LZ, 8"8 >"BD4<,D, BD@L,FF@D (,@(D"L44 E@L46F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H"
)4>\@ 7">,&, @F>@&"H,:\ #@:("DF8@-L4>F8@(@ @$V,FH&", &ZF@8@ @P,>4&"`H
,(@ D"$@HJ (Kanev 1989). !. aD>,L,:\H - @H,P B4F"H,:b !D&4*" aD>,L,:\H"
(Fogelberg 1989), @ 8@H@D@< B@*D@$>@ F8"0,< & (:"&, 3.3.4.. ;Z FB,P4":\>@
>"B@<>4:4 @ D@:4 DJFF8@(@ (@FJ*"DFH&" 4 T&,*F8@6 8D@&4 ]D>D@H" 4
aD>,L,:\H", 8@H@DZ, <@(:4 $Z FB@D4H\ 2" BD"&@ BD4B4F"H\ F,$,
*@FH@4>FH&" JB@<b>JHZN &ZT, *,bH,:,6, >@ @>4 @FH":4F\ 2" L4>>"<4, B@
H,DD4H@D4":\>@<J BD4>P4BJ.
3.1.3 !:,8F,6 !B@FH@: - 04&"b B"<bH\ @ $":8">F8@6 ^B@B,,
% K4>:b>*44 & H,R,>4, B@:J&,8" 04: !:,8F,6 !B@FH@:9 (1866 !L4>Z 1927 M,:\F4>84), B@-$@:("DF84 !B@FH@:@&. E4D@H" !:,8F,6 $Z: JFZ>@&:.>
K4>:b>*F84< B@:8@< 4 BD4&,2.> & K4>:b>*4`. =" B"D"*, & M,:\F4>84
9.5.1878 @> T"(": & Db*"N &H@D@6 D@HZ. 7"B4H"> &2b: ,(@ B@* F&@.
B@B,R,>4,, *": ,<J @$D"2@&">4, 4 *"0, @HBD"&:b: ,(@ >" JR,>4, 2"
(D">4P,6. ;":\R48 $Z: @R,>\ <J2Z8":\>Z< 4 & 12 :,H $Z: &2bH &
&@6F8@&@6 @D8,FHD, FJV,FH&@&"&T46 F 1818 (@*". G"< !:,8F,b @$JR":
*4D40.D !*@:\L 9,">*,D (Adolf Leander). !:,8F,6 2"8@>R4: :4P,6 4
B@F:, ^H@(@ *&JN(@*4R>@, <J2Z8":\>@, JR4:4V, (1888). % 1890 (@*J @> $Z:
9
%1981 (@*J B:">4D@&":Fb F@&<,FH>Z6 $@:("D@-L4>F846 H,:,&424@>>Z6 L4:\< @$
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68
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@HFH"&8J 9,">*,D" *4D40.D@< @D8,FHD" '&"D*,6F8@(@ L4>F8@(@ $"H":\@>".
(Huhtala 1935) % 1901 (@*J @> & 8"R,FH&, BD@H,FH" BD@H4& >"R"&T,6Fb
DJF4L48"P44 B@*": & @HFH"&8J. !B@FH@: F@ &F,6 ^>,D(4,6 @H*":Fb
<J2Z8":\>@<J *,:J. ?> @H8DZ: <J2Z8":\>Z6 <"("24>, L"$D48J *JN@&ZN
4>FHDJ<,>H@&, @D(">>J` L"$D48J, " H"80, >@H>@, 42*"H,:\FH&@. ?> F@2*":
*JN@&@6 @D8,FHD (@8@:@ 80 R,:@&,8), 8@H@DZ6 &Z2Z&": &@FN4V,>4, F&@4<
4FB@:>4H,:\F84< <"FH,DFH&@< 8"8 & K4>:b>*44, H"8 4 2" ,. BD,*,:"<4.
7D@<, H@(@, @> $Z: 2"<,FH4H,:,< *4D,8H@D" (1912-1918) 4 & H,R,>4, HD.N
:,H ^8@>@<4R,F84< *4D,8H@D@< M,:\F4>8F8@6 L4:"D<@>44. !B@FH@: $Z:
DJ8@&@*4H,:,< D"2:4R>ZN <J2Z8":\>ZN L,FH4&":,6 4 F&@*>ZN
:`$4H,:\F84N @D8,FHD@& K4>:b>*44. +<J J*"&":@F\ $ZFHD@ @$X,*4>4H\ 4N,
4 @ >.< (@&@D4:4 "Apostol on taikuri"’!B@FH@: - &@:T,$>48‘. (Kull 1980: 3),
& H,R,>4, HD.N *,FbH8@& :,H @> $Z: R:,>@< <J2Z8":\>@6 8@<4FF44
BD"&:,>4b @$V,FH&" "Svenska folkskolans vänner". +(@ JR,>48@< $Z:, &
R"FH>@FH4, 42&,FH>Z6 L4>F846 8@<B@24H@D, *4D40.D 4 B,&,P ',@D(
;":<FH,> (Georg Malmsten).
E@ &D,<,>4 B@:JR,>4b >,2"&4F4<@FH4 K4>:b>*44 !. !B@FH@: &FH": &@
(:"&, @D8,FHD" #,:@6 (&"D*44, " 2"H,< FH">@&4HFb B,D&Z< *4D40.D@<
"D<44 >,2"&4F4<@6 K4>:b>*44. ?> @D(">42J,H B@:8@&Z, @D8,FHDZ 4
&@FB4HZ&",H *:b >4N *4D40.D@&. % 1920 (@*J @> B@:JR4: 2&">4, <"6@D".
E@&D,<,>>484 B@<>bH ,(@ &ZF@8J` BD@L,FF4@>":\>@FH\, &D@0*.>>J`
JH@>R.>>@FH\ 4 FHD"FH>Z6 `0>Z6 H,<B,D"<,>H "...hän usein kertoi, että
Bulgaria oli hänen kotimaansa"’?> R"FH@ (@&@D4:, RH@ #@:("D4b ,(@ D@*4>"‘
(Kull 1980: 4). !. !B@FH@: B4F": <J2Z8J 4 *,:": "D">04D@&84 *:b &@,>>@(@
@D8,FHD". +(@ *,bH,:\>@FH\ B@:@04:" >"R":@ L4>F8@6 &@,>>@6 <J2Z8, 4
BD4*":" ,6 F&@6 8@:@D4H. =" &ZFH"&8, "100 :,H L4>F8@6 &@,>>@6 <J2Z84"
(1980) $Z:@ <>@(@ ^8FB@>"H@& @$ !. !B@FH@:,, & R"FH>@FH4, ,(@ <J>*4D,
":\$@< F L@H@(D"L4b<4, 8@DH48 4 BD., " H"80, L@H@(D"L4b, F>bH"b &
A,H,D$JD(, &@ &D,<b &@2&D"V,>4b $"H":\@>", 8@(*" !:,8F,` $Z:@ 12 :,H.
Q,D,2 :4R>@FH\ !. !B@FH@:" B"<bH\ @$ @F&@$@*4H,:\>@6 &@6>,, “<Z” &
#@:("D44” >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@ BD4FJHFH&@&":" & H,R,>4, *,FbH8@& :,H &
F@2>">44 >"F,:,>4b K4>:b>*44. ?> 8"8 $Z F@,*4>4: F&@,6 $4@(D"L4,6 *&"
ND@>@H@B": @F&@$@0*,>4, #@:("D44 4 K4>:b>*44.
3.1.4 3._. ;488@:" 4 ,(@ D@:\ & >"JR>ZN 4 8J:\HJD>ZN 8@>H"8H"N
3@F4L _:4JF ;488@:" (Jooseppi Julius Mikkola, B@ FH"D@6 DJFF8@6
HD"*4P44: 3@F4L !>*D,,&4R), b2Z8@&,*, FB,P4":4FH B@ FD"&>4H,:\>@6
(D"<<"H48, F:"&b>F84N b2Z8@&. ?*4> 42 F"<ZN 42&,FH>ZN JR.>ZNF:"&4FH@& K4>:b>*44, @>, 8"8 ^H@ >4 FHD">>@, & J>4&,DF4H,H, F:"&b>F84N
b2Z8@& >, 42JR":. AD"&*", & BD@(D"<<J ,(@ @$JR,>4b &N@*4:@ >,F8@:\8@
69
>@&ZN 4 *D,&>4N b2Z8@&, >"R4>"b F F">F8D4H", " H"80, FD"&>4H,:\>@,
b2Z8@2>">4,. 94T\ B@F:, @8@>R">4b J>4&,DF4H,H" & 1889 (@*J @> B@,N": &
A,H,D$JD(, RH@$Z B@* DJ8@&@*FH&@< 42&,FH>@(@ <:"*@(D"<<"H4FH" K. K.
K@DHJ>"H@&"10 42JR"H\ F:"&b>F84, b2Z84, H@(*" 0, @> 42JR",H :4H@&F846
b2Z8. )"HF846 JR.>Z6-8@<B"D"H4&4FH %4:\(,:\< G@<F,> BD,*:@04: ,<J
D"$@H"H\ >"* DJFF8@-L4>F84<4 b2Z8@&Z<4 8@>H"8H"<4. % 1895 (@*J 3._.
;488@:" 2"V4H4: B@ ^H@6 H,<, *4FF,DH"P4` 4 FH">@&4HFb $@:,, 42&,FH,>
8"8 F:"&4FH, H"8 8"8 ,(@ D"$@H" &>,F:" $@:\T46 &8:"* & F:"&4FH48J, R,< &
J(D@-L4>F8J` >"J8J, F 8@H@D@6 @> >"R4>": F&@` >"JR>J` *,bH,:\>@FH\. ?>
42JR",H B@:\F846 b2Z8 4 & 1896 (@*J ,*,H >" F,&,D>@, B@$,D,0\, A@:\T4,
(*, 2"B4FZ&",H b2Z8 F:@&4>P,&, 2"$ZHZ6 B@F:, A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z, H"8
RH@ 2"<,H84 ;488@:Z 4<,`H >,2"JDb*>J` P,>>@FH\. % 1900 (@*J ;488@:"
>"2>"R",HFb >" *@:0>@FH\ BD@L,FF@D" F:"&b>F8@6 L4:@:@(443. %,DT4>@6
,(@ >"JR>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 b&:b,HFb 4FF:,*@&">4, "Die Cronologie der
turkischen Donaubulgaren"(1913), & 8@H@D@< @> BD,*:"(",H
ND@>@:@(4R,F846 8:`R, B@2&@:b`V46 H@R>@ *"H4D@&"H\ F@$ZH4b, BD@4FN@*4&T4, >" #":8">"N, &@ &D,<,>" N">@&, (@&@D4&T4N >" H`D8F8@<
b2Z8, 4 4<,&T4N &@FH@R>Z6 8":,>*"D\ &D,<,>4.
% 1918 (@*J & #@:("D4` F <4FF4,6 @ BD@F\$, BD42>"H\ >,2"&4F4<@FH\
K4>:b>*44 BD"&4H,:\FH&@< $Z:@ D,T,>@ B@F:"H\ BD@L,FF@D@& 3._.
;488@:J 4 a:@ 7":4<". #@:("DZ F@ F&@6FH&,>>@6 4< 4<BJ:\F4&>@FH\` 4
J<,>4,< $ZH\ $:"(@*"D>Z<4 2" H, *@$DZ, *,:" 4 4>H,D,F, 8@H@DZ,
BD@b&:b:4F\ 8 >4< & <4D, &@ &D,<b 4 B@F:, @F&@$@0*,>4b @H HJD,P8@(@
4(", BD4&,HFH&J`H BD,$Z&">4, BD@L,FF@D" 3._. ;488@:Z & #@:("D44.
'"2,H" ")>,&>48" B@F&bV",H FH"H\` & R,FH\ BD4,2*" ;488@:Z B@*
2"(:"&4,< "+*4> <4: >" #X:("D4b (@FH. AD@L,F@D ;48@:" 2" $X:("DF8"H"
>"J8"", 8@H@D"b 2"8">R4&",HFb F:@&"<4: "#X:("DF84bH >"D@*, F, FR4H"
@F@$,>@ V"FH:4&, R, <@0" *" &4*4 (. BD@L,F@D" & F&@bH" FD,*" 4 :4R>@ *"
<J 2"F&4*,H,:FH&J&" F&@bH" *X:$@8" $:"(@*"D>@FH". (“+*4> <4:...” 1918)
="F:,*>Z6 BD4>P #@D4F H,B:@ BD4>b: BD@L,FF@D". ?> $Z: 2>"8@< F
4<,>,< 3._. ;488@:Z 4 ,(@ D"$@H@6 J0, F@ T8@:Z. (Kiparsky 1966: 4)
3._. ;488@:" >"B4F": 8>4(J @ :4H,D"HJD, F:"&b>F84N >"D@*@&
"Slaavilaisten kansain kirjallisuus" (1906), 8@H@D"b 4 *@ >"T4N *>,6
b&:b,HFb & J>4&,DF4H,H"N B@F@$>Z< <"H,D4":@< BD4 42JR,>44 F:"&b>F84N
10
K. K. K@DHJ>"H@& *": (8.12.1894) D,8@<,>*"P4` *:b >"2>"R,>4b ;488@:Z & 1895
(@*J *@P,H@< F:"&b>F8@6 L4:@:@(44. ?>" ND">4HFb & "DN4&, BD@L. ]. =. E,Hb:b
(VA) % >,6 (@&@D4HFb, RH@: "7>4(" *-D" Joos. J. Mikkola "Beruhrungen zwischen den
westfinnischen und slavischen Sprachen, I" F&4*,H,:\FH&J,H, B@ <@,<J <>,>4`, @
N@D@T,< 2>"8@<FH&, "&H@D" F DJFF84< b2Z8@< 4 *DJ(4<4 F:"&b>F84<4 b2Z8"<4, "
H"80, 4 F b2Z8"<4 $":H46F84<4, 2>">4, 8@H@DZN @R,>\ &"0>@ *:b F:"&4FH". [...] a
BD42>"` B@^H@<J *-D" Mikkola &B@:>, FB@F@$>Z< 2">4<"H\ *@P,>HJDJ F:"&b>F84N
b2Z8@& 4 J$,0*.> & H@<, RH@ & ,(@ :4P, F:"&b>F8@, b2Z8@&,*,>4, BD4@$D,H",H
H":">H:4&@(@, F&,*JV,(@ 4 *@$D@F@&,FH>@(@ JR.>@(@".
70
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4*JH >4H4, B@:@04&T4, >"R":@ <>@(4< B:@*@H&@D>Z< 8@>H"8H"< <,0*J
K4>:b>*4,6 4 #@:("D4,6 4 8J:\HJD>Z<4 *,bH,:b<4 <>@(4N *DJ(4N
>"D@*@&, & R"FH>@FH4, F:"&b>F84N. % ^H@< ,<J B@<@(":" 0,>", 42&,FH>"b
B4F"H,:\>4P" ;"6:" G":&4@. % &@FB@<4>">4bN 4 4FF:,*@&">4bN @ >4N, 8
F@0":,>4`, 8@>H"8HZ F #@:("D4,6 @F&,V,>Z BD,*,:\>@ <":@. %
'@FJ*"DFH&,>>@< "DN4&, K4>:b>*44 & <"H,D4":"N 3._. ;488@:Z 4 ;.
G":&4@ <@0>@ &4*,H\ *:4>>Z, FB4F84 B4F"&T4N 4< :4P F D"2>ZN 8@>P@&
F&,H", FD,*4 >4N >,<":@ $@:("DF84N L"<4:46. ?*>4< 42 8@DD,FB@>*,>H@&
3._. ;488@:Z b&:b,HFb %"F4: 1:"H"DF846, &Z*"`V46Fb JR.>Z6
<,*4,&4FH, >"B4F"&T46 @F>@&@B@:@("`V46 HDJ* B@ $@:("DF8@6 4FH@D44 &
R,HZD.N H@<"N. %. 1:"H"DF846 $Z: 4>@FHD">>Z< R:,>@< Societe Finnoougrienne. % !DN4&, #@:("DF8@6 !8"*,<44 ="J8 (!#!=) & L@>*, %.
1:"H"DF8@(@ ND">bHFb F,<\ B4F,< 3._. ;488@:Z 8 >,<J 4 R,D>@&48
B4F\<" %. 1:"H"DF8@(@ 8 3._. ;488@:,. A,D,B4F8J %. 1:"H"DF846 4 3._.
;488@:" &,*JH >" DJFF8@< b2Z8,, 4 @>" :4T,>" 4>H4<>@FH4 $:4284N
*DJ2,6, 8@H@DZ, BD4FJHFH&J`H, >"BD4<,D, & B,D,B4F8, F,<,6FH&" ;488@:Z
F F,<,6FH&@< S4T<">@&ZN (F<. >40, (:. 3.1.6). E %. 1:"H"DF84< - ^H@
B,D,B4F8" 8@::,(, J&:,R.>>ZN 4FH@D4R,F84<4 4 b2Z8@&,*R,F84<4
BD@$:,<"<4, & @F>@&>@<, 42 @$:"FH4 ^H4<@:@(44. 7@::,(4 B@:,<424DJ`H
@ *>, 7D,V,>4b #@:("D44, 8@H@D@, $Z:@ 3._. ;488@:@6 BD4JD@R,>@ 8
:,HJ, <"`-4`>` 866 (., " %. 1:"H"DF84< 8 F,>Hb$D` 865 (@*" (B4F\<@ @H 28
*,8"$Db 1923 (.). 9 "&(JFH" 1924 (@*" . % @H&,H >" F@@$V,>4, 3._. ;488@:Z,
RH@ FH"H\b %. 1:"H"DF8@(@ >"B,R"H">" & Journale de la Society Fennoougrienne, %.1:"H"DF846 $:"(@*"D4H 2" HJ 2"$@HJ, 8@H@DJ` 3._. ;488@:"
BD@b&4: $,2 ,(@ &,*@<":
"%R,D" B@:JR4: b @HH4F84 F <@,6 2"<,H84 @ $@:("DF8@< :,H@4FR4F:,>44. a >,
2>"`, 8"8 <>, 42&4>bH\Fb B,D,* %"<4 2" $@:\T@, $,FB@8@6FH&@, BD4R4>.>>@, %"<
^H@6 2"<,H8@6, 4 8"8, F *DJ(@6 FH@D@>Z, $:"(@*"D4H\ %"F 2" >, <,>\T4, N:@B@HZ 4
2"$@HZ 8"8 B@ B,D,&@*J11, H"8 4 B,R"H">4` ,.. %,*\ ^H@ $Z:" H@:\8@
@$XbF>4H,:\>"b 2"<,H8", BD,*>"2>"R,>>"b FB,P4":\>@ *:b %"F, 8@H@DZ6 BD,8D"F>@
2>"8@< F :4H,D"HJD@6 &@BD@F", 4 B@H@<J 2>",H,, >" R.< @F>@&Z&"`HFb <@4
@H*,:\>Z, &Z&@*Z. +F:4 $Z b 2>":, RH@ &Z @H*"*4H, ,6 H"8@, &"0>@, 2>"R,>4, 4
J*@FH@4H, ,. H"8@` (:"F>@FH\`, H@ b $Z >, BD@BJFH4:, B@ 8D"6>,6 <,D,,
:4H,D"HJDJ...". (!#!= L. 9. 1713)
%. 1:"H"DF846 *@$"&:b,H ,V. >,F8@:\8@ F:@&, JH@R>bb F<ZF:@&@,
F@*,D0">4, 4 ^H4<@:@(44, 8@H@DZ, &Z2Z&"`H J >,(@ F@<>,>4b. 3._.
;488@:" @H&,R",H FD"2J 0, B@ B@:JR,>44 B4F\<" 23 "&(JFH" 1924 (@*"
(!#!= L. 9. 1714) 4 *".H B@ B"<bH4 >,8@H@DZ, HD"8H@&84, @$,V"b "@HZVJ
11
A,D,&@*F*,:"> F >,<,P8@(@ *D-< #JFF,>4JF@< 4^ 9,6BP4(", FH"04DJ`V4<Fb BD4
3._. ;488@:, [BD4<. 9. E.]
71
F&@4 2"B4F84 >"B4TJ $@:\T,". E:,*J`V,, B4F\<@ *"H4D@&">@ 24 "&(JFH"
1924 (@*" (!#!= L. 9. 1715) "& FB,T8, >"B4F": (:JB@FH4 @ ..." 4 BD. IR.>Z,
@$<,>4&"`HFb @HH4F8"<4 F&@4N FH"H,6 4 8>4("<4. %. 1:"H"DF846 B@FZ:",H
3._. ;488@:, &H@D@6 H@< "#@:("DF8@6 4FH@D44". 3._. ;488@:" 6.9.1927
@H2Z&",HFb >" B@*"D@8 F:@&"<4: "%<,FH, F H,< @H *JT4 B@2*D"&:b` %"F F
2"&,DT,>4,< >@&@6 R"FH4 ^H@(@ 8DJB>@(@ monumentum aere perennius.
Q4FH@, >"F:"0*,>4, R4H"H\ ^H@H HDJ*! G,B,D\ *DJ(4< :,(8@ B@*@6H4 8
42JR,>4` *D,&>,-$@:("DF8@6 4FH@D44" ( !#!= L. 9. 1911), 4 *@$"&:b,H "7
F@0":,>4`, >, 4<,` H,B,D\, R,< D,&">T4D@&"H\". 3._. ;488@:"
$:"(@*"D4H (B4F\<@ @H 28.12.1923 (.) ^" &Z$@DZ ,(@ & R:,>Z8@DD,FB@>*,>HZ #@:("DF8@(@ !DN,@:@(4R,F8@(@ 4>FH4HJH": ";,>b >"JR>"b
042>\ #@:("D44 @R,>\ 4>H,D,FJ,H". (!#!= L. 9. 9. 1692) % F&@` @R,D,*\, %.
1:"H"DF8@<J &ZFZ:",HFb BD4(:"T,>4, BD4>bH\ JR"FH4, & F$@D>48, &
Annales de l' Academie des Sciences de Finlande, serie B, 42*"&",<@< 8 50:,H4` 3._. ;488@:Z. 3._. ;488@:" - ,*4>FH&,>>Z6 L4>>, 8@H@DZ6
BD,*FH"&:,> & 8>4(, =JD40">" “AD4bH,:4H, >" #X:("D4b”.
3._. ;488@:" D,8@<,>*J,H %. 1:"H"DF8@<J L4>F8@(@ 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@
*,bH,:b '">>,F" ',$N"D*" 8@D@H8@6 2"B4F8@6 $,2 *"HZ, F8@D,, &F,(@ 1931
(@*, B@F8@:\8J 4<,>>@ H@(*" '. ',$N"D* BD4$Z: & #@:("D4`:
";>@(@J&"0",<Z6 8@::,("!
A@:\2J`F\ F:JR",<, B@FZ:"` %"< F,D*,R>Z6 BD4&,H F@ F&@4< 8@::,(@`,
BD@L,FF@D@< Hannes Gebhard'@< ("@HP@< 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@ *&40,>4b" J >"F),
8@H@DZ6 B@ B@DJR,>4` 94(4 ="D@*@& 4 B@ 4>4P4"H4&, #@:("DF8@(@ BD"&4H,:\FH&"
B@2>"8@<4HFb F 8@@B,D"H4&>Z< *,:@< & #@:("D44 *:b @H8DZH4b BD4R4> 8D424F"
2,<:,*,:\R,F8@(@ N@2b6FH&". C,8@<,>*J` ,(@ %"< (@DbR@. 3F8D,>>@ BD,*">>Z6
%"<, J. ;488@:"" (!#!= L. 9. 2488)
3.1.5 IR"FH4, L4>>" '. ',$N"D*" & $@:("DF8@6 8@@B,D"H4&>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4
'">>,F" ',$N"D*" >"2Z&":4 @HP@< 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@ *&40,>4b K4>:b>*44.
?> B@F&bH4: &F` F&@` 042>\, 8"8 @> F"< &ZD"0":Fb, "&@2&ZT,>4` 4
JF4:,>4` 2,<:,*,:\P,& K4>:b>*44" (Alanen 1964: 143).'. ',$N"D* $Z:
B@:,<4FH@< 4 B,D&@, $@,&@, 8D,V,>4, >" FHD">4P"N B,R"H4 @> BD4>b: &
1892 (@*J, 8@(*" T:@ 2"F,:,>4, (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN :,F@&. 7D,FH\b>"<
*"&":4F\ $,FB:"H>@ >"*,:Z *@ 300-400 4 *"0, 1 000 (" 2,<,:\ >" F,&,D,,
$@("H@< :,F@< 4 '. ',$N"D* BD,*:"(": F&@4 <,H@*Z, 8@H@DZ, <@(:4 $Z
@$:,(R4H\ 8D,FH\b>"< BD@P,FF @F&@,>4b >@&ZN <,FH>@FH,6. _D4*4R,F84,
BD"&" "D,>*"H@D@& 4 &@2<@0>@FH\ 4N BD,&D"V,>4b & <,:84N
2,<:,&:"*,:\P,&, F,:\F84, 8@@B,D"H4&Z, 4FH@D4b ^H4N &@BD@F@&,
B@:@0,>4, 8D,FH\b> & K4>:b>*44, E8">*4>"&44 4 *DJ(4N ,&D@B,6F84N
FHD">"N - FH@b:4 & P,>HD, ,(@ &>4<">4b. %@ <>@(@< D,2J:\H"H@< 4<,>>@ ,(@
*,bH,:\>@FH4 FH":" @D(">42"P4b B,D&@(@ & K4>:b>*44 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@
72
@$V,FH&" "A,::,D&@" & 1899 (@*J. G@(*" 0, &ZT,: & F&,H $@:\T@6 HDJ* '.
',$N"D*" "? 8@@B,D"H4&"N 2" DJ$,0@<”, $:"(@*"Db 8@H@D@<J @> B@:JR4:
42&,FH>@FH\ 8"8 & F"<@6 C@FF46F8@6 4<B,D44, H"8 4 & *DJ(4N FHD">"N, 8"8
&Z*"`V46Fb FB,P4":4FH & ^H@6 @$:"FH4. E 4<,>,< '. ',$N"D*" >"R4>"`H
FR4H"H\Fb, >@ B@F8@:\8J @> $Z: R,:@&,8@< 8"H,(@D4R,F84N <>,>4612, H@
>"04&",H F,$, <>@(4N BD@H4&>48@&: BD@L,FFJDZ >" F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@<
L"8J:\H,H, M,:\F4>8F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H" @> *@$4&",HFb H@:\8@ & 1909 (@*J.
? >.< <@0>@ F8"2"H\ 8"8 @ _. %. E>,:\<">,, RH@ :`$@&\ 8 *,:J 2"FH"&:b:"
,(@ $@D@H\Fb (Alanen 1964: 263).
'. ',$N"D* $Z: R:,>@< <>@0,FH&" @H,R,FH&,>>ZN 4 <,0*J>"D@*>ZN
8@<4FF46 4 @$V,FH&, " H"80, ;,0*J>"D@*>@6 "FF@P4"P44 8@@B,D"H4&>ZN
@$V,FH&, @D(">42@&">>@6 & 9@>*@>, & 1895 (@*J. '.',$N"D* 4
@D(">42@&">>@, 4< 8@@B,D"H4&>@, *,:@ & K4>:b>*44 &Z2Z&":4
&@FN4V,>4, J F@&D,<,>>48@&. =,<,P846 8@@B,D"H4&>Z6 *,bH,:\ 1,,D4>(
B4T,H & FH4:, &D,<,>4 @ D@:4 8@@B,D"H4&@& 4 D"*,H,:, 2" 8@@B,D"H4&Z '.
',$N"D*,:
"Se asettaa talouden yhteisen hyvän palvelukseen, herättää yhteishenkeä ja
vahvistaa siten oman toiminnan iloa [...] Tällaiseen aikaansaannokseen saattoi
päästä vain mies, jolla ei ollut ainoastaan selvä järki ja epätavallinen
organisaatiokyky, vaan myös puhdas sydän täynnä kiihkeätä rakkautta kansaansa,
epäitsekkyyttä ja tuota häikäilemätöntä energiaa, jolla hän puolusti sitä, mitä piti
oikeana. Vain syvä siveellinen tunto saattoi herättää nuo siveelliset voimat, jotka
nyt suorittavat osuustoiminnallisia tehtäviä arkisessa työssä, uskollisina
velvollisuuksilleen, rehellisinä ja alttiina" [B@*R. 9. E.] (P4H. B@ Alanen 1964: 290-
291)4
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>40,, @H>@F4HFb H@:\8@ 8 :4R>@FH4 '. ',$N"D*". ;Z FR4H",< J<,FH>Z<
BD4&,FH4 ^H4 *:4>>Z, P4H"HZ 2*,F\, B@F8@:\8J B@*R.D8>JHZ, >"<4 &
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*,bH,:,6, H"8 RH@ @>4 FH">@&bHFb FH,D,@H4B>Z<4 4 B,D,>@FbHFb >" &F,N
L4>>@& &@@$V,. M"D"8H,D>Z, R,DHZ FJ$X,8H" >"8:"*Z&"`HFb >" >"D@* 4
D"FF<"HD4&"`HFb 8"8 H4B4R>Z, *:b &F,(@ ^H>@F". E"< '. ',$N"D* 2"<,R":
>,*@FH"H@R>J` R4FH@B:@H>@FH\ & 8@@B,D"H4&>@6 042>4 K4>:b>*44 4 B,D,*
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"Onko meidän maalaisväestössämme moraalista ryhtiä, niin että se lähtee
puhdistamaan osuustoiminnan kaikesta epämoraalisesta ja siten saamaan siihen
12
="BD4<,D,'. ',$N"D* B4T,H & 0JD>":, Valvoja v 1899 (.: "Kansantaloudellinen
sivistys on maassamme vielä uskomattoman alhainen niissäkin kansankerroksissa,
jotka käyvät sivistyneistöstä" ’1>">4b B@ R"FH4 >"D@*>@6 ^8@>@<484 B@D"24H,:\>@
>4284 *"0, & H,N F:@bN @$V,FH&", 8@H@DZ, J >"F B@:"("`H 2" @$D"2@&">>ZN‘ (Alanen
1964: 206). =,J*4&4H,:\>@, RH@ ^H@ ,(@ @BB@>,>H"< >, >D"&4:@F\.
73
oikean osuustoimintahengen vallitsemaan, sellaisen, jota Pellervo-Seuran ensi
aikojen johtomiehet tarkoittivat?" (Alanen 1964: 478)5.
]H4R,F846 *4F8JDF >" FHZ8, &,8@& $Z: >"B@:>,> :`$@&\` 8 >"D@*J,
BD@F&,H4H,:\F8@6 B@<@V\` >"D@*J 4 $,F8@DZFH>Z< 0,DH&,>>Z<
0,:">4,< D"$@H"H\ &@ 4<b >"D@*", (@H@&@(@ 4*H4 2" F&@4< JR4H,:,< 4
BD,H&@DbH\ ,(@ 4*,4 & 042>\. 94R>@FH\ '. ',$N"D*" B@:>@FH\` &B4FZ&":"F\
& ^H4 D"<84. % 1909 4 1910 (@*"N >" 10-:,H>,< `$4:,, 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@
@$V,FH&" “A,::,D&@” & (@FHbN J L4>>@& B@$Z&":4 DJFF84, 8@@B,D"H@DZ 4
>"T:4, RH@ BD4<,D L4>>@& <@0>@ $Z:@ $Z 4FB@:\2@&"H\ & DJFF8@6
8@@B,D"P4@>>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4. (Alanen 1964: 291)
% 1930 (@*J B@ BD@F\$, BD"&4H,:\FH&" #@:("D44, 0,:"&T,(@ &>,FH4
>@&J` @04&:b`VJ` FHDJ` & F,:\F8J` 8@@B,D"H4&>J` *,bH,:\>@FH\, 94("
="P46 & 8"R,FH&, FB,P4":4FH@& >"BD"&:b,H & #@:("D4` *:b 42JR,>4b
>,*@FH"H8@& & D"$@H, 8@@B,D"H4&@& *&JN FB,P4":4FH@& L4>>" '. ',$N"D*" 4
R,N" %. GD,6$":". I0, :,H@< 1931 (@*" '. ',$N"D* 4 %. GD,6$": BD@&@*bH
B@*(@H@&4H,:\>J` D"$@HJ 4 BD,*@FH"&:b`H @HR.H F@ F&@4<4
D,8@<,>*"P4b<4 94(, ="P46. 9JRT, &F,(@ @ B:@*"N D"$@HZ '. ',$N"D*" &
#@:("D44 (@&@D4H B4F\<@ *@8H@D" #. a>RJ:,&" (@*J &*@&, BD@L,FF@D" '.
',$N"D*" & 1934 :
“Minulla oli erikoinen onni oppia läheisessä yhteistyössä tuntemaan suuri vainaja,
joka ennen kaikkea muuta pyrki totuuteen ja lausui aina ilmi sen, mitä ajatteli.
Professori Hannes Gebhard oli osuustoimintaliikkeessä selvän ja yksinkertaisen
rakenteen, säästäväisen hallinnon ja tehokkaan tarkastuksen kannattaja[...]. Lausun
täten ilmi useiden henkilöiden kunnioituksen tunteet professori Gebhardin muistoa
kohtaan ja pyydän Teitä ottamaan vastaan heidän kiitollisuutensa" [B@*R. 9. E.]
(P4H. B@ Alanen 1964: 292)6.
K4>> '. ',$N"D* B@FH"&4: 8@@B,D"H4&>@, *&40,>4, #@:("D44 >" >@&Z,
D,:\FZ, R,< &>.F "2"<,R"H,:\>Z6 &8:"*" & @$>@&:,>4, 8@@B,D"H4&@&
#@:("D44. #@:("D4> a>RJ:,& &Z*,:b,H J L4>>" '. ',$N"D*" R,DHZ:
"FHD,<:,>4, 8 4FH4>,”, "(@&@D4: BDb<@ H@, RH@ *J<":", "HD,$@&":" (H.,.
HD,$@&"H,:\>@FH\), ^8@>@<4R>@FH\: "BD@FH"b FHDJ8HJD"", @*>4< F:@&@<,
^8@>@<>@, BD"&:,>4, 4 ^LL,8H4&>Z6 8@>HD@:\. E:@&" ",(@ 4*,4
J8@D,>4:4F\ & #@:("D44" <@0>@ 4>H,DBD,H4D@&"H\ H"80,, RH@ B"<bH\ @ '.
',$N"D*, (L4>>,) 04&.H & #@:("D44, 4, RH@ &"0>@: "F@HDJ*>484 RJ&FH&J`H
8 ,(@ B"<bH4 (:J$@8@, J&"0,>4, 4 $:"(@*"D>@FH\". %ZT, $Z:@ F8"2">@, RH@
F@@H,R,FH&,>>484 ',$N"D*" & F&b24 F ,(@ B@:,<4R,F84< N"D"8H,D@<
BZH":4F\ >, *@BJFH4H\ ,(@ 8 BD@L,FF@DF8@<J 8D,F:J, & #@:("D44 0, ,(@
BDb<@H" 4 HD,$@&"H,:\>@FH\ B@:JR"`H &ZFTJ` @P,>8J. =@ 4 '. ',$N"D*
B@:`$4: $@:("D:
"% :4P, Gebharda #@:("D4b BD4@$D,:" ,V. @*>@(@ *DJ(". ?> & 4>H4<>@< 8DJ(J
&@2<JV",HFb H,<, 8"8 "B@$,*4H,:4" @$D"V"`HFb F %"T4< @H,R,FH&@< - >@ @$ ^H@<
74
B@8" <":@, B@8" Gebhard &ZB@:>b,H B@DJR,>4, 94(4 >"P46" (;488@:", K.
1:"H"DF8@(@ 9. 2265)
A@$Z&": & #@:("D44 F D,8@<,>*"P4b<4 @H 3._. ;488@:" (22.7.1938) 8
BD@L,FF@DJ EH. ;:"*,>@&J H"80, C">H,D4 !>8,D4" (Santeri Ankeria)
(!#!=. ;:"*,>@&, L. 154). % F&@. &D,<b E. !>8,D4" JR4:Fb &@ 9\&@&F8@<
J>4&,DF4H,H, 4 F:JT": H"< :,8P44 F:"&4FH" 7. 7J,&" B@ $@:("DF8@<J
b2Z8J.E. !>8,D4" J0, $Z&": & #@:("D44 &<,FH, F '. ',$N"D*@< B@
BD4(:"T,>4` ;4>4FH,DFH&" E,:\F8@(@ N@2b6FH&" #@:("D44 28 <"b 1931 (.
MD4FH@ A,,&, 8@@B,D"H4&4FH, 0,:"`V46 B@F,H4H\ L4>F84, <4>4FH,DFH&",
F&b2">>Z, F F,:\F84< N@2b6FH&@<, 4 B@2>"8@<4H\Fb F *,bH,:\>@FH\`
"(D"D>ZN $">8@& 4 8@@B,D"H4&@& K4>:b>*44 B4T,H, RH@ & #@:("D44
*,6FH&J`H >,8@H@DZ, "(D@8DJ084, BD4>b&T4, 2" <@*,:\ L4>F846
8@@B,D"H4&>Z6 @BZH 4 >"2&">4,: “$,:Z, :4:44”."Eine Gruppe von
Bulgaren mit dem Herausgeber dre "Belite Lilyi" haben den Wunsch, Ihr
Vaterland zu besuchen". 1*,F\, ,FH,FH&,>>@, &@2>48",H &@BD@F, RH@ 2"
“$,:Z, :4:44”? =" ^H@ &@BD@F <Z @H&,H4< & (:"&, 4.4.2, " F,6R"F @H<,H4<
:4T\ >"F8@:\8@ @D(">4R>" *:b M. A,,&" <ZF:\ @ L4>>"N - $,:ZN :4:4bN.
3.1.6 !:,8F">*D S4T<">@& - *DJ( F,<\4 ;488@:Z, B,D,&@*R48
?*>4< 42 4>H,D,F>,6T4N $@:("DF84N 8@DD,FB@>*,>H@& FJBDJ(@& ;488@:"
$Z: !:,8F">*D 5@>8@& S4T<">@&, B,D,&,*T46 F@ T&,*F8@(@ b2Z8" >"
$@:("DF846 BD@42&,*,>4b ;. G":&4@, C. S4:*H" 4 E. E":<4>,>. )DJ(4, ,(@
B,D,&@*Z >"< >,42&,FH>Z, 8D@<, B,D,&@*" %,D>,D" L@> M"6*,>FH"<"
"+>*4<4@>" >" DJFF846 b2Z8 (0. "E@&D,<,>>Z6 <4D" 1918 (@*). !.
