Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека

2001
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(COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners AS)
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Consulting Engineers and Planners AS)
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Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K
L_e +45 32 66 01 00. Bgl_jg_l: www.mst.dk
=h^ba^Zgby: 2001
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ISBN 87-7944-518-5
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3
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I?J<H?HKHAG:GB?IJH;E?F, K<YA:GGUOKKHKLHYGB?FA>HJH<VY
G:K?E?GBYBHDJM@:XS?CKJ?>U (1960-1972 ==..)
4.1
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obfbq_kdh]hb[bheh]bq_kdh]hijhba\h^kl\Z^hh[_a\j_`b\Zgbyhloh^h\
bwdkiemZlZpbbZ\lh^jhfh\;m^mqbbklhqgbdZfbaZ]jyag_gbywlb
h[t_dlub\b^u^_yl_evghklboZjZdl_jbamxlky\ha^_ckl\b_fgZ
hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mdhlhjh_g_h[oh^bfhj_]mebjh\Zlvb
j_]eZf_glbjh\Zlv_s_^hgZqZeZ^_yl_evghklbh[t_dlh\
H[t_dlub\b^u^_yl_evghklbgZ\_^_gb_dhlhjuog_lj_[m_lky
ki_pbZevgh]hjZaj_r_gbyijbjh^hhojZgguohj]Zgh\
H[t_dlZfbb\b^Zfb^_yl_evghklbg_lj_[mxsbfbkh]eZkh\Zgby
y\eyxlkyfZeu_bkj_^gb_ij_^ijbylby[hevrbgkl\hbadhlhjuo
ijhba\h^bllh`_qlhbh[t_dlugZ^_yl_evghklvdhlhjuolj_[m_lky
ijbjh^hhojZggh_jZaj_r_gb_ghlhevdh\f_gvrbofZkrlZ[ZoWlbf
ij_^ijbylbyfjZaj_