S4T<">@& D@*4:Fb 30.1.1889 (@*" & (@D@*, '@D>"-?D,N@&4P" ((*, $Z&":4
L4>F84, &@4>Z & 1878 (.). % 8"R,FH&, FH4B,>*4"H" ;4>4FH,DFH&"
BD@F&,V,>4b @> B@,N": & A,H,D$JD( 4 H"< 2"8@>R4: %@FH@R>Z6 L"8J:\H,H
A,HD@(D"*F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H" & 1914 (@*J B@ FB,P4":\>@FH4 "D"$F8@B,DF4*F84, 4 HJD,P8@-H"H"DF84, b2Z84 4 :4H,D"HJDZ. ?> BD,8D"F>@ 2>":
H"80, F:"&b>F84, b2Z84. 7D@<, D@*>@(@ $@:("DF8@(@, @> &:"*,: B@:\F84<
4 DJFF84<, >" 8@H@D@< @> >"B4F": P,>>J` FH"H\` "E@$D">4, &@FH@R>ZN
DJ8@B4F,6 & E@L44"13. ?> 2>": H"80, T&,*F846 b2Z8 4 4>H,D,F@&":Fb
^FB,D">H@. +<J N@H,:@F\ 2">4<"H\Fb >"J8@6 4 ,<J B@&,2:@: 42-2" &@6>Z @>
> , F<@( &Z,N"H\ B@ <,FHJ >"2>"R,>4b >" *@:0>@FH\ *D"(@<">"
(B,D,&@*R48") & #,6DJH BD4 $@:("DF8@< 8@>FJ:\FH&,, 8J*" @> $Z:
@BD,*,:.> <4>4FHD@< 4>@FHD">>ZN *,: F 20 >@b$Db 1914 (., " &D,<,>>@
D"$@H",H & ="P4@>":\>@6 $4$:4@H,8, #@:("D44 & %@FH@R>@< @H*,:,.
13
?BJ$:48@&">" & "1"B4F8"N %@FH@R>@(@ @H*,:,>4b 3<B. !DN,@:@(4R,F8@(@ @$V,FH&",
H. 23.
75
3._. ;488@:" 4 !. S4T<">@& B@2>"8@<4:4F\ & 1911 (@*J (B4F\<@
S4T<">@&" 8 3._. ;488@:, @H 30. 11. 1939), & FHJ*,>R,F84, (@*Z
S4T<">@&", 8@(*" @> >",20": 42 A,H,D$JD(" & K4>:b>*4`. A,D&@,,
F@ND">4&T,,Fb & "DN4&, 3._. ;488@:Z, B4F\<@ >"B4F">@ 42 GJD8J14 5
4`>b $,2 J8"2">4b (@*" (BD,*B@:@04H,:\>@ 1913 (.) B@ B@&@*J
8@<B:,8H@&">4b J>4&,DF4H,HF8@6 $4$:4@H,84 $@:("DF84<4 8>4("<4. A@
B4F\<J &4*>@, RH@ ^H@H &@BD@F <,0*J !. S4T<">@&Z< 4 3._. ;488@:@6
J0, @$FJ0*":Fb *@ ^H@(@. !. S4T<">@& F@0":,,H, RH@ &Z>J0*,>
$,FB@8@4H\ J&"0",<@(@ BD@L,FF@D", >@ *:b H@(@, RH@$Z ;4>4FH,DFH&@
BD@F&,V,>4b #@:("D44 &ZF:":@ 8>4(4, 2"BD@F *@:0,> $ZH\ >"BD"&:,> HJ*"
F"<4< ;488@:@6. ):b @$:,(R,>4b HDJ*" *,:48"H>Z6 !. S4T<">@&
BD4:"(",H 2"(@H@&8J 2"BD@F". ?*>4< 42 "D(J<,>H@& F:J04H, RH@: "B@>,0,
4<"<, *@FH"H@R>@ FHJ*,>H4, 8@4H, F, 2">4<"&"H FB,P4":>@ F $X:(["DF84]
,248". % <"DH, 1915 (@*" !. S4T<">@& BD@F4H @HBJF8 "B@ R"FH>Z<
BD4R4>"<" 4 ,*,H & A,HD@(D"*, (*, ,(@ 0*":" >,&,FH" ;"D4b 5@F4L@&>". %
1916 (@*J !. S4T<">@& 04&.H & A,HD@(D"*, 4 JF,D*>@ 2">4<",HFb
4FF:,*@&">4,< &@FH@R>ZN DJ8@B4F,6 B@* DJ8@&@*FH&@< &Z*"`V,(@Fb
"D"$4FH" 3. _. 7D"R8@&F8@(@, 2"8">R4&"b F&@` FH"H\` @ &@FH@R>ZN
DJ8@B4FbN, >"N@*bV4NFb & E@L46F8@6 $4$:4@H,8,. )&" @HH4F8" ^H@6 FH"H\4
(&H@DJ` *:b B,D,*"R4 BD@L,FF@DJ E,Hb:b) @> &ZFZ:",H 3._. ;488@:,.
]H" FR"FH:4&@ >"R"&T"bFb B@,2*8" BD,&D"H4:" 042>\ !. S4T<">@&"
& HD"(,*4`. E@ &FHJB:,>4,< #@:("D44 & A,D&J` <4D@&J` &@6>J >" FH@D@>,
',D<">44 (1916) !. S4T<">@& F 0,>@6 @8"2":4F\ >" H,DD4H@D44 C@FF44
8"8 (D"0*">F84, B:,>>484. % H@6 0, F4HJ"P44, 8FH"H4, @8"2":4F\ $@:("DZH@:FH@&PZ, &Z>J0*,>>Z, F84H"H\Fb B@ D,&@:`P4@>>@6 C@FF44 & B@4F8,
&@2<@0>@FH4 &Z$D"H\Fb >" D@*4>J (F<. B4F\<@ M.)@F,&" 8 !.aD>,L,:\HJ,
"DN4& SKS). A@F:, @8Hb$D\F8@(@ B,D,&@D@H" 1917 (@*" (D">4PZ 8D"F>@6
C@FF44 2"8DZ:4F\, 4 S4T<">@&Z &Z>J0*,>Z $Z:4 @FH"H\Fb >" ,.
H,DD4H@D44. % 1918 (@*J @> F 0,>@6 (J S4T<">@&ZN >, $Z:@ *,H,6)
J,20"`H 42 A,HD@(D"*" & 4<,>4, D@*4H,:,6 ;"D44 >,*":,8@ @H (. A@:@P8"
4 F@&,HF8@-B@:\F8@6 (D">4PZ. G"< @>4 04:4 $,2&Z,2*>@ B@ 1930 (@*. %
F&b24 F 8@::,8H4&42"P4,6 @>, 8"8 "8J:"8" $Z: @HBD"&:,> >" &,R>@,
B@F,:,>4, >" F,&,D 8J*"-H@ <,0*J 7@H:"F@< 4 !DN">(,:\F8@<. % 1932 (@*J
@> B,D,$D":Fb & %@:@(*J 4 >"R": BD,*BD4>4<"H\ T"(4 F P,:\`
&@2&D"V,>4b & #@:("D4`. % 1934 (@*J #@:("D4b 4 EEEC 2"8:`R"`H
*4B:@<"H4R,F84, @H>@T,>4b. ="8@>,P, S4T<">@&Z< J*":@F\ B@:JR4H\
B"FB@DH @H $@:("DF8@(@ B@F@:\FH&" & %"DT"&, 4 @>4 ,*JH & ;@F8&J, RH@$Z
B@*(@H@&4H\ B,D,,2* >" D@*4>J. % ;@F8&, & $@:("DF8@< B@F@:\FH&, @> $Z:
BD4&:,R.> >" F:J0$J, 8"8 R,:@&,8, 2>"`V46 <,FH>Z, JF:@&4b 4 b2Z8, N@Hb
14
S4T<">@& *".H @$D"H>Z6 "*D,F: Turku, Kunnallis sairaala, E. Ekström, (*,,
@R,&4*>@, @> BD,$Z&": & (@FHbN J Y. Ekström - ^FB,D">H4FH".
76
F@&,HF84, &:"FH4 @H>,F:4F\ 8 ^H@<J &Z$@DJ @HD4P"H,:\>@15. % <"DH, 1935
(@*" @> &FHJB",H >" *@:0>@FH\ B4F"Db BD4 #@:("DF8@< B@F@:\FH&, & ;@F8&,
F @8:"*@< & 80 *@::"D@&.
ER"FH:4&Z6 @$@D@H & FJ*\$, B@2&@:b,H ,<J &@2@$>@&4H\ 2>"8@<FH&" 4
F L4>F84<4 *DJ2\b<4. =@ 'AI ,(@ >, 2"$Z:@. A@ *@D@(, *@<@6 42 $">4 14.
9. 1937 (. @> $Z: FN&"R,> >" J:4P, "(,>H"<4 'AI, 4 BD4&,*.> >" 9J$b>8J,
(*, ,(@ 2"*,D0":4 >" 16 *>,6. !. S4T<">@& BD@*@:0",H: "=, <, $4N", >,
<, 42H,2"&"N", >@ 4<" >,V@ B@-H,08@ 4 B@-(>JF>@ @H L424R,F8@H@ >"F4:4,.
EH">" <4 42&,FH>" H"6>"H" >" BD@RJH4H, "F"<@BD42>">4b". (S4T<">@&, 17.
4. 1938). %@F,<\ *>,6 ;"D44 5@F4L@&>, >4R,(@ >, F@@$V":4 @ FJ*\$,
<J0", 8"H,(@D4R,F84 @HD4P"b ,(@ "D,FH. +6 F@&,H@&":@F\ 4F8"H\ <J0" &
<@D("N, 8"8 0,DH&J >,FR"FH>@(@ F:JR"b. !. S4T<">@& BD@F4H 3._
;488@:J >, D"2(:"T"H\ ^H@(@ F@$ZH4b, RH@ 4 B@>bH>@. E@&,HF84, &:"FH4
&F8@D, B@HD,$@&":4 ,(@ ^8FH,D>4D@&">4b, H"8 RH@ 7 *,8"$Db 1937 (@*" @> F
0,>@6 &Z,N": & #@:("D4`. A@ *@D@(, & #@:("D4` S4T<">@&Z B@F,H4:4
3._ ;488@:J. % E@L4416 @>4 H,B:@ &FB@<4>"`H @ &FHD,R, >" *"R, J 3._
;488@:Z, & @8D,FH>@FHbN GJD8J. =@ ,V. >, 2"04:4 HD"&<Z @H F@&,HF8@6
042>4: "1" B@:@0,>4, & EEEC <>@(@ F, B4T, 4 (@&@D4, >@ 2" FX0,:,>4,
*,6FH&4H,:>@FHH" H"<, $,2BD"&>@H@ B@:@0,>4, >" >"F,:,>4,H@ 4 >, F"<@ >"
8@D,>@H@, >@ 4 >" RJ0*4H, B@*">4P4, >"*<4>"&" &F4R84 42<4F:4P4".
(S4T<">@&, 17. 4. 1938) A@ &@2&D"V,>44 >" D@*4>J !. S4T<">@&
BD@*@:0",H D"$@H"H\ & ;4>4FH,DFH&, 4>@FHD">>ZN *,: & ?H*,:, B,R"H4
H,B,D\ & *@:0>@FH4 D,*"8H@D" B@ B@:\F8@6 4 DJFF8@6 B,R"H4. ?> B4T,H
3._ ;488@:,, RH@ &@2@$>@&4: F&b24 F@ F&@4<4 FH"DZ<4 BD4bH,:b<4, FD,*4
8@H@DZN $Z: B4F"H,:\ 4 NJ*@0>48 =48@:"6 C"6>@&, BD@L,FF@D
MJ*@0,FH&,>>@6 !8"*,<44, 8FH"H4, B@$Z&"&T46 >" G4$,H,, (*,
B@2>"8@<4:Fb F =. C,D4N@<.
!. S4T<">@& F @(D@<>@6 D"*@FH\` &@FBD4>4<",H BD4FJ0*,>4,
L4>F8@<J B4F"H,:` K. ]. E4::">Bb >@$,:,&F8@6 BD,<44, F R,<
B@2*D"&:b,H 3._ ;488@:J 4 ;"6:J G":&4@:
"FR"FH:4& F@@$V4H\ &"<, RH@, 8"8 &4*>@ 42 BD4:"(",<@6 &ZD,284, ^H@ $Z:@
F&@,&D,<,>>@ @H<,R,>@ 4 >"T,6 B,R"H\`, N@Hb & *@&@:\>@ F8D@<>@< &4*, 4
>,B@:>@ [...]
a H"8 F&Z8Fb F %"T,6 FHD">@6 4 B@:`$4: ,., RH@ FR4H"` F&@4< <@D":\>Z< *@:(@<
[B@*R. 9. E.] B@2>"8@<4H\ $@:("DF8@, @$V,FH&@ F L4>:b>*F8@6 :4H,D"HJD@6 [...]
7 F@0":,>4`, L4>F84< b2Z8@< b >, &:"*,`, >@ N@RJ &,D4H\, RH@ ^H@ >, $J*,H
@F@$Z< BD,BbHFH&4,<, H"8 8"8 b N@RJ F*,:"H\ B,D,&@* B@:\2JbF\ T&,*F84< b2Z8@<
15
E&,*,>4b B@R,DB>JHZ >"<4 42 D"FF:,*@&">4b, BD@&,*.>>@(@ &F:,*FH&4,
B@FHJB4&T,(@ >" S4T<">@&" *@>@F" (*@F\, S4T<">@&", ND">bV,,Fb & "DN4&,
;3)" #@:("D44 m 28249).
16
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77
[...] 7 H@<J 0, T&,*F846 b2Z8 H"8 B@BJ:bD,> & K4>:b>*44, RH@ b *J<"` B,D,&@*Z
>" T&,*F846 F L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" >"&,D>@, >, $J*JH NJ0,, R,< B,D,&@*Z >" *DJ(4,
,&D@B,6F84, b2Z84". (S4T<">@&, 30. 11. 1939)
!. S4T<">@& 8 ^H@<J &D,<,>4 J0, 4<,,H F,D\.2>Z, 2"$@:,&">4b:
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maa, kansa, luonto, elämä ja kieli puhuivat ensi päivästä sielulleni aivan niinkuin minun
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1937-38 (@*Z - 60 :,H4, @F&@$@0*,>4b #@:("D44 - $Z: &H@DZ<
$@:("DF84< 4>L@D<"H4&>Z< B48@< & K4>:b>*44 (F<. >"BD4<,D US 1937:
319, 322, HS 1937: 317, 319) G@(*" 0, &,*JHFb B,D,(@&@DZ F L4>F84<
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19
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82
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& GJD8J & Åbo Academi $Z:" @F>@&">" *@:0>@FH\ :,8H@D" DJFF8@(@ b2Z8".
A@F:, B@0"D" & GJD8J & 1927 (@*J "8"*,<4b $Z:" B,D,>,F,>" &
',:\F4>(L@DF (M,:\F4>84). % M,:\F4>8F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H, $Z:" JRD,0*,>"
:4R>"b BD@L,FFJD" DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" & 1828 (@*J, & 2"*"R4 8@H@D@6 &N@*4:@
@$JR,>4, R4>@&>4R,FH&" DJFF8@<J b2Z8J (A,F@>,> 1995: 227). E 1941 (@*"
JRD,0*,>" *@:0>@FH\ BD@L,FF@D" 4FH@D44, F:"&4FH484 4 DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" 4
:4H,D"HJDZ. E"<Z< 2>"R4H,:\>Z< 42 B,D&ZN BD@L,FF@D@& $Z: a.7. 'D@H
(1841-1852), 8@H@DZ6 B,D&Z< 2"4>H,D,F@&":Fb DJFF8@-L4>F8@-T&,*F84<4
:4H,D"HJD>Z<4 8@>H"8H"<4. % 1900 (. @F>@&">" 8"L,*D" F:"&b>F8@6
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4<,>,< 3._. ;488@:", F:"&4FH4R>Z, 4FF:,*@&">4b 8@H@D@(@ 2>"<,>J`H
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F:"&4FH484 H@:\8@ F 1970-N ((. 2>"R4H,:\>@ @04&4& 8J:\HJD>Z, 8@>H"8HZ
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21
#4$:4@(D"L4b D"$@H L4>F84N F:"&4FH@& F<. Lindstedt & 3>H,D>,H,, " H"80, FH"H\`
7@:"D4 "Suomen slavistikan vaiheita". (Kolari 1985: 23-25).
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8@H@D"b F*,:":" *@FHJB>Z< 42JR,>4, $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" & +&D@B,. (C"*@>@&
1979: 307) '. %"6(">* &<,FH, F 7. 3D,R,8@< F*,:":4 <>@(@ *:b
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BD@T:@(@ &,8" B,D,&.: >" T&,*F846 b2Z8 42&,FH>ZN $@:("DF84N
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M,:\F4>84 $Z: @H8DZH & 1970 (@*J (94>*FH,*H 1981: 316), " & S&,P44 4
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B@F:,*@&":@ *DJ(4N B,D,&@*@& 42 $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ ('D">,F 1981:
307). E 1979 (@*" BD@&@*bHFb $@:("D@-F8">*4>"&F84, >"JR>Z, F4<B@24J<Z.
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&"0>@FH\ *:b D,P,BP44 &,:48" (Laitinen 1985). % (,@(D"L4R,F8@6
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FHD">4P (28-33). !&H@DZ >, @(D">4R4&"`HFb @B4F">4,< BD,8D"F>@(@
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(Maantieteelisia kuvaelmia, 1906: 31), " H"80, *"`H N"D"8H,D4FH48J
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^>,D(4R>@<J N"D"8H,DJ 4 >,8@H@DZ< *DJ(4< F&@6FH&"< (Maantieteelisia
kuvaelmia, 1906: 33). !&H@DZ F@@$V"`H, RH@:
Bulgaaria on pidetty, etenkin ennen kuin hän sai itsenäisyyden, typeränä ja
raakana, mutta tämä arvostelu on kohtuuton. Tosin hän ei ole yhtä vilkas kuin
romanialainen, eikä yhtä neroollinen kuin kreikkalainen, mutta hänen älyynsä
liittyy sen sijaan maltillinen harkitseminen, joka runsasti korvaa nuo puuttuuvat
ominaisuudet (Maantieteelisia kuvaelmia, 1906: 29)8
84
?*>@6 42 >H,D,F>ZN 8>4( @ #@:("D44 4 ,, >"D@*, b&:b,HFb 8>4(" 7"::,
%b">b>,>" Bulgarian maa ja kansa, 8@H@DJ` @> F@FH"&4: 42 8>4( *DJ(4N
"&H@D@&. ]H" 8>4(" H"80, B@:>" F4<B"H44 8 $@:("D"< 4 B@:>" &,DZ & 4N
$J*JV,,. E8@D,, &F,(@, ^H" F4<B"H4b &Z2&">" F@$ZH4b<4 1877-8 (@*@&,
@R,&4*P"<4 8@H@DZN >,8@H@DZ, L4>>Z $Z:4. GJH F:,*J,H >"B@<>4H\ @
“$@:("DF8@< $J<,” 80-N ((. XIX &,8", 8@(*" & B,R"H4 BJ$:48@&":4F\
*>,&>484 4 &@FB@<4>">4b L4>F84N &@4>@&. %b">b>,> BD4&@*4H L"8HZ,
B@8"2Z&"`V4,, 8"8 $@:("DZ FHD,<bHFb 8 @$D"2@&">4`: T8@: & #@:("D44 &
1841 (@*J $Z:@ H@:\8@ 13, " & 1898 (@*J 4 686. ?> >, D"2 B@*R.D84&",H
&ZF@8J` <@D":\ $@:("D B@ FD"&>,>4` F *DJ(4<4 >"D@*"<4. #@:("D4` <":@
2>"`H, (@&@D4H @>, 4 R"V, &F,(@ $@:("D N"D"8H,D42J`H @HD4P"H,:\>@, >@
7"::, %b">b>,> D,T4H,:\>@ $,D.H $@:("D B@* 2"V4HJ:
Useimmiten kuvataan raa’aksi ja sivistymättömäksi talonpoikaiskansaksi... mutta
hän kestää ponnistuksia ja on oivallinen työmies. Synnynnäinen arvokkuus ja
jonkinlainen ylimyksellinen käytös tekevät bulgarialaisista hyvin miellyttäviksi.
Bulgaari on hyödyn ja käytännön ihminen, ahkera ja säästäväinen. Hänen älynsä ei
ole niin loistava, mutta selvä ja terävä. (Väänänen 1913:10-11)9
7. %b">b>,> JH&,D0*",H, RH@ J $@:("D $@:,, &ZF@8"b <@D":\: Ei ilotyttöjä
Sofian kaduilla. Elämän tavat ovat kohtuulliset ja yksinkertaiset.‘=" J:4P"N
E@L44 >,H 0,>V4> :.(8@(@ B@&,*,>4b. ?$ZR"4 $@:("D BD@FHZ, 4
>,BD4Hb2"H,:\>Z,’(Väänänen 1913:12). Sivelisyys on sangen korkea.
Varkaudet ovat maaseudulla harvinaisia, viinurit eivät ota liika rahaa
itsearvontunnosta, kirosanojen käyttö ei ole tavallista. ‘;@D":\ @R,>\
&ZF@8"b. % *,D,&>bN &@D@&FH&@ - D,*8@FH\, H@D(@&PZ &4>@< >48@(*" >,
@$FR4HZ&"`H @H J&"0,>4b 8 F,$,, $D">>Z, F:@&" D,*84’ (Väänänen 1913:1617). 7. %b">b>,> @$D"V",H &>4<">4, >" B@:@0,>4, $@:("DF84N 0,>V4>:
Bulgarialainen nainen osallistuu kursailematta keskusteluun. Nainen on
miehensä auttaja eikä hänen orjansa ’$@:("DF8"b 0,>V4>" $@68@ &FHJB",H
& D"2(@&@D. /,>" b&:b,HFb B@<@V>4P,6 <J0", " >, ,(@ D"$Z>,6’
(Väänänen 1913:15).
7. %b">b>,> FH"&4H & JBD.8 2"B"*>Z< FHD">"<, RH@ @>4 D"2*,:4:4
#@:("D4` >" R"FH4, mutta antoi ihanten tehdä työtä ja tulemaan
voimakkaaksi, >@ 2"H@ ‘@>4 *":4 4*,": D"$@H"H\ 4 FH"H\
F4:\>Z<4’(Väänänen 1913:4) Tältä kansalta voimme odottaa suuria
näytteitä päämääränsä saavuttamiseksi ‘@H ^H@(@ >"D@*" <Z <@0,<
@04*"H\ &,:484N *,b>46 & 4FB@:>,>44 F&@,6 P,:4’ (Väänänen 1913:5).
% @$,4N 8>4("N ,FH\ 4FH@D4R,F84, @T4$84 4 & >4N 2"<,H,> F:,*
D"FBD@FHD">.>>@(@ & ^H@ &D,<b D"F4FHF8@(@ B@*N@*: @B4F">4, L@D<Z
(@:@&Z 4 H,:" 4 BD. ?*>"8@ FD,*4 @B4FZ&",<ZN >"D@*>@FH,6, "&H@DZ
FH"&bH $@:("DF846 >"D@* &ZT, *DJ(4N B@ F&@4< <@D":\>@-^H4R,F84<
85
*@FH@4>FH&"<, 8@H@DZ, &@ <>@(@< H@0*,FH&,>>Z N"D"8H,D4FH48"< L4>>@&:
R,FH>@FH\ HDJ*@:`$4,, J&"0,>4, 8 0,>V4>,.
% 1905 (@*J & K4>:b>*44 42*".HFb <>@(@H@<>"b 4FH@D4b :4H,D"HJDZ
Yleinen kirjallisuuden historia >" L4>F8@< b2Z8,. % R,H&.DH@< H@<, ^H@(@
^>P48:@B,*4R,F8@(@ B@ N"D"8H,DJ 42*">4b B@<,V.> D"2*,: Slaavilaisten
kansain kirjallisuus, >"B4F">>Z6 "aikaansa juohevaan tyylin" ‘&
F&@6FH&,>>@< *:b ^H@(@ &D,<,>4 &@2&ZT,>>@< FH4:,’ 3._. ;488@:@6
(Kolari 1985: 12). 3< *".HFb 8D"H846 @$2@D 4FH@D44 F:"&b>F84N >"D@*@&, "
2"H,< (:J$0, D"FF<"HD4&",HFb :4H,D"HJD>Z6 BD@P,FF 8"0*@(@ >"D@*" &
@H*,:\>@FH4 & H@< R4F:, $@:("DF8@(@.
)@B@:>4H,:\>@ 8 “$@:("DF8@<J $J<J" L4>F8@6 BD,FFZ (1878-1900)
FH"H\b 3._. ;488@:Z *".H B,D&@, BD,*FH"&:,>4, @$ 4FH@D44 8J:\HJDZ 4
:4H,D"HJDZ #@:("D44. E"<Z, D">>4, F&,*,>4b 42 F:"&b>F84N >"D@*@&
FJV,FH&J`H @ $@:("D"N, B@H@<J RH@ @>4 04:4 Db*@< F 8J:\HJD>Z< P,>HD@<
%42">H4,6 “ja sentähden tuli heistä myöskin vanhin sivistyskansa
slaavilaisten joukossa" “4 B@^H@<J @>4 FH":4 F"<Z< D">>4<
P4&4:42@&">>Z< >"D@*@< FD,*4 F:"&b>’ (Mikkola 1905: 394). 3._.
;488@:" >"R4>",H 4FH@D4` $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ F BD4>bH4b
ND4FH4">FH&" $@:("DF84< 8>b2,< #@D4F@< I 4 @$D"2@&">4b P"DFH&" ,(@
FZ>@< E4<,@>@< 4 F@2*">4b F:"&b>F8@6 B4F\<,>>@FH4 $D"H\b<4
74D4::@< 4 ;,L@*4,<. 3N FBD"&,*:4&@ >"2Z&"`H B,D&Z<4
"B">F:"&4FH"<4", (@&@D4H 3._. ;488@:", 4, &@2<@0>@, &F, F:"&b>F84,
>"D@*Z B@:JR4:4 $Z ND4FH4">FH&@ @H %42">H44: "jollei länsimainen papisto
olisi nostanut hätähuutoa ja rientänyt juurruttamaan roomalaista
kristinoppia ainakin länsi-slaavilaisiin ja muutamiin etelä-slaavilaisiinkin
kansoihin" ’+F:4 $Z 2"B"*>Z, F&bV,>>@F:J04H,:4 >, B@*>b:4 8D48 4
$D@F4:4F\ &>,*DbH\ 8"H@:4R,F8@, ND4FH4">FH&@ FD,*4 2"B"*>ZN 4
>,8@H@DZN `0>ZN F:"&b>’ (Mikkola 1905: 396). C"FP&,H $@:("DF8@6
8J:\HJDZ BD@*@:0":Fb *@ XI &,8", *@ H,N B@D, 8@(*" B@$,*4&T"b %42">H4b
>, BD,&D"H4:" ,. & F&@` BD@&4>P4`. Q,D,2 B@:H@D"FH" :,H #@:("D4b
@F&@$@*4:"F\ 4 *"0, D"FT4D4:" F&@4 &:"*,>4b, >@, 8"8 FR4H",H 3._.
;488@:": "oli bysanttilainen vaikutus jo ehtinyt tukahuttaa bulgarialaisten
henkisen elämän itsenäisyyden" ‘&42">H46F8@, &:4b>4, J0, JFB,:@
B@("F4H\ F"<@$ZH>@FH\ $@:("DF8@6 *JN@&>@6 042>4’ (Mikkola 1905: 397).
E F@RJ&FH&4,< B4T,H 3._. ;488@:" @ FJ*\$, $@:("D, B@*B"&T4N &
1393 (@*J B@* HJD,P8@, &:"*ZR,FH&@. E H,N B@D >"D@* $Z: B@* *&@6>Z<
RJ0,2,<>Z< (>.H@<: (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z< 4 ^8@>@<4R,F84< - HJD,P84<, "
*JN@&>Z<, P,D8@&>Z< - B@* (D,R,F84<: “jotka kilpailivat turkkilaisten
kanssa bulgarialaisten nylkemisessä" ‘8@H@DZ, F@D,&>@&":4F\ F HJD8"<4 &
F*4D">44 T8JDZ F $@:("D.’ (Mikkola 1905: 397) 'D,R,F84,
F&bV,>>@F:J04H,:4 FHD,<4:4F\ @(D,R4H\ $@:("D. #@:("DF846 b2Z8 $Z:
42(>"> 42 P,D8&,6 4 & T8@:"N BD,B@*"&">4, T:@ >" (D,R,F8@< b2Z8,:
86
"menipä kreikkalainen pappisylimysten kansallinen raivo niinkin pitkälle, että
suurissa määrin poltattivat vanhoja bulgarialaisia käsikirjoituksia. Vielä v. 1825
käski eräs kreikkalainen metropolitta kuljettaa Tyrnovon patriarkaattikirjastosta
kaikki slaavilaiset käsikirjoitukset, joita oli kokonainen hevoskuorma [...] poltettiin
roviolla. Bulgarialainen sivistys olikin jo katoamaisillaan jäljettömiin" (Mikkola
1905: 397)10
#@:("DF846 >"D@*, BD,$Z&"&T46 B@* HJD,P84< 4(@< 4 (D,R,F84< *JN@&>Z<
&:4b>4,<, F@&,DT,>>@ 4FR,2 42 8"DH4>Z <4D" ,&D@B,6P,&: "Eivät edes
ensimäiset slaavilaisen kielitieteen tutkijatkaan tietäneet, että oli olemassa
erityinen Bulgarian kieli"’*"0, B,D&Z, 4FF:,*@&"H,:4 F:"&b>F84N b2Z8@& >,
2>":4, RH@ FJV,FH&J,H @F@$Z6 $@:("DF846 b2Z8‘ (Mikkola 1905: 397)
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>"P4@>":\>@(@ F"<@F@2>">4b. G@:\8@ B@F:, H@(@, 8"8 F,D$F846 4FH@D48
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$4$:4@H,8"N >"6H4 <"H,D4":Z F,D$F8@6 4FH@D44, A"4F46 M4:,>*"DF846
FH": F@2*"&"H\ F&@` "3FH@D4` FH"D@$X:("DF8J, @ ,. >"D@*"N, P"DbN 4
F&bHZN". #@:\T@, &>4<">4, J*,:b,H 3._. ;488@:" H"80, *,:J '. 3.
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@$V,FH&@ $Z:@ @D(">42@&">@ >" H,DD4H@D44 #@:("D44 & #DZ:, & 1869 (. E
1870 (@*" 42*".HFb 0JD>": "A,D4@*4R,F8@, 42*">4,", & 8@H@D@6 B,R"H"`HFb
FH"H\4 B@ 4FH@D44 4 L@:\8:@DJ. 32 B4F"H,:,6 3._. ;488@:" JB@<4>",H
B4F"H,:,6, $@DP@& 2" F&@$@*J #@:("D44: A,H8@ E:"&,68@&", EH,L">"
EH"<$J:@&", 9`$,>" 7"D"&,:@&" 4 MD4FH@ #@H,&", B@F&bV"b 8"0*@<J 42
>4N >,F8@:\8@ FHD@8. ;488@:" BD,0*, &F,(@ @$D"V",HFb 8 $4@(D"L4b<
B4F"H,:,6, 8@H@DZ, F&b2">Z F @F&@$@*4H,:\>Z< *&40,>4,< 4 >,FJH >" F,$,
B,R"H\ 0,DH&,>>@(@ F:J0,>4b F&@,<J >"D@*J. )@ 1878 (@*" @>4 B@$Z&":4
& ("6*J8"N, BD4>4<"b JR"FH4, & FD"0,>4bN BD@H4& HJD,P84N $"T4$J2J8@&
(M.#@H,&, A.E:"&,68@&, E. EH"<$J:@&).?*>4< 42 :`$@BZH>ZN b&:,>46
$@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ ;488@:" >"2Z&",H "%@FB@<4>">4b" (:"&"Db
("6*J8@& A">"6@H" M4H@&". ="JR4&T46Fb B@* FH"D@FH\ :,H (D"<@H, M4H@&
@B4FZ&",H & D@<">H4R,F8@< FH4:, BD48:`R,>4b ("6*J8@& 4 4N FD"0,>4b
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B4F"H,:b 3&">" %"2@&" (8@H@DZ6 &@ &D,<b >"B4F">4b FH"H\4 ,V. $Z: 04&),
/42>\ %"2@&" >"FZV,>" BD48:`R,>4b<4. G@D(@&,P-@H,P N@H,:, RH@$Z FZ>
B@T.: B@ ,(@ FH@B"< 4 ,(@ B@<,FH4:4 & T8@:J 42JR"H\ >@&@(D,R,F846 4
HJD,P846 b2Z84. =@ `>@T, ^H@ >, >D"&4:@F\. ?> B4F": FH4N4 4, 8@(*" ,(@
B@F:":4 & CJ<Z>4` 8 D@*FH&,>>48"<, @> B@*8:`R4:Fb 8 D,&@:`P4@>>@<J
*&40,>4`. G"< $J*JV46 B4F"H,:\ B@2>"8@<4:Fb F D"2>Z<4 :`*\<4 @H
B"HD4@H@& *@ D"2$@6>48@&, B4T,H ;488@:", RH@ *":@ ,<J <"H,D4": *:b
B@&,FH4 "=,<4:4->,*D"(4", B@2*>,, *D"<"H42@&">>@6 B@* >"2&">4,<
87
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R4>@&>48@<, >@ $D@F4: ^HJ D"$@HJ, J2>"&, RH@ $"T4$J2J84 D"2DJT4:4 ,(@
D@*>@6 (@D@* 4 2"DJ$4:4 @HP", " <"H\ F $D"H@< F8DZ:4F\ & <@>"FHZD,. ?>
&8:`R4:Fb & D"$@HJ 7@<4H,H" B@ @F&@$@0*,>4` %@FH@R>@6 CJ<,:44 4 &
8"R,FH&, ,(@ B@F:">>48" BD4,N": & C@FF4`, (*, >"B4F": F&@6 F"<Z6
2>"R4H,:\>Z6 D@<"> "A@* 4(@H@" (1888). 3._. ;488@:" @H<,R",H H"80, ,(@
:4D48J "E84H>4T84 B,F>4" (1899) 4 $"::"*Z. 7 F@0":,>4`, 3._. ;488@:"
>, 4::`FHD4DJ,H F&@` FH"H\` @ $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJD, B,D,&@*>Z<4
BD4<,D"<4, 8@H@DZ, ,FH\ & ,(@ FH"H\bN @ *DJ(4N F:"&b>F84N :4H,D"HJD"N.
;Z B@*D@$>@ 42:@04:4 FH"H\` 3._. ;488@:Z, RH@$Z B@8"2"H\, >"F8@:\8@
42:@0,>4, <"H,D4":" B@:>@ F@RJ&FH&4b 4 F4<B"H44 8 $@:("D"<.
E:,*J`V"b BJ$:48"P4b @ $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJD, B@b&4:"F\ & 8>4(,
Slaavilaisten kirjallisuuksien kultainen kirja (1936) B@* D,*"8P4,6 %. GD"FH".
% >,6 @ $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJD, >, *".HFb >4R,(@ >@&@(@ B@ FD"&>,>4` F
Slaavilaisten kansain kirjallisuus 3._. ;488@:Z. )@$"&:,>Z :4T\
>,F8@:\8@ >@&ZN L"8H@&, JBJV,>>ZN ;488@:@6: B,D&"b ("2,H" &ZT:" &
1846 (@*J, & 1870 (@*J $@:("DF8"b P,D8@&\ @F&@$@*4:4F\ @H (D,R,F8@6
P,D8@&>@6 2"&4F4<@FH4, " H"80, F@$ZH4b, BD@4FT,*T4, J0, B@F:,
B@b&:,>4b FH"H\4 3._. ;488@:Z: & 1908 (. #@:("D4b FH":" >,2"&4F4<Z<
P"DFH&@<.
3.2.3 3&"> %"2@& & K4>:b>*44
1>"<,>4HZ6 D@<"> 8:"FF48" $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ 3&">" %"2@&" "A@*
4(@H@" $Z: B,D,&,*.> >" L4>F846 b2Z8 & 1910 (@*J B@* >"2&">4,<: "Ikeen
alla - kertomus Bulgarian sortokaudelta. Iwan Vazofin mukaan". 32*"H,:\:
Työväen Sanomalehtien Oy. A,D,&@*R48 >, J8"2">. % 1913 (@*J
42*"H,:\FH&@ Kirja 42*".H D@<"> B@* >"2&">4,< "Ikeen alla" c J8"2">4,<,
RH@ D@<"> B,D,&,:" F $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" G`J>4 9,6F4@ (Tyyni Leisio).
="8@>,P, & 1917 (. &ZN@*4H &H@D@, 42*">4, ^H@6 8>4(4, >@ 2"(:"&4,
2"<,>,>@ $@:,, 8@<<,DR,F84< "Vapaus ja rakkaus". % D@<">, "A@* 4(@H@"
B@8"2Z&",HFb >"FHD@,>4, :`*,6 & D@*>@< (@D@*, 3. %"2@&" , E@B@H,, &
F"<Z6 8">J> DJFF8@-HJD,P8@6 @F&@$@*4H,:\>@6 &@6>Z & 1876 (@*J. %"2@&
B4T,H ^H@H D@<"> 04&b & ?*,FF,, <ZF:,>>@ &@2&D"V"bF\ & D@*>Z, <,FH",
8 :`*b<, 8@H@DZN 2>":, 8 F@&<,FH>@6 $@D\$, BD@H4& HJD,P8@(@ 4(".
EH4:4FH4R,F84 D@<"> @8D"T,> & D@<">H4R,F84-&@2&ZT,>>Z, H@>", 4:4,
8"8 (@&@D4H %,F,:4> G@T8@&, >"B4F"&T46 *4B:@<>J` D"$@HJ: "Ivan
Vazovin romaani Pod igoto ja Tyyni Leision suomennos - Tyylivertailuja",
RH@ ^H@H D@<"> B@8"2Z&",H F4:J *JN" $@:("DF8@(@ >"D@*" 4 BD@H4&@FH@b>4,
4>@2,<>@<J 4(J. A@8@D.>>Z6 >"D@* FH">@&4HFb <@D":\>Z< B@$,*4H,:,<.
22
;488@:" *": B,D,&@* "Hylkiöt".
88
1&,DFH&"< B@8@D4H,:,6 &@FFH">4b %"2@& BD@H4&@B@FH"&:b,H R,:@&,R>@FH\
@HFH"4&"`V4N F&@. *@FH@4>FH&@ $@:("D (Toshkov 1974: 14).
AD4R4>J HD.N8D"H>@(@ @$D"V,>4b 8 D@<">J %"2@&" "A@* 4(@H@" &
K4>:b>*44 JR.>Z6-F:"&4FH _88" M`D88b>,> &4*4H & H@<, RH@ &
K4>:b>*44 & ^H@ &D,<b "FXV@ F, BD@b&b&"H F4:>4 FHD,<,04 8X<
F"<@FH@bH,:>@FH, H"8"&" H,<" , H&XD*, $:428" *@ >"FHD@,>4bH" >"
L4>:">*F84b R4H"H,:". (M`D8b>,> 1972: 71) A,D,&@*R4P" D@<">" G`J>4
9,6F4@ D"$@H":" & D,*"8P44 ("2,HZ "Suomen naisia" ‘K4>F84, 0,>V4>Z’.
?>" 42JR":" F:"&b>F84, b2Z84, BD,8D"F>@ 2>":" DJFF846 b2Z8, >"F8@:\8@
N@D@T@ @>" 2>":" $@:("DF846 - HDJ*>@ F8"2"H\. %. G@T8@& 4 _. M`D88b>,>
@$" FR4H"`H, RH@ ">@>4<>Z6 B,D,&@*R48 42*">4b 1910 (@*" *DJ(@, :4P@.
_. M`D88b>,> & FH"H\,: "=b8@4 >"$:`*,>4b &XDNJ BD,&@*4H, >" D@<">"
"A@* 4(@H@" >" L4>:">*F84b ,248" B4T,H: "F<bH"<, R, BD,&@*"RXH >"
BD,&@*" @H 1910 (. 4 >" BD,&@*" @H 1913 (. >, , ,*>@ 4 FXV@ :4P,".
(M`D8b>,> 1972: 74) A,D,&@*R48 42*">4b 1910 (. B@*@T.: 8 D@<">J >, 8"8
8 NJ*@0,FH&,>>@<J P,:@<J, " 8"8 8 <"H,D4":J, 8@H@DZ6 <@0>@
4FB@:\2@&"H\ F 4*,@:@(4R,F8@6 P,:\`: "On yritetty valita alkutekstin
"tärkeimpiä" kohtia niin romaanin kokonaisuus on kärsinyt pahasti" ’[BD4
B,D,&@*,] &Z$4D":4F\ “&"0>Z,” <,FH" D@<">", @HR,(@ B@FHD"*":"
P,:\>@FH\ BD@42&,*,>4b’. (Toshkov 1974: 14) A@^H@<J %.G@T8@& >, FR.:
&@2<@0>Z< B@:\2@&"H\Fb & F&@,6 *4B:@<>@6 D"$@H, B,D,&@*@< 1910 (@*",
" B@:\2J,HFb B,D,&@*@< G`J>4 9,6F4@ (2 42*., 1917 ). ?$" 4FF:,*@&"H,:b
J$,*4H,:\>@ B@8"2Z&"`H, RH@ >,F<@HDb >" J8"2">4,, RH@ B,D,&@* F*,:"> F
$@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8", bF>@ &4*>@ F4:\>@, &@2*,6FH&4, DJFF8@(@ b2Z8".
A,D,&@* F $@:("DF8@(@ BD,*B@:"(": $Z 2>">4, HJD,P8@(@ b2Z8", >"FH@:\8@
<>@(@ HJDP42<@& (194 F:@&") & b2Z8, D@<">" (F<. B@*D@$>,, ;4N"6:@&"
1980). G@T8@& 2"8:`R",H, RH@ G`J>4 9,6F4@, &,D@bH>@, 4<,:" B@* DJ8@6
DJFF846 B,D,&@*, 8@H@DZ< ,6 BD4N@*4:@F\ &D,<b @H &D,<,>4 B@:\2@&"H\Fb.
A,D,&@*4H\ 3. %"2@&", B@ <>,>4` :4H,D"HJD@&,*" E. 3(@&", :,(R,, R,< M.
#@H,&", 8@H@DZ6 "4<" & $,2*>"H" >" >,(@&@H@ B@,H4R,F8@ F:@&@ P,>>@FH4,
8@4H@ >, F, B@**"&"H >" BD,&@*", " BD@2" 3. %"2@&" "<@0, *" F:J04 8"H@
>"P4@>":>@-BD,*FH"&4H,:>@ 4 & ,*4> <>@(@ B@-T4D@8 <,0*J>"D@*,>
8@>H,8FH, $,2 *" (J$4 @F@$,>@ BD4 BD,&@*"". (3(@& 1991: 16)
% B,D4@* *@ A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z R"FH@ >, J8"2Z&":4 B,D,&@*R48",
H"8 RH@ >,42&,FH>@, 8@<J BD4>"*:,04H B,D,&@* D"FF8"2" 3. %"2@&"
“A@*B@DJR48 %X:8@. C"28"24 42 FDX$F8@-$X:("DF8"H" &@6>" (1886)”
F*,:">>Z6 FB,P4":\>@ *:b “M,:\F4>(4> F">@<"H” 4 >"B,R"H">>Z6
>"8">J>, A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z (Kuinka Velko kävi sotaa. HS 31.08.1913),
@> @8"2":Fb >,@$Z8>@&,>>@ 2:@$@*>,&>Z<. 3 >, H@:\8@ B@H@<J, RH@ @> $Z:
">H4&@,>>Z<, >@ 4 B@H@<J, RH@ F,D$Z 4 $@:("DZ & @R,D,*>@6 D"2 @8"2":4F\
& BD@H4&@B@:@0>ZN :"(,DbN. %Z:8@, BD@FH@6 8D,FH\b>4>, BD,8D"F>@
B@>4<",H, RH@ ,F:4 8"2"D<Z - ^H@ T8@:", H@ &@6>" - ^H@ J>4&,DF4H,HZ:
89
“Mutta yhtä tämä yksinkertainen maalainen ei vain voinut käsittää: miksi
serbialaiset ja bulgaarit taistelivat toisiaan vastaan?”. ‘H@:\8@ @*>@(@ ^H@H
BD@FH@6 *,D,&,>F846 <J048 >, $Z: & F@FH@b>44 B@>bH\, B@R,<J F,D$Z 4
$@:("DZ &@``H <,0*J F@$@6?’ (HS 1913 Nr 202: 13). ):b 8D,FH\b>4>"
&"0>@, RH@$Z F@:>P, 4 *@0*\ $Z:4 &@&D,<b, " D"2 @> >, B@>4<",H
B@:4H48@&, H@ ^H@ @$XbF>b,HFb, 8@>,R>@ 0, H,<, RH@ @> - BD@FH"8.
"+B@B,b >" 2"$D"&,>4H," (1881-1884) %"2@&", B@F&bV,>>"b (,D@b< 4
<JR,>48"< $@:("DF8@(@ @F&@$@0*,>4b (%. 9,&F84, A"4F46 M4:,>*"DF84,
$D"H\b ;4:"*4>@&Z, '. C"8@&F84 4 *D.). 7>4(" >" L4>F846 b2Z8 >,
B,D,&@*4:"F\. =@, 8"8 &Zb&4:" 4FF:,*@&"H,:\>4P" ;. O">,&",
BD@42&,*,>4, H4B@:@(4R,F84 F&b2">@ F L4>F8@-T&,*F8@6 :4H,D"HJD@6.
%"2@& F"< (@&@D4:, RH@ "4<": 8"H@ <@*,: "P48X: @H @*4" >" T&,*F84b B@,H
CJ>,$,D(", >"2Z&"b 5.9. CJ>,$,D(" (@T4$@R>@?) T&,*F84< B@^H@<.
A@&4*4<@<J %"2@& B@2>"8@<4:Fb F H&@DR,FH&@< 5.9. CJ>,$,D(" $J*JR4 &
C@FF44 (3(@& 1993: 30). 7"8 42&,FH>@, 5.9. CJ>,$,D(, F@ F&@,6 FH@D@>Z,
4>H,D,F@&":Fb `0>@F:"&b>F84< F,D$F84< L@:\8:@D@< 4 B,D,&@*4: %J8"
7"D"*04R" >" T&,*F846 b2Z8. A@^H48" F,D$F84N L@:\8:@D>ZN B,F,>
@FH"&4:" F:,* & ,(@ B@^244. ED,*4 L,>>@L4:\F84 >"FHD@,>>ZN DJFF84N
4>H,::4(,>H@& H&@DR,FH&@ 5.9. CJ>,$,D(" >"T:@ &ZF@8J` @P,>8J 4 ,(@
FD"&>4&":4 F AJT84>Z<. 5.9. CJ>,$,D( $Z: F"<Z< B@BJ:bD>Z<, >@ 4
F"<Z< B@:,<4R>Z< L4>F84< B4F"H,:,< & C@FF44. A"HD4@H4R,F84, (2"
T&,*F8J` K4>:b>*4`), ">H4DJFF84, <@H4&Z P48:" "Fänrik Ståls Sägner"
(1860) &Z2&":4 & C@FF44 B@:,<48J 4 P48: >48@(*" >, $Z: B,D,&,*.>
B@:>@FH\` >" DJFF846 b2Z8, " H@:\8@ LD"(<,>H"<4. (Laurila-Hellman 1989:
156). A@BJ:bD42"H@D 5.9. CJ>,$,D(" %. '@:@&4> >"N@*4: J B@^H" @$V4,
R,DHZ F@ F:"&b>F84<4 >"P4@>":\>Z<4 B@^H"<4 BD,0*, &F,(@ & 4N
FHD"FH>@6 :`$&4 8 F&@,6 D@*4>, 4 B,R":4 B@ ,. FHD"*">4b<. ?*>"8@ @>
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B"HD4@H4R,F8@(@ B@^H" a>" 7@:"D" B,R":\ @HH@(@, RH@ >,H F&@$@*Z, H@ J
CJ>,$,D(" - 42-2" &@6> 4 FJD@&@6 BD4D@*Z (Laurila-Hellman 1989: 124), H"8
RH@ <@0>@ BD,*B@:@04H\, RH@ FH@:\ F4:\>@(@ RJ&FH&" >,F&@$@*Z J B@^H"
5.9. CJ>,$,D(" & "&H@>@<>@< 8>b0,FH&, >, $Z:@.
3.2.4 !. 5,>F,> @ A,>R@ E:"&,68@&,
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B,D&@<, F 8@H@DZ< L4>F8"b R4H"`V"b BJ$:48" <@(:" B@2>"8@<4H\Fb
B@*D@$>,,. /JD>": Finsk Tidskrift BJ$:48J,H FH"H\` T&,*F8@(@ JR.>@(@
!:\LD,*" 5,>F,>", &Z*"`V,(@Fb F:"&4FH", B,D,&@*R48" 4 B@BJ:bD42"H@D"
F:"&b>F8@6, " BD,0*, &F,(@, $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ @ A,>R@ E:"&,68@&,.
!.5,>F,> >"B4F": FH"H\` *&" (@*" FBJFHb B@F:, F<,DH4 B@^H". ?> &ZF@8@
90
P,>4: B@^H" 4 BD,*:"(": ,(@ 8">*4*"HJDJ >" =@$,:,&F8J` BD,<4` (3(@&
1991: 142-143). 32 FH"H\4 R4H"H,:\ J2>".H @ F,<\, E:"&,68@&ZN, & 8@H@D@6
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2"8@>R4: (4<>"24` & E@L44, B@H@< JR4:Fb & %,>, 4 A"D40,. A,>R@
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E:"&,68@& B,R"H",H & 0JD>":, ";4FX:" & B,D4@* F 1892 B@ 1910 (@* F&@4
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<ZF:4H,:4. A. E:"&,68@& ,V. & 1891 (@*J 2"*J<": >"P4@>":\>J`
^B4R,F8J` B@^<J "7XD&"&" B,F,>", 8@H@DJ` BJ$:48@&": R"FHb<4 F 1896 *@
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2"&,DT",H F&@` FH"H\` F:@&"<4, RH@, >"Db*J F %"2@&Z<, E:"&,68@&: “det
nybulgariska tsardömet med den västerländska kulturen, @ch hans namn
skall ej glömmas i den europeiska litteraturens historia" ‘+(@ 4<b [B@^H"]
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4>H,::4(,>P44. =@&Z6 B@^H *@:0,> $Z: $ZH\ "luuta kansakunnan luusta,
liha sen lihasta" ‘8@FH\ @H 8@FH4, B:@H\ @H B:@H4 F&@,(@ >"D@*"’ (Salvini
1935: 202)
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24
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D,8&424D@&"H\ 2,D>@ 2" >,JB:"R,>>Z6 >":@(. 32&@2R48 BD4<,>b,H N4HD@FH\
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C@0*,FH&@: “Eikö sinulla ole mitään sydäntä?” ‘=,J0,:4 J H,$b >,H F,D*P"?’
7 D"FF8"2"< +:4>" A,:4>" & K4>:b>*44 &,D>JHFb & 60-N (@*"N _N">4
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Rakkaudentunnustus, Toisessa maailmassa, Keväinen viettelys, Kolme
ystävätärtä, Kiusaus; Roskia vaihdetaan luumuihin; Öinen vieras. %F, @>4
$Z:4 >"B,R"H">Z & 0JD>":, Kuluttaja 2" 1962-65 (@*Z.
% 1941 (@*J &>4<">4, F,D44 Hyvää yötä BD4&:,8:" B@&,FH\ *DJ(@(@
$ZH@B4F"H,:b 8D,FH\b>F8@6 042>4, &4*>@(@ $@:("DF8@(@ B4F"H,:b !>(,:"
7"D":46R,&" Se meidän Peshome. % ">>@H"P44 @T4$@R>@ J8"2Z&",HFb, RH@
@> B,D&Z6 $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\, >"B,R"H">>Z6 & F,D44 Hyvä yötä. A,D&Z<
$Z: )4<4HD 3&">@& (+:4> A,:4>). % >,F8@:\84N LD"2"N F8"2">@ @
2"D@0*,>44 >@&@6 $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ, >"R4>"b @H %"F4:b )DJ<,&" *@
@*>@(@ 42 B4F"H,:,6 <:"*T,(@ B@8@:,>4b - 7"D":46R,&". % @F>@&>@<
J8"2">" HD"*4P4b @$D"V,>4b 8 8D,FH\b>F8@6 042>4: (Hämeen-Anttila 1941:
308) 7"D":46R,& BD@04: >,F8@:\8@ :,H 2" (D">4P,6, >@ @FH":Fb FZ>@<
8D,FH\b>4>" 4 $Z: <"FH,D@< 42@$D"0"H\ D"2:4R>Z, 8D,FH\b>F84, H4BZ:
“Eloisasti hän esittelee bulgarialaisten maalaistyyppien piirteitä ja kirjoittaa
hienovaraisia, koruttomia lapsitarinoita. Näytteessämme hän ytimekkäästi
käsittelee kerskuvan suupaltin, jollaista eri maiden kirjallisuudessa tavataan
hyvinkin runsaasti” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Hämeen-Anttila 1941: 308)11
95
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JR.>@(@ 8 H@R>@FH4 &4*>" N@Hb $Z 42 H"8@(@ L"8H", RH@ O@>,&, @*4> 42
>,<>@(4N, J8"2Z&",H H@R>Z, *">>Z, BJ$:48"P44, F 8@H@D@6 F*,:"> B,D,&@*
("Finnische novellen", Universal-Bibliothek, 2938) - ^H@ $Z:@ D,*8@FH\` & H@
&D,<b. #:"(@*"Db H@<J, RH@ O@>,& $Z: JR.>Z6, 2">bHZ6 BD@$:,<"<4
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B@ FH"DZ< @DL@(D"L4R,F84< >@D<"<, " & #4H@:\F8@6 8>408, P,:48@< B@
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R4H"`HFb 8"8 :.(8"b (&H@D@D"2Db*>"b) :4H,D"HJD" 4:4 0, @H<,H"`HFb25:
"Tuskin itsensätäydellistämisen ideat ja subjektiivisen kulttuurin korostukset,
saati tietty elämänfilosofinen paatos, meitä enää paljoakaan liikuttavat". (Noro
1986: 9)12
E,(@*>b A. Ab6&bD4>H" B@RH4 2"$ZH 8"8 J F,$b >" D@*4>,, H"8 4 B@&F`*J.
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:4, - 4 >46 F4 4<"<, >"T G@:FH@6!29" (O">,& 1921: 173) !&H@D B@*R.D84&",H,
RH@ aD>,L,:\H 2"F:J04: B4F"H,:\F8@, 4<b >, H@:\8@ 8"8 H@:FH@&,P, >@
4<,,H BD,<4` K4>F8@(@ :4H,D"HJD>@(@ @$V,FH&" 2" 1905 (@* 4 b&:b,HFb
@*>4< 42 8DJB>,6T4N B4F"H,:,6-D,":4FH@& K4>:b>*44.
!. aD>,L,:\H BD@4FN@*4H 42 "D4FH@8D"H4R,F8@6 F,<\4 F $@("HZ<4
8J:\HJD>Z<4 HD"*4P4b<4. +(@ @H,P 42&,FH>Z6 8"DH@(D"L !:,8F">*D
aD>,L,:\H. ?*4> 42 ,(@ $D"H\,&, ],D@, - NJ*@0>48, *DJ(@6, !D<"F, 8@<B@24H@D. ':"&>@, & $4@(D"L44 !D&4*" aD>,L,:\H" - ^H@ ,(@ BD4N@* 8
&,D, & 1891 (@*J, *JN@&>Z6 B,D,:@<, BD4&,*T46 ,(@ >" BJH\, 8@H@DZ6
28
29
O">,& 3&. "!D&4* +D>,L,:H" (B@ 7. G4">*,D). %X2D"0*">, 1921:6, 173-181.
!D&4*aD>,L,:\H FR4H":Fb L4>F84< G@:FHZ<, M,>D4 )"&4* G@D@ - "<,D48">F84<,
MD4FH@ )@F,& - $@:("DF84< 4 H. *.
103
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D"*48":\>@, 42<,>,>4, & <4D@&@22D,>44 !. aD>,L,:\H", @HD"0.>>@, &
BD@42&,*,>44 ";@,H@ BD@$J0*,>@" (Herämiseni, 1894).3. O">,&
&@FN4V",HFb <"H,D\` B4F"H,:b, @8"2"&T,6 D,T"`V,, &:4b>4, >"
L@D<4D@&">4, <4D@&@22D,>4b B4F"H,:b. ]H" 0,>V4>", 0,>" (,>,D":",
F@$FH&,>@DJR>@ B@<@(":" FZ>J & N@2b6FH&,, 8@(*" J H@(@ $Z:4 HDJ*>@FH4 FZ> >, BD42>"&": >".<>Z6 HDJ*, - &Z2Z&"b ^H4< J*4&:,>4, @8D,FH>ZN
8D,FH\b>. 3. O">,& J8"2Z&",H >" BD@42&,*,>4b, 8@H@DZ, >"B4F">Z B@*
F4:\>Z< &:4b>4,< 9.=. G@:FH@(@. G"8, & "EX*$"H" >" R@&,8""
(Ihmiskohtaloja, 1895), RJ&FH&J,HFb &@2*,6FH&4, B@&,FH,6 9.=. G@:FH@(@
"GD4 F<,DH4" 4 "E<,DH\ 3&">" 3:\4R"", "E"<J,: 7D@,:" (Samuel Cro.ll,
1899) - D"FF8"2 @ R,:@&,8,, 8@H@DZ6 >"T.: *JT,&>Z6 B@8@6, BD4>b&
D,T,>4, @H&,R"H\ >" 2:@ *@$D@<, "#D"Hb" (Veljekset, 1900), "+:,>"" (Helena,
1902), "IR,>4, >" D@$"" (Orjan oppi, 1902). ?*>"8@: "@F@$,>@ 42bV>@,
B@,H4R>@, F *X:$@8 HD"(42X< 4*,bH" 2" >,FXBD@H4&:,>4, >" 2:@H@ >"<4D"
42@$D"0,>4, & 2>"<,>4H"H" <J B4,F" "G4H, D"2DJT4H,:bH >" 3,DJF":4<"
(O">,& 1920: 179), & 8@H@D@6 !. aD>,L,:\H *".H >@&J` HD"8H@&8J FH"D@6
4FH@D44, "FJ<,: *" 42&:,R, @H >,(@ FX&F,< >@&@ FX*XD0">4,". )JN@&>"b
$@D\$" G4H", 8@:,$:`V,(@Fb <,0*J b2ZR,F84<4 BD,*FH"&:,>4b<4 4
B@JR,>4b<4 F&@,(@ 2:@(@ (,>4b #,D,>4FZ30, F @*>@6 FH@D@>Z, " F *DJ(@6:
ND4FH4">F8@(@ JR,>4b, >"FH@bV,6 :`$&4 4 $:42@FH4 8 #@(J D"$" 9424<"N"
- 2"8">R4&",HFb B@$,*@6 *@$D" 4 ND4FH4">FH&", @H8"2@< @H &:"FH4 4,
>"8@>,P, &@2:, F<,DH>@(@ @*D" G4H" *JN@&>@ BD@2D,&",H 4 ,(@ 0,>".
G4B4R>Z< &ZD"24H,:,< H@:FH@&F84N >"P4@>":\>ZN 4*,6 b&:b,HFb 4
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>"P4@>":>4 BD,*D"FX*XP4. G@6 42(D"0*" & F,$, F4 :`$@& 8X< RJ0*4H,
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>,@$bH>4b &,R,> @8,"> >" R@&,R,FH&@H@". (O">,& 1921: 177) 3. O">,& &ZF@8@
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R,:@&,R,FH&" 2,<>@(@ T"D", " J0, B@H@< >"P4@>":\>@FH4.
':"&>"b (,D@4>b +:,>" 42 @*>@4<.>>@(@ D"FF8"2" !. aD>,L,:\H"
BD42&">" 4::`FHD4D@&"H\ 2"B@&,*\ MD4FH" “>, 8:bFH\Fb” &@&F,: “F, @HD,R,
@H BD4>J*4H,:>@ BD4R"FH4, 4 PXD8@&,> $D"8, D"2*"&" 2",*>@ F <X0" F4
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9. E.], (O">,& 1921: 177). 3. O">,& >"B@<4>",H 4 @ *DJ(4N B:,>4H,:\>ZN
0,>F84N @$D"2"N & >@&,::"N !. aD>,L,:\H", H"84N 8"8 ;"DH" 42 "),P"H" >"
2,<bH""31 (Maaemon lapsia, 1905), 'D,H" 42 "'D,H" 4 >,6>4bH (@FB@*"D"
(Greeta ja hänen herransa, 1905). 3. O">,& FH"&4H !. aD>,L,:\H" >" &4*>@,
<,FH@ & <4D@&@6 4 L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJD,, & @F@$,>>@FH4, 2" &ZF@846
30
% B,D,&@*, 1918 (. 4 *D. 4<b 0,>Z G4H": %,D,>48".
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104
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&F4R84H, <J BD@42&,*,>4b” [B@*R. 9. E.] , >@ B4F"H,:\ >, 0,DH&J,H
NJ*@0,FH&,>>@6 BD"&*4&@FH\`: “N"D<@>4R>@ BD,B:4H" <@D":>4 4
NJ*@0,FH&,>4 ,:,<,>H4, 8@,H@ BD4*"&" @F@$,>" BD,:,FH >" H&@D,>4bH" <J".
(O">,& 1921: 176). % F8"28, "),P" >" F&,H:4>"H" 4 >" V"FH4," (%X2D"0*">,"
1921) <ZT\ (@&@D4H @ R,:@&,8,, RH@ @> >"<>@(@ $@("R, @*"D.> #@(@<, 4 8"8
R,:@&,8 2" ^H@H *"D $@:,, @H&,HFH&,> B,D,* =4<: "Q@&,8XH , >,V@ B@&4F@8@ @H >"6-&4F@8@H@, 8@,H@ ,*>" <4T8" <@0, *" F4 BD,*FH"&4,
F:,*@&"H,:>@ ,*4> $@(. [...] >48@6, *"0, >"6-F:"$4bH, >,<" >J0*" *" F, 8D4,
& HX<>4>"H", >@ &F4R84 F<,:@ 4 F4(JD>@ <@("H *" F, *&40"H & >"6-bF>"
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F<@HDbH F 2"&4FH\` 4 $@b2>\`, 8@H@DZ6 ",*4> $@(", *@:0,> FH"H\
*@FH@6>Z< *"D@& #@(", FH"H\ B@4FH4>, *4H.< F&,H" 4 FR"FH\b, :4T.>>Z<
>4284N B@<ZF:@&, 04&@H>ZN &:,R,>46, - RH@$Z F&bV,>>@, HD,B,H">4,
>42T4N 04&@H>ZN B,D,* >4< FH":@ @BD"&*">>Z<. ="P4@>":\>Z6 H,"HD &
1924 (@*J BD,*B@:"(": B@FH"&4H\ "E<,DH\" aD>,L,:\H" >" <J2Z8J a>"
E4$,:4JF" (!DN4& SKS L. aD>,L,:\H", C"68@& 21.9.1924).
+V. $@:,, 4>H,>F4&>Z<4 *,:"`HFb F&b24 F K4>:b>*4,6 B@F:, H@(@,
8@(*" B@F:, D,&@:`P44 F&b24 F C@FF4,6 BD,D&":4F\. EH@b> ',@D(4,& 4 3&">
O">,& B4TJH 30.5.1921 F@&<,FH>@, B4F\<@ >" DJFF8@< b2Z8, 8 "*b*`T8,"
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@HZF84&"H\ F&@4N $:4284N, N@Hb @>4 4 >, B,D,FH"`H *J<"H\ @ >4N. G@:\8@ RH@
B,D,04H"b &@6>" B@D&":" F&b2\ <,0*J :`*\<4 4 B@FH"&4:" >"F & >,&@2<@0>@FH\
RH@-:4$@ 2>"H\ @ >"T4N 4*,6>ZN *DJ2\bN. 3 H,B,D\, 8@(*" $JDb B@>,<>@08J
FH4N",H, >J0*" RH@->4$J*\ J2>"H\ 4 &@FFH">@&4H\ @$V,>4, F *DJ2\b<4 @F@$,>>@
F4:\>@ RJ&FH&J,HFb". ( !DN4& SKS, L. aD>,L,:\H")
7>4(@42*"H,:\FH&@ "%X2D"0*">," BD,*B@:"(",H 42*"&"H\ BD@42&,*,>4b !.
aD>,L,:\H" 4 & *":\>,6T,<, >@, B@F8@:\8J >48H@ >, &:"*,,H L4>F84<, H@
42*"H,:\FH&@ >J0*",HFb & B@:>@< F@$D">44 F@R4>,>46 !. aD>,L,:\H" >"
DJFF8@< b2Z8,. I0, (@H@&Z $@:("DF84, B,D,&@*Z BD@42&,*,>46
aD>,L,:\H", F*,:">>Z, F DJFF8@(@ b2Z8": "C@*4>"" (B,D. BD@L. A. ?.
;@D@2@&"), "),H4 2,<:4" (B,D. ;"D44 #:"(@&,V,>F8@6) 4 "GD4 FJ*\$Z (B,D.
!*. AJ:\84>,>"). 7,< F*,:">Z B,D,&@*Z >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 & B4F\<,,
B@*B4F">>@< 42*"H,:,< "%X2D"0*">," 4 3&">@< O">,&Z<, >, F@@$V",HFb.
% 1928 (@*J F B,D,DZ&@< & 10 :,H aD>,L,:\H F@@$V",H @ F,$, F&@4<
$@:("DF84< *DJ2\b< H@:FH@&P"<. 7 ^H@<J &D,<,>4 H@:FH@&F8@, *&40,>4,
& #@:("D44 @8D,B:@. A@ E. ',@D(4,&J 4 3 O">,&J (B4F\<@ @H 30.5.1921),
"*,bH,:\>@FH\ 4*.H JF4:,>>Z< H,<B@< 4 &F. $@:,, 8D,B>,H 4 &@@*JT,&:b,H
>"F". #Z: F@2*"> 8@@B,D"H4& "A@FD,*>48" (B@ BD4<,DJ <@F8@&F8@(@,
D"(D@<:,>>@(@ B@F:, D,&@:`P44 ('`*`:,& 12.11.1928), 8D@<, 0JD>":"
105
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8>4(@42*"H,:\FH&@. AD,H,DB,:@ 42<,>,>4, 4 F"<@ >"2&">4, *&40,>4b:
"RH@$Z B@*R,D8>JH\ ND4FH4">F8J` @F>@&J JR,>4b" @>@ FH":@ >"2Z&"H\Fb
" F&@$@*>Z, ND4FH4">, ". #@D4F '`*`:,& 28.11.1928 F@@$V",H !.
aD>,L,:\HJ 4 B,R":\>Z, >@&@FH4: B@H,Db F&b24 F DJFF84<4 $D"H\b<433,
"D,FH, (B@ 2"(D">4R>Z< ("2,H"<) %.'. Q,DH8@&", 3.3. '@D$J>@&"-A@F"*@&"
B@F:, <4H4>(" H@:FH@&P,&, @D(">42@&">>@(@ & R,FH\ 100-:,H>,(@ `$4:,b
9.=. G@:FH@(@, (*, @>4 &ZFHJB4:4 2" @H<,>J F<,DH>@6 8"2>4, BD@H4&
@(D">4R,>4b F&@$@*Z 4 *D. % ^H@6 F4HJ"P44 $@:("DF84, H@:FH@&PZ FR4H"`H
@F@$,>>@ &"0>Z<, RH@ &@FFH">@&4:"F\ F&b2\ F !. aD>,L,:\H@<, $Z&T4< &
F&@. &D,<b @*>4< 42 B,D&ZN F@HDJ*>48@& 0JD>":" & 1908 (@*J. #. '`*`:,&
BD@F4H F@R4>,>4b !. aD>,L,:\H" >" DJFF8@< 4:4 $@:("DF8@< b2Z8,, RH@$Z
@BJ$:48@&"H\ 4N 4:4 B,D,&@*Z. % 1932 (@*J, & (@* F<,DH4 B4F"H,:b, B@&,FH\
"GD4 FX*$4" BJ$:48J,HFb @H*,:\>@6 8>408@6. ?$D"V",H >" F,$b &>4<">4,
NJ*@0,FH&,>>@ &ZB@:>,>>"b @$:@08", (D"L48@<, F8DZ&T4<Fb 2"
BF,&*@>4<@< ). ). % 1934 (@*J >" &>JHD,>>,6 FH@D@>, @$:@084 0JD>":"
"%X2D"0*">," 42 >@<,D" & >@<,D B@<,V":"F\ D,8:"<":
")@ &F4R84 "$@>,<,>H4!
(...) =, F:,* *X:(@ &D,<, V, 42:,2, @H B,R"H 4 @$,V">"H" HD,H" BD,<4b: "Q,*" >"
2,<bH"" @H !D&4* +D>,L,:H, B@2>"H >" >"T4H, R4H"H,:4 B4F"H,:, 8@6H@ F BD"&@
>@F4 BD@2&4V,H@ "G@:FH@6 >" K4>:">*4b".
/JD>": BD,8D"H4: FJV,FH&@&">4, & 1936 (@*J, 4 B@F:, ^H@(@ 8 H&@DR,FH&J
!. aD>,L,:\H" & #@:("D44 >, @$D"V":4F\. A\,F" "E<XDH" (1914, Kuolema
1903) 8@H@D"b $Z:" B,D&Z< BD@42&,*,>4,<, B,D,&,*.>>Z< >" $@:("DF846
b2Z8 4 2">4<",H P,>HD":\>@, <,FH@ & H&@DR,FH&, !. aD>,L,:\H". ?$
"&H@D4H,H, !. aD>,L,:\H" 8"8 B4F"H,:b & #@:("D44 (@&@D4H H@H L"8H, RH@
BD,FH40>@, 8>4(@42*"H,:\FH&@ "M,<JF" & F&@,6 F,D44 "I>4&,DF":>"
$4$:4@H,8"" (& >,6 42*"&":4F\ %. '.H,, ;. ;,H,D:4>8, 3.E. GJD(,>,&, !.
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42*":" @H*,:\>@6 8>4(@6 B\,FJ "G4H, D"2DJT4H,:bH >" 3,DJF":4<" (1918,
Tiitus 1910). 7>4(, BD,*B@F:">@ BD,*4F:@&4, @$ "&H@D, B@ FH"H\, L4>F8@(@
:4H,D"HJD@&,*" %. G"D84"6>,>"34 .
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32
EJV,FH&J,H $4$:4@(D"L4R,F8"b FFZ:8" >" FH"H\`, 8@H@DJ` >"< >, J*":@F\ >"6H4:
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33
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D"FF8"2Z&"`H... A@F:,*@&"H,:4 9. =. G@:FH@(@ & E@&,HF8@< E@`2, 1918-1977".
9@>*@> 1983.
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106
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ND4FH4">F8@6 :`$&4. #. '`*`:,& B4T,H, RH@ <>@(4< 42&,FH>Z @H2Z&Z @
D@<">"N aD>,L,:\H" & 0. "%X2D"0*">," F"<4 0, D@<">Z "R4H":4 H@:\8@
>,F8@:\8@ *DJ2,6" ('`*`:,& 12.11.1928). 3F8:`R,>4, F@FH"&:b,H,
&@2<@0>@, B\,F" "G4H, D"2DJT4H,:bH >" 3,DJF":4<", 8@H@D"b BD@*"&":"F\
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(@D"2*@ T4D,.
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>"T &2(:b*, @R,>\ >,B:@N, F RJ&FH&@< FH4:b 4 4>H@>"P44. AD4&,*.<,
>"BD4<,D, F:@&" <"H,D4, 8@(*" & BD,*F<,DH>Z6 R"F @>" 2"&,V",H FZ>J: "3
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42B4H">4b? GD,$&" *" R@&,8 *" H4 *"*, @H(@&@D 2" 04&@H", @$4R>46 A"&:,"
(+D>,L,:H "E<XDH" 1914: 8) ?>" *".H >"8"2 FZ>J: "H"8" @$4R"6 &F4R84 FXV@
4 RJ0*4H,, HX6 8"8H@ <,>, @$4R"T" (+D>,L,:H "E<XDH" 1914: 11). E<ZF:
^H4N F:@& R4FH@ H@:FH@&F846: B,D,* 0,DH&,>>@6 :`$@&\` 4 F:J0,>4,<
:`*b< @HFHJB",H F<,DH\:"%F4R84 V, @$4R"< - P,:4b F&,H - 4 "8@ Hb <4 F,
B@8:@>4 - & :`$@& - H@("&" FX< &4>"(4 BD4 H,$, - 4 H4 BD4 <,>," (+D>,L,:H
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&,F,:@FH\". #J*JR4 @R,>\ RJ&FH&4H,:\>Z< 8 $,*>@FH4, @> @8"2Z&": <>@(4<
$,*>b8"< B@<@V\. %F` 042>\ @> BD@04: & @*4>@R,FH&,, $J*JR4 &>JHD,>>,
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N&":" 4 B@8:@>,>4,". AF,&*@>4< A. '. A. (B,D,&@* "),P" >" F&,H:4>"H" 4 >"
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Kalevala on ensyklopedia, kansan elämän haku- tai tietotieos, ensyklopedia sanan
syvimmässä ja varsinaisessa merkityksessä - aikoina, jolloin sanat kärsivät erittäin
suuren inflaation ja etääntyivät erittäin kauas akuperäisestä merkityksestään.
Kalevala oli ja on erittäin hyvä sanojen alkuperäisten merkitysten ja sisällön
opettaja. Monet sen sanoista ovat häipyneet tavallisesta kielestä, kielten
nykyisyydestä, mutta kun pääsemme niiden juuriin, alkuperään, pääsemme
samalla tunkeutumaan ihmisen alkuperäiseen ja konkreetttisen ajatteluun, aikaan
ennen kuin sivilisaatio tulvii yli. Kalevala antaa meille elämän alkuperäisen
melodian... (Virkunen 1995: 103)13.
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AD"2*>,FH&" >"R":4F\ F 1978 (@*", B@ B@&@*J FH@:,H4b @F&@$@0*,>4b
#@:("D44 42-B@* HJD,P8@(@ 4(". AD@&@*4:4F\ &ZFH"&84, 8"8 >"BD4<,D
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J F,$b >" D@*4>,. 7@>P,DHZ *"&":4F\ F"<Z<4 :JRT4<4 4 BD@F:"&:,>>Z<4
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*".H F&@,6 D,P,>244 2"(:"&4,: Slavia värisytti “ E:"&4b $D@F":" & *D@0\”
4:4 B@-*DJ(@<J “E:"&4b B@HDbF:"”(Heikkilä 1992)). A@$Z&":4 ^FHD"*>Z,
B,&PZ &@ (:"&, F BD@F:"&:,>>@6 94:4 3&">@&@6 &B:@H\ *@ (DJBBZ
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H,<B,D"<,>H>@6 >"D@*>@6 <J2Z84 4 H">P,& 4 FR4H":"F\ FB@8@6>@6
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%":H"8"D4 >, 2"<,>b,H F4::"$@H@>4R,F846, D4L<@&">>Z6 $@:("DF846 FH4N
$,:Z< FH4N@<, 8"8 ^H@ BD"8H48J`H @$ZR>@ F@&D,<,>>Z, L4>F84,
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04P"H"” Valkoisen varpusen tarina, +:4>" A,:4>" “A,R,>"H" H48&"”
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M"6H@&" “AXH,84” Teitä 4 “7JR,H"” Koirat 4 #. !BD4:@&" “7@>R,H@” Varsa,
BD,*FH"&:,>>Z, & D"*4@H,"HD, & 1974-75 (@*"N. % 1975 (@*J D"*4@B\,F"
Koirat $Z:" BD42>">" :JRT,6 4>@FHD">>@6 B\,F@6 4 B@&H@D,>" B@ D"*4@ &
1976 (@*J. A. %":H"8"D4 >"B4F">Z FH"H\4 @ A,>\@ A,>,&,, 74D4::, 4
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4 B,D,&@*R,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4. 7"0*Z6 42 BD4,N"&T4N 42 #@:("D44
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_. M`D88b>,>@< 4, & R"FH>@FH4, B,D,&.: 2>"<,>4HZ6 D@<"> ;484 %":H"D4
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=48:">*,D@< (Niklander 1980), B@*R,D84&",HFb &"0>@FH\ ^H@(@
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41
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“EH@H4>8"”.
125
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9"&488":" (Asser Lavikrala), M">>J =48:">*,D, G"B4@ %4:8"<" (Tapio
Vilkama), A,DHH4 %":H"8"D4, 9,@ #,FF@>@LL (Leo Bessonoff) C46HH"
7@6&4FH@ (Riitta Koivisto), A"J:" =@JF4"6>,> (Paula Nousiainen), !D\b
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$@:("DF8@6 H,<@6 >, 4>H,D,F@&":4F\. A. %":H"8"D4 & @H&,H, >" >"T @BD@F
& 1980 (@*J B4T,H:
Kuluttaja-lehti, Apu-lehti ja Kansan Uutiset olivat ilmeiseti ainoat julkaisut ja
Tammi ainoa kustantamo, joille 1960-luvulla edes saattoi esittää vaatimattomien
Bulgarian kirjallisuuden tuotteiden kääntämistä ja julkaisemista. (!DN4& 9.E.)14
G. _:4>,>, H"80, @H<,R",H: Erittäin tylyä suhtautumista kaikkien
suomalaisten kustantajien taholta ’@F@$@ N@:@*>@, @H>@T,>4, &F,N L4>F84N
42*"H,:,6‘, >@ *@$"&:b,H, RH@ & B@F:,*>,, &D,<b @H>@T,>4, FH":@ :JRT,
(!DN4& 9.E.). 32<,>,>4, @H>@T,>4b F&b2">@, F8@D,, &F,(@, F 2"8:`R,>4,<
*@(@&@D@& B@ 8J:\HJD>@<J @$<,>J <,0*J FHD">"<4.G. _:4>,> H"80, H,F>@
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4 B4F\<,>>Z< B,D,&@*R48@< >" F"<@< &ZF@8@< (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@< JD@&>,,
" H"80, >"B4F": <>@(@8D"H>@ B,D,42*">>J` $D@T`DJ @ #@:("D44 Bulgaria,
kultahietikon maa (1968, 1971, 1975, 1978). ?> B,D,&.: B\,FJ ',@D(4b
)0"("D@&" “AD@8JD@DXH” Yleinen syyttäjä *:b D"*4@ (1973) ?FH":\>Z,
&ZT,>"2&">>Z, B,D,&@*R484 @(D">4R4:4F\ B@RH4 :4T\ JR"FH4,< &
F$@D>48, “M,:"8J88J:"”.
9. #,FF@>@LL 2"4>H,D,F@&":Fb $@:("DF84< b2Z8@< F 1974 (@*",
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F$@D>48, “M,:"8J88J:"”. C. 7@6&4FH@ F 1978 (. 2">4<":"F\ $@:("DF84<
b2Z8@< 4 >" ,. *@:` &ZB":@ B,D,&,FH4 *&, B@&,FH4 94:4">Z ;4N"6:@&@6
Muurahaisia “;D"&84”, Solisti “E@:4FHXH” *:b F$@D>48" “M,:"8J88J:"”.
3.G4<@>,> 2">4<",HFb $@:("DF84< F 1978. ):b F$@D>48" Helakukkula @>"
B,D,&,:" >@&,::J 5@D*">" C"*4R8@&" Leipä “M:,$”, 7ivet “7"<,>4” ja
Miloiko “;4:@68@”. ?>" 0, F@FH"&4:" BD,8D"F>Z6 L4>F8@-$@:("DF846
F:@&"D\ (F<. #4$:4@(D"L4`).
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:4H,D"HJD@6 F 1978 (@*". ?> B,D,&@*4H B@^24` M. #@H,&", M. E<4D>,>F8@(@
Tulkon valkeus, “Siulaset”, " H"80, FH4N4 =. %"BP"D@&" “Usko”, Nyt ei ole
runouden aika 4 BD. !. 9"&488":" B,D,&.: D@<"> 5@D*">" C"*4R8@&"
126
“AD"F8"” Vuoret tulivat lähelle”(1981), " H"80, F*,:": *:b L4>F8@(@ D"*4@
4>H,D&\` 5@D*">" C"*4R8@&" (1978) 4 B,D,*"RJ Viisisataa vuotta
sissiliikettä vuorilla B@ D@<">J =48@:"b M"6H@&" “M"6*JH4” (1978).
AD@L,F4@>":\>"b B,D,&@*R4P" 7. E4D"FH, B,D,&@*4H 4 F *DJ(4N
F:"&b>F84N b2Z8@&, & @F>@&>@< F B@:\F8@(@, " F $@:("DF8@(@ F F,D,*4>Z 70-N
((. ?>" B,D,&,:" 5@D*">" C"*4R8@&" Me varpusenpojat “=4, &D"$R,H"H"”
(1976), Riehakka “EJ<"H@N"” (1978), B\,FJ Tammikuu “a>J"D4” (1980) , "
H"80, BD@42&,*,>4b #@D4F" !BD4:@&" Me pingvininpojat (1978) “=4,
B4>(&4>R,H"” Perhonen ja papukaija (1980), ',@D(4b )0"("D@&" Yleinen
syyttäjä (1970) “AD@8JD@DXH” F@&<,FH>@ F #,FF@>@LLZ< B\,FJ ;4N"4:"
%,:4R8@&" “Niin kauan kuin olemme elossa” (1980), 4 B\,FJ =,*b:8@
5@D*">@&" Mopedi “;@B,*XH”, BD,<\,D" 8@H@D@6 $Z:" & H,"HD, (@D@*"
C@&">4,<4 & >"R":, 70-N ((. " H"80, BD4>b:" JR"FH4, & 8@::,8H4&>@<
B,D,&@*, B\,FZ EH">4F:"&" EHD"H4,&" Lampaanvillatakki “E"8@ @H &,:JD”
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B@:>@<,HD"0>ZN L4:\<@& Viimeinen sana “A@F:,*>"H" *J<"”, Maalaismies
ja polkupyörä , Ikiajat, Juureton puu “)XD&@H@ $,2 8@D,>”.
?H*,:\>@ F:,*J,H F8"2"H\ @ B@^H, G"D<@ ;">,:4JF,, 8@H@DZ6
2">4<",HFb $@:("DF84< b2Z8@< 4 :4H,D"HJD@6 F 1971 (@*". #@:\T"b R"FH\
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>,"*,8&"H>@FH4 B,D,&@*". G. ;">,:4JF R"V, &F,(@ 0,DH&J,H L@D<@6:
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“BD@R4H":”. ?*>"8@, $:"(@*"Db G. ;">,:4JFJ, #@:("D4b BD,*FH"&:,>" 8"8
FHD">" B@^H@&. ?> D"FF8"2": @ *,FbH8"N $@:("DF84N B@^H@& 4 B,D,&.: 4N
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B,D,&@*Z FH":4 B@:JR"H\ B@:@04H,:\>Z, @P,>84 (Kangasluoma 1978). '.
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$@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ. =" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 J0, B,D,&,*,>Z 4FH@D44
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J>4&,DF4H,H, G"H4">@6 S"<D"6, & FB4F8"N R:,>@& 8@H@D@(@ R4F:4:@F\
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127
8:J$" & >,@L4P4":\>@6 @$FH">@&8, B@* $@:("DF8J` <J2Z8J 2" $@:("DF84<
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BD@,8H@&. =@ & @F>@&>@<, 8@>H"8HZ 2" B,D4@* @H 1986 B@ F,(@*>bT>46 *,>\
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BD"&@F:"&>@6 P,D8&4 Aamun koitto @BJ$:48@&": /4H4, 3@">>" C4:\F8@(@
(2001), @D(">42@&>Z &ZFH"&84 $@:("DF84N 48@> & 36F":<4 (1998).
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4 *D.), <,0*J 8@::,8P4@>,D"<4 B@RH@&ZN <"D@8 (Ossa 1998), <J2Z8">H"<4
4 BD. AD,FF" F<"8@&":" 8JD\.2>Z, F@$ZH4b, H"84, 8"8, RH@ *,:"H\ F
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2000 in Balkan info 2000).
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@$V,FH& *DJ0$Z F@ FHD">"<4 %@FH@R>@6 +&D@BZ B@FH"&4: &@BD@F GJ@<@
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suomalaisille ‘#@:("D4b B@*N@*4H L4>>"<’ (Aula 2000) ’% #@:("D44 *"0,
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@*>@6 42 8>4( "Hämärän ja sarastuksen ajoilta" ;488@:" @$D"V",H &>4<">4, >"
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tehtävänä olisi olla Länsi-Europan ja Venäjän sivistyksellisenä välittäjänä... hän piti
tärkeänä, että nuoret lahjakkaat suomalaiset miehet oppisivat venäjän kieltä ja
tutustuisivat Venäjän kultuuriin".
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129
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4 @FHDZ6 (Väänänen 1913:10-11).
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(Talas 1960: 266-267, 280)
132
Varsinaisesti johtui tämä suosio eräästä kirjasta. Muuan bulgarialainen1 kirjailija
(nimen olen valitettavasti unohtanut) oli jo viime vuosisadalla kirjoittanut kirjan
nimeltä “Valkoisten liljojen maa”, jossa hän ylistää Suomea vallan tavattomasti
(Talas 1960: 267)1.
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1. Haluan näyttää jalon esikuvan minun paljon kärsineelle ja sorretulle kansalleni,
mitenkä sorrettu maa ja kansa voi muuttua paratiisiksi.
2. Näyttää, mitenkä voi toteutua yhteiskunnallisessa elämässä rehellisyyden, joka
teillä on todellisuutta, mutta meillä on vain utopia.
3[...] pienen Suomen järjestämistä Bulgariaan.
(Bojukliev, 30.5.1939)2
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@B4F">4, >J0*Z 4 >,JFHD@,>>@FH4 $ZH", @H>,Fb ^H@ 8 *":,8@ JT,*T,<J
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'. A,HD@& $Z: D@*@< 42 ]FH:b>*F8@6 (J$,D>44, 04: & A,H,D$JD(, 4
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;@0>@ *"0, BD,*B@:@04H\, RH@ ^FH@>F846 4 L4>F846 b2Z84 >, $Z:4 *:b
>,(@ F@&,DT,>>@ RJ0*Z<4, &@ &Fb8@< F:JR",, @> & F&@4N F@R4>,>4bN @
K4>:b>*44 *".H L4>F84, F:@&" 4 4N B,D,&@*. % K4>:b>*44 @> &B,D&Z,
B@$Z&": (*,-H@ >" DJ$,0, XIX - XX &,8@&, @$ ^H@< @> >"B4F": FH"H\` ")&"
*>b & K4>:b>*44", 8@H@D"b $Z:" @BJ$:48@&">" & F$@D>48, ,(@
BD@42&,*,>46 "7 F&,HJ"8. % 1910 (@*J @> B@$Z&": & K4>:b>*44 4 &<,FH, F ).
#@08@&Z<. C,2J:\H"H@< ^H@6 B@,2*84 FH":" 8>4(" "EHD">" $@:@H. K4>F84,
&B,R"H:,>4b", & 8@H@D@6 "&H@D $,D.H <":,>\8J` K4>:b>*4` B@* 2"V4HJ @H
>,8@H@DZN DJFF84N BJ$:4P4FH@&, HD,$@&"&T4N J>4L4P4D@&">4b BD"& &F,N
(D"0*"> C@FF44.
1" BD,*,:"<4 >"T,(@ 4FF:,*@&">4b @FH">JHFb B,D,&@*Z >" L4>F846 4
*DJ(4, b2Z84 8>4( A,HD@&", BD,0*, &F,(@ @*>@(@ 42 F"<ZN 2>"R4H,:\>ZN F
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)DJ(4< 4FF:,*@&"H,:b< @FH"&4< <Z H"80, &@2<@0>@FH\ 4FF:,*@&"H\
B,D,&@*Z "% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46" >" *DJ(4, b2Z84 <4D" 4 D@:\ ^H@6 8>4(4
& F@2*">44 >"P4@>":\>@(@ @$D"2" L4>>@& & *DJ(4N FHD">"N. ! B,D,&@*@&
$Z:@ >,<":@. A,D,&@*R48 8>4(4 "% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46" >" HJD,P846 b2Z8
(1968) G`D8,D !8"D@(:J T4D, 4FF:,*@&": 4>H,D,F 8 >D"&FH&,>>@8
EH"H\` >"< >, J*":@F\ >"6H4.
141
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42*">" & GJDP44 &B,D&Z, & 1928 (@*J 4 B@F:, ^H@(@ $Z:" B,D,42*">" 16 D"2
8@:4R,FH&@< ^82,<B:bD@& @H 12 000 *@ 25 000. A@F:,*>46 D"2 & 1976 (@*J
(15 000 ^82.) (Kankamo 1977). 3H@(@ (*,-H@ *@ 400 000 ^82,<B:bD@&. A@
4>4P4"H4&, <4>4FH,DFH&" BD@F&,V,>4b 8>4(" $,FB:"H>@ D"2*"&":"F\ &
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8>4(J *:b @$b2"H,:\>@(@ RH,>4b & BD@(D"<<Z "D<,6F84N JR4:4V. %
BD,*4F:@&44 8 HJD,P8@<J 42*">4` (@&@D4HFb, RH@ ^H@ >"4$@:,, R4H",<"b
8>4(" & GJDP44 B@F:, 7@D">" (Jyrkänkallio 1951) !&H@D BD,*4F:@&4b 8
L4>F8@<J 42*">4` "% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46" $4$:4@H,8"D\ C", ;JDNJ
BD4&@*4H 4>H,D,F>Z6 L"8H. % 1960 (. $Z:@ >"B,R"H">@ 4>H,D&\` F
HJD,P84< (,>,D":@< 4 ,(@ F@@$V>48"<4, @L4P,D"<4, F@&,DT4&T4<4
B,D,&@D@H. % @H&,H >" &@BD@F, 8"8"b 8>4(" @FH"&4:" >" >4N F"<@, $@:\T@,
&B,R"H:,>4, & 042>4, B@F:,*@&": @H&,H: "% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46" (Petrov
1978: 11-12). A@ G. !8"D@(:J, BD@42&,*,>4b '. A,HD@& B,D,&,*,>Z >"
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B,D,&@*"N >" HJD,P846, DJ<Z>F846, "D<b>F846 4 *DJ(4, b2Z84 (=JD40">
1940: 290).
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DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ A,HD@& 4::`FHD4DJ,H F&@4 4*,4 D,:4(4@2>@(@
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4>H,D,F@< @$V,FH&", HD,$@&">4, F&@4< BD4<,D@< &@FB4HZ&"H\ & :`*bN
8"R,FH&" ND4FH4">4>", - $Z:" T4D@8@ 42&,FH>" & #@:("D44. #,2 F@<>,>4b,
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#@:("D44, >@ 4 & *DJ(4N FHD">"N, (*, ^H" 8>4(" $Z:" @BJ$:48@&">". ]H@
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K4>:b>*44 - FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46 BD4>,F:" 4N D@*4>,:
"Kaikesta hullunkurisuudestakin huolimatta Petrovin teos on arvostettava
positiiviseksi saavutukseksi, sillä se on suorittanut tärkeän tehtävän tehdessään
maatamme tunnetuksi niin Bulgariassa, Turkissa kuin Irakissa ja hankkinut meille
monta ystävää". [B@*R. 9.E.] (Jyrkänkallio 1951)
7irja on tehnyt Suomelle suuria palveluksia. Kirja oli niin tunnustettu, että sitä jopa
jaettiin kouluissa palkkiona lahjakkaille ja ahkerille oppilaille ja siten tieto
Suomesta levisi laajalle. [B@*R. 9.E.] (Talas 1960: 267)3
=" HJD,P846 b2Z8 $Z:4 B,D,&,*,>Z 4 *DJ(4, BD@42&,*,>4b '. A,HD@&",
H"84, 8"8: "/,>F846 &@BD@F" (1928) "AZ:"`V"b :`$@&\" "7 FHJ*,>H"<"
(1932), "Q.D>Z6 @D.:" (1938), "I8"2"H,:\ *:b R.D>ZN", "S8@:" 4 042>\"
(1963) (Petrov 1978: 9-10).
142
K4>>Z >" D@*>@< b2Z8, F<@(:4 &B,D&Z, BD@R,FH\ ^HJ 8>4(J H@:\8@ &
1978 (@*J & B,D,&@*, A,884 7"D&">,>" F HJD,P8@(@ 42*">4b 1976 (@*" B@*
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F@@$V",H, RH@ 8>4(" $Z:" B,D,&,*,>" >" L4>F846 b2Z8 ,V. 4 GJJ:4884
E@6>4 4 5@D<@6 9b>>,<"", B@ 8@H@D@<J @>" B@2>"8@<4:"F\ F
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E&bV,>>@F:J04H,:\ '. A,HD@& B,D,FHJB4: B@D@( R4FH@ D,:4(4@2>ZN
2"*"R BD4>@F4H\ F&,H #@046 & *JTJ BD4N@0">. ?> >,2"<,H>@ *:b F,$b
B,D,T.: 8 <4DF84< BD@$:,<"<. 7 H,< 4*,@:@(4R,F84< &@BD@F"<, 8@H@DZ,
FH@b:4 & P,>HD, &>4<">4b “BD@(D,FF4&>@6” 4>H,::4(,>P44 4 $Z:4
>"BD"&:,>Z >" @$V,FH&,>>@-F@P4":\>Z, BD@$:,<Z. ]H@ >"FH@:\8@
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B,D,JFHD@6FH&", &B@:>, B@*N@*4: ,(@ 2@& 8 >D"&FH&,>>@FH4, (@H@&>@FH4
F:J04H\ >"D@*J 4 >, BD,H4:@ (4:4 >, $Z:@ 2"<,R,>@) BD"&@F:"&>@,
ND4FH4">FH&@ DJFF8@(@ $"H`T84.
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7"8 J0, (@&@D4:@F\, & >"R":, MM &,8" A,HD@& $Z: @*>4< 42 F"<ZN
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8"R,FH&, F@2*"H,:b >"P4@>":\>@(@ @$D"2" L4>F8@(@ >"D@*" & #@:("D44
>,@$ZR"6>@ &,:48" 4 BD4R4>Z ^H@(@ 8D@`HFb & >,8@H@DZN @F@$,>>@FHbN
,(@ 042>,>>@6 4 :4H,D"HJD>@6 FJ*\$Z.
? '. A,HD@&, B4F":4 ,V. BD4 042>4, B@ >"T4< F&,*,>4b<, $Z:@
>"B4F">@ *&, 8>4(4 (!.CJ-@&, 1907 4 3.%. AD,@$D"0,>F846 1902), &
#@:("D44 B@F<,DH>@ & 1927 (. &ZT,: & F&,H @R,D8 ).%. _DJ8@&", " H"80,
FH"H\4 ). #@08@&" >"B4F">>Z, & D"2>@, &D,<b @ '. A,HD@&,. ?*>"8@,
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@D"H@D" '.E. A,HD@&" & >"T, &D,<b H@:\8@ ,V, >"R4>",HFb (F<. K4DF@&
1996, ;,>*,:,,& 2001 4 *D.)
'.E. A,H@& D@*4:Fb & 1868 (@*J & <":,>\8@< (@D@*8, a<\ & ]FH:b>*44,
(a<$JD(, F 1922 (. 74>(4F,BB >" H,DD4H@D44 C@FF44) >,*":,8@ @H (@D@*"
="D&Z. ?*>"8@, @ ,(@ F@P4":\>@< BD@4FN@0*,>44 >,H H@R>ZN *">>ZN. A@
@*>4< 4FH@R>48"< @> D@*4:Fb & F,<\, 8D,FH\b>4>" (Haltsonen 1905: III), "
B@ *DJ(4< - <,:8@(@ H@D(@&P" (]E #D@8("J2" 4 ]LD@>"), " B@
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A,HD@&" B@F:, D,&@:`P44 & ^<4(D"P44 &B:@H\ *@ F<,DH4 & 1925 (@*J >,H
143
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)JN@&>@6 "8"*,<44 & A,H,D$JD(, (1892). % F"> F&bV,>>48" @> $Z:
B@F&bV.> & 1891 (@*J. AD@D"$@H"& @*4> (@* 2"8@>@JR4H,:,< & (4<>"244 No
5, A,HD@& F 1893 B@ 1903 (@* F:J04: >"FH@bH,:,< P,D8&4 4 2"8@>@JR4H,:,<
& ;4N"6:@&F8@< "DH4::,D46F8@< JR4:4V,. '. E. A,HD@& 4<,:
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B@:>Z, *@FH@4>FH&" <">,DZ. ;b(846 N@D@T46 (@:@F. %,D@bH>@ $"D4H@>
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"&2ZF8J`V4< (Db*JV,(@ (D"*" FHD">>48@<" (M4D\b8@& 1925). ?
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B@DHD,H $Z: >"B4F"> 3. +. C,B4>Z<. ]H@ BD@42&,*,>4, B@:JR4:@ B,D&J`
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2,<>Z< $Z:@ HDJ*>@. ?> 4<,: BJ$:4P4FH4R,F84, >"8:@>>@FH4 4 >, <@(
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D"$@R4, 8DJ084 4 BD.
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"jokainen lause lisäsi aina syvällisintä totuutta, sattuvia vertauksia ja runollisen
kauniita esityksiä [...] ajatukset seurasivat toisiaan kuten aallot tasaisessa virran
juoksussa ja sydämestä lähteneenä ne sattuivatkin aina sydämiin" (Haltsonen
1905: VI)4.
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“että suomalaisen yläluokan länsimäinen sivistys oli itse asiassa ruotsalaista ja
että todellinen vanha suomalainen kulttuuri oli jotakin aivan toista, ei
kansainvälistä “länsimaista”, muttei myöskään sitä primitiivistä “ossianimaisskandinaavista” ... ennen pitkään omaksuivat siihen [suomalaiseen kulttuuriin.
L.S.] ... ihailevan, mutta hieman säälivän asenteen”. (Kiparsky 1945: 74)5
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$@:\T4N *,<@8D"H4R,F84N F&@$@* & K4>:b>*44.
Suomen alkavaan taisteluun kansallista sortoa vastaan he tietenkin suhtautuivat
myötämielisesti sitä suuremmalla syyllä, kun he eivät ollenkaan ajatelleet
vihaamansa tsaarivaltion etuja, vaan elivät abstraktisten ihanteittensa lumoissa.
“Sorrettu sivistynyt Suomi-raukka” oli yksi heidän monia samantapaisia
iskusanojaan” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Kiparsky 1945: 102).6
=,8@H@DZ, D,&@:`P4@>,DZ, F8DZ&"&T4,Fb >" *":\>4N L4>F84N NJH@D"N,
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kirjailijat tällaisissa tilanteissa venäläiset, eivätkä suomalaiset naurunalaisiksi”
[B@*R.9.E.](Kiparsky 1945: 79)7
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(Pesonen 1991: 107).8
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3. IFHD@4H\ & #@:("D44 <":,>\8J` K4>:b>*4` [B@*R. 4 D"2Db*8" 9. E.] (Boikliev,
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(:J$@84N &Z&@*@&. %@4>Z B,D,04&"`H &@,>>Z, F@$ZH4b 4 BJH,&Z,
&B,R"H:,>4b R,D,2 F,$b, “<Z - H"<”. E@:*"HZ B@T:4 &@,&"H\ F $:"(@D@*>Z<
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FBD"&,*:4&@ RJ&FH&J`H F,$b (,D@b<4: "somamp on sotahan kuolla, kaunis
miekan kalskehesen" ‘BD,8D"F>,, J<,D,H\ >" &@6>, B@* 2&J8 $X`V4NFb
<,R,6’ (Lindfors 1883: 3) P4H4DJ,H &@4> !8F,:4 94>*L@DF B@^H" 5.9.
CJ>,$,D(". E@:*"H P,>4H 4 ,(@ F"<@:`$4` :\FHbH *@$D@, 4 J&"04H,:\>@,
@H>@T,>4, (@FJ*"Db, @> P,>4H >"(D"*Z: "Keisari tuli itse koko seurueinen
meitä vastaan” ‘E"< P"D\ F BD4$:40.>>Z<4 &FHD,R":4 >"F’ (Lindfors 1883:
7); BD4 D"2*"R, @D*,>@& F&. ',@D(4b “kävi H M Keisari luonnamme [...]ja
kiitti meitä osoitetusta urhollisuudesta ja saavutetusta voitosta" ‘+(@
%,:4R,FH&@ O"D\ BD4N@*4: [...]4 $:"(@*"D4: >"F 2" BD@b&:,>>J` ND"$D@FH\
4 B@$,*J’(Lindfors 1883: 16); E *DJ(@6 FH@D@>Z, !. 94>*L@DF B,D,04&",H
B@H,D` H@&"D4V,6: "Pieneksi oli joukko kutistunut, mutta rohkeus ei ollut
rauennut".’?HDb* >"T FH": <,>\T,, >@ >, JHD"H4: ND"$D@FH4‘.
;>@(4,, &,D>J&T4,Fb >" D@*4>J, $Z:4 4>&":4*"<4 “saivat kantaa
"vaivaavia vikoja", "mutta myös kunnian kiiltäviä merkkejä rinnallaan” ’3<
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B@:JR"`H B,>F4`:
“rinnassaan tyydyttävän tunteen siitä, että ovat piirtäneet Suomen historiaan rivin,
vaikka kohta pienenkin, kuitenkin rivin, jota ei tarvitse hävetä [...] vioittuneet
saavat nauttia "apurahoja" todistuksena, että ovat palkan "ansainneet"’‘. (Lindfors
1883: 35)1 .
179
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R,:@&,R,F846 D"2J< @>4 4FB@:\2@&":4, RH@$Z BD4*J<Z&"H\ 0,FH@8@FH4:
"järjestämättömiä ja harjoittamattomia sotureita, jos sitä nimitystä kehtaa antaa
niille, jotka käyvät sotaa ainoastaan saadakseen ryöstää ja raastella, kuin
vertahimoavat pedot, ja vielä monin kerroin kauheamminkin[...], mitä
hirmuisempia tuskia ja kidutuksia[...], raa'alla ja julmalla tavalla pilstotuita
ihmisjäännöksiä saattoi joskus nähdä".(Lindfors 1883: 30)2.
? F"<@< $@:("DF8@< >"D@*, *"`HFb, @$D"2>@ (@&@Db, “^H>@(D"L4R,F84,”
@B4F">4b:
"Kylän hökkelit olivat yksinomaan savesta rakennettuja hökkeleitä, joihin
päivänvalo pääsi pienestä kalterilla eli rautaristikolla varustetusta ikkunasta.
Asukkaat olivat ylipäätään puhtaita ja punan vereviä. Miehillä oli pitkät ja leveät
roimahousut, karvalakki, lyhyt körttiröijy ja nahanliuskaleet, nauhoilla kiinnitetyt,
jalkain alla. Vaimonpuolisten asu oli: lyhyt hame ja päässä liinasorko, jonka
molemmat päät riipuivat takana, jalkineet samanlaiset kuin miehilläkin. Tytöillä
sitäpaitsi jonkinlainen leima otsalla ("otsalehti") ja rannerenkaat. Katsannoltaan
olivat kiivaita ja vilkkaita, niin myös liikunnoissaan", "Tässä kylässä huomasin ja
ihmettelin, että miesväellä oli hiukset pienillä piiskoilla ympäri pään" [B@*R. 9.E.]
(Lindfors 1883: 23-24)3.
AD4D@*" 4 8:4<"H >, $":@&":4 &@4>@&:
"Eikä ollut erittäin mieltä iloittavaa oloa sekään, kun sittemmin jolloin veden
verosta rupesi lunta tulemaan, täytyi joka yö lumituiskussa ja pakkasessa seistä
vyötäisiään myöten lumessa, maksoja myöten vilussa ja hampaita myöten nälässä,
kranaattien lenneilessä kuni kyyhkyset kuserrellen päättemme päällitse [B@*R. 9.E.]
(Lindfors 1883: 20)4.
? *@$DZN @H>@T,>4bN <,0*J $@:("D"<4 4 @F&@$@*4H,:b<4, & R"FH>@FH4,
L4>F84<4 FHD,:8"<4, 8@H@DZ, *,:4:4F\ F&@4< BD@&4">H@< F $@:("D"<4:
"asukkailla oli ankara hätä" ‘04H,:4 $,*FH&@&":4’, >@ 4 $@:("DZ >, 0":,:4
*:b F&@4N @F&@$@*4H,:,6 B@*"D8@&:
"Kaupungin "bratuschkat" kurottelivat meille tupakkatukkuja sivumennessämme"
(Lindfors 1883: 26) "leipää, suolaa, sianlihaa ja tupakkaa, [...] he suutelivat
käsiämme, kiittivät ja toivat meille lämmintä kakkua ja mitä vaan [...] Eukko veti
jalkimet jaloistani ja rupesi niitä kuivaamaan, ukko laittoi minulle kolpakkolisen
viiniä ja lämpöisen leivän, joka kaikki maisti varsin makialta nälkäiselle miehelle"
[B@*R. 9.E.] (Lindfors 1883: 23)5.
K4>>Z, $Z&"&T4, & #@:("D44 B@2*>,,, >, L48F4DJ`H >48"84N @F@$ZN,
4<,>>@ $@:("D"< F&@6FH&,>>ZN R,DH, RH@ <@(:@ $Z F&4*,H,:\FH&@&"H\ @
FJV,FH&@&">44 & <@*,:4 <4D" L4>>@& @F@$@(@ >"P4@>":\>@(@ @$D"2"
$@:("D. ="<4 J0, P4H4D@&":4F\ F@&D,<,>>Z, HJD4FH4R,F84, $D@T`DZ.
?$D"H4<Fb 8 >4< &>@&\, RH@$Z B@F<@HD,H\, 8"84< @$D"2@< @>4
180
D,BD,2,>HJ`H R,DHZ N"D"8H,D" $@:("D: “Avoimet ja vieranvaraiset”
‘@H8DZHZ, 4 (@FH,BD44<>Z,’(Kondakov 1983: 7).
;@H4& @H8DZH@FH4, *JT,&>@FH4 4 (@FH,BD44<FH&" $@:("D B@&H@Db,HFb
&@ &F,N $D@T`D8"N, N@Hb B@:@04H,:\>Z, N"D"8H,D4FH484 & HJD4FH4R,F84N
42*">4bN, F@(:"F>@ F&@,<J 0">DJ, BD,*F8"2J,<Z. 7H@ 0, B@,*,H & FHD">J F
<D"R>Z< 4 >,BD4&,H:4&Z< >"D@*@<? =@, &ZT, (@&@D4:@F\, RH@ J0, &
B,D&ZN (,@(D"L4R,F84 @B4F">4bN >"D@*@& $@:("D @H:4R"`H & &Z(@*>J`
FH@D@>J B@ FD"&>,>4` F@ F&@4<4 F@F,*b<4 (E< Väänänen 1913,
Maantieteellisia kuvaelmia 1906). ? *DJ0,:`$44 4 (@FH,BD44<FH&, B4T,H
4 B@F@: ?. G":"F: “kaikki virkamiehet olivat ystävällisiä” ’&F, *@:0>@FH>Z,
:4P" $Z:4 *DJ0,:`$>Z<4‘; herttaista sydämellistä väkeä” ’F4<B"H4R>Z,
F,D*,R>Z, :`*4‘; “köyhyydestä huolimatta on vieraanvaraisuus suuri”
’>,F<@HDb >" $,*>@FH\ (@FH,BD44<FH&@ - &,:48@‘ (Talas 1960: 278-9). G.
_:4>,> @H<,R",H: ”bulgarialaiset suhtautuvat erittäin ystävällisesti
kaikkiin ulkomaalaisiin vieraisiinsa" ‘$@:("DZ @H>@FbHFb @R,>\
*DJ0,:`$>@ 8@ &F,< 4>@FHD">P"<’, >@ "suhtautuminen suomalaisiin on
tavallista sydämellisempää” ‘@H>@T,>4, 8 L4>>"< F,D*,R>,,
@$ZR>@(@’(Ylinen 1978: 5). E. E":@8@DB4 @H<,R",H F4<B"H4` 8 L4>>"< 4
4F8D,>>@FH\ $@:("D:
“Jos liikut maaseudulla, sinut kutsutaan välittömästi kotiin ja kestitään
perusteellisesti. Kaupunkilaiset ovat ehkä hieman varautuneempia, mutta varmasti
kuulet useammankin kerran sanan Finlandia. Ystävällisyys suomalaisia kohtaan on
vilpitöntä”. [B@*R. 9.E.] (Salokorpi 1986: 15-16) 6
A@F:,*>bb LD"2" F&4*,H,:\FH&J,H ,V. @$ @*>@6 $@:("DF8@6 >"P4@>":\>@6
R,DH,, N@Hb F"<" P4H"H" >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@ ,. >, >"2Z&",H: $@:("DZ 4<,`H
8D,B8J` B"<bH\ >" *@$D@ 4 4< F&@6FH&,>>@ RJ&FH&@ $:"(@*"D>@FH4. % 1938
(@*J, 8@(*" >,2"&4F4<@6 #@:("D44 4FB@:>4:@F\ 60 :,H, P"D\ #@D4F
>"(D"*4: &F,N ,V. $Z&T4N & 04&ZN (22 R,:@&,8") L4>F84N JR"FH>48@&
?F&@$@*4H,:\>@6 &@6>Z 1877-1878 (@*". EHJ*,>HZ E@L46F8@(@
J>4&,DF4H,H" F@$D":4 *,>\(4 >" B@*"D84 L4>F84< &,H,D">"< & 1939 (@*J
(Koivisto 1993).
/">D HJD4FH4R,F84N $D@T`D BD,*B@:"(",H H"80, @2>"8@<:,>4, F
HD"*4P4b<4 4 8J:\HJD@6 FHD">Z. C"FF8"2Z&",HFb @ D,:4(44 4 @$ZR"bN.
;,>H":\>@FH\ $@:,, &Zb&:b,HFb R,D,2 B,F>4 4 B:bF84. % #@:("D44 B@`HFb
>"D@*>Z, B,F>4 surullisista riehakkaan iloisin ‘@H (DJFH>ZN *@ $DZ20"V4N
&,F,:\,< 4 D"*@FH\`’; rytmitajua vaativat iloiset horo tanssit ‘H">PZ N@D@
HD,$J`H >,@$ZR"6>@(@ RJ&FH&" D4H<"’; bulgarit pitävät kiinni perinteistä ja
perinteisistä juhlista" ‘#@:("DZ *,D0"HFb F&@4N HD"*4P46 4 HD"*4P4@>>ZN
BD"2*>48@&’. ?*>"8@ G. _:4>,> &F.-H"84 >, <@0,H >, @H<,H4H\, RH@
“ulkomaalainen korva erottaa niistä vahvan itämaisen värin" ’F:JN
4>@FHD">P" >, <@0,H >, @H<,H4H\ & >4N F4:\>J` &@FH@R>J` @8D"F8J’, H. ,.
181
>,8@H@D"b "FF4<4:bP4b F HJD,P8@6 8J:\HJD@6 &F. 0, BD@42@T:" (Ylinen
1978: 28-29). ? H@<, RH@ $@:("DZ *@D@0"H F&@4<4 HD"*4P4b<4 4 >,
2"$Z&"`H 4N, L4>F84, ("2,HZ B4F":4 J0, &@ &D,<b ^H>@(D"LF8@6 &ZFH"&84
& M,:\F4>84 & 1937 (@*J. 1" F:@&"<4 _:4>,>" &4*>" H,<B,D"<,>H>@FH\
$@:("D4>" 4 ,(@ &ZF@8"b :`$@&\ 8 D@*>@6 8J:\HJD, 4 B"HD4@H42<:
“Bulgarialaiset ovat monien satojen vuosien myrskyjen jälkeen selviytyneet
voittajina: heidän oma kulttuurinsa on säilynyt aitona” ‘#@:("DZ 2" &D,<b
<>@(4N $JD>ZN FH@:,H46 &ZT:4 B@$,*4H,:b<4: 4N 8J:\HJD" F@ND">4:"F\
R4FH@6’ (Ylinen 1978: 28). A"HD4"DN":\>@FH\ @H>@F4H 8 *@FH@4>FH&"<
$@:("DF8@6 042>4 H"80, E.E":@8@DB4:
"sitä eivät ole hävittäneet valloittajat eikä teollisuuden kehitys. Lammaspaimenet
laumoinein ovat yhtä aitoa Bulgariaa vuoristomaisemissaan kuin työstä palaavat
Burgasin petrokemiallisen tehtaan työläiset” (Salokorpi 1986: 4) 7.
+. 7@>*"8@& @$@("V",H &ZT,>"2&">>Z, N"D"8H,D4FH484 >@&Z<4 R,DH"<4:
H,DB,>4, 4 &Z*,D08", :`$@&\ 8 D@*4>, 4 F&@$@*@:`$4,, (,D@42<,
BD@b&:,>>Z6 & Hb0.:ZN JF:@&4bN 042>4 B@* HJD,P84< 4(@< (&Z*,:,>Z
04D>Z< TD4LH@<). ):b >"(:b*>@FH4 <Z B@*R,D8>.< R,DHZ >"P4@>":\>@(@
@$D"2" & *">>@< *@&@:\>@ *:4>>@< @HDZ&8,:
“Bulgarialainen rakastaa maataan ja puhuu siitä kunnioittavasti. Hän arvostaa
bulgarialaisuutta ja on ylpeä menneisyydestään. Ylpeä siitä, että hänen kansansa
kesti lähes 500 vuotta vallinneen turkkilaisten ikeen, ajan, jolloin hänen oman
kielensä bulgarian kirjoittaminen ja opettaminen oli kielletty. Hänen perheeltään
perittiin kaikki mahdollinen veroina. Hänen kylänsä poltettiin, hänen sisarensa
vietiin orjaksi, hänen veljensä kasvatettiin julmaksi janitsaariksi, joka ei tuntenut
perhettään ja taisteli myöhemmin omaa sukuaan vastaan. Hän kertoo miten
uudelleen ja uudelleen halu itsenäistyä virisi, kuinka yritykset toinen toisensa
jälkeen murskattiin. Tänä päivänä hän puhuu omaa kieltään, bulgariaa, joka ei
unohtunut 500 vuoden aikana. Miksi hän ei olisi ylpeä siitä, että on
bulgarialainen”[04D>Z6 TD4LH 4 B@*R. 9.E.] (Kondakov 1983: 16)8 .
#@:,, FB,P4L4R,F84, N"D"8H,D4FH484 *".H ?>>4 G":"F, BD@04&T46 &
#@:("D44 >,F8@:\8@ :,H *@ %H@D@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z. G":"F@< 2"<,R,>Z
>"P4@>":\>Z, R,DHZ, >,@04*">>Z, *:b FH,D,@H4B" @ F:"&b>"N 4 `0>ZN
>"D@*"N. G":"F @H<,R",H R.H8@FH\ 4 H@R>@FH\ & D"$@H, $@:("D. ="BD4<,D,
F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@ F ;4>4FH,DFH&@< 3>@FHD">>ZN *,: $Z:@ @F@$,>>>@
BD4bH>@: “mitä siellä oli luvattu, se pidettiin, olipa lupaus pantu paperille
tai ei” ‘RH@ H"< @$,V":4, 4FB@:>b:@F\, >,2"&4F4<@ @H H@(@, $Z:@ ^H@
2"B4F">@ >" $J<"(, 4:4 >,H’ (Talas 1960: 268); “pitivät, minkä lupasivat”
‘&ZB@:>b:4 H@, RH@ @$,V":4’(Talas 1960: 278); HDJ*@:`$4, 4 JB@DFH&@ &
D"$@H,: “sen tarmo sai vainiot jälleen vilja kantamaan”, “ahkera, joskin
köyhä kansa”’4N ^>,D(4b 2"FH"&4:" >" :J("N D"FH4 2,D>@” ‘ HDJ*@:`$4&Z6,
N@Hb 4 $,*>Z6 >"D@*‘.
182
1>">4, F&@,(@ *,:": “taitava maanviljeilija ja erikoisen hyvä
puutarhuri” ‘$@:("D4> J<,:Z6 2,<:,*,:,P, BD,8D"F>Z6 F"*@&>48’
F8D@<>@FH\ 4 J<,D,>>@FH\, F<4D,>4, & 042>4: “ihmiset tuntuvat osaansa
tyytyväisiltä” ’:`*4 &Z(:b*bH *@&@:\>Z<4 F&@,6 FJ*\$@6‘ (Talas 1960: 279280).
?H<,R",HFb D,:4(4@2>@FH\ $@:("D: “vain harvassa maassa on kirkko
voinut tunkeutua niin kansan sydämeen kuin siellä [...] bulgarialaiset eivät
voisi käsittää kansallisuuttaan ilman kreikkalaiskatolistakirkkoa [...] tärkeä
osa sen kansallisuudesta”’D,*8@, (*, J P,D8&4 ,FH\ FH@:\ H.B:@, <,FH@ &
F,D*P,, 8"8 J $@:("D [...] $@:("DZ >, &@FBD4>4<"`H F&@,6 >"P4@>":\>@FH4
&>, BD"&@F:"&>@6 P,D8&4 [...] ^H@ &"0>"b R"FH\ >"P4@>":\>@6 <,>H":\>@FH4
(Talas 1960: 276). 9`$@&\ 8 P,D8&4 &Z2&">" H"80, H@6 @(D@<>@6 D@:\`,
8@H@DJ` @>" FZ(D":" & @F&@$@0*,>44 @H HJD,P8@(@ 4(" F&@,6 D@*4>Z. )"0,
& F@P4":4FH4R,F846 B,D4@* - &D,<b &@4>FH&J`V,(@ "H,42<" & 4FH@D44
#@:("D44 - BD,F:,*@&">4, P,D8&4 B@ ^H@6 BD4R4>, $Z:@ >, FH@:\
H@H":\>Z<.
% F&@4N &@FB@<4>">4bN ?. G":"F &FB@<4>",H 4 @ *DJ(4N FHD">"N, (*,
@> F:J04: *4B:@<"H@<, >@ @ #@:("D44 F8"2">@ F"<Z<4 H.B:Z<4 F:@&"<4.
?> @H<,R",H 04&@B4F>J` BD4D@*J. 7"0*Z6, 8H@ B@$Z&",H & #@:("D44, >"
,(@ &2(:b*:“ihastuu siihen maahan. Bulgaria on erittäin luonnonkaunis. [...]
Bulgaria on erittäin hyvin viljelty; paikotellen miltei puutarhamaisesti”
(Talas 1960: 267), ‘&@FN4H4HFb ^H@6 FHD">@6. #@:("D4b @$:"*",H @F@$@6
,FH,FH&,>@6 8D"F@H@6 [...] % #@:("D44 BD,8D"F>@ @$D"$@H">" 2,<:b,
<,FH"<4 ^H@ BD@FH@ F"*’ (Talas 1960: 267);“Luontonsa puolesta voisi
Bulgariasta tulla suosittu turistimaa”.’AD4D@*" *".H &F, BD,*B@FZ:84 *:b
#@:("D44 FH"H\ B@BJ:bD>@6 FHD">@6 HJD42<"‘ (Talas 1960: 268).
E &@FH@D(@< (JD<">" @> @B4FZ&",H *,T.&J` 4 &8JF>J` $@:("DF8J`
,*J. %ZT, &F,N *DJ(4N FHD"> @> FH"&4H @04&:.>>J` 8J:\HJD>J` 042>\
#@:("D44: BD,8D"F>"b @B,D" 4 $":,H (8"8 @$ZR>@ J F:"&b>, (@&@D4H
?.G":"F), BD,8D"F>Z6 8@>P,DH>Z6 2":, 42@$D"24H,:\>@, 4F8JFFH&@, >"J84 &F. BD@P&,H",H & #@:("D44 (Talas 1960: 274-275). ]H4 &Z(@*>@ @H:4R"`V4,
FH@D@>Z $@:("DF8@6 042>4, " H"80, R,FH>@FH\ 4 (@H@&>@FH\ 8 B@<@V4 4
@8"2">4` JF:J( 2"<,H4: $Z&T46 BD@,2*@< & #@:("D44 =J@DH@ (Nuorto
1930: 267-288).
% B@F&bV.>>@< #@:("D44 >@<,D, Suomen sotilas (1938) @ $@:("D"N
F8"2">@ >,<":@ H.B:ZN F:@&, 8@H@DZ, <@0>@ $Z:@ $Z @H>,FH4 R4FH@ 8
`$4:,6>@<J 0">DJ, @*>"8@, H@:FHZ6 0JD>":, @F>@&"H,:\>@
BD,2,>H4DJ`V46 &F, FH@D@>Z $@:("DF8@6 042>4, $Z: F*,:"> H"84<4
8DJB>Z<4 FB,P4":4FH"<4 8"8 BD@L. %. ;">F488@6, 7. 7JJF4>,>@<, ?.
G":"F@<, :`*\<4, 8@H@DZ, 2>":4 #@:("D4` 4 4F8D,>>, &Z*,:b:4
#@:("D4`, 8"8 FHD">J $:428J` K4>:b>*44. AD@*@:0",HFb <@H4& “<Z”
$Z:4 “H"<” BD4 @F&@$@0*,>44 #@:("D44: “pieni kansamme on täten saanut
183
edes pieneltä osalta olla mukana” ‘>"T <":,>\846 >"D@* F<@( N@Hb $Z
<":@6 *@:,6 BD4>bH\ & ^H@< JR"FH4,’ (Suomen sotilas 1938 Nr 5-7: 65) ;Z
“aseveljet” ‘H@&"D4V4 B@ @DJ04`’, BD4>4<":4 JR"FH4, & @F&@$@0*,>44,
BD@:4&":4 8D@&\ 2" “Rauhantyössä vaatimattoman ja uutteran, sodassa
urhean” & <4D>@6 D"$@H, <4D>Z6 4 JF,D*>Z6, " & &@6>, - (,D@4R,F846
>"D@*’ (Suomen sotilas 1938 Nr 5-7: 117). #@:,, H@(@, L4>>"<4 BD42>".HFb,
RH@ #@:("D4b 8@F&,>>@ B@<@(:" ,. @F&@$@0*,>4`, 8@(*" & A,D&@6 <4D@&@6
&@6>, &@,&":" >" FH@D@>, BD@H4&>48@& C@FF44: (Suomen sotilas 1938 Nr 5-7:
65). ="B@<>4<, RH@ L4>F8"b 4*,b @F&@$@0*,>4b J8D,B:b:"F\ HD,<b
P,:,&Z<4 BJ$:48"P4b<4 &"2@&F8@(@ D@<">" “A@* 4(@H@” *@ 1917 (@*".
1"<,H>" D"2>4P" & <,>H":4H,H"N $@:("D 4 L4>>@&: L4>F84,
D,P,B4,>HZ BD4&@*bH <>@(@ BD,8D"F>ZN N"D"8H,D4FH48 $@:("D. 3 ^H4
R,DHZ 4*,>H4R>Z H,< R,DH"<, 8@H@DZ, '. A,HD@& 4 ). #@08@& B@8"2Z&"`H
J L4>>@&: :`$@&\ 8 D@*4>,, F&@$@*@:`$4,, (@H@&>@FH\ 8 0,DH&, D"*4
D@*4>Z, HDJ*@:`$4,, 4F8D,>>@FH\, F8D@<>@FH\,0,:">4, &ZD"FH4H\ F&@4N
F>,:\<">@&P,& 4 BD42Z&"`H $@:("D $D"H\ BD4<,D F L4>>@&. =@ $@:("DZ
J0, @$:"*"`H ^H4<4 R,DH"<4: F8@:\8@ (,D@,&, @H*"&T4N F&@` 042>\ 2"
F&@$@*J D@*4>Z, " >,JH@<4<Z6 ). #@08@&, 042>\ F&@` B@F&bH4&T46
BD@F&,V,>4` >"D@*" D"2&, >, “F>,:\<">@&,P”?
E. E":@8@DB4 2"<,R",H >,8J` FN@0,FH\: ”Me viihdymme hyvin
bulgarialaisten kansa, jotka ovat vähän samanlaisia kun mekin: ystävällisiä,
luontevia, helposti tutustuvia” ‘="< :,(8@ F $@:"("D"<4, 8@H@DZ, >,<>@(@
B@N@04 >" >"F: *DJ0,:`$>Z,, ,FH,FH&,>>Z, 4 :,(8@ 2>"8@<bHFb’ (B@*R.
9.E.) (Salokorpi 1986: 4). )DJ0,:`$4,, ,FH,FH&,>>@FH\, @H8DZH@FH\ (:,(8@
B@2>"8@<4H\Fb) H"84, 0, 8"8 4 J >"F, L4>>@&. E:,*J,H @$D"H4H\ &>4<">4,
>" H@, RH@ H"84, R,DHZ: ,FH,FH&,>>@FH\ 4 FB@F@$>@FH\ :,(8@ 2"&b2Z&"H\
2>"8@<FH&" - @$ZR>@ 8 L4>>"< >, @H>@FbH. E":@8@DB4 BD@*@:0",H, RH@ &
^H@< $Z:@ :,(8@ J$,*4H\Fb H,< 20 000 L4>>"<, 8@H@DZ, B@F,H4:4
#@:("D4` & 8"R,FH&, HJD4FH@&. % H@ 0, &D,<b 42 #@:("D44 & K4>:b>*44
B@$Z&":4 H@:\8@ 600 R,:@&,8 (Salokorpi 1986: 4) .
M@Hb *,FbH84 HZFbR HJD4FH@& <@(:@ J$,*4H\Fb & &ZT, BD4&,*.>>ZN
BD,8D"F>ZN 8"R,FH&"N $@:("D, L4>>Z >, &@2&@*bH $@:("D & 4*,":, 4 >,
BD42Z&"`H F&@6 >"D@* JR4H\Fb J $@:("D. ? #@:("D44 JFH">"&:4&",HFb
H@:\8@ Db* >,2>"R4H,:\>ZN FH,D,@H4B@&: FHD">" D@2, *@:(@04H,:,6 (,V. &
>"T4 *>4 H"8 D,8:"<4DJ`H $@:("DF846 6@(JDH), F8D@<>@FH\, 4FH@D4R,F8"b
B"<bH\, $:"(@*"D>@FH\ F&@4< @F&@$@*4H,:b< - L4>>"<. #@:,, H@(@, Db*@<
F B@:@04H,:\>Z< L4>> &4*4H J $@:("D 4 B:@N@,. ?. G":"F B4T,H 4 @
$,*>@FH4 >"D@*", @ 8:@B"N, 4 N@:@*>@6 FB":\>, & C4:\F8@< <@>"FHZD,,
@H<,R"`HFb F<,T>Z, FH@D@>Z @$ZR",&. /">D &@FBD4bH4b $@:("D
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?*>" 42 HJD4FH4R,F84N $D@T`D @2"(:"&:,>" Bulgariaan - siellä kävi
Suomen Kaartikin ‘A@,N":4 & #@:("D4` - &,*\ H"< B@$Z&": 4 K4>F846
$"H":\@>’ (Haapala 1985). % 1984 (@*J *,&bH\ L4>F84N 0JD>":4FH@&
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42 >4N :,6H<@H4&@< BD@N@*4H: <Z $Z:4 H"<, FH@ :,H >"2"* 4 <Z BD4>b:4
JR"FH4, & @F&@$@0*,>44 #@:("D44 (E<. F$@D>48 Balkanin retki, 1985).
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GJDP44). A@2>"8@<4&T4F\ F 8>4(@6 A,HD@&", L4>>Z, BDb<@ 2"b&:b:4 @
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L4>F846 JR.>Z6, 8@H@DZ6 BD@R.: ^HJ 8>4(J: oli sitä mieltä, että siinä
ylistetään Suomea koko lailla aiheettomasti”. (Talas 1960: 267) ’RH@ & >,6
BD,&@2>@FbH K4>:b>*4` $,2 8"8@(@ $Z H@ >4 $Z:@ >" H@ @F>@&">4b‘. (Talas
1960: 267); C. 7">8"<@: “teksti tekee tämän päivän suomalaiseen lukijaan
todella mykistävän vaikutuksen” ‘;>@(4, F@&D,<,>>Z, R4H"H,:4 >,<,:4
@H 42J<:,>4b’ (Kankamo 1977). !&H@DZ >, >"N@*bH ">":@(" &
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<4L & F"<@< F&@.< JBD@V.>>@< B@>4<">44.
7D@<, H@(@, D,P4B4,>HZ B@>4<"`H, RH@ '. A,HD@& 4FB@:\2@&": BD4<,D
K4>:b>*44, RH@$Z 4::`FHD4D@&"H\ F&@4 4*,4, H@ ,FH\ ^H@ @*4> 42 H4B@&
F@&D,<,>>@(@ <4L", F@2>"H,:\>@ F@2*">>@(@ 4 F8@>FHDJ4D@&">>@(@ B@
2"8@>"< <4L@:@(4R,F8@(@ <ZT:,>4b. A. E4:\H">,>: “Suomi on otettu
kirjan lehdille viitekehykseksi, johon Petrov nojaa ja sitoo käsityksiänsä”
’K4>:b>4b 4FB@:\2@&">" & 8>4(, & 8"R,FH&, D"<@8, >" 8@H@DZ, A,HD@&
@B4D",HFb BD4 42:@0,>44 F&@4N 4*,6‘ (Siltanen 1978). A.E4:\H">,>
>"2Z&",H &Z&,*,>>Z6 '. A,HD@&Z< @$D"2 K4>:b>*44 - JH@B4,6, $@:,, H@(@,
@> @HFZ:",H 8>4(J 8 0">DJ F8"2@8 “itämaisia satunkertojia tapailen”,
BD42>"&"b 2" DJFF84< (J<">4FH@< >"4BD,8D"F>,6T4, P,:4, D"*4 8@H@DZN
@> *".H F&@4 BD4<,DZ &ZF@8@(@ @$V,FH&,>>@(@ F:J0,>4b: “suuren määrän
ohjeita, joiden hän arvattavasti uskoi auttavan itseään kasvattamaan
pyrkivien kansakuntien ponnisteluja” (Siltanen 1978:)”’@> *".H $@:\T@,
8@:4R,FH&@ F@&,H@&, 8@H@DZ,, 8"8 @> B@:"(":, *@:0>Z $Z:4 B@<@R\
>"P4b<, FHD,<bV4<Fb F@&,DT,>FH&@&"H\ F,$b‘ (Siltanen 1978).
5@J8@ G"::4><b84 (@&@D4H, RH@ B@*@$>Z6 4*,":42< “Hymyilyttää
nykyajan ihmisiä”’2"FH"&:b,H JF<,N>JH\Fb F@&D,<,>>@(@ R,:@&,8"‘. ?>
@H<,R",H BD,0*, &F,(@ 4*,@:@(4R,F846 BZ: '. A,HD@&": “Historiallinen
luotettavuus vähäinen, mutta voisi sanoa, että aatteellisuus pyhittä keinot”
‘3FH@D4R,F8"b *@FH@&,D>@FH\ >,&,:48", >@ <@0>@ F8"2"H\, RH@ 4*,b
@BD"&*Z&",H FD,*FH&"’ “eränlainen laboratorio”’^H@ 8"8 >,8"b :"$@D"H@D4b‘,
“kyseessä on enemmän kaunokirjallinen kuin asiateos” ’HJH <Z F8@D,,
4<,,< NJ*@0,FH&,>>@,, " >, >"JR>@, BD@42&,*,>4,‘ (Tallinmäki 1978).
/@D0 =JD40">, (@&@Db @$ ^H@6 8>4(,, *"0, >, JB@<4>",H (:"&>@(@ ,.
(,D@b K4>:b>*4`, " :4T\ (@&@D4H @ 2>"R,>44 8>4(4 *:b #@:("D44,
B@:>@FH\` B@>4<"b, RH@ BD4 >"B4F">44 ,. $Z: &"0,> @$X,8H - #@:("D4b.
]H@ #@:("D44 D"*4 *".HFb 4*,": *:b B@*D"0">4b (=JD40"> 1940: 290)
.G"80, _D8b>8"::4@ &4*4H, RH@ B4F"H,:\, 8@(*" B4F": F&@. BD@42&,*,>4,,
<,>,, &F,(@ *J<": @$ @$X,8H,, " $@:,,: lukijoitaan, siis lähinnä
bulgarialaisia, joille se on ohjeeksi tarkoitettu" ‘@ R4H"H,:bN, BD,0*, &F,(@
$@:("D"N, *:b 8@H@DZN ^H" 8>4(" BD,*>"2>"R":"F\’ (Jyrkänkallio 1951).
% #@:("D44 R4H"`V"b BJ$:48" BJ$:4P4FH4R>@FH\ 0">D" 8>4(4
'D4(@D4b A,HD@&" "% FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44" @FH"&4:" $,2 &>4<">4b, 4
@H>,F:" 8>4(J 8 >"JR>@-B@BJ:bD>@<J 0">DJ 4, & 8"R,FH&, H"8@&@6,
&@FBD4>bH" 8"8 8@(>4H4&>"b D,BD,2,>H"P4b K4>:b>*44. I0, 4<,`V4,Fb
BD,*B@FZ:84 8 4*,":42"P44 ^82@H4R>@(@ F,&,D>@(@ >"D@*" B@:JR4:4
F&@,@$D"2>J` ">"JR>J`" @F>@&J. #@*DZ6 R4FHZ6 >"D@* >" L@>,
*,&FH&,>>@6 BD4D@*Z ,FH,FH&,>>@ &D"FH",H & P4&4:42"P4` F BD,8D"F>@6
(@FJ*"DFH&,>>@FH\` 4 $:"(@D@*>Z<4 F,>"H@D"<4. I R4H"H,:b F@2*".HFb
&B,R"H:,>4,, RH@ 8"0*Z6 L4>> J0, 4<,,H (@H@&>@FH\ (B@ 8>4(, A,HD@&"
197
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@8@>R"H,:\>@, @L@D<:,>4, <4L". A4F\<" )4<@ #@`8:4,&" @$>"DJ04&"`H
D,P,B4,>H" F J0, 2"8D,B4&T4<4Fb & 8"DH4>, <4D" FH,D,@H4B"<4 4 8:4T,
@L4>>"N. ?> 0, F&4*,H,:\FH&J,H @ $ZH@&">44 L4>F8@(@ <4L" & #@:("D44:
"b F:ZT": <>@(@ BD,8D"F>@(@ @ RJ*,F>@< >"D@*, K4>:b>*44".
;4L@:@(424D@&">>"b 8"DH4>" <4D" >, BD@BJF8",H 4>@6 4>L@D<"P44,
8D@<, B@:@04H,:\>@6. %@ &D,<b BD,$Z&">4b & K4>:b>*44 & 1938 (@*J
#@`8:4,& &4*4H 2*@D@&Z6, 8@>FHDJ8H4&>Z6 *JN & ^H@6 F8"2@R>@6 FHD">,.
#@`8:4,& >4<":@ >, F@<>,&",HFb, RH@ L4>F846 >"D@* <@0,H B@F:J04H\
$:"(@D@*>Z< BD4<,D@< *:b $@:("DF8@(@ >"D@*" @ H@<, 8"8 J(>,H.>>"b
2,<:b 4 ,. >"D@* <@(JH FH"H\ D",<. 7@(*" & E@&,HF8@-L4>F8@6 &@6>, 1939
(@*" K4>:b>*4b BD,*FH":" &&4*, >,&4>>@6 $,22"V4H>@6 0,DH&Z, H@ >"D@*
K4>:b>*44 BD4@$D.: >@&Z, >, <,>,, *@FH@6>Z, R,DHZ F"<@@H&,D0,>>@6
:`$&4 8 @H,R,FH&J 4 &ZF@8@(@ (,D@42<" (BD@: BD,*"H,:\FH&@ 4 HDJF@FH\).
1939 (@* - (@* :4R>@(@ 2>"8@<FH&" F L4>>"<4, H"8 8"8 8@DD,FB@>*,>HZ
$@:("DF84N ("2,H B@$Z&":4 >" F,&,D>@< LD@>H,. A@ FD"&>,>4` F
(@&@D:4&Z< 4 8D48:4&Z< `(@< & ("2,H, "1@D"” @H<,R"`HFb "EHD">>Z,
>D"&Z L4>>@&", >@ 4 ^H4 FHD">>Z, >D"&Z H@:\8@ @$:,(R"`H 4 *,:"`H $@:,,
BD4bH>Z< F@&<,FH>Z6 $ZH :`*,6: L4>> >, B@*>4<",H (@:@F", >48@(*" >,
0,FH48J:4DJ,H, >, BD@b&:b,H >,>J0>@(@ :`$@BZHFH&" 8 @8DJ0"`V4<, 4
B@^H@<J 8"0*Z6 RJ&FH&J,H F,$b F&@$@*>Z< 4 >,2"&4F4<Z<. ]H@ &>,T>,
FH,F>4H,:\>Z6 4 F*,D0">>Z6 >"D@*, &D"( F,>H4<,>H":\>@FH4, :`$4H,:\
H4T4>Z ("C,FH@D">4H,, & 8@4H, F, B"24 H4T4>" B@&,R, @H8@:8@H@ &
R,D8&"...", "D"2(@&@D4H, <,0*J L4>:">*P4H, & 8"L,>,H@ BD4:4R"H B@&,R, >"
8@>FB4D"H4&>4 FX&,V">4b") 4 R4FH@HZ (">" BXD&@ <,FH@ H@6 B@FHD@b&"
@$@D" 4 $">bH"..."). IB@DFH&@ L4>>" &ZD@F:@ & &,R>@6 $@\D$, F@ F8J*>@6
BD4D@*@6: RH@$Z BD"8H48@&"H\ 2,<:,*,:4, 4 F8@H@&@*FH&@ >" 8"<,>4FH@6
B@R&, >J0,> >"D@* F 8"<,>>@6 &@:,6, L4>> *@FH4(",H F@FH@b>4b "F4FJ",
BD4 8@H@D@6 &@:b B@:>@FH\` (@FB@*FH&J,H >"* BD4D@*@6, *JN - >"*
<"H,D4,6. (“1@D"” 1939 m 6141: 6)
="P4@>":\>Z6 @$D"2 L4>>" P,:\>Z6, FH,D,@H4B42J`HFb >, @H*,:\>Z,
R,DHZ, 8"8 & &@FBD4bH44 L4>>"<4 $@:("D (*@:(@04H4,, FHD">" D@2), - >@
FH,D,@H4B42J`HFb &Fb D"2>@JD@&>,&"b F4FH,<" $ZH": F@P4":\>"b
(4*,":\>@, JFHD@6FH&@ (@FJ*"DFH&"), 8:4<"H4R,F84, JF:@&4b (B"FZ>@8
BD4D@*Z, ,. B@$,*4&T46), $ZH@&"b (Hb0846, >@ JB@D>Z6 4 J<,:Z6 HDJ*),
B"HD4@H4R,F8"b (:`$@&\ 8 D@*4>, 4 HDJ* D"*4 >,.), ^8@>@<4R,F8"b
(D"P4@>":\>@ @D(">42@&">>Z, BD@<ZT:,>>@FH\ 4 F,:\F8@, N@2b6FH&@).
="P4@>":\>Z6 @$D"2 &8:`R",H 8@>FH">HZ FHDJ8HJDZ 8:"FF4R,F8@(@ <4L":
198
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$J*JV,, “D"6 >" 2,<:,”. =" @F>@&">44 &F,N ^H4N BD42>"8@& <Z &BD"&,
(@&@D4H\ >, @ FH,D,@H42"P44, >@ 4<,>>@ @ <4L@:@(42"P44 >"P4@>":\>@(@
@$D"2" L4>>", H.,. @ >"P4@>":\>@< <4L,.
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:4:44” K4>:">*4b-EJ@<4” FH":@ F@2*"H\ *4F8JDF *:b &F,N L4>F8@$@:("DF84N 8@>H"8H@&, @>" FH":" 8"8 $Z :"8<JF@&@6 $J<"08@6, 8@H@D"b
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@HD4P"H,:\>ZN.
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@H*":.>>ZN NJH@D"N. =@ *,&FH&,>>"b BD4D@*" H,Db,H D@<">H4R,F846 >":.H
4 B@b&:b,HFb H,<" @*4>@R,FH&" 4 2"$D@T,>>@FH4 ">" @F"<@H,>"H"
<,FH>@FH". 7D4H48 )D"(@,& H"80, B4T,H @ B D " & * 4 & @ < 42@$D"0,>44
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>,&@:b - @H D"0*">,H@ *@ F"<"H" <J F<XDH.", *DJ(@6 8D4H48 #. !.10
&@FN4V",HFb D,":42<@< "&H@D":
%,:48" 4 >,2"$D"&4<" 8>4(" , "E&,V,>" >4V,H"". /.../ ,*&" :4 *DJ( B4F"H,: $4
<@(X: *" BD,*"*, F H"8"&" BD@FH@D", B:"&>@FH 4 8D"F@H" BJFH4b 4 <D"R,> 04&@H >"
L4>:">*,P", 42BX:>,> F (@DR4&4>", >,B@F4:,> HDJ* 4 FHD"T>", H,08", >@ F&,V,>"
>4V,H". ("Q4H":4V," 1940 m 7-8: 254)
1>">4b @F>@&>@6 <"FFZ $@:("D @ L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJD, ("?$"R, >4, >,
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K.]. E4::">Bb D,":4FH4R>@ B@8"2Z&",H >,("H4&>Z, FH@D@>Z 042>4
L4>F84N 8D,FH\b>, >"B@:>,>>@6 Hb0.:Z< HDJ*@< & HDJ*>ZN JF:@&4bN
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10
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199
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D"2>@(:"F4b & H@<, RH@ & F@2>">44 D,P,>2,>H" BD@42&,*,>4, K. ]. E4::">Bb
- ^H@ L"8H :4H,D"HJDZ, L48P4b, H@(*" 8"8 4>L@D<"P4b A,HD@&" - L"8H
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’$@:@H@’) & 1910 (@*J, BD,&D"V",HFb 42 FHD">Z $@:@H & FHD">J $,:ZN
8J&T4>@8 (Nymphaeaceae), BD@*,:"& <,H"<@DL@2J @H 8J&T4>8@&ZN 8
:4:,6>Z< (Liliaceae), BD4R.< >, BD@FH@ :4:46, " “,&">(,:\F84N” :4:46.
200
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8"DH4>, <4D" $@:("D4>" 8 1939 (@*J J0, BD@R>@ 2"8D,B4:Fb <4L @
L4>F8@< >"D@*, 4, 8@(*" B,D,* $@:("D4>@< &FH"&": F ^H4< <4L@<
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BD@BJF8",HFb F@2>">4,< 2" D"<84 8"DH4>Z <4D" 4:4 0, &ZH":84&"`HFb
F@2>">4,< 4, RH@$Z &>@&\ BD4*H4 8 ("D<@>44 4 D"&>@&,F4`, >"FB,N 4V,HFb
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7. E >"R":" 90-N (@*@& <@0>@ @HFR4HZ&"H\ F,*\<@6 B,D4@* @H>@T,>46,
8@H@DZ6 >"R": HD,H46, >@&Z6 H4B <,08J:\HJD>ZN @H>@T,>46 <,0*J
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JR,>484.
214
YHTEENVETO
Työssä tarkastellaan Suomen ja Bulgarian välisten kulttuuri- ja kirjallisuussuhteiden syntymistä ja kehitystä sekä tutkitaan kanssakäymisen erityispiirteitä
vertailevan kirjallisuustieteen ja kulttuurintutkimuksen näkökulmasta. Suomi ja
Bulgaria ovat pieniä ja maantieteellisesti kaukana toisistaan sijaitsevia maita, jotka
edustavat myös erilaisia sosiokulttuurisia alueita. Ensimmäiset kontaktit maiden
välillä ajoittuvat vuosiin 1877-1878, jolloin 900 vapaaehtoista suomalaissotilasta
taisteli bulgarialaisten rinnalla turkkilaisia vastaan. Varsinaiset kirjallisuussuhteet
saivat alkunsa vuonna 1896. Työssä keskitytään tarkastelemaan maidenvälisten
kulttuuri- ja kirjallisuuskontaktien muotoutumista ja ilmenemistä 1900-luvulla.
Tätä ei ole aikaisemmin juurikaan tutkittu, minkä vuoksi aiheeseen liittyvät bibliografiat ovat varsin puutteellisia.
Erityistä huomiota tässä väitöskirjassaan kiinnitetään kirjailijoiden välisiin
henkilökohtaisiin suhteisiin, kustantamoiden ja yhdistysten välisiin kontakteihin
sekä myös kirjallisuuden kääntämiseen ja käännöskirjallisuuden vastaanottoon
kirjallisuuskritiikissä. Keskeisiä tekijöitä ovat siis tekstit ja kustantajat, kun taas
lukija-vastaanottaja jää taka-alalle. Ensimmäinen suomalainen kirjailija, jonka teoksia käännettiin bulgariaksi, oli valistuskirjailija P. Päivärinta. Häntä seurasivat tolstoilainen A. Järnefelt ja vuodesta 1939 alkaen nobelisti F. E. Sillanpää. Ensimmäinen
bulgarialainen kirjailija, jonka teoksia käännettiin suomeksi on I. Vazov. Käännöstoiminnalle oli tyypillistä, että käännettiin sellaista kirjallisuutta, jonka ajateltiin
valistavan ja sivistävän kansaa sekä rikastuttavan oman kirjallisuuden tematiikkaa
ja lajeja. Bulgarian ja Suomen kirjallisuuden klassikoita alettiin kääntää vasta 1960luvulla.
Vastoin ennakko-odotuksia bulgarialaisilla näyttää olleen suomalaisista
konkreettinen kansalliskuva, joka on korostetun myönteinen. Bulgarialaisten Suomi-kuvan voidaan katsoa edustaneen bulgarialaista fennofiilisyyttä, johon puolestaan vaikutti venäläinen fennofiilisyys. Suomalaisia koskevan kansalliskuvan syntyyn Bulgariassa vaikutti olennaisesti venäläisen fennofiilin G. Petrovin teoksen
Valkoisten liljojen maassa. Suomi ilmestyminen vuonna 1925. Kyseisessä teoksessa
suomalaisia luonnehditaan rehellisiksi, suoriksi, ahkeriksi, sisukkaiksi vaikkakin
köyhiksi ihmisiksi, jotka rakastavat i isänmaataan ja ovat valmiita antamaan henkensä sen puolesta. Petrovin hengenheimolainen oli bulgarialainen D. Božkov, joka
teki tunnetuksi fennofiili Petrovin teoksia kotimaassaan ja merkittävää on se, että
hän teki yleisesti tunnetuksi käsitteen ”valkoiset liljat”, josta muodostui Suomen
symboli Bulgariassa. Suomen kansalliskuvan muotoutuminen on mielenkiintoinen
ja monitahoinen ilmiö, jota analysoidaan kulttuurintutkimuksen näkökulmasta
käsitteiden maailmankuva, kansalliskuva, klisee ja stereotypia avulla. Työssä luodaan myös katsaus kansojen yhteiskunnallis-poliittiseen ja kulttuuriseen kehitykseen sekä tarkastellaan maidenvälisten kulttuurikontaktien dynamiikkaa. Siinä
tarkastellaan myös bulgarialaisten ja suomalaisten kansallistunnon kehittymistä
sekä valtioiden itsenäistymisprosessien vaiheita. Kulttuuristen prosessien analyysi
paljastaa typologisia samankaltaisuuksia ja eroja, jotka selittävät Suomen ja Bulgarian keskinäisten suhteiden ainutkertaisuutta. Suomen ja Bulgarian välisiä kirjallisuus- ja kulttuurisuhteita koskevaa aineistoa analysoidaan erityisesti reseptioon
liittyvien kysymysten näkökulmasta. Tarkastelun kohteena on sekä bulgarialaisen
215
kirjallisuuden reseptio Suomessa että suomalaisen kirjallisuuden reseptio Bulgariassa. Lisäksi kiinnitetään huomiota Bulgarian historian tapahtumiin osallistuneiden suomalaisten henkilöiden toimintaan. Tarkasteltavia elämänalueita ovat diplomatia (K. Ehrnrooth), tiede (J. J. Mikkola), kansanvalistus (P. Päivärinta), pahanvastustamattomuusliike eli tolstoilaisuus (A. Järnefelt) sekä osuustoiminta (H.
Gebhard). Erityisesti kiinnitetään huomiota suomalaisten kirjailijoiden valistuskirjojen julkaisuun Bulgariassa kulttuurisen kanssakäymisen kolmen ensimmäisen
vuosikymmenen aikana. Lisäksi käsitellään Suomen aikalaiskuvan ilmentymistä G.
Petrovin, D. Božkovin, G. Guntshevin ja D. Bojuklievin kirjoituksissa. Suomalaisten
sankarillinen toimintaa talvisodassa tarkastellaan yhtenä tekijänä, joka vahvisti
myönteistä kuvaa suomalaisista Bulgariassa. Tutkimusaineistosta käy ilmi, että
bulgarialaisten tuntevat erityistä sympatiaa Suomea ja suomalaisia kohtaan. Tämän
ovat maininneet myös monet suomalaiset kirjoittajat (esim. T. Ylinen, O. Talas, S.
Salokorpi ja P. Jyrkänkallio). Erityinen suhtautuminen suomalaisiin on herättänyt
vastakaikua myös Golemanovin, Kiranovan ja muiden bulgarialaisten kirjailijoiden
teoksissa vaikka ne ovat ilmestyneet vasta II maailmansodan jälkeen. Syitä siihen,
miksi bulgarialaiset tuntevat ainutlaatuista kunnioitusta ja sympatiaa tuntematonta
ja kaukaista Suomea kohtaan, pyritään löytämään analysoimalla molempien maiden historiallisia kohtaloita ja kirjallisuus- ja kulttuurisuhteita. Jotta olisi mahdollista luoda objektiivinen historiallinen kuva kanssakäymisestä ja kontakteista, on tärkeää ymmärtää, mitkä niistä tosiasiallisesti ovat jättäneet jälkensä vastaanottavan
puolen tajuntaan ja vaikuttivat suomalaisista syntyneeseen kansalliskuvaan. Suomalaisten mielissä taas bulgarialaisilla ei ole erityisasemaa muiden etnosten joukossa.
Mitä tulee suomalaisia koskevan kansalliskuvan reseptioon Bulgariassa, eräs
keskeisimmistä teemoista on, miten määritellä G. Petrovin (1925) teoksen Valkoisten
liljojen maassa. Suomi asema niiden tekijöiden joukossa, jotka vaikuttivat suomalaisista muotoutuneeseen kansalliskuvaan Bulgariassa. Venäläisen älymystön edustaja ja fennofiili G. Petrov, joka kirjoitti em. teoksen lisäksi Suomea käsitteleviä artikkeleita ja teoksia, nousee keskeiseksi hahmoksi. D. Božkov välitti bulgarialaiseen
kulttuuriin venäläisten fennofiilien näkemyksiä, jotka puolestaan heijastuivat bulgarialaisten suomalaisista luomaan kansalliskuvaan. Tämän vuoksi tarkastellaan
lyhyesti myös suomalaisten ja venäläisten välisten kontaktien historiaa ja pyritään
selvittämään venäläisen fennofiilisyyden erityispiirteitä ja sen yhtymäkohtia bulgarialaisen fennofiilisyyteen.
Olettamusta, jonka mukaan bulgarialaisten maailmankuvaan kuuluu erityinen myytti Suomesta ja suomalaisista, perustellaan teoreettisesti tarkastelemalla
myytin ja erityisesti kansallismyytin käsitettä. Lisäksi analysoidaan suomalaisten
stereotyyppisiä käsityksiä bulgarialaisista ja eritellään bulgarialaisten Suomi-kuvan
osatekijöitä. Työssä kehitellään myös suomalaisia koskevan kansallismyytin syntyä
sekä esitetään Bulgarian ja Suomen välisten kontaktien aikajaotus. Työssä on liitteenä bibliografia teoksista joita on suomennettu ja tärkeimmistä Suomesta kirjoitetuista artikkeleista ja päinvastoin.
216
3EA?9[1?%!==!a 93G+C!GIC!
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217
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'D4(@D@& 1940 7. K4>4H,. E@L4b. %-8 %,R,D, (@*. 1, No: 10, F.6.
'J>R,& 1923 'J>R@. 7":,&":". A:,&,>. Q"68". EB4F">4, 2" <:"*,0H" 8, F. 106-109.
'J>R,& 1940 '. K4>:">*4b. E@L4b. AD@F&,H" 5, F. 545-557.
'JD,&4R 1996 A. E. 7J:\HJD@:@(4b. ;@F8&". 32*. ”1>">4,”.
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)@>R,& 1967 =48@:"6. 7J:HJD>4H, >4 &DX284 F K4>:">*4b. E@L4b. %,R,D>4 >@&4>4 4557.
219
)@>R,& 1981 =48@:"6. AD@L. 9J4*04 E":&4>4. #X:("D4FH48" 4 $X:("D4FH4. EH"H44 4
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7"FH,:@& 4 %:"*4<4D E4<,@>@&. E@L4b. 32*."="J8" 4 428JFH&@" F. 310 - 312.
)D"(">@& 1908 !. 3&. K4>:">*F84b &XBD@F. #X:("DF84 BD,(:,*. '. 10, No: 70, F. 2.
)D"(@,& 1940 A,HXD. "E&,V,>" >4V,H"" D@<"> @H KD">F +<. E4:">B,. EB. ;:"*
8@@B,D"H@D, DJ$D48" ”7"8&@ *" R,H,<?” 13-14, F. 16.
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E$@D>48 F 42F:,*&">4b. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 149-164.
)J6R,& 1980 3&">. 3FH@D4R,F84 &DX284 <,0*J #X:("D4b 4 S&,P4b. E@L4b. ="D@*>"
8J:HJD" 38 (1263).
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+*4> <4: >" #X:("D4b (@FH. AD@L,F@D ;48@:" 2" $X:("DF8"H" >"J8". E@L4b. %-8
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;'I, F. 6-18.
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>" FD"&>4H,:>@H@ :4H,D"HJD@2>">4,. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 166 - 178.
/4D<J>F846 1939 %. !. %,F,:@&F846 =.(1838-1906). 32$D">>Z, FH"H\4. 9,>4>(D"*.
/4D<J>F846 1961 %. AD@$:,<Z FD"&>4H,:\>@-4FH@D4R,F8@(@ 42JR,>4b :4H,D"HJD.
;@F8&". 32&,FH4b != EEEC, 19.
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7J:\HJD" 4 4FH@D4b. E:"&b>F846 <4D. C!=. 3>FH4HJH E:"&b>@&,*,>4b 4
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#X:("DF84 L@:8:@D 3, F. 112-114.
3(@& 1991 E&,H:@2"D. 3FH@D4b >" $X:("DF8"H" :4H,D"HJD" (1878-1944). E@L4b. 32*. #!=.
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3F"8@& 1969 E,D(,6. 32 4FH@D4bH" >" ,FH@>F8@-$X:("DF84H, :4H,D"HJD>4 &DX284.
#X:("DF84 H,<4 & ,FH@>F8"H" :4H,D"HJD". E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD" 2, F. 21-32.
220
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7"FF4D,D 1998" ]D>FH. G,N>48" B@:4H4R,F84N <4L@&. ;@F8&". Alma mater. %,FH>48
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7"FF4D,D 1998$ ]D>FH. 32$D">>@,. ?BZH @ R,:@&,8,. ;@F8&". 32*. ”'"D*"D48"”, (9484
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74T84> 1992 9.E. 94H,D"HJD>Z, F&b24. AD,*<,H, P,:4, BD@$:,<"H48" 4 <,H@*48"
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7:4>(, 1990 ;"HH4. ?R,D8 4FH@D44 K4>:b>*44. 7,JDJ. 32*. ”?H"&"”.
7@&":.&" 1992 3. 3. EHDJ8HJD" 4 <,H@* ")4":,8H484 <4L"". ;@F8&". Arbor mundi.
;4D@&@, *D,&@. The World Tree 1, 146-150.
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#X:("D@-(,D<">F84 @H>@T,>4b 4 &DX284. 32F:,*&">4b 4 <"H,D4":4.E@L4b. 32*.
#!=, H. I, F. 35-70.
7@FH@&" 1979 +<4:4b. #X:("D@-(,D<">F84H, @H>@T,>4b & FX&D,<,>>"H" $X:("DF8"
4FH@D4@(D"L4b. #X:("D@-(,D<">F84 @H>@T,>4b 4 &DX284. 32F:,*&">4b 4 <"H,D4":4.
E@L4b. 32*. #!=, G. I, F. 577-589.
7@^> 1997 EH4&,>. 7"D: A@BB,D 4 4*,b @H8DZH@(@ @$V,FH&". ;@F8&". Alma mater. %,FH>48
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7D"F>@& 1963 '. %. AD@$:,<" >"P4@>":\>@(@ N"D"8H,D" & DJFF8@6 4 $@:("DF8@6
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7J:\HJD" 4 4FH@D4b. E:"&b>F846 <4D. 1997. C!=. 3>FH4HJH F:"&b>@&,*,>4b 4
$":8">4FH484. ;@F8&". 32*. 3>*D48.
7J:\HJD@:@(4b. MM &,8. 1995. !>H@:@(4b. ;@F8&". 32*. ”_D4FH”, (9484 8J:\HJDZ).
221
7J:\HJD@:@(4b. MM &,8. 1998. ]>P48:@B,*4b & *&JN H@<"N. EA$. 32*. I>4&,DF4H,HF8"b
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9.2@& 1998 E,D(,6. ]D>FH 7"FF4D,D 4 L4:@F@L4b <4L". ;@F8&". Alma mater. %,FH>48
&ZFT,6 T8@:Z 9, F. 164-167.
9,R,& 1992 ),R8@. #,:,084 >" 42*"H,:b. %: 'D4(@D46 A,HD@& % FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44.
K4>:">*4b. 11 42*. AD,&@* @H DX8@B4F" 4 BD,*(@&@D @H ). #@08@&. E BD,*(@&@D @H
),R8@ 9,R,&. SJ<,>. 32*"H,:F8" 8XV" "3:. C. #:XF"8@&".
9,R,& 2000 ),R8@. U"FH:4& 04&@H. %<,FH@ BD,*(@&@D. %: #@08@& )4>\@.
EXBD48@F>@&,>4b F :4R>@FH4 >" *JN" 4 B,D@H@. EXFH., BD,*(@&@D 4 $,:,084 ),R8@
9,R,&.E@L4b. I>4&. 42*. ”E&. 7:4<,>H ?ND4*F84”, F. 5-7.
94>*FH,H 1981 5@J8@. K4>:">*F8"H" $X:("D4FH48" BD,2 70-H, (@*4>4. #X:("D4FH4R>4
42F:,*&">4b. AXD&4 $X:("D@-F8">*4>"&F84 F4<B@24J< 24-30 F,BH,<&D4 1979 (.
E@L4b. I>4&. "7:. ?ND4*F84", F. 316-317.
9@F,& 1998 !.K. G,@D4b <4L4R,F8@(@ <ZT:,>4b J 7"FF4D,D". %: 7"FF4D,D ]D>FH.
32$D">>@,. ?BZH @ R,:@&,8,. ;@F8&". 32*. "'"D*"D48"". (9484 8J:\HJDZ), F. 730-758.
9@F,& 1999 !.K. E"<@, F"<@. E@R4>,>4b. ;@F8&". 1!? "32*."]7E;?-AD,FF".
9JD\, 1997 E. %. 3FH@D4R,F8"b ^H>@:@(4b. EB$. 32*. ”!FB,8H BD,FF”.
9`:4>F84 1942 9`*<4:. E,:F84 B4F"H,: >@F4H,: >" =@$,:@&"H" BD,<4b KD. +<. E4:">B,.
EB. ;:"* 8@@B,D"H@D 13-14, F. 12.
;""<b(4 1977 C.%. D,*. 32 4FH@D44 ^FH@>F8@-$@:("DF84N F&b2,6. 7 FH@:,H4` DJFF8@HJD,P8@6 &@6>Z 1877-1878 (@*@&. G"::4>.
;">\8@&F8"b 1970 '.9. 32*">4, 4 D"BD@FHD">,>4, B,D,&@*@& NJ*@0,FH&,>>@6 :4H,D"HJDZ
8"8 @*4> 42 L"8H@D@& D"2&4H4b >"P4@>":\>@6 8J:\HJDZ (>" <"H,D4":, !:$">44,
#@:("D44, _(@F:"&44 F F,D,*4>Z XIX &,8" *@ 1944 (.). ;@F8&".
;"D4>@&" & 7@FH@&" 1981. =4>" ;"D4>@&" & G">b 7@FH@&". 1" $X:("D4FH48"H" &
M@:">*4b. E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD" 3, F. 124-125.
;"D8@& 1973 ). K. %@BD@FZ H,@D44 4 <,H@*@:@(44 FD"&>4H,:\>@(@ 42JR,>4b F:"&b>F84N
:4H,D"HJD. ED"&>4H,:\>@, 42JR,>4, F:"&b>F84N :4H,D"HJD. ;@F8&", c. 21-22.
;,:,H4>F846 1995 +. ;@F8&". A@^H48" <4L". 2-, 42*. D,BD. E,D4b ”3FF:,*@&">4b B@
L@:\8:@DJ 4 <@L@:@(44 %@FH@8"”. ;@F8&".
;48J,F 1899 #. K4>:">*4b 4 CJF4b (EB@<,> @H ,*>" >"JR>" @$48@:8"). #X:("DF84
BD,(:,*, (@*. 5, 9-10, F. 104-206.
;4>8@& 1939 E&,H@F:"&. +*>@ HXD0,FH&@ >" K4>:">*4b. KD">F +<4: E4:">B, - >@&4bH
:"JD,"H >" =@$,:@&"H" BD,<4b 2" :4H,D"HJD". E@L4b. %-8 1@D" 6127, F. 6.
;4>8@& 1940 E&,H@F:"&. AD,*(@&@D. %: E4:">B,, KD">F +<4:. E&,V,>" >4V,H". C@<">.
AD,&. @H LD. 3D4>" E@8,D@&". E@L4b. 32*. "M,<JF". 32$D">4 BD@42&,*,>4b 42
F&,H@&>"H" :4H,D"HJD".
;4>8@&" 1985 94:b>". CJF8"H" 8J:HJD" 8"H@ B@FD,*>48 & >,<F8@-$X:("DF84H, >"JR>4 4
:4H,D"HJD>4 &DX284 BD,2 %X2D"0*">,H@. #X:("D@->,<F84 :4H,D"HJD>4 4 8J:HJD>4
&2"4<@@H>@T,>4b BD,2 XVIII 4 XIX &,8. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 242-256.
;4LZ >"D@*@& <4D". 1982. ]>P48:@B,*4b & *&JN H@<"N. ;@F8&".
222
;4N"6:@&" 1980 +8"H,D4>". GJDP42<4H, & D@<">" >" 3&. %"2@& "A@* 4(@H@" 4
@HD"0,>4,H@ 4< & BD,&@*" >" D@<">" >" DJF84 ,248. E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD", 6.
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;@<R4:@& 1988 7. #X:("DF84 (@FH4 >" G@:FH@6. E@L4b. ?H,R,FH&@ 9, F. 29-31.
=,8D"F@& 1993 '. !. GZFbR" :,H DJFF8@-T&,*F8@-L4>F84N 8J:\HJD>ZN F&b2,6 IX-XVIII &&.
32*. ”="J8"”.
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=48@:",>8@ 1997 %.%. K@D<4D@&">4, >"P4@>":\>@(@ 8J:\H" & $@:("DF8@6 8J:\HJD,
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=48@:@& =4>@ F<. H"80, Nikolov, Nino.
=48@:@& 1994 =4>@. 'JF:" @H 8@FH >" VJ8". E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 12 F. 8.
=4R,& 1978 #@b>. ED"&>4H,:>@ :4H,D"HJD@2>">4, 4 >"P4@>":>4 :4H,D"HJD4. AD@$:,<4 >"
FD"&>4H,:>@H@ :4H,D"HJD@2>">4,. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 31-45.
=@&48@&" 1997 3. =. ',D<">4b 4 BD@$:,<" L4>:b>*F8@6 >,2"&4F4<@FH4 (1914 - 1916).
%,FH>48 E">8H-A,H,D$JD(F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H", E,D. 2, &ZB. 1 (No: 2), F. 108-112.
=JD40"> 1940 /@D0. AD4bH,:4 >" #X:("D4b. E@L4b.
?F&@$@0*,>4, >" #X:("D4b 4 :4H,D"HJD"H". E$@D>48 F 42F:,*&">4b. 1978. E@L4b. 32*.
#!=.
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$X:("D@-F8">*4>"&F84 F4<B@24J< 24-30 F,BH,<&D4 1979 (. E@L4b. I>4&. "7:.
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AD,&@* @H LD,>F84 +:4F"&,H" 74DR,&". E@L4b. #4$:4@H,8" ”E&,H@&>4 "&H@D4”.
1>"<,>4H4 FX&D,<,>4 D@<">4. '@*. 11, 8>. 8.
A,F@>,> 1995 A,88". ? L4>F8@6 F:"&4FH48,. ;@F8&". =@&@, :4H,D"HJD>@, @$@2D,>4, 12, F.
226-237.
A,H8">@& 1981 3&">. 3H":4">F84bH $X:("D4FH 9J4*04 E":&4>4. E@L4b. +248 4
:4H,D"HJD" 1, F. 63-68.
A,HD@& 1936 'D4(@D46. % FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44. EJ@<4 - K4>:">*4b. 10 42*. AD,&@* @H
DX8@B4F" 4 BD,*(@&@D @H ).[4<4HXD] 3&">@& #@08@&. E BD,*(@&@D @H ;. 5@&@&.
E@L4b. 231 F. (AD4:. >" FB4F">4, "IR4:4V,> BD,(:,*", (@* 35).
A,HD@& 1992 'D4(@D46. % FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44. EJ@<4 - K4>:">*4b. 11 42*. AD,&@* @H
DX8@B4F" 4 BD,*(@&@D @H ). #@08@&. E BD,*(@&@D @H ),R8@ 9,R,&. SJ<,>.
32*"H,:F8" 8XV" "3:. C. #:XF"8@&".
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A,HD@& 1911 'D.[4(@D46]. 1"8@>R,>>Z6 8DJ(. A"<bH4 9\&" =48@:",&4R" G@:FH@(@. 28 "&(.
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EA#. 32*. "AD"&*"".
223
A,HD@& 1929 'D4(@D46. CJF4b 4 #X:("D4b. GD"(,*4bH" >" CJF4b, 8"8 <@0, *" F, 42*4(>,
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Siiberg 1982 Liilia. Kääntämisen taito. E. Bagrjanan ”A@H@<8"H"” ”Jälkeläinen” Pertti
Valtakarin kääntämänä. EH@H4>8" 2, F. 6-7.
Toshkov 1974 Veselin. Ivan Vazovin romaani ”Pod igoto” ja Tyyni Leision suomennos tyylivertailuja. Laudaturtutkielma prof. Virtarannan johdolla.
Vastinesluoma 1999 Carita Mirjami. CJFF84, B">F:"&4FHZ 4 &@FH@R>Z6 &@BD@F - E,D$4b 4
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kirjallisuus. Helsingin yliopisto.
Valtšev 1989 Georgi. ”Suomalais-bulgarialaisia kulttuurisuhteita” Esitelmä seminaarissa
Suomi ja Euroopan kansat 24.05.1989. Jyväskylä.
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237
Финская литература, переведённая на болгарский язык и
статьи о ней до 1945 года
ФИНСКАЯ НАРОДНАЯ СКАЗКА
Пересказал по-болгарски Владимир Рангелов.
Горският великан. Финландска народна приказка. София. Изд. авт. Печ.
Добринов. 1935. Библиотека «Детско другарче» 17.
Замъкът на съкровищата. Финландска. народна приказка. София. Изд. авт. 1937. 15
с. Библиотека «Детско другарче» 104.
Конникът без глава. Финландска народна приказка. София. 1935. 15 с. Библиотека
«Имало едно време» 3.
Конникът без глава. Медната царкиня. Финландска народна приказка. Приказки от
цял свет. София. Книгоизд. «Лотос». 1930. 112 с.
Метларя и царя. Финландска приказка. Превод В. Сарживанов. София. 1932.
Приказки от цял свет 7.
Смелият княз. Финландска народна приказка. София. Изд. авт. 1937. 16 с.
Библиотека «Детско другарче» 89.
Феята от синия извор. Финландска народна приказка. София. Изд. авт. 1936. 8 с.
Библиотека «Детско другарче» 29.
Хвърковатият кон [Конникът без глава]. Финландска народна приказка. София.
Изд. авт. 1938. 14 с. Библиотека «Детско другарче» 129.
АЛКИО Сантери
Баща им в Америка. Превод от немски. София. Сп. Ново време 1897:8, с. 844848.
АХО Юхани
Дървото на нечистата съвест. Разказ. Превод Ив. Георгиев. Пловдив. В-к
Южна България 1909:21, с. 2.
Женитба. Разказ. Превод A. Вълаков (П. Бакалов). София. Сп. Българска
сбирка 1898:3, с. 280-283.
Заселище. Разказ. В-к Вести 1903:6, с. 3-5.
Малки и големи. Фейлетон. Превод Ив. O-ев. Сп. Възраждане 1929:2, с. 36-38.
Поселище. Разказ. Превод Н. Ненов. София. В-к Литературни новини 1927:33,
с. 1-2.
Ти гасиш - аз запалвам. Разказ. Превод Ив. O-ев. Сп. Възраждане 1929:8, с. 24024З.
[Ахо Юхани]Ненов Н. Финска литература. В-к Литературни новини 1928: 33,
с. 2.
ГЕБХАРТ Ганнес
Защо е по-къс Малък Сечко. Превод от немски Иван Кръстев. София. Изд. Ал.
Паскалев. [1918]. В сб. Слънчеви лъчи. Книжки за деца с картинки 3.
ГЕБХАРТ Ганнес & ТРЕЙБЛ, В
Доклад на положението на българското кооперативно дело. София. 15 октомври
1931. 17 уuni 1931. Приложени към «Известия на Българска Централна
Кооперативна Банка». 1931:6.
ЕРНЕФЕЛТ Арвид см. ЯРНЕФЕЛЬТ Арвид
[ЙОТУНИ Мария]
Съобщение за смъртта и. София. В-к Слово 1943:6339.
Съобщение за смъртта и. София. В-к Литературен глас 1943:611.
238
ЛИНАНКОСКИ Ёханес
Песен за червеното цвете. Превод от френски Мария Орлинова. София. Изд.
Ст. Атанасов 1943, с. 274 - Библиотека «Златни зърна» год. 8, кн. 4.
Песен за любовта. Финландски роман. Превод от френски Ник. Шивачев. В-к
Дневник 1943 бр. 13072-13109. Библиотека на в-к “Дневник”.
Целувката. София. В-к Дневник 1925:7670.
Целувката. София. Вестник на жената 1937:704.
Усмивката. София. В-к Дневник 1925:7676.
Усмивката. София. Илюстрована седмица 1925:142.
Усмивката. София. В-к Глобус 1928: 31.
Усмивката. София. Народен театър 1935:44.
Усмивката. София. Вестник на жената 1937:706.
Усмивката. В-к Дъга 1942: 466.
ПЕЙВЕРИНТ Арви
Само една детска болест... Разказ на ... [1941]. «За това няма да ни отрежат
главата я!” 3.
ПЕЙВЕРИНТА Петер [Пайваринта. Пиетари]
Изгубен живот. Превод Б.Ц. София. Сп. Български преглед 1896:3, с. 2-32.
Изгубен живот. Превод от немски Б. Цонев. Битоля. Българско неделно
училище. Книжки на Битолско неделно училище 1896:5. 63 с.
Изгубен живот. Повест. Превод К. И. Л. София. Изд. Ст. Атанасов. 1909. 37 с. Библиотека за самообразование 5.
Изгубен живот. Превод К. И. Л. София. Изд. Ст. Атанасов. 1917. 54 с. Библиотека «Цвят» 4.
Изгубен живот. Изповед на един пияница. Повест. Превод Мария Ненова.
София. Изд. Ив. Куюмджиев. «Борба с пиянството» кн. 6, 1928, с. 48.
Мати сиромахът. Разказ. Превод Т. Маринов. В антология “Без маска”.
София. 1934, с. 75-93.
Петю и Ханка. Приказка. Превод Беньо Цонев. Сп. Български преглед. 1896:910, с. 132-154.
Старата сиромахкиня. Разказ. Сп. Православен проповедник 1896:1, с. 3-13.
Старата сиромахкиня. Силистра. В-к Добруджа 1901:13, с. 2-3.
Спътник. Статия. Сп. Възраждане 1925:9, с. 270-278.
[Пяйвяринта Пиетари] Излезе от печат книгата «Изгубен живот».
Съобщение. В-к Книжрска дума. Варна 1928:19, с. 2.
РУНЕБЕРГ Иохан-Лудвиг
Възпоминани. [Припомням и аз днес…]. Превод Иван Арнаудов. София.
Сп. Българска сбирка год. 9, 1902 от 1 май, с. 308-309.
САЛМИНЕН Сали [Салли]
Катерина. Роман. Превод от шведски оригинал Александър Шишманов.
София. Печ. Бр. Миладинови. «Знаменити романи» поредица 1:1. 1943. 456
с.
СЕТЕЛЕ Хелми
Детето на скръбта. Повест. Превод Ат. Радев. Ямбол. Книж. «Просвета» 1912.
74 с. Худож. библиотека 4. 2 изд. София. Изд. «Знание» [1914-1915] Универс.
библиотека №№ 327-329.
Детето на скръбта. Финландски роман. София. Изд. и печ. Гутенберг. 1918.
84 с. Модерна Библиотека №№109-111.
СИЛАНПЕЕ Франс Емил [СИЛЛАНПЯ Франс Емил]
Зимна нощ в Финландия. Отрывок. В-к Победа 1933:163, с. 4.
239
“Свещена нищета“. Роман. С предговор от Жан-Луи Пере. Превод от фр.
Елисавета Кирчева. София. 1940. 140 с. Библиотека «Световни автори»
(Знаменити съвремени романи), год. 11, кн. 8.
“Свещена нищета“. Роман. Превод от фр. Ирина Сокерова. С предговор от
Светослав Минков. София. Изд. Хемус. 1930. 228 с. Худож. библиотека
«Избрани произведения из световната литература».
“Силя или една кратка съдба”. Превод Лукса Данаилова. София. 1941. 264 с.
Библиотека «Знаменити романи», год. 1, кн. 3.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Бабев. Дим. Нобелевата награда за литература.
София. 1939. Сп. Училищен преглед год. 37, с. 1252-1253.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Богданов. А. Рецензия на Франс Ем. Силанпе
“Свещена нищета“. Превод от фр. Ирина Сокерова. София. Изд. Хемус. Сп.
Читалище, год. 19, 1940:7-8, с. 253-254.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Драгоев. Петър “Свещена нищета“ роман от Франс
Ем. Силанпе Сп. Млад кооператор, рубрика «Какво да четем?" 1940:13-14, с.
16.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Излезе от печат книга “Свещена нищета“
Съобщение. Варна. В-к Книжарска дума 1940:161, с. 4.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Константинов Георги. Финска книга преведена на
български език. “Свещена нищета“роман от Фр. Ем. Силанпе. София. В-к
Днес 1940:48, с. 4.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Люлински Людмил. Селски писател носител на
Нобеловата премия Фр. Ем. Силанпе. Сп. Млад кооператор 1942:13-14, с. 1-2.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Минков Светослав. Едно тържество на Финландия.
Франс Емил Силанпе - новият лауреат на Нобеловата премия за
литература. София. В-к Зора 1939:6127, с. 6.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Нобеловата премия на литература. (Снимка с
бележка под нея). Съобщение. Пловдив. В-к Борба 1939:5565, с. 1.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Нобеловата премия и телеграми между Шведската
Академия и Франс Емил Силанпе. Съобщение. София. В-к Вечер 1939:29, с.1.
[Силанпе. Франс Емил] Нови лауреати на Нобеловата премия. В-к Вчера и
днес 1939:29.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Нобеловата премия на Франс Емил Силанпе.
Съобщение. София. В-к Вчера и днес 1939:36, с. 3.
[Силанпе Франс Емил. ] Нобеловата премия на Франс Емил Силанпе (с
фото) Съобщение. София. В-к Зора 1939:6126, с. 6.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] “Свещена нищета“ роман от Франс Ем. Силанпе
(Без подпис). В-к Казанлышка искра 1940:379, с. 3.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] Селски писател… Съобщение. София. В-к Подем
1939:154, с. 1.
[Силанпе Франс Емил] За коя книга е дадена последната Нобеловата
награда. В-к Зора 1942: 6875.
СИЛАНПЕ Сикор. Злата планина. (Лапландски разказ) В-к Зора 1943: 6972.
ТАЛВИО Маила
Любов. Роман. Превод от шведски Ал. Шишманов. София. Изд.
Просвещение. 1942. 195 с. Универс. библиотека 7-9.
ТОПЕЛИУС Закариас
Сампо Лапландчето. Приказка. София. Изд. Ал. Паскалев. [1918]. В сб.
Слънчеви лъчи. Книжки за деца с картинки 2, 24 с.
240
ШИЛДТ Рюнар
Капризите на любовта. Повест. Превод от шведски Ал. Шишманов. София.
Изд. Просвещение. 1942. Универс. библиотека 1.
ЯРНЕФЕЛЬТ Арвид
В царството на безмълвието и мрака. Приказка. Превод И-ов. София.
Възраждане 1934:7, с. 201-203.
Деца на светлината и на щастието. Превод П.Г.П. Бургас. Възраждане 192З:6, с.
171-173.
Смърт. Пиеска. Превод от немски Н. Желев. Бургас. Възраждане 1914:6, с. 816.
Тит, разрушителят на Ерусалим. Драма в 5 дейст. Превод Цв. Маринов.
София. Изд. Хемус. 1918. 96 с. Универс. библиотека, 16.
Три съдби. Повест. Превод д-р Л. Аджаров. София. Кооп. д-во Възраждане
1932:205. 83 с.
Чеда на земята. Разказ. Превод Ив. В-в. София. Възраждане 1934. 139 с.
[Ярнефельт Арвид] Цанев Ив. Арвид Ернефелд. Бургас. Възраждане 1921:6, с.
173-181.
[Ярнефельт Арвид] Цанев Ив. Наченки на едно литературно течение.
Бургас. Сп. Възраждане 1920:6, с. 177-185.
[Ярнефельт Арвид] Ненов Н. Финската литература. София. В-к
Литературни новини 1928, год. 1:33, с. 2.
[Ярнефельт Арвид] Наживин Иван. Финландски писател Арвид Ернефелд.
София. В-к Свобода 1929:268, с. 3.
Основные статьи о Финляндии до 1945 года
БОЖКОВ Диньо
В страната на "белите лилии". Пътни впечатления... София. Сп. Духовна
пробуда 1910, г. 4. 14, стр. 12-19.
В страната на "белите лилии". Пътни впечатления... София. Сп. Съвременна
мисъл. 1914.
В страната на белите лилии”. Бележки от преводача. В: Григорий Петров. В
страната на белите лилии. Суоми - Финландия. Превод от ръкописа и
предговор от Д.Божков. В изданиях с 1-го по 10-е. София. 1925-1936, с. 4-18.
ВАКАРЕЛСКИ Христо.
Д-р Кале Куусинен. Български генерален консул в Финландия. София. В - к Зора
1939 год. 21. 6135, с. 6.
ГРИГОРОВ К.
Фините. София. В -к Вечер 1940, год. 1:106.
ГУНЧЕВ Гунчо
Калевала. Плевен. Списание за младежта Чайка 1923 : 8, с. 106-109.
Финландия. София. Сп. Просвета 1940:5, с. 545-557.
ДРАГАНОВ А. Ив.
Финландският въпрос. София. Сп. Български преглед год. 10, 1908:70, с. 2.
ЕТИГХОФЕР П.Ц.
В полярните лесове на Финландия. София. Библиотека «Нова Европа».
1943:15, с. 352-359.
241
Икономически сведения за Финляндия. София. Сп. Подем год. 2. 1918:11-12 (15-30
юни), с. 564-571.
ЙОВОВ М.
Моето пожелание. В: Григорий Петров. “В страната на белите лилии. Суоми
– Финляндия”. 10 изд. Превод от ръкописа и предговор от Д.Божков. С
предговор от М. Йовов. София. (Прил. на списание "Училищен преглед".
год 35). 1936, с. 5-6.
Лапландците. София. В-к Зора 1940:6176, с. б.
МИКУЕС Б.
Финляндия и Русия (Спомен от едка научна обиколка). София. Сп. Български
преглед год. 5. 1899:9-10, с. 104-206.
[МИКОЛА Иозефи]
Един мил на България гост. София. В-к Дневник 15. 02. 1918.
Златарски Васил. Към въпроса на българското летоброение. София.
Списание на БАН. Клон истор.-филологически и филос.-обществени 1915:6,
с. 1-17.
Златарски Васил. Проф. Микола и българската наука. В-к Дневник 18.02.
1918:5396.
НУАЛЕС Вирджиния.
Една жена от финландския фронт! Статия от «Съндей Таймс» Превод от англ.
Т. Ионов. София. Вестник на жената 1940:801, с. 10.
За Лотта Сверд. София. В-к Зора 1939:6159.
Финландия. София. "Страници за всички" год. 5. 1936:7 (16.12), с. 2.
[О финской бане] София. В-к Зора 1939:6169.
ПЕТРОВ Григорий.
“В страната на белите лилии. Финландия”. Прев . от ръкописа и предг . от
Д[имитър] Иванов Божков. София. ( култ. просвет. група Григорий Петров).
1925. 112 с.
2 изд. - 1925. 3. 4. 5 - 1926. 6. 7 - 1927. 8. 9 – 1929.
“В страната на белите лилии. Суоми – Финландия”. 10 изд. Превод от
ръкописа и предговор от Д. Иванов Божков. С предговор от М. Йовов.
София. 1936. 231 с. (Прил. на списание "Училищен преглед" год 35).
Към българска младеж. (I7 последно писмо и завет). Превод от ръкописа Д.
Божков. София. 1926. 46 с.
Русия и България.Трагедията на Русия. Как може да се издигне един народ и
да се направи благороден. На българското селско население. Превод от
ръкописа Д. Божков. София. 1929. Изд. “Напред”. 88 с.
Родителите и деца (Откъс из «В страната на белите лилии). Изд.“Народна
целина” 1926:2, с. 15-18.
[Петров Григорий ] «В страната на белите лилии». Подуенски глас 1925:16.
[Петров Григорий] Братованов Ст. «В страната на белите лилии» на турски.
Знаме l928:103.
[Петров Григорий] Копинаров Г. А. Една ценна книга. Пловдив. В-к Борба
1925:1283.
[Петров Григорий] Чанков Ж. Гр. Петров «В страната на белите лилии».
София. Учителски вестник 1925:6.
[Петров Григорий] Чилингиров Стилиян. Рецензия. "В страната на белите
лилии" от Григори Петров. Превод от ръкописа и предговор от Д. Божков.
В-к Казанлъшка искра 1925 год.1:3, с. 3.
242
[Петров. Григорий] Юруков Д. В. Григорий Петров. Личността и делото.
Критически очерк. София. Изд. «Посредник». 1927. 196 с.
Руския царизъм и "Финландия". София. Сп. Български преглед год.1, 1898:20, с. 2-9.
Сводка с фронта. София. В-к Слово 12.12.1939, год. 18:5228.
Странни нрави на финландците. София. В-к Зора 1939:6141.
Усилено технизиране на финското земледелие. София. В-к Кооперативно знание
1941:1(181.
Финландия в пламеците на войната. София. В-к Вчера и днес 1939:54-57.
Финландия след една година война срещу СССР. София. Мир 1942:12554.
Финландката от О. Чавола. София. Сп. Семейната беседа 1941:6, с. 2.
Храбростъта... София. В-к Вчера и днес 1939:41, с. 2.
ЧИЛИНГИРОВ Стилиян
Така е в Суоми… Сп. Трета културна седмица за селото. Единств. номер от 15.
1. 1942 г., с. 4.
ШИШКОВ Георги.
3а лапландците и Петсамо. София. В-к Зора 1939:6150.
ЯНЕВ Милко
Страната и народ за които най-много се говори днес. Пловдив. Борба 1939: 5577
от 4.12.1939, с. 2.
ЯНКОВ Ур. Хр.
Малка географска библиотека. 11: Финландия, 2 илл. София [s.a.].
K4>F8"b :4H,D"HJD", B,D,&,*,>>"b >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 4 FH"H\4 @
>,6 c 1945 Bo 2000 (@*
Сборники.
#@:8" 4 F<bN. E$@D>48 NJ<@D4FH4R>4 4 F"H4D4R>4 D"28"24. 32*. MD. '. )">@&.
A:@&*4&. 1983.
7":,&":". K4>F84 >"D@*,> ,B@F. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 F B@F:,F:@& >" =4>@ =48@:@&.
E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1992. 605 F .
A@:J>@V>@ F:X>P,. 10 D"28"2&"R4 @H E,&,D. E@L4b. 1981.
AD\FH,>\H >" &,R>@FHH". E$@D>48 FH4N@&,. EH4N@&, >" !>" !N<"H@&". '"$D4,:"
;4FHD": 4 +*4H E\@*,D(D">. AD,&@* 3&"> =48@:@& 4 *D. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>"
8J:HJD"». 1984.
C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. AD,&@* =. =48@:@&. ;. =48@:R4>". #:"("
)4<4HD@&". A"&,: E:"&b>F84 F B@*FD@R>4P4 @H L4>F84. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@
7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994.
E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. )">4b, 3F:">*4b, =@D&,(4b, K4>:">*4b, S&,P4b. AD,*(@&@D,
FXFH"&4H,: 4 D,*. '. %X:R,&. %"D>". 32*. '. #"8":@&. 1978. 495 F.
100 T,*\@&D4 >" ,&D@B,6F8"H" :`$@&>" :4D48". MM &,8. E@L4b. 1981. F. 63, 2-, и2*.
1981. 184 F.
100 T,*\@&D4 >" F@>,H". E@L4b. 1978.
EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E$@D>48. EXFH. 4 BD,*(@&@D @H #@(*">" 14*"D@&".
E@L4b. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD". 1971. 270 F. .K4>:">*F84 B@,H4 F. 195-245.
G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. A@*$@D: E"D4 A"6&"D4>, 4 C":4P"
A,HDJ>@&". 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996. 85 F.
243
K4>:">*F84 >"D@*>4 BD48"284. A@*$@D 4 BD,&@* @H L4>F84 '. %X:R,&. E@L4b. 32*.
”94H. L@DJ<”. 1993. 123 F.
K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E$@D>48. AD,&@* @H L4>F84, FXFH"&. 4 $,:,084 2" "&H@D4H, '.
%X:R,&. ПD,*(. %. G@T8@&. E@L4b. 32*. ”="D@*>" 8J:HJD"”. 1978. 204 F .
!A+93
%4>F84. 9`$4<,PXH >" (D"*". A@&,FH 2" *,P". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 #. A"D"T8,&@&.
E@L4b. Изд. ”?H,R,FH&@”. 1979. 88 F .
!C?5A!9? A,>H4
+8F4H. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В: E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>". Изд. '.
#"8":@&. 1978, F. 338-348.
!C?=AIC? 7"D4
EX>4V" 4 &4*,>4b. ?H FD"&>4H,:>@ $,*>@. AD,&@* A"&,: E:"&b>F84. ',@D(4
;"D4>@&. В: C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@
7@6&4FH@. E@L4b . 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 52.
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%X:R,& 4 >"B4F": $,:,084 2" "&H@D4H,. E@L4b. 32*. ”="D@*>" 8J:HJD"”. 1978, F.
14-24.
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=48@:R4>". ',@D(4 ;"D4>@& В: C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b.
EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 56-57.
#!C'I; _N">
Q"FH>4bH *,H,8H4&. C@<">. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 /">,H" )@>R,&". E@L4b.
”="D@*>" 8J:HJD"”. 1984. 176 F.
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14<"H" *@6*,. OXLHbV" 2,<b. %@BX:. AD,& %"F4:8" M4>8@&"; ?8,">. Q@&,8.
AD,&@* =,&,>" EH,L">@&". В сб.: EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. EXFH. 4
BD,*(. @H #@(*">" 14*"D@&". E@L4b. 32*. ”="D@*>" 8J:HJD"”. 1971.
;"684. AD,&@* @H L4>. %,F,:4> G@T8@& 4 EH,L"> #,F"D"$@&F84. E@L4b.
EHJ*,>HF8" HD4$J>" 1975. 18 b>&"Db.
E,&,D>@ F:X>P,. E$@D>48 FH4N@H&@D,>4b. AD,&@* F B@*FтD@R>48 @H L4>F84
1*D"&8@ 74F\@&. E@L4b. ”="D@*>" 8J:HJD"”. 1977, с. 48.
OXLHbV" 2,<b. EH4N@H&@D,>4,. AD,&@* %"F4:8" M4>8@&". E@L4b. %: 100.
T,*\@&D4 >" ,&D@B,6F8"H" :`$@&>" :4D48". MM &,8. 1981, F. 13.
[%":"7"HD4] ;4P8@& ',@D(4. E&,H:4>" 4 R@&,R>@FH.E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H.
1982: 4.
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7@6 J$4 (-0" E8D@L? C@<">. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ;"8F4< EH@,&. E@L4b. 32*.
”="Dодна <:"*,0”. 1985. 192 F.
E&@$@*"H" >" R@&,8". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 )@D" a>,&". В с$. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24.
E@L4b. 32*. ”="D@*>" 8J:HJD"”. 1978, F. 76-96
E4>JN, ,(4BHb>4>XH. A,H>"*,F,H 8>4(4 2" 04&@H" >" :,8"Db E4>JN, (@8. 13901335 (. BD.>.,.). C@<">. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 (F B@F:,F:.) #@D4F A"D"T8,&@&. E@L4b.
32*. ”="D@*>" 8J:HJD"”. 1986. 583 F.
E4>JN, ,(4BHb>4>XH. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 #@D4F A"D"T8,&@&. 2-, 42*">4, & 2 H@<".
E@L4b. И2*. ”7>40,> H4(XD”. 1994.
244
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BD,2 1453 r. AD,&@* @H GJ:" A"D8JFbD&4 4 3&"> #:"(@,&. E@L4b. 32*. ”7>40,>
H4(XD”. 1995. 351 F .
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EX@$V,>4b: =" FP,>"H" >" H,"HXD «GDJ*@& LD@>H". E@L4b. %,Rерни н@&4>4
1958:22101; E@L4b. C"$отническо *,:@ 1958:257.
=" FP,>"H" & GXD>@&@. E@L4b . %,Rерни н@&4>4 1959:2555; E@L4b. ?H,Rествен
фро>H 1959:474.
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F.
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:`$@&>" :4D48". MM &,8. E@L4b. 1981, F. 14.
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=,&,>а EH,L">@&". В с6. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. 32*.
«="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971.
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<"6 1966.
CX8"H" >" <@D,H@. EH4N@H&оD,>4,. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 '. ;4P8@&. E@L4b.
AD@FH@D4 1986:1. F. 84-85.
[)48H@>4JF, +:<,D] '4:4> C@(,D. 1" B@:4L@>42<" & B@:4H4R,F8"H" B@,24b B@,<4<, «E,BH,<&D4» 4 ”Q,D&,> +<4:4” @H +:<,D )48H@>4JF. В сB.
#X:("D4FH4R>4 42F:,*&">4b. III $X:("DF8@-F8">*. F4<B@24J<. 20-26 1985 E@L4b.
1991, F. 263-268
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1971.
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32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971.
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)4<4HD@&". E@L4b. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD". 1990. 400 F.
[5@,>B,:H@ +&"] 1" *" >, 42$,:,, Fb>8"H" H4… 3>H,D&`. E@L4b. !#% 1986:33
245
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E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 50-54.
7!5!%! %4:\@
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32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 42-49.
7!=G ;4>"
+<4. AD,& @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*.
«="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 7-13.
7!CA+9!= #J
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7D"H8@т@ FH4N@H&@D,>4,. E>,(\H. =" F,&,D. E&,H:4>"H" B"*". )" F4 BD42>"b.
1"FH4:" F4&4b F4 B@*. AD,&@* #:"(" )4<4HD@&" 4 !>H@">,H" AD4<"H@D@&";
C">,>4bH !>(,:. AD,&@* =4>@ ="8@:@& 4 C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:.
=@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994,
F. 22-26.
[7"DB,:"> #J] '">R,&" %,D". ;4FH48"H" >" D,":>@FHH". C"2(@&@D F L4>:">*F84
B4F"H,: #J 7"DB,:">. 94Hературен ф@DJ< 1992:44.
7+7?=+= IDN@
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G@T8@&. E BD,*(. @H A,HXD G">R,&. E@L4b. 32*. #1=E. 1980. 279 F.
73%3 !:,8F4F.
E,*<4>"H" $D"Hb. C@<">. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ;"8F4< EH@,&. E@L4b. 32*.
«="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1987.
[74&4 !:,8F4F] AXD&,&" +:8". AXD&@<"6FH@DXH. E@L4b. !#% 1986: 9.
[74&4 !:,8F4F] 74&4<"" !D&4. K4>:а>*4b & >,6>4bH H,"HD":,> 04&@H. E@L4b.
="D@*>" 8J:HJD" 1979:8, F. 5
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A@2"H" >" DX8"H". 32(J$,>" 2,<b. G@R>@ &D,<b 4 <bFH@. =@V>4 R"F@&,. AD,&@*
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">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,.
1994, F. 74-78.
73=!C3 A,8"
32"$,:". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>".
32*. '.#"8":@&. 1978, F. 331-333.
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+F-?-+F. AD,&од @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>".
32*. '. #"8":@&. 1978, F. 334-337.
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%"D>". 32*. ' . #"8":@&. 1978, F. 316-324.
7D":bH >" &,HD@N@*4H, ('JFH"& +D48F@>). AD,&@* @H L4>F84 GJ:" A"D8JFbD&4.
3&"> #:"(@,&. %"D>". 32* ' .#"8":@& . 1989. 143 F .
G,:,(D"<" *@ '@FB@*". C"28"24. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 GJ:" A"D8JDFbD&4 4 3&">
#:"(@,&. %"D>". 32* ' . #"8":@&. 1984. 166 F.
246
7?E7+=3+;3 %,68@-!>H,D@
+F,>,> F@>,H. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 74D4: 7"*46F84 4 ',@D(4 %X:R,&. В сб. 100
T,*X@&D4 >" F@>,H". E@L4b. 1978, F. 245.
+F,>,> F@>,H. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 74D4: 7"*46F84 4 ',@D(4 %X:R,&. E@L4b. !#%.
1986:9, F . 8.
7CI= 9,,>"
% R@&,T84 *D,N4. A@&,FH 2" (D"*". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 4 B@F:,F:@&4, #@D4F
A"D"T8,&@&. MJ*. 3>"D4 7DJ>. E@L4b. Изд. «?H,R,FH&@». 1981.
EB@<,> 2" FH@D,>@H@ @H >"F. AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&" В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4.
=@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b . 1996. F. 61-62.
E&,H:4>" @H "8&"D4J<. AD,&@* C . A,HDJ>@&" В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4
L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 62-64.
9!5=+ aD8@
1"<&@D>48X< >" 04&@H". E,:F8" 7@:,*" AD,&@* A"&,: E:"&b>F84 4 C4FH@
7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@
7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 64-65.
9!7E? G@6&@
A@FD,* 24<". %Fb8" ,F,>. A4D,6. A@D"F>":. Ч@&,8XH >, , &,R,> FXV4bH. 94FH"H"
B@:,B&"H B@ @(:,*":@H@. G\0>@ , *" 8D"R4T. +:N@&"H" (@D". 7D"R,N 8X< >,b.
AD,&@* ;4(:,>" 748@:R4>", ',@D(4 ;"D4>@&. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&"
L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 5859.
9!A39!5=+= ?6&".
AXH>4R8". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>".
32*. '. #"8":@&. 1978, F. 325-330.
9!C=3 ;"DH4
#,2 BXH,> :4FH & 04&@H". C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. %,R,D>4 >@&4>4 1977:7752, F.
4.
%F4R8@ & F<,H8"H". C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. C"$@H>4R,F8@ *,:@ 1977:147.
'D,T84H, >" FX&D,<,>>4H, @D"8J:4. EH"H4b 2" 9,>4>. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD" 1970: 16.
F. $.
)0,D4 K4> FH"&" 2>"<,>4H@FH & N4D@BD"8H48"H". ?H8XF @H "Q,H&XDH4b
BD,T:,>". Aереводчик >, указан. EHXDT,: 1967:1095, F. 4.
)4":@24. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 E&,H@F:"& 7@:,&. E@L4b. %,Rерни >@&4>4
1973:19.
/,FH@8@ >"8"2">4,. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. E@L4b. %,Rерни н@&4>4 1970:5940
4 A@(:,* 1971:2.
/4&@HXH F4 FHDJ&" *" F, 4204&,,. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 %,D" '">R,&".
E@L4b. A:"<X8 1967:12, F. 36-38.
/4&@H >" 42B:"V">,. MJ<@D4FH4R,> D"28"2. AD,&@* @H L4>ски С&,H@F:"&
7@:,&. E@L4b. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1967:77. F. 4.
1"V@ >, BD4FH4(>" B4F<@H@. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. E@L4b. %,R,D>4 >@&4>4.
1976:7648.
1" R@&,8" FH"&" &XBD@F. E@L4b. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD" 1967:19, F. 8.
;@*>" B,F>4R8". C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. %":,>H4> 3&">@&. E@L4b A@(:,*
1974:19, F. 14.
;@bH >@& JR4H,:. C"28"2. Aереводчик >, указан. E@L4b. %,R,D>4 >@&4>4 1970:
5940.
=, 4F8"< *" $X*" :@D*. A"<L:,H. E@L4b. C"$@H>4R,F8@ *,:@ 1969:296, F. 4.
247
AD,8D"F>"H" F&4>"D8". EB@<,>4H, >" FH@B">F8"H" FX&,H>4P" =4>" 7"D:F@>7">">,>. AD,&@* @H @D4(4>":" F BD,*(@&@D >" E&,H@F:"& 7@:,&. 32*. MD. '.
)">@&. A:@&*4&. 1962. 200 F. 2-е изд. 1981, 164 с.
C,":4FH4R>4bH H,"HXD. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. E@L4b. A@(:,* 1971:47.
E:J(4 >" $@(". C"28"2. AD,&@* @H ">(:. ;. %"F4:,&". E@L4b. !#%. 1985: 36-37. и
%,Rерни н@&4>4 1985: 214.
EB,P4":4FH. AD,&@* @H ">(:. ;"D("D4H" %"F4:,&". В сб. #@:8" 4 F<bN.
ХJ<@D4FH4R>4 4 F"H4D4R>4 D"28"24. 32*. MD. '. )">@&. A:@&*4&. 1983
G,24F4 4 ">H4H,24F4. 328"2&">,. Aереводчик >, указан. E@L4b. E,BH,<&D4
1964:9, F. 121-123.
I:>R>48XH. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H L4>ски E&,H@F:"& 7@:,&. E@L4b. EB. ="T"
D@*4>" 1976:6, F. 20-21.
M@D@F8@B 2" 1969 (@*4>". K,6:,H@>. E@L4b. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1969:7, F. 3.
Q,H&XDH4bH BD,T:,> 4:4 ;@T,>48 B@ >,&@:b. C@<">. AD,&@* @H DJF84 E.
)4<4HD@&". 32*. MD. '. )">@&. A:@&*4&. 1961. 287 F., 2-е изд. 1981. 228 F.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) 5@>R,&" 7"Hb. ;:"*,0H" , >"6-(@:b<@H@ &4 $@("HFH&@. 3>H,D&`
2" H&@DR,F84H, HXDF,>4b >" B4F"H,:b. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1977:145. )&JF,*<4R>@
BD4:@0,>4, «A@8@:,>4,», F. 2.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) )X:( >" &F,84 B4F"H,: , *" F, $@D4 F B,D@H@ 4 H":">H" F4.
C"2(@&@D. София. EB. /,>"H" *>,F 1979:12, F.2-3.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) %:"*4<4D@& C. +*4> L4>:">*,P >4 D"2&,0*" 42 !<,D48".
C,P,>24b 2" D@<">" "Ч,H&XDH4b BD,T:,>"… 94H,D"HJD>4 >@&4>4 1961.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) '.=. +*4> L4>:">*,P F, F<,, >" b>84H,. #,:,08" 2" «Q,H&XDH4b
BD,T:,>». CJF,. )J>"&F8" BD"&*" 1961:199, F. 2.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) )@>R,& =48@:"6. ;"DH4 9"D>4 J >"F. EH"H4b. София. ?H,R,FH&,>
LD@>H. 1962:5602, F . 4.
[9"D>и ;"DH4) K4>:">*F84 B4F"H,:, (@FH >" FHD">"H" >4. #,:,08". София.
94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H 1962:35, F. 4.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) EH">4T,&" +8. AD,8D"F>"H" F&4>"D8". ?H24&. София. A:"<X8
1962:11, F. 96.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) '@FHJ&" >4 &4*>4bH L4>:">*F84 B4F"H,: ;"DH4 9"D>4.
EX@$V,>4,. София. ?H,R,FH&,> LD@>H 1967: 5597.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) 74D">@&" +&(,>4b. =" D"2(@&@D , ;"DH4 9"D>4. 3>H,D&`. ="T"
D@*4>". 1976:6, F.2-3.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) !:<":,N, =,*b:8". 1" H"8@&" BD4bH,:FH&@... 3>H,D&`. София.
?H,R,FH&,> LD@>H 1967:6945, F. 4.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) ),>8@& )4<4HXD. ;"DH4 9"D>4 BD,* «94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H».
3>H,D&`. София. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>т1968:26, F. 4.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) A"F8@& G@*@D. ED,V" F ;"DH4 9"D>4. София. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD"
1977:21, F. 12.
[9"D>4 ;"DH4) E@8D"H & M,:F4>84. 3>H,D&`. София. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>т
1985:3.
9!I7!C3=+= 946F"
!>(,:-ND">4H,:. %F4R84 *DJ(4 <, @HN&XD:4N". >@ >, 4 H4. AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&" В
сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F.
68-74.
!>(,:-ND">4H,:. AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&". K4>F84 &,HD@&,. EXFH. E"D4 Ab6&bD4>,
E@L4b. ?DL,6-Orfeus 1995:2.
248
9+5=O +6>o
E:X>P,H@ 4 <@D,H@. AD,&@* =. EH,L">@&". В сб. 100 T,*\@&D4 >" ,&D@B,6F8"H"
:`$@&>" :4D48". MM &,8. E@L4b. 1981, F. 13.
9+? %,D@>48"
E8":"H" >" &,R>@FHH". K4>:">*F8" >"D@*>" BD48"28". AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 5.
!>*D,,&". E@L4b. Изд. #X:("DF84 NJ*@0>48. 1986.
9+MG?=+= 3@,:
A,F,> 2" 9`(4b. C"28"2. AD,&@* #@D4F A"D"T8,&@&. !>H,>4 1977:22.
A,F,> 2" 9`(4b. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 #. A"D"T8,&@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24.
E@L4b. Изд. ”="D@*>" 8J:HJD"”. 1978, F. 55-61.
93+MI M,6*4
32<D\2>":@H@ F,&,D>@ F4b>4,. A@* >,@>@&"H" F&,H:4>". ?H*"&">,. A@>b8@(" <,
@$N&"V" *4& J0"F. ;4F:b, R, D"2$4D"T H@&". ="BD"&4 8DX(. AD,&@* A"&,:
E:"&b>F84 4 %,D@>48" ),:R,&". В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b.
EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 80-85.
937E?; C@2"
E:,* 8"H@ >"(:"F4 L@H@"B"D"H".G"24 &,R,D. AD,&@* +. 3&">@&" F 34-35; #,T,
BD4FH4(>":" & (D"*". ?H *,8,<&D46F8"H" H,<>4>". AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&" F. 36; %
>"R":@H@ >" >@,<&D4. AD,&@* !. A@B@&" F. 37-38. В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4.
=@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1996.
% >"R":@H@ >" >@,<&D4 >"FH">"N" F4:>4 FHJ*@&, (32 «EB4D8" >" ,*н" >@V»)
#,:,08" 4 BD,&@* !. A@B@&". E@L4b.!#%. 1993:10.
93=! %b6>\@
GJ8 B@* F,&,D>"H" 2&,2*". C@<">. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7D4FH4>" EJ&4:,NH@ c BD,*(.
@H +,D@ EJ&4:,NH@. E@L4b. A"DH42*"H. 1985. 528 F.
[94>" %b6>@1 A,HDJ>@&" C":4P". AD@V">, F %b6>\@ 94>". !#%. 1992:22.
;!=+93IE G"D<@
% EH"D" 1"(@D". A4F<@. EH4N@H&@D,>4b. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 '. 7@>FH">H4>@&.
M@D42@>H 1979:1, F. 98-100.
* * *(E:JR"6>@FHH" , & FXV>@FH.. .) .* * *(7X*, @FH"&" <X08"H" *JT"... ) . AD,&@* G.
;">,:4JF 4 E . M"*048@F,&. E@L4b. AD@FH@D4. 1979:1, F. 122-123.
)@$D@$JT>4H, F:@>@&,. A,D. G . ;">,:4JF 4 %":,>H4> 7DXFH,&. #JD("F.
94H,D"HJD>@-NJ*@0,FH&,> ":<">"N ;@D, 1983: 1, F. 70-72.
AD"2>4R>4 FD,V4. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ ="8@:@&. A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>4
L4>:">*F84 B@,H4. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 1994:12, F. 8.
* * * (/,>". H4 & HX<>4>"H". . . ). AD,&@* @H L4>F84 )4<4HXD #":8">F84. F .
130.#4@(D"L4b. %:`$,>4bH. AD@$J0*">,. =@V,<. 7@("H@ H, >b<". 1"&DXV">, >"
J$4H4b. * * * (C"2(@&@Db< FXF F,$, F4...). 1"B4F">@. * * * (!2 F, BJH"<... ). AD,&@* @H
L4>F84 ',@D(4 %X:R,&. E@L4b. ”?8@:R4P"”. 1985. F. 128-131.
AD"2>4R44 FD,V4. =, F" 2"HD"H" FH\B84H,. ED,V4. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@
=48@:@&. C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b.
EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 87.
;4F:4. AD,&@* #"68@ 9"<$@&F84. K4>F84 &,HD@&,. EXFH. E"D4 Ab6&bD4>, E@L4b
?DL,6-Orfeus 1995 : 2.
[;">,:4JF G"D<@] )4<@&" G"Hb>". ',@ ;4:,& >" L4>:">*F84. A"D":,:4 1976:38.
[;">,:4JF G"D<@] +*>@ 2"(D">4R>@ 4>H,D&`. BD,* ”E,BH,<&D4”. EH"D" 1"(оD".
E,BH,<&D4 1976:64 (3570).
[;">,:4JF G"D<@] =, (J$,H, F4:4 2" D"2BD"&4. 3>H,D&` BD,* ”="D@*>@ *,:@”.
C"2(@&"Db =48@:,H" 7@8@D@&". %"D>". ="D@*>@ *,:@ 30.9.1992.
249
[;">,:4JF G"D<@ ]. E,(" , 4FH4>F84bH &4 T">F. 3>H,D&` BD,* ”="D@*>@ *,:@”.
C"2(@&"Db )4<4HXD W(:,>. %"D>". ="D@*>@ *,:@ 1.10.1992.
[;">,:4JF G"D<@] )":,R @H F,>8"H, >" <4>":@H@ 3>H,D&` BD,* ”K"8,:”.
C"2(@&"Db )4<4HXD W(:,>. %"D>". K"8,: 1992:42 (28.10.1992).
[;">,:4JF G"D<@] ;">,:4JF G"D<@. 3>H,D&`. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H 1972:15
(13.04.1972).
[;">,:4JF G"D<@ ] %X:R,& ',@D(4. %X:T,$>@H@ C"<B@ >" G"D<@ ;">,:4JF.
”?8@:R4P"” 1985, c. 123-127.
[;">,:4JF G"D<@] E B@*&4( 2" :4H,D"HJD"H" >" B@*&4(". G"D<@ ;">,:4JF пD,&ел
>" L4>F84 #@H,& 4 ',@ ;4:,&. E@L4b. A:"<X8 1976:29.
[;">,:4JF G"D<@] %42" >" &X:T,$>@ BXH,T,FH&4,. 3>H,D&`. E@L4b. ="D@*>"
<:"*,0 1983:241.
;!=+C +&"-942"
* * *(?H 04&@H" F4 FH4N V, >"BD"&4...). AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ =48@:@&.
A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>4 L4>:">*F84 B@,H4. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 1994:12,F. 8.
?H 04&@H" F4 FH4N F, >"BD"&b. 14<". 7@>HD"BJ>8H. I<@D4N F, *" $X*" F4:>". !8@
$D,(\H 4 >,(@&@H@ @HD"0,>4,. +:" & *&@D" >" Fъ2,DP">4,H@. U, 2"$D"&4< :4. =@
JHD4>4H, >"T4 B@-bF>4 F, 42BD"&bH. A@,<" , F&,HXH >" 04&@H@ <4 RJ&FH&@....
Q,D("DF84 (D"*. M4B@B@H"<. 1"V@H@ F<, F"<@H>4 & :`$@&H". AD4H"4N F, &
*":,R>4b >"&,F. AD,&@* @H =4>@ =48@:@& 4 C":4P" A,HDJ>@&". В сб. C">,>4bH
">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,.
1994, F. 40-43.
;+9+C3 !DH@
=@8H`D>@. E:X>P,. 9,6*4 ),6. AD,&@* A"&,: E:"&b>F84 4 C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В
сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. И2*. 94P,. 1994, F. 40-43.
;+C3 %,6@
%X0, @H ;">4:". C@<">. AD,&@* @H >,<F84 (F BD,*(.) +:,>" =48@:@&"-CJ0 .
E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1969, 128 F .
32$D">, >" B4,F". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 )@D" a>,&". В с6. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24.
E@L4b.32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 114-116.
32$@D >" B4,F". AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4
L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 58-60.
[;,D4 %,6@] =48@:@&"-CJ0 +:,>". E,&,D>4 H":">H4. AD,(:,*. 94H,D"HJD,>
LD@>H 1967:29, F. 4.
;+C39I?G? !6:"
7"<,>,> $@(. AD,&@* ="*b 7,N:4$"D,&". В сб EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b.
E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971.
#D@>2@&" FH"HJb & ,F,>>4b B"D8. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %,F,:4> G@T8@& 4 EH,L">
#,F"D"$@&F84. E@L4b. EHJ*,>HF8" HD4$J>" 18.1.1975.
;37?9! ;"Db-9,>"
!>4 ;">4>,> (D@<">-BD48"28" 2" *,P"). AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ;"8F4< EH@,&.
E@L4b. Изд. «?H,R,FH&@». 1987. 128 F .
74$D4H,>4H, <@<4R,H". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7D. EJ&4:,NH@. В сб. K4>:">*F84
D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, c. 180-190.
;I7! G4<@ 7.
1" B@F:,д>4H, *>4 @H (@*4>"H". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %. G@T8@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84
D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 191-198.
1,<bH" , (D,N@&>" B,F,>. #":"*". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ;"8F4< EH@,&, BD,&@* >"
FH4N@&, E. #D">P (E BD,*(. @H _. )4<4HD@&"). E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"».
1986. 170 F.
250
;IEG!A+ A.
;,H:4R4>4. ="D@*>" BD48"28". AD,&@* 7DXFH\@ EH">4T,&. В сб. EX&D,<,>>"
F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971.
;[?C=+ !D&4*
AD,* ,*4> DJ>4R,F84 8"<X8. _:F8и &,R,D >" @FHD@&". 9@*8" & 2":4&". AD,&@* 9.
3F",&". % сб. 100 T,*\@&D4 >" ,&D@B,6F8"H" :`$@&>" :4D48". MM &,8. E@L4b.
1981, F. 63.
=379!=)+C M">>J
K4>:">*F84bH 2":4&. Q,FH@ 4*&"< BD4 H,$,. 14<"H". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7@:\@
E,&@&. E@L4b. AJ:F 1980.
=I;3 9"F4
* * *(1<4bH" <D"<@D>" F, B@D"28DXT4.. . ). AD,&@* =4>@ =48@:@&. A@*$@D8"
;@*,D>и L4>:">*F84 B@,H4. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 1994:12, F. 8.
1"* D,T,H84H,. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %. G@T8@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b.
32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 117-131.
1"H4N&"6, &,HD,! 1<4bH" <D"<@D>" F, B@D"28DXT4. )">"b-E"F84b. GD"84b.
1"B4F84 >" $,:4H, B@:,H". AD,&@* =4>о =и8@:@& и !*D4">" A@B@&". В сб.
C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b .
32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 27-33.
+>,6. AD,&@* !*D4">" A@B@&". K4>F84 &,HD@&,. EXFH. E"D4 Ab6&bD4>,. E@L4b.
?DL,6-Orfeus 1995: 2.
?7E!=+= !J:484
7D"*ъP4 >" R,D,T4. =@&,:". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 #@D4F A"D"T8,&@&. E@L4b.
A">@D"<" 1983:4, F. 172-204.
?M!=+= E4<@
S"<B4@> B@ D@0*,>4`. MJ<@D4FH4R,> D"28"2. AD,&@* @H ">(:. =. ',:,&".
E@L4b. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1985:291.
A!%?9!5=+= ?:"&4
7@D"$>4 L4(JD4. AD,&@* 7DXFH\@ EH">4T,&. В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8"
B@,24b. E@L4b. 32*.="D@*>" 8J:HJD". 1971.
A!7!9! G,J&@
942" <X08"D">"H". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 #. A"D"T8,&@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84
D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 31- 41.
A!C9!=) M,>D4
A,HD@:. %X& &4NDJT8"H" >" <D"8". ),P"H" <@("H. )@6*, BD4 <,>, <"68". 3<"T,
,*н@ &D,<,. A"D4. AD,&@* G,@*@D" )0,$"D@&". В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8"
B@,24b. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971.
A+9G?=+= _N">4
/4&@HXH , >42 @H @H*,:>4 <@<,>H4. C"28"24. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %,F,:4>
G@T8@&. E@L4b. A">@D"<" 1981, F. 39-50.
EX8D@&4V"H" >" $"V" <4. AD,&@* '. ;"D4>@& 4 C. A,HDJ>@&" В сб. G,>,84,>4H,
B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32* . 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, c. 20-32.
A+7!=+= G@6&@
)":,R>4bH @FHD@&. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 )@D" aн,&". В сб. Kи>л">*F84 D"28"24.
E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 62-67.
A+=!=+= +6:"
;":8" 8D"F4&" :`$@&. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7D. EJ&4:,NH@. В сб. K4>:">*F84
D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 103-113.
251
AI973=+= ;"H4
A:"R,V"H" ,:". C@<">. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. 32*.
«="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1983. 268 F.
C!IM!9! =46:@
%,FH. A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>и Lи>л">*F8и B@еH4. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ<
1994:12, F. 8.
E&,HXH 04&,, & Fb>8"H". ?FHD4bт <4D4F >" @L48". )XD&,H"H", 8@4H, R"8"H.
)D,N4H, >" FHD"*">4,H@. С8@:8@ :4 , @H<4>":@. % 2":,2". C,8"H" &*4(" B"D".
EBDbN BD,* >,$,F"H". E:,* HD4 ,F,>>4 $JD4. #@b F, @H &F4R8@. AD,&@* @H L4>F84
=4>@ =48@:@& 4 C4FH@ 7@6&@FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8"
B@,24b. EXFH"&иH,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. И2*. 94P,. 1994, F. 40-43.
C3=+;!! _D84
7X< R4H"H,:b. ':"*>4bH B@:4P"6. E&,H,PXH @H A"F4:". A,,684. ?L4P,DXH.
AD,&@* !*D4">" A@B@&" 4 9`$"T" 7"<,>@&". K4>F84 &,HD@&,. EXFH. E"D4
Ab6&bD4>,. E@L4b. ?DL,6-Orfeus 1995:2.
C3=G!9! A"&@
E:,* (:"*" 4*&" F<XDHH". ?H8XF @H D@<">" "9,>4>(D"*F8" F4<L@>4b". AD,&@* @H
L4>F84 %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H 1977:21.
AD4&,HFH&4, *@ JR"FH>4P4H, & ;,0*J>"D@*>"H" FD,V" >" B4F"H,:4H, (E@L4b 7
10 `>4 1977). В сб. ;4DXH >"*,0*" >" B:">,H"H". E@L4b. 1981, F. 63-$$.
CI=+#+C' 5@N"> 9J*&4(
7@>HD"$">*4FHXH. AD,&@* G . )0,$"D@&". В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>".
32*. '. #"8":@&. 1978, F. 282-304.
[CJ>,$,D( 5@N"> 9J*&4(] '">R,&" %,D". E4>\@ + 0X:H@ =2 ,:,>@. (1" 5. 9.
CJ>,$,D() E@L4b. +248 4 :иH,D"HJD" 1992:1, F. 177-179.
[CJ>,$,Dг 5@N"> 9J*&4(] O">,&" ;4:,>". 3&"> %"2@& 4 5@N"> 9`*&4( CJ>,$,D(.
E@L4b. +248 4 :иH,D"HJD" 1992:1, F. 18-25.
CIIG !:B@
9`$@B4H>4H,. AD,&@* %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. EB. A">@D"<" 1981, F. 39-50.
7"8&@ :4 V, 42:,2, @H H,$ 8"H@ B@D"F>,T? AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&". В с6.
G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32* . 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 913.
E!К!C3=+= ;"D8J
IHD, & 11 R"F". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4.
%"D>". 32* . '. #"8":@&. 1978, F. 349-357.
E!9!;! M">J
EHD@,0XH >" HD"L@B@FH". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. Kи>:">*F84
D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 165-179.
E!C3?9! +F"
AD,*<,H>" B@,24b. AD,&@* 3>>" 9">84>,> F. 48-5; AD"&@. AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&"
F. 55-57. В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,.
E@L4b. 1996.
E+A+9a !DH@
A,H 0,>4 & *@<" >" B@8@6>48". A4,F". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 '. %X:R,& E@L4b.
G,"HXD 1983:2, F. 84-96.
E+Aa9a _N"
EуB,D<"D8,H. E<XDH. AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4
L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 81-82.
252
E3+73=+= C"b
U"FH:4&4H,. AD,&@* 1. 7":,&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84
D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 58-60.
E39!=A+ KD">F +<4:
EHD">>@ J&:,R,>4,. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 /. E@:@<@>@&. E@L4b. %,R,D>4
>@&4>4 1977:7864.
E3;?=EIIC3 74DFH4
Q,D>4H, 8@D@$". =@V & ;">N"HX>. 59-H" J:4P". AD,*&"D4H,:>@. AD,&@* =4>@
=и8@:@& и C":4P" A,HDJ>@&". В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b.
EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 53-54.
E3=+C%? +:&4
+F,>,> *,>. AD,&@* %"F4:8" M4>8@&". В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b.
E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971.
ED,V". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. Изд.
«="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 97-102.
E3C?=+= 7@FH4
7"8&@ *" F, BD"&4? AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %,F,:4> G@T8@& 4 EH,L"> #,F"D"$@&F84.
E@L4b. EHJ*,>HF8" HD4$J>" 18.01.1975.
EG+=#+C' +6D"
AD4FH">4V,H@. ;XDH&@H@ &X:>,>4,. )&JBXB>"H" 0,>". AD48"284H, F" FHD"T>4.
EH4N@H&@D,>4b. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ). #":8">F84-+>"FH@,>*,. E@L4b. AD@FH@D4
1985:1, F. 69-71.
EIE39I?G? !NH4
A,F,> 2" BD"$48". EH4N@H&@D,>4, , L":T4L48"P4b >" 04&@H". AD,&@* ;4(:,>"
=48@:R4>" и C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b.
EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 53-54.
EI%39+MG? +D@
!L@D42<и. AD,&@* =4>@ =48@:@& и C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&"
L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 5354.
E[?)+C'C!= +*4H
9J>"H". #@:>4 *>4. )":,R>4 FHD">4. ),>bH 2"N:"*b&". A@F:,*>4bH P&bH >"
,F,>H". 9`$@&. ?(:,*":,> 8:"*,>,P. AD,&@* #. 14*"D@&". В сб. EX&D,<,>>"
F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971.
IF:@&4,H@. 1&,2*4H,. )&, $@(4>4. #@:8"H" . #48XH . GD4J<L *" FXV,FH&J&"T.
E:X>P,H@. EHD">"H", 8@bH@ >, FXV,FH&J&". EH4N@H&@D,>4b. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84
!>H@">,H" AD4<"H"D@&"-;4:R,&" 4 #:"(" )4<4HD@&". E@L4b. A">@D"<" 1983:6,
c. 132-136.
EH4N@H&@D,>4b. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 !>H@">,H" AD4<"H"D@&"-;4:R,&" 4 #:"("
)4<4HD@&". В сб. AD\FH,>\H >" в,R>@FHH". E$@D>48 FH4N@&, >" !>" !N<"H@&".
'"$D4,:" ;4FHD": 4 +*4H E\@*,D(D">: 7XD&bV@ F:X>P,. )XD&,H"H" >" <@6H@
*,HFH&@. 1"&DXV">,. 9J>"H". EHD">"H", 8@bH@ >, FXV,FH&J&". AD4FH4(">, & M"*,F.
!>4<":4FH4R,> N4<>. E:X>P,. C,T,>4,. IFHD,<XH >" F&,H8"&4P"H". '@:b<"H"
(D"*4>". 1&,2*"H". O4(">8"H". %4*bN ,*>@ *XD&@. ),>bH 2"N:"*b&": 1. ),>bH
2"N:"*b&" >" <DX8&">,; 11. =" :`$@&H" F4 ":,>"H" D@2" N&XD:4 H4; 111. EX2DbN 2"
BDX& път F&@b B@&,:4H,: *>,F; 1V. GXDF4: P&,H,. +F,>>4H, *>4. !2. %4@:,H@&4
2*D"R,&4>4. =,FB@8@6>4 FX>4V". 7@B>,0XH >" P&,H@&,H,. 7X< R,H4D4H, 8D"4V"
>" F&,H". A@F:,*>@H@ P&,H, >" ,F,>H". Q,D>@ 4 $b:@. 1&,2*4H,. )&, 8D"6$D,0>4
FH4N@H&@D,>4b; 1. /4&@HXH <4 $, HX6 (@:; 11. ;,0*J F4&4H, F8":4 :,04.
#:J0*",V4 @$:"P4. '@DF8@ ,2,D@. 1&,2*>" >@V. E:@&". 32 $,2*X>>4H, (@D4.
253
7@H, >" V"FH4,H@. 1"("*XR>@ <@D,. =4F84bH $Db(. A,F,>H" @H B:">4>"H". %,R,D.
QJ0*4H, FHD">4. )&, $@(4>4. )JT"H" <4. 9`$@&. ?(:,*":@H@ >" 8:"*,>,P".
7D"F@H". E,FHD"H" >" 04&@H". /4&@HXH. !*XH. #@:8"H". C@2". A@DHD,H. =@V>а
<"*@>". ?B"F>4 FX>4V". =,&,FH"H". ;@,H@ $X*,V,. #@:H>4 *>4. =4V@. +*4>
04&@H. GD4J<L *" FXV,FH&J&"T. 1*D"R. ?H8D4H4,. )XD&@H@ & (@D"H". A,62"0 >"
2":,2 F:X>P,. #48XH. C,&">T. IF:@&4,H@. =,*,6H, FX$4D" F8XB@P,>>4 8"<X>4 4
2:"H@. 9X0,P :4 FX<. ;@bH" :4D". ?DL,6. ="*,0*". AXD&@ 4F8"< *" B@8@Db
Q4<$@D"F@. % 9`:8"H" >" L,4H,. #JDb. A,T HDb$&" *" BD,$D@*b F:X>R,&4H,
F4FH,<4. Q"T"H" >" (@D,FHH". =" FHXB":"H" >" M4<":"b. A,F,> 2" @8,">".
EH"HJbH" >" 8D"F@H"H". ;XR,>48XH. )4@>4F46. Q"FXH >" 0,DH&@BD4>@T,>4,.
E8,DP@. A:,>. ;@6 04&@H, <@b F<XDH, <@b FX*$". ;4FH,D4b. G@:,D">H>@FH.
%D"0*,$>4 2&,2*4. 'X<0"H 2&,2*4H,. A:">,H4H,. #:"0,>FH&@. G">H":,, R"T"H"
F4 >"BX:>4. E:X>P,H@. %@*@B"*XH. E&,H8"&4P". Gb:@H@ >" F4:>4b. AD,*RJ&FH&4,.
=" 42(D,& F:X>P,. ;"H,D4":42<XH. M"<:,H. 1`<$`:ъH; 1. EH@b H\6 ND"$Dо,
пD,42BX:>,>" F @R"8&">,, ч,FH4H"....; 11. 32D"FH&"<, 2`<$`: @H 0,:b2>@8оD"&"
2,<b... E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1984, F. 219-231.
G35M?=+= 3:B@
;DXF,> ">(,:. Winter Dance. =" (D@$" >" D@*>4>"H". AD,&@* ;4(:,>" =48@:R4>"
и A,HXD 7,N"6@&. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,:
C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 66-69.
G37!=+= ;,DH"
E"<@ V, >"*2XD>". C"28"2. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 !(>,F )Db>@&F8". % сб:
A@:J>@V>@ F:X>P,. 10 D"28"2&"R4 @H E,&,D. E@L4b. 1981, F. 179-194.
G37!=+= M,>D48
'@:b<"H" >"(D"*". AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 %,D" '">R,&". E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H
19.05.1966.
G3C7?=+= E4>48"
EX>bH >" F<XDH>"H" 0,>". AD,&@* !. A@B@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4
L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 65-67.
GIC7! E4D8"
+*>@ $,*>@ 8JR,. 3<":@ ,*>@ &D,<, ,*4> <X0. EHJ*,>@ ,, ,:" F <,>, в ,*4>
FHD">4R,> BXH. E&,HXH FH@,T, 8ат@ 0,D"&. %XD>4 F,. <":8" S,$". 9,0" >" B@*".
!2 <4F:b,R, FX< B@@F:"$>":". %":4. +*4>FH&,>а &@8":42"H" >" *X0*". AD,&@*
',@D(4 ;4P8@& и 7D4FH4>" EJ&4:,NH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8"
B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 45-51.
M!%37? A"&@
A@8@6>4P4. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ =48@:@&. A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>4 L4>:">*F84
B@,H4. E@L4b. 94Hературен L@DJ<. 1994:12, F. 8.
#,2F>,0>@ &D,<,. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %. G@T8@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24.
E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 132-151.
=, F, 2"&DXV"6. ?*4F,6!. EXFH. 4 D,*. ',@D(4 %X:R,&. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ;"D8@
'">R,& F B@*FтD@R>4P4 @H %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"».
1979, F. 36-37.
#@D@&,H, & F&@bH" 4(D". EH4N@H&@D,>4,. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 EH,L"> %4T">@&.
E@L4b. EHJ*,>R,F8" HD4$J>" 1968:36 (28.05.1968).
E8"2">4, 2" 7J:,D&@. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 '. %X:R,&. E@L4b. EB. A">@D"<". 1991:34.
* * * (7@("H@ <4F:b &XDNJ >b8@b *@8HD4>"... ). AD,&. @H L4>F84 ;"D8@ '">R,& 4
%,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. !#% 1986:9, F. 8.
254
%H@Db BD@:,H. 1"V@H@ 04&@HXH , 8D"HX8. 1" @$D"2" >" R,D>@H@. )X0*XH ,
B@:,("H. ?H8X*, 4*&" & >"F . )XD&,H"H" 4 >@V4H, F, J*X:0"&"H. 7D"bт >" &,8" ,
$:42@8. G4 BD4FH4("T 4 F4 @H4&"T. G@&" H, , ,*>" L4:@F@L4b. AD,&@* ',@D(4
;4P8@&. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@
7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 37-41.
M!=Aa. A,>H4
AXF:,*>@ BXHJ&">,. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 #. A"D"T8,&@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84
D"28"24. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 68-75.
M!C;!5a E"6<"
% B:"<XP4. AD,&@* @H LD,>F84 '. ;4P8@&. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H 1973:16.
M+;+93=+= M,:&4
K4>:">*еP. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ ="8@:@&. A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>4 L4>:">*F84
B@,H4. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 1994:12, F. 8.
K4>:">*,P. C"0*">,. #,:4H, >@V4 >" 9"B:">*4b. 1":b2&"V@H@ F:X>P,. AD,&@*
@H L4>F84 =4>@ ="8@:@& и C":4P" A,HDJ>@&". В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&"
L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 5-11.
M+;+C aD:
AD,* D"2PXL>":@H@ *XD&@. EHD">4P" @H *>,&>48. AD,&@* 5@D*"> ;4:,в. В сб.
EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971.
MI9)+= +&,DH
AD@:,H>" :аFH@&4P". EH4N@H&@D,>4,. AD,&@* @H DJF84. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1967:68.
MI?%3=+= %,68@
M@DF8" <X:&". C@<">. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 GJ:" A"D8JFbD&4 и 3&"> #:"(@,&. E
BD,*(@&@D @H 3&"> #:"(@,&. E@L4b. AD@L42*"т. 1990. 180 F.
M_C_ !>H4
?B4F">4, 2" ,*>@ BX(J&">, F &:"8. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7D. EJ&4:,NH@. В сб.
K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 152-164.
?H BXHb H@6 HDX(>". AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4
L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, c. 7-8.
MaC7[?=+= !>"-9,,>"
E4:4b 9"6>,. AD,&@* !. A@B@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84
D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 81-82.
S73KG+E%37 5@>4
G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. AD,&@* %. !H">"F@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4
L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 39-45.
SI9O E@:&,6( L@>.
%:`$,>4т,. I<4D">4b. AD,&@* #. 14*"D@&". В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8"
B@,24b. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971.
a=E?= GJ&,
=,&4*4<@(@ *,H,. AD48"2>" B@&,FH. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 G. )0,$"D@&". 3:. GJ&,
a>F@>. E@L4b. Изд. «?H,R,FH&@». 1978. 160 F.
?<"(\@F">"H" 24<". A@&,FH 2" *,P". AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 G. )0,$"D@&". 3:. GJ&,
a>F@>. A@F:,F:. @H 9. C"R,&". E@L4b. Изд. «?H,R,FH&@». 1985. 103 F.
Q,FH>" 42<"<". C@<"> 4 D"28"24. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 4 B@*$. !. AD4<"H"D@&";4:R,&". E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1985. 288 F.
':"&>"H" D@:b. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H >,<F84 %. 7`<`D*04,&". E@L4b. ?H,R,FH&,>
LD@>H 1983:11527 (10.01.1983).
Q,D>@-$b:@. 7J8:,>F8" 8XV". C"28"24. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 !. AD4<"H"D@&";4:R,&". В сб. A@:J>@V>@ F:X>P,. E@L4b. 1981, F. 160-178.
255
A4D"HF84 D@<. AD,&@* 1. 7":,&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84
D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 75-80.
[a>F@> GJ&,] C"68@&" )4">". %X:T,$>@H@ 2>">4, 4:4 $,28D",> 04&@H.
AD48"284H, >" GJ&, a>F@>. ),P", 428JFH&@, 8>4(4. 1989:5, F. 29-32.
aC=+K+9[G. !D&4*.
Gb 4 "2. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7D. EJ&4:,NH@ 4 M. _:4>,>. В сб. K4>:">*F84
D"28"24. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 25 - 30.
Основные статьи и книги о Финляндии c 1945 по 2000 год
БАРЫМОВ Дончо
Сауна. Чудната лечебна баня с горещ сук въздух. (За финландска сауна.).
София. Вестник-книга 1993: 1-2.
БЕЛЧЕВ Белчо.
Из историята на културните връзки между две страны (между български и
финландски народ). София. Отечествен фронт 1971: 8447, с. 3.
БОЖКОВ Диньо
Съприкосновения с личности на духа и перото. Съст. предговор и бележки
Лечев Дечко. София. Унив. изд. "Св. Климент Охридски". 2000. 226 с.+ 14 с.
фото.
ВЪЛЧЕВ Георги
Приобщения. Литературни контакти и аналогии София Изд. «Народна
просвета». 1971. 138 с.
Българистиката във Финландия. София. Българистика и бългристи. 1981, с. 251256.
От Хелзинки до Горни Дъбник. Записки на бойци от Финландски гвардейски
батальон от времето на Освободителната война. София. Антени 1977, с. 3-5.
Прилики и приобщения между славянски, скандинавски и угрофински
литератури. 11 скандинавско-български симпозиум. Кунгелв. 1993.
Финландски дневници и мемоари от 1877-1878 г. В сб. Освобождение на България
и литературата. Сборник с изследвания. София. Изд. БАН. 1978, с. 369-386.
Естонците на Солженицын и финландците на България. София. Литературен
форум 1994: 12, с. 8.
Финландците за нас и ние за тях. От края на ХIХ до края на ХХ в. Унив. изд-во
"Св. Климент Охридски". София. 1999. 126 с.
Финландски записки за Освободителната война и за България. София. Антени
19.1.- 2.2. 1977.
Финландски дневници и мемоари от 1877-1878, или за Голямото начало на
финландско-българската литературна взаимност. София. Литературна мисъл.
1977: 2, с. 117-131.
Финландската българистика. София. Антени 24.5.1978, с. 12-13.
Финландски дневници и мемоари от 1877-1878 (Генезис на финландско-български
културни и литературни отношения). София. Изд. ОФ. 1978. 68 с.
Фински гробове на Балкана. Из писмата и дневниците на бойците от
финландския гвардейски батальон в Освободителната война. София. Антени 11,
15 март 1978.
256
Човекът и морето на Севера. Предговор. В сб. Северни морски повели. Съст. и
ред. Г. Вълчев. Дания, Исландия, Норвегия, Финландия, Швеция. Варна.
Изд. Г. Бакалов. 1978, с. 5-6.
[Вълчев Георги] Борисова Силвия "Достойно есть" за непродажните.
Интервю с Георги Вълчев. София. Литературен форум 1991: 3-6.
ГАНЧЕВ Марко
Духът на Хелзинки като материално чудо.,Размисли по пътя към Европа. назад
и в страни. (Пътепис). София. Всяка неделя 1991:17, с. 22-24.
ГАНЧЕВА Вера
Гласове от Севера (За финландска литература). София. АБВ 1986:9, с. 8.
Литературата на Севера в България – проникване, отразяване, представяне днес и
в перспектива. III българско-сканд. симпозиум 20-26 1985. София Сп.
Българистични изследвания 1991:59-69.
Идеята за близост и хармония. София. Литературен фронт 1986: 24.
Папрати и гладиоли. София. Култура 1992:41.
ГЕОРГИЕВ Николай
Пътят ни до Хелзинки. (Очерк за съвещанието в Европа 1975 г.). София. 1976.
144 с.
ГЕРГОВА Ани
Голямата книжевност на малка Финландия. София. АБВ 1990:12.
ГОЛЕМАНОВ Алеко
Среща с Финляндия. София. Изд. Международна политика. 1967. 76 с.
ДОНЧЕВ Д. & РАШЕВ Н.
От Осло фиорд до Финская залив. София. 1968.
ДОНЧЕВ Николай
Културните ни връзки с Финландия. София. Вечерни новини 1967: 4557.
ДИМИТРОВ Димитър
Остави се на музиката да те води! За дискотеките в Финландия. София. В-к
Стандарт януари 1993.
ДИМИТРОВА Татяна
Има какво да научим. София. Антени 1987:3.
ЖЕГЛОВ Иван
Песента сближава хората. 1-3. Хасково. Хасковска трибуна 1983:94, 96-97 с.4.
Специална страница за гостуване във Финлaндия. Хасково. Възход 1983:23, с.4.
Штрихи от нравы и порядки във Финлaндия. Хасково. Възход 1983:24, с. 4.
ЗЛАТЕВ Иван
Финландци в освобождението на България. София. Български воин 1997:94, с. 1415.
ИВАНОВА Радост
Калевала и българският народен епос. София. Български фолклор 1985:3, с. 44-50.
Международен симпозиум "Калевала" и световните епоси. София. Български
фолклор 1985:3, с. 112-114.
КАМБУРОВ Генчо
Трети фински батальон получи бойното си кръщение при село Горни Дъбник.
София. Земя 1997: 225, с. 4.
КИРАНОВА Евгения
Суоми. С предговор от Асен Нейков. София. Изд. БЗНС. 1981, с. 131.
[KОЙВИСТО Risto]
Личева Амелия. От живота си стих ще направя. а от стиха – живот. София.
Литературен вестник 31.8 - 15.8. 1994.
257
КОЛЕВ Светослав
Панорама на финландската литература. Читалище 1978: 3, с. 18-19.
КОЧЕВА Бистра.
Поглед към Финландия. В-к Кюстендил 17 - 23.12. 1992.
КУКОВ Н.
Рецензия за Suomi-Bulgaria-Suomi 1986. София. Съпоставително езикознание
1989:1, с. 109.
Лапландско-български успоредици (в народното творчество). София. Литературен
фронт 1974: 20.
ЛЕЧЕВ Дечко
Бележки на издателя. В: Григорий Петров. В страната на белите лилии.
Финландия. 11 изд. Превод от ръкописа и предговор от Д. Божков. С
предговор от Дечко Лечев. Издателска къща "Ил. Р. Блъсаков". Шумен. 1992.
Щастлив живот. Вместо предговор. В Божков Диньо. Съприкосновения с
личности на духа и перото. Съст. предговор и бележки Дечко Лечев. Унив.
изд. "Св. Климент Охридски". София. 2000, с. 5-7.
ЛИНДСТЕДТ Йоуко
Финландската българистика през 70-те години. Първи българо-скандинавски
симпозиум 24-30 септември 1979 г. София. Унив. изд. "Кл. Охридски"
Българистични изследвания. 1981, с. 316-317.
ЛЮБОМИРОВ Стефан
Обагрена от фолклора. Бележки за финландската литература. София. АБВ
1985:9, с. 1. 8.
НИКОЛОВ Нино
Човешката нежност може да бъде защитена. 150 г. от първото издание на
финландски епос «Калевала». София. Литературен фронт 1985:33 (15.08.1985).
Калевала - спасена човешка нежност. Предговор към “Калевала”1992.
Гусла от кост на щука. София. .Литературен форум 1994 12, с. 8.
НИКОЛОВА Лиляна
Северни утрени. Пътеписни миниатюри. София. Вечерни новини 7.2.1983.
ПАРАШКЕВОВ Борис
"Птици" от българския юг. Анотация на Helakukkula. София. АБВ 1980: 24
(76).
ПЕТРОВ Григорий.
В страната на белите лилии. Суоми - Финландия. 11 изд. Превод от ръкописа и
предговор от Д. Божков. С предговор от Дечко Лечев. Шумен. Издателска
къща "Ил. Р. Блъсаков". 1992. 231 с.
ПЕТРУНОВА Радица
Скандинавският модел. Разговор с посланик Пекка Ойнонен. София. В-к 1000
дни 30.10.1991 г.
Поетика на дезангажемента. Превод от англ. Миглена Николчина. из Books from
Finland. София. Литературен вестник 20-26.6. 1994.
ПОПОВА Адриана.
В Финландии мълчат на два езика. София. В-к Стандарт 12-13. 12. 1993.
Малочислените народ са като малките деца. София. Литературен форум 1993:4.
Финландия - между сауната и църквата. София. В-к Стандарт 03.20.1993.
ПОПОВА Стефка.
3емя на елени. Лапландия. Репортажи от Полярния кръг. София. Отечествен
фронт 1983:11644, с. б (24.6.1983).
258
ПЯЙВЯРИНЕ Сари
Финландската литература. София. Орфей-0rfeиs 1995 2, с. 81-83.
РУЖ Елена
Северни таланти. Преглед. София. Литературен фронт 1967:29.
СВЕТЛОМИРОВ Д. Ц.
Финляндия и делото на мира. София. Вечерни новини 1967:4781, с. 3.
СИБЕРГ Лилия.
Българистиката във Финландия. Превод от руски. София. Народна култура
1980:43, с. 8
Слалом покрай жалоните на комунизма. Превод от руски Рада Цонева. София.
Литературен форум 1994:29.
СОКОЛОВА Зина
Голямото семейство. На книгоиздателите във Финландия. София. АБВ
1986:21.
СТАВРЕЕВ Пламен
Хелзинки - градът на езерта. София. Народна младеж 1986:144.
ТАХОВ Росен
Бандитите бесени публично през 1880 г. Финландец ликвидира организираната
престъпност в България за 6 месеца. София. 24 часа 1995:27, с. 17.
ТОНЧЕВ Стоян
За мир сигурност и сътрудничество. Зем. знаме 1984: 16534.
ХЮРКЯНЕН Юкка
"Някои наблюдения върху преводите на романа "Под игото" на финландски език".
София. Език и литература 1972 :3, с. 70-74.
ЦАНЕВА Милена
Българската литература след освобождението (1878). В сб. Съвременна българска
литература. Доклади. 12. Втори международни конгрес по българистика
(23.5. - 3.6.1986). София. Изд. БАН. 1988, с. 15-24.
ЧЕРВЕНКОВ Страхил
Скандинавия - «спокойният» ъгьл на Европа. (Политически очерк). София.
Партиздат. 1973. 95 с.
ЧИЛИНГИРОВ Стилиян.
Търговското образование в Финландия. София. Народно стопанство 1952
год. 8:15-17.
ЯНЕВА Дора
Среща на Севера сЮга. София. Пламък 1978:8, с. 220.
259
Болгарская литература1, переведённая на
финский язык и статьи о ней c 1910 по 2000 год
Сборники:
Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero Helsinki. 1938:5-7.
Helakukkula. Bulgarialaista lyhytproosaa. Toim. K. Siraste. Elämäkerralliset tiedot Irma
Timonen ja K. Siraste. Helsinki. Kansankulttuuri. 1980. 196 s.
Salamoita helvetistä. Bulgarialaisia runoja. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Kustannus Oy
Littera. 1995. 69 s.
ALEKSANDROVA, Rada2
Heijastuksia. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Bulgarian viesti 1984:3, s. 7.
Sinä joka et ymmärtänyt. Join aurinkoa. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Kulttuurivihkot
1984:6, s. 48.
Mihin. Oikeastaan emme koskaan eronneet. Larissalle. Maailma. Sinä. joka et
ymmärtänyt. Kun olin 32-vuotias. Löytäkää pari tuntia ajatteluun. Vasilena. Balladi
alastomasta totuudesta. Kirje. Vanha motiivi. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Salamoita
helvetistä. Bulgarian runoja. Helsinki. 1995, s. 18-31.
Arvokkain hedelmä. Bulgarialainen kansansatu. Suomentanut H. Niklander. Pioneeritorvi.
1978.
APRILOV, Boris
Kuusi pingviinipoikasta. Kuunnelma. Suomentanut K. Siraste. Helsinki. 1977. 40
lehteä. Esitetty yleisradiossa 1978.
Varsa. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Esitetty Radioteatterissa.
Papukaija ja perhonen. Kuunnelma. Suomentanut K. Siraste. 41 lehteä. Esitetty
yleisradiossa Helsinki. 1980.
Kosketus. Syksyiset dyynit. Suomentanut U. Horstia. Helakukkula. Bulgarialaista
lyhytproosaa. Toim. K. Siraste. Helsinki. Kansankulttuuri. 1980, s. 96-106.
ASENOV, Veselin
Vedenpaisumuksen jälkeen. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti
1992:3, s. 6.
Tukalaa. Metastaasi. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1992:3, s.
6.
BAGRIANA, Elizaveta
Jälkeläinen. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Helsinki. Stotinka 1981:2, s.6-7.
Minun lauluni. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1992:2, s. 7.
Esiäitini jälkeläinen. Rakkaus. Viisaus. Suomentanut S. Okoye. Helsinki. Bulgarian
viesti 1998:2, s. 13. 1998:3, s. 17.
[Bagrjana, Elizaveta] Okoye, Sirkku. Elizaveta Bagrjana (1893-1990). Helsinki.
Bulgarian viesti 1998:2, s. 12.
1
2
Нами включены в библиогрaфию также известные нам радиопередачи.
Транслитерация болгарских букв еще не совсем сложилась. Особенно это
касается букв Ъ, Ч, и Щ. Например, имя Вълчев можно встретить в виде:
Valčev, Vultšev, Valtšev, Valtjev и т.п. Мы даем форму VÓLČEV. Мы повсюду
заменим буквы соответственно новым стандартам за исключением имен,
которые имеют традиционное написание, как например: Vaptsarov, Tsanev
и некоторые другие.
260
[Bagrjana, Elizaveta] Siiberg, Liilia. Kääntämisentaito (”Потомката” ’Jälkeläinen’
P. Valtakarin kääntämänä). Helsinki. Stotinka 1982:2, s. 6-7.
BALKANSKI (pseud. Enastående), Dimitre
Violettikukan terä. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1984:3, s. 7.
BERBEROV, Mihail
Traakialainen hauta. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Näköpiiri 1978:5, s. 32.
BORISLAVOV, Ivan
Kamelikaravaani. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1990:4, s. 7.
BOTEV, Hristo
Runot.(В сборнике: Äidilleni. Veljelleni. Elegia. Ensimmäiselle rakastetulleni.
Yhteisyys. Haidukit. Jäähyväisiksi. Taistelu. Salakihlatu neito. Naiselle. Muukalainen.
Patriootti. Pyhän Yrjön Päivänä. Hadži Dimitór. Vasil Levskin hirttäminen. Minun
rukoukseni. Tuuli synkän pilven kantaa. Kapakassa. Miksen ole? Epitafit 1-4.)
Suomentanut ja selityksillä varustanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. 1976, 79 s.
Runoja. Suomentanut H. Niklander. Esitetty yleisradiossa 1977.
Epitafi. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Tiedottaja 1975, s. 14.
Vasil Levskin hirttäminen. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Me. 1977: 2.
BOŽILOV Božidar
Laulu skandinaavisista kielistä. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Kansan Uutiset 1977:187,
s. 5.
Bulgarialaista sotilashuumoria. Helsinki. Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938:5-7, s. 151.
Bulgarian kansallishymni. Suomentanut V. J. Mansikka. Helsinki. Suomen sotilas.
Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938:5-7, s. 80.
D.U.
Vahingoittunut asetakki. Eräs kertomus serbialais-bulgarialaisen sodan ajoilta.
Helsinki. Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938:5-7, s. 146.
DALČEV, Atanas
Vuonna 1944. Ikäneidot. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Näköpiiri 1978:5, s. 3436.
Runoja. aforismeja. mietelmiä. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Kursiivi, 1984.
135 s.
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125
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195, 197
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%"6(">* 'JFH"& (V,igand Gustav),
>,<,P846 $@:("D4FH 83, 206
%"2@& 3&"> (1850-1921), $@:("DF846
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211
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$@:("DF846 B@^H 40, 125
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61 62, 79, 115, 125, 126, 182, 210
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'@:,<">@& !:,8@, $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\
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DJFF846 B4F"H,:\, :,8F48@(D"L,
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1:"H"DF846 %"F4: (1866-1935),
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74&4 !:,8F4F (Kivi Aleksis, >"FH@bV"b
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7":,L@& )"<b>, $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\
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74&4<b84 G@6&@ (Kivimäki Toivo, 18861948), L4>F846 B@:4H4R,F846 *,bH,:\
132
7":4<" ]6>@ (Kalima Eino, 1882-1972),
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7"D"*04R (7"D"å4£)%J8 (1787-1864),
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7"D":46R,& !>(,: 3&">@& (1922-1972),
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Койвисто Ристо (Koivisto Risto, род.
1955) переводчик болгарской
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7@>FH">H4>@& !:,8@ (1863-1917),
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279
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7DJ> _:4JF (Krohn Julius, 1835-1888),
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Ленрот Элиас (Lönnrot Elias, 1802-1884),
финский фольклорист, воссоздал эпос
«Калевала» 112, 208
9,F8@& =48@:"6 E,<.>@&4R (1831-1915),
DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 144
9,R,& ),R8@ (D@*.1943), $@:("DF846
4FH@D48, @BJ$:48@&": 12 42*">4, 8>4(4
'.E.A,HD@&" % FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44.
K4>:">*4b & 2002 17, 160
94:4е& =48@:"6 (1885-1940), $@:("DF846
B@^H 56, 90
94>*FH,*H 5@J8@ (Lindstedt Jouko,
D@*.1955), L4>F846 JR.>Z6, $@:("D4FH,
b2Z8@&,* 17, 19, 78, 81, 82
Линдфорс Аксели (Lindfors Akseli),
участник войны 1877-8 178-179
Линна Вяйно (Linna Väinö род.1920)
финский писатель 170
9`:4>F846 9`*<4:, $@:("DF846 8D4H48
118
9b>>,<"" 5@D<" (Lännemaa Jorma),
L4>F846 B,D,&@*R48 142
7J,& 7J6@ ;"D8@& (1929-2001),
$@:("DF846 JR.>Z6, F:"&4FH 74
;"8*@>":\* C"<F,6 (Macdonald Ramsay,
1866-1937), ">(:46F846 B@:4H48,
:,6$@D4FH 139
7JBD4> !:,8F">*D 3&">@&4R (1870-1938),
DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 101, 159, 160
;"8L,DF@> )0,6<F (Macpherson James,
1736-1796), T@H:">*F846 B4F"H,:\ 154
7JJF4>,> 7"::, _N@ A,HH,D (Kuusinen
Kalle Juho Petter, 1889-2000), $42>,F<,>,
$@:("DF846 8@>FJ: & K4>:b>*44 19361942 78, 79, 182
;":<FH,> ',@D( (Malmsten Georg, 19222001), L4>F846 B,&,P, *4D40.D,
8@<B@24H@D 68
7ZDR,&F846 M"*04 , $@:("DF846
B4F"H,:\ 37
9"&488":" !FF,D (Lavikkala Asser,
D@*.1935), B,D,&@*4: $@:("DF8J`
:4H,D"HJDJ >" L4>F846 b2Z8 125
9"D>4 ;"DHH4 (Larni Martti D@*.1929),
L4>F846 B4F"H,:\ 213
;">,:4JF G"D<@ (Manelius Tarmo,
D@*.1929), B@^H, B,D,&@*R48 $@:("DF8@6
B@^244 >" L4>F846 b2Z8 15, 19, 57, 125126
;">>,D(,6< 7"D: 'JFH"& (Mannerheim
Carl Gustaf, 1867-1954), D,(,>H
K4>:b>*44 1918-1919, BD,24*,>H 19441946, L,:\*<"DT": F 1933 47, 50
9,">*,D !*@:\L (Leander Adolf, 18331919), L4>F846 &@,>>Z6 *4D40.D 67
;">F488" %4:\@ (Mansikka Viljo, 18841947), L4>F846 F:"&4FH, L@:\8:@D4FH
18, 80-82, 182
9,&F846 %"F4: (1837-1873), $@D,P 2"
@F&@$@0*,>4, #@:("D44 59, 87
;"D4>@& 3&"> (J<,D 1935), $@:("DF846
B,D,&@*R48 97, 106
Лейно Эйно (Lönnbohm Eino, 18781926), финский поэт 192
;"HF@> !:,8F (Matson Alex, 1888-1972),
B,D,&@*R48 L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ >"
">(:46F846 b2Z8 121
280
;,H,D:4>8 ;@D4F (Maeterlinck Moris,
1862-1949), $,:\(46F846 *D"<"HJD(, B@^H
105, 118
;,L@*46 F&. (815-885), F:"&b>F846
BD@F&,H4H,:\, @*4> 42 F@2*"H,:,6 B,D&@6
F:"&b>F846 "2$J84 34, 85
;488@:" 3@F4L _:4JF (Mikkola
Jooseppi Julius, 1866-1946), L4>F846
b2Z8@&,*-F:"&4FH 13, 15, 16, 19, 64-71,
73-76, 78, 80, 82, 84-87, 92, 101, 131-133,
206
;4:"*4>@&Z )4<4HD (1810-1862) 4
7@>FH">H4> (1830-1862), $D"H\b, *,bH,:4
$@:("DF8@(@ >"P4@>":\>@(@
%@2D@0*,>4b, BD@F&,H4H,:4,
L@:\8:@D4FHZ 88
;4:,& ',@ (>"FH@bV,, 4<b ',@D(4
7"F"$@&, 1915-1925), $@:("DF846 B@^H,
BJ$:4P4FH 56, 192
;4:,H4R (;4:,H4£) 9`$@<4D ',@D(4,&
(1863-1937), F,D$F846 Lило:@(, F:"&4FH
96
;b84>,> ]6>@ (Mäkinen Eino, 19282007), L4>F846 D,04FF.D 81
="04&4> 3&"> K., DJFF846 B4F"H,:\,
H@:FH@&,P 101, 104
="B@:,@> I #@>"B"DH (Napoléon
Bonaparte, 1769-1821), LD">PJ2F846
4<B,D"H@D 1804-1814 43
=,<4D@&4R-)">R,>8@ %"F4:46 3&">@&4R
(1848-1936), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 145
=,>@&, =. $@:("DF846 JR.>Z6,
B,D,&@*R48, L,>>@L4: 163
=,@L4H #@2&,:4 (1785-1848), $@:("DF846
DJ8@&@*4H,:\ P,D8@&>@->"P4@>":\>@(@
*&40,>4b 37-38
=,@L4H C4:\F846 (=48@:" B.A,HD@&
#,>4>, 1793-1881), $@:("DF846
BD@F&,H4H,:\, JR4H,:\ >@&@-$@:("DF8@(@
b2Z8" 37
=4,<4>,> ]6>@ (Nieminen Eino, 19111949), L4>F846 F:"&4FH 77, 82
;4::, /"> KD">FJ" (Millet Jean
François, 1814-1875), LD">PJ2F846
NJ*@0>48 110
=48:">*,D M">>J (Niklander Hannu,
D@*.1951), B,D,&@*R48 $@:("DF8@6
:4H,D"HJDZ >" L4>F846 b2Z8 125-126
;4>8@& E&,H@F:"& (1922-1946),
$@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 114-117, 131, 194
=48@:"6 I (1796-1855), D@FF46F846
4<B,D"H@D 1825-1855 38, 45, 157
;4>R,& ;4N"4:, $@:("DF846 "*&@8"H,
R:,> @$V,FH&" $@:("D@-L4>F8@6 *DJ0$Z
163
=48@:"6 II (1868-1918), B@F:,*>46
D@FF46F846 4<B,D"H@D 1914-1917 49, 51,
65, 136,
;4N"6:@&F846 EH@b> =48@:@& (18561927), $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\-F"H4D48 90
=48@:@& =4>@ a84<@& (D@*.1933),
B,D,&@*R48 L4>F8@(@ ^B@F" ”7":,&":"”
>" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 81, 110, 113, 184
;4P8,&4R !*"< (Mickiewicz Adam,
1798-1855), B@:\F846 B@^H, @$V,FH&,>>Z6
*,bH,:\ 90
=4PT, KD4*D4N (Nietzsche Friedrich,
1844-1920), >,<,P846 L4:@F@L -90
;:"*,>@& EH,L"> EH@b>@& (1880-1943),
$@:("DF846 JR.>Z6, b2Z8@&,* 73
=JD40"> /@D0, $@:("DF846 JR,>Z6 71,
78, 134, 137, 139, 141-142, 145, 148, 196
;@>H,>\ ;4T,:\ *, (Montaigne Michel,
1533-1592), LD">PJ2F846 L4:@F@L 153
?(>b>@&4R 7@>FH">H4>, $@:("DF846
:4H,D"H@D 37
;@>H,F8\. S"D:\ (Montesguieu Charles,
1689-1755), LD">PJ2F846 BD@F&,H4H,:\,
L4:@F@L 153
?*@,&F846 %:"*4<4D K.*@D@&4R (1803(4)1869), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\, 8D4H48 160
;JDNJ C", (Murhu Rae Aurli Anton,
D@*.1916), L4>F846 $4$:4@H,8"D\ 141
;`((, G,@*@D (Mágge Theodor, 18021861), >,<,P846 B4F"H,:\ 207
A"&,: I (1754-1801), D@FF46F846
4<B,D"H@D 1796-1801 155
A"4F46 M4:,>*"DF846 F&. (1722-1798),
4*,@:@( $@:("DF8@(@ @F&@$@*4H,:\>@(@
*&40,>4b, BD@F&,H4H,:\ 35-36
281
A">,& =,DR@, $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 93
A"D"T8,&@& #@D4F (D@*.1938),
$@:("DF846 b2Z8@&,*, B,D,&@*R48
L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8
57, 79, 125
A,,& MD4FH@, $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 74
A,D, /">-9J4 (Perret Jean-Louis, 19151948), T&,6P"DF846 L4:@:@(,
BD,B@*"&"H,:\ LD">PJ2F8@(@ b2Z8",
B,D,&@*R48 F L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" 78, 116117
A,F@>,> A,88" (Pesonen Pekka,
D@*.1947), L4>F846 JR.>Z6, DJF4FH,
:4H,D"HJD@&,* 17, 82
AT4$ZT,&F846 EH">4F:"&
(Przybyszewski Stanis»av, 1868-1927),
B@:\F846 B4F"H,:\ 91
Ab6&bD4>>, E"D4 (Päivärinne Sari),
BD,B@*"&"H,:\>4P" L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" &
E@L46F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H, 19, 79
Ab6&bD4>H" A4,H"D4 (Päivärinta Pietari,
1827-1913), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\ 13, 15, 25,
57, 94-98, 120, 131, 200, 205, 210, 211
Радичков Йордан (род. 1929)
болгарский писатель 126-127
C"2P&,H>48@& !F,> (1917-1951),
$@:("DF846 B@^H 56
A,H.L4 S">*@D (Petöfi Šandor, 18231849), &,>(,DF846 B@^H 90, 91
C"4R 5@&"> (Pajuh, 1726-1801), F,D$F846
4FH@D48 86
A,HD@& 'D4(@D46 EB4D4*@>@&4R (18681925), DJFF846 BD"&@F:"&>Z6 F&bV,>>48,D,:4(4@2>Z6 <ZF:4H,:\ 14, 17, 25,
27, 45, 108, 132, 133, 135-148, 151, 158-168,
176, 183, 186, 188, 191, 195-200, 204-207,
209, 211
C"6>@& =48@:"6 (1889-1954), $@:("DF846
B4F"H,:\ 75
A,HD@& 3&"6:@ (D@*.1923), $@:("DF846
B4F"H,:\ 212
A,JD">,> +D884 (Peuranen Erkki,
D@*.1939), L4>F846 JR.>Z6, DJF4FH,
:4H,D"HJD@&,* 19, 152
A.HD I %,:4846 (1672-1725), DJFF846 P"D\
F 1682 (BD"&4: F 1689), B,D&Z6
D@FF46F846 4<B,D"H@D F 1721 43, 152
A:,H>,& A.HD !:,8F">*D@&4R (17921865/66), DJFF846 B@^H, 8D4H48,
L,>>@L4: 151, 158
A@(@*4> ;4N"4: A,HD@&4R (1800-1875),
DJFF846 4FH@D48, B4F"H,:\ 197
A@:b>@& )4<4HD (>"FH@bV"b L"<4:4b
A@B@&, 1876-1953), $@:("DF846 B@^H 40
A@FHJB",& K.*@D, DJFF846 B4F"H,:\,
H@:FH@&,P 102
ADJF #@:,F:"& (Prus Boles»aw, >"FH@bV,,
4<b !:,8F">*D ':@&"P846, G»owacki,
1847-1912), B@:\F846 B4F"H,:\ 101
C">(,:@& %:"*4<4D, $@:("DF846 42*"H,:\
*,HF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ 109
C"F8 C"F<JF (Rask Rasmus, 1787-1832),
*"HF846 b2Z8@&,* 110
C,B4> 3:\b +L4<@&4R (1844-1930),
DJFF846 04&@B4F,P 142
C,D4N =48@:"6 7@>FH">H4>@&4R (18741947), DJFF846 04&@B4F,P 4 L4:@F@L 76
C4FF">,> _N@ (Rissanen Juho, 18731950), L4>F846 NJ*@0>48 109-110
C@<,> /`:\ (Romains Jules, 1885-1972),
LD">PJ2F846 B4F"H,:\ 118
CJ>,$,D( 5@N"> 9`*&4( (Runeberg Johan
Ludvig, 1804-1877), L4>F846 B@^H,
B4F"&T46 >" T&,*F8@< b2Z8, 24, 47, 53,
88, 107-109, 178
CJ>,$,D( KD,*,D48" (Runeberg Fredrik8a,
1807-1879), 0,>" L4>F8@(@ B@^H"
CJ>,$,D(" 47
E""D48@F84 A,>HH4 (Saarikoski Pentti,
1937-2003), L4>F846 B@^H 56
ADJFH ;"DF,:\ (Proust Marsel, 18711922), LD">PJ2F846 B4F"H,:\ 118
E":<4>,> E"::4 (Salminen Sally, 19261976), L4>F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P" 74, 77, 108,
212
AJT84> !:,8F">*D E,D(,,&4R (17991837), DJFF846 B@^H 4 B4F"H,:\ 56, 89, 90,
119, 154, 200
E":@8@DB4 E4>488" (Salokorpi Sinikka),
"&H@D FH"H,6 4 $D@T`D @ #@:("D44 14,
18, 27, 58, 122, 178, 179, 183, 212, 211
282
E":HZ8@&-U,*D4> ;4N"4: +&(D"L@&4R
(1826-1889), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\-F"H4D48
160
E<4D>,>F846 MD4FH@ (>"FH@bV"b
L"<4:4b 32<4D:4,&, 1918-1923),
$@:("DF846 B@^H 40, 125
E":\&4>4 9J4*04 (Salvini Luigi, 19111957), 4H":\b>F846 F:"&4FH, B,D,&@*R48
78, 90-92
E>,:\<"> _N"> %4:\(,:\< (Snellmann
Johan Vilhelm, 1806-1881), L4>F846
(@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\ 45-46, 54, 61,
72, 137-138, 140, 149, 168, 191, 199
E&4>NJ&J* A,D ]&4>* (Svinhufvud Pehr
Evind, 1861-1944) B,D&Z6 BD,<\,D<4>4FHD K4>:b>*44 1917-1918,
BD,24*,>H 1931-1937 50
E&4LH )0@>"H"> (Swift Jonathan, 16671745), ">(:46F846 B4F"H,:\,
B@:4H4R,F846 *,bH,:\ 56
E,Hb:b +<4:\ =,FH@D (Setälä Eemil
Nestor, 1864-1935), L4>F846 b2Z8@&,* 4
B@:4H48 69, 75
E,H,:b M,:<4 (Setälä Helmi, JD. Krohn,
1871-1947), L4>F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P" 108,
210
E4$,:4JF a> (Sibelius Jean, 1865-1957),
L4>F846 8@<B@24H@D 104, 113, 121
E4(>,JF KD,*D48 (Cygneus Fredrik, 18071881), L4>F846 :4H,D"HJD@&,*, B@2H,
8J:\HJD>Z6 *,bH,:\ 47, 109
E4::">Bb KD">F ]<4:\ (Sillanpää Frans
Eemil, 1888-1944), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\,
:"JD,"H =@$,:,&F8@6 BD,<44 19, 26, 7677, 114-118, 119, 121, 188, 198-200, 205,
211
E4<,@> II - $@:("DF846 P"D\ 1943-1946,
2"H,< & 42(>">44, BD,<\,D-<4>4FHD
#@:("D44 F 2001 85
E4D"FH, 74DFH4 (Siraste Kirsti, D@*.1939),
B,D,&@*R4P", & R"FH>@FH4, $@:("DF8@6
:4H,D"HJDZ >" L4>F846 b2Z8 57, 125,
125
E4D,> _N"> (Sirén Johan, 1889-1941),
L4>F846 "DN4H,8H@D 80
E8@D@N@*@&" ;"D4b, 0,>" $@:("DF8@(@
H@:FH@&P" )">R@ %"BP"D@&" 101
E:"&,68@& A,>R@ (1866-1912), $@:("DF846
B@^H (FZ> A,H8@ E:"&,68@&") 39, 83, 8992
E:"&,68@& A,H8@ (1827-1915), $@:("DF846
B@^H, @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\,
BD,*F,*"H,:\ ="D@*>@(@ E@$D">4b
#@:("D44 1880 38, 56, 65, 86, 90, 108
E@6>4 GJJ:4884 (Soini Tuulikki),
L4>F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P", B,D,&@*R4P"
135, 142
E@8,D@&" 3D4>", $@:("DF8"b B,D,&@*R4P"
77, 115-118
E@:@&\,& %:"*4<4D E,D(,,&4R (18531920), DJFF846 L4:@F@L, B@^H, BJ$:4P4FH
159, 160
E@L@8: (@8.496-406 *@ >.^.),
*D,&>,(D,R,F846 B@^H-*D"<"HJD( 90
E@LD@>46 %D"R">F846 F&. (1739-1814),
$@:("DF846 BD@F&,H4H,:\ 35-37
EB,D">F846 ;4N"4: ;4N"6:@&4R (17721839), DJFF846 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\
44
EBD,>(B@DH,> 5.D"> ;"(>JF
(Sprengtporten Göran Magnus, 17401819), T&,*F846 @L4P,D, FH@D@>>48
BD4F@,*4->,>4b K4>:b>*44 8 C@FF44
43-44, 149
EH"<$J:@& EH,L"> (1854-1915),
$@:("DF846 B@:4H4R,F846 4
@$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\ 86
EH,>$,88 9"DF (Stenbäck Lars, 18111870), L4>F846 BD@F&,H4H,:\ 109
EH@4:@& S@B@& ',@D(46 (1879-1933),
$@:("DF846 H@:FH@&,P 100
EH@b>@& A"D"T8,& (J<,D 2006),
@F>@&"H,:\ FHJ*,>R,F8@(@ @$V,FH&"
$@:("D@-L4>F8@6 *DJ0$Z & 1938 (. 163
EHD4>*$,D( !&(JFH (Strindberg August,
1849-1912), T&,*F846 B4F"H,:\ 57, 105,
118
EJ&4:,NH@ Эеро (Suvilehto Eero,
род.1947), L4>F846 B@^H, B,D,&@*R48 F
$@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" 19, 57, 63- 64, 66, 79,
125, 136
G"(@D C"$4>*D">"H (Thakur
Rabindranath, 1861-1941), 4>*46F846
B4F"H,:\, @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\ 101
283
G":"F ?>>4 (Talas Onni *@ 1919 (.
Gratschoff, 1877-1958), L4>F846 B@F@: &
#@:("D44 1934-1940 14, 26, 27, 58, 131,
132, 141, 169, 178-183, 193
G":&4@ ;"6:" (Talvio Maila BF,&*@>4<,
JD. Winter, 2"<J0,< 2" Mikkola, 18711951), L4>F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P" 16, 55, 69,
73, 75-77, 108, 132, 212
G"D84"6>,> %4:\@ (Tarkiainen Viljo,
1879-1951), L4>F846 :4H,D"HJD@&,* 105,
107
G4<@>,> 3D<" (Timonen Irma, D@*.1948),
B,D,&@*R4P" $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ >"
L4>F846 b2Z8, 4FF:,*@&"H,:\>4P" 125,
125
G4N<,>,&"-A,JD">,> G"H\b>" E,D(,,&>"
(D@*.1942), L4:@(@(, 4FF:,*@&"H,:\>4P"
19, 152
G@*@D@&" +:,>", BD,B@*"&"H,:\
$@:("DF8@(@ b^Z8" 79, 126
G@*@D@& A,H8@ 5@D*">@& (1879-1916),
$@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 40, 90
G@:FH@6 9,& =48@:",&4R (1828-1910),
DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 24, 56, 99-106, 120, 139,
144, 145, 162, 175
K@H4>@& 7@>FH">H4>, $@:("DF846
BJ$:4P4FH 38
KD4*D4N 7"D: ',FF,>F846 (Friedrich
Karl, 1868-1940), BD,H,>*,>H >" <@>"DN"
K4>:b>*44 B@F:, ,. >,2"&4F4<@FH4 1917
49
M""&488@ A""&@ (Haavikko Paavo, D@*.
1931), L4>F846 B@^H 19
M":HF@>,> !. (Haltsonen A.), B,D&@*R48
'.E A,HD@&" >" L4>F846 b2Z8 16, 141144, 147, 169
M":HF@>,> EJ:@ (Haltsonen Sulo, 19231973), L4>F846 $4$:4@(D"L, F:"&4FH 81
M">>J:" IJ>@ (Hannula Uuno,1911-1943),
L4>F846 B@:4H48 132
M&@FH@&" !:,8F">*D" (1768-1853),
DJFF8"b B4F"H,:\>4P" 153
M4D\b8@& !., DJFF846 B4F"H,:\, H@:FH@&,P
102, 142, 144
M@<b8@& !. (1804-1860), DJFF846
F:"&b>@L4: 157
M`D88b>,> _88" (Hyrkkänen Jukka,
D@*.1942), L4>F846 F:"&4FH 88, 125
G@<F,> %4:\(,:\< 9`*&4( (Thomsen
Vilhelm Ludvig, 1842-1927), *"HF846
8@<B"D"H4&4FH 69
Mb<,,>-!>HH4:" %b6>. (Hämeen-Anttila
Väinö, 1878-1942), L4>F846 42*"H,:\,
0JD>":4FH 93-95
G@B,:4JF O"8"D4"F (Topelius Zacharias,
1818-1918), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\,B4F"&T46
>" T&,*F8@< b2Z8, 47, 53, 57, 108, 109
O">,& 3&"> (D@*.1841), $@:("DF846
B4F"H,:\, B,D,&@*R48 _N">4 !N@ 4
!D&4*" aD>,L,:\H" 22, 99, 101-104, 107,
131
G@D@ ',>D4 ),6&4* (Thoreau Henry
David, 1817-1862), "<,D48">F846
B4F"H,:\, <ZF:4H,:\, >,BD@H4&:,>,P 102
G@T8@& %,F,:4> (D@*.1951), $@:("DF846
B,D,&@*R48 57, 87-88
GJD(,>,& 3&"> E,D(,,&4R (1818-1883),
DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 101, 105
GJJ:4@ G`J>4 (Tuulio Tyyni, 1912-2001),
L4>F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P", B,D,&@*R4P",
:4H,D"HJD@&,* 79
K,D*4>">* I 7@$JD(F846 (E"8F-7@$JD('@H", 1861-1948) $@:("DF846 8>b2\ F
1887, P"D\ #@:("D44 1928-1918 60, 65
K@DHJ>"H@& K4:4BB K.*@D@&4R (18481914), DJFF846 b2Z8@&,* 69
O">8@& )D"("> (1830-1913), $@:("DF846
B@:4H48 60, 65
O@>,& #,>\@ (1863-1926), $@:("DF846
b2Z8@&,*, B,D,&@*R48 A4,H"D4
Ab6&bD4>H" 94-98, 131
O@D> !>*,DF (Zorn Anders, 1860-1920),
T&,*F846 04&@B4F,P 4 (D"L48 109-110
Q,D>@D42,P MD"$D (M &,8), $@:("DF846
<@>"N, @*4> 42 F@2*"H,:,6 F:"&b>F8@6
"2$J84 34
Q,DH8@& %:"*4<4D 'D4(@D\,&4R (18541936), DJFF846 @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\,
42*"H,:\, *DJ( 9.=.G@:FH@(@ 99, 100, 104
Q,N@& !>H@> A"&:@&4R (1860-1924),
DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 97, 101
284
Q4:4>(4D@& EH4:4b> (1881-1943),
$@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\, L,>>@L4: 108
]D48 E&bH@6 (Eerik IX Pyhä, MII &,8),
T&,*F846 8@D@:\ 40
Q4>HJ:@& )@$D4 (1822-1886), $@:("DF846
B@^H 38-39
]D>D@H 7"24<4D (Ehrnrooth Casimir,
1833-1913), L4>F846 (,>,D":-:,6H,>">H,
B@:4H4R,F846 *,bH,:\ 13, 47, 60-61, 6467, 130, 206, 210
S":bB4> K.*@D 3&">@&4R (1873-1938),
DJFF846 B,&,P 139
S"<D"6 Татиана, BD,B@*"&"H,:\
$@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" 79, 126
S"J<"> ]J(,> (Schaumann Eugen , 18751924), "8H4&4FH *&40,>4b 2"
>,2"&4F4<@FH\ K4>:b>*44, J$46P" =.3.
#@$D48@&" 39, 49
S,8FB4D I4:\b< (Shakespeare William,
1564-1616), ">(:46F846 *D"<"HJD( 4 B@^H
56
S,::4 ;^D4 (Shelley Mary, 1797-1851),
">(:46F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P" 90
S,N">@&" ?:\(", $@:("DF8"b NJ*@0>4P",
0,>" ',@D(4b S4T8@&" 79, 81
S4:*H CJ>"D (Schildt Runar, 1888-1925),
L4>F846 B4F"H,:\, B4F"&T46 >"
T&,*F8@< b2Z8, 74, 77, 108, 212
S4::,D 3@(">> KD4*D4N (Schiller
Freadrich von, 1759-1805), >,<,P846 B@^H
4 *D"<"HJD( 108
S4T8@& ',@D(4, D"$@H>48 $@:("DF8@(@
B@F@:\FH&" & K4>:b>*44 81, 134
S4T<">@& !*,8F">*D (D@*.1889),
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108, 212
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L4>F846 b2Z8, "&H@D FH"H,6 4 $D@T`D @
#@:("D44 14, 18, 26, 27, 57-58, 122, 125,
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B@F@: & GJDP44 4 #@:("D44 1949-1972
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a&@D@& A,H8@ (>"FH@bV"b L"<4:4b
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L4>F846 B@:4H48, FH@D@>>48 BD4F@,*4>,>4b K4>:b>*44 8 C@FF44 43
a8@$F@> A,H,D (Jakobson Peter, 18541919), ^FH@>F846 B@^H 62
a>RJ:,& %., $@:("DF846 *,bH,:\
8@@B,D"H4&>@(@ *&40,>4b 72- 73, 131
aD>,L,:\H !&(JFH !:,8F">*D (Järnefelt
August Alexsander, 1833-1916), L4>F846
(,>,D":, 8"DH@(D"L 67
S4T<">@& )4<4HD (1889-1945), <4>4FHD
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T&,*F8@< b2Z8, 13, 16, 24, 25, 29, 56- 57,
67, 75, 99-107, 120, 130, 131, 200, 205, 206,
210, 211
S4T<">@& 3&"> (1862-1928), JR.>Z6,
$@:("DF846 8J:\HJD>Z6 4 @$V,FH&,>>Z6
*,bH,:\ 77, 96, 145
aD>,L,:\H !D<"F (Järnefelt Armas, 18691958), L4>F846 *4D40.D 4 8@<B@24H@D
102
S4T<">@&" ;"D4b, 0,>" !:,8F">*D"
S4T<">@&" 75-77
aD>,L,:\H +,D@ (Järnefelt Eero, 18631937), L4>F846 NJ*@0>48 102, 113
S<4* 7D4FH@L (Schmidt, 1768-1854),
>,<,P846 B4F"H,:\ 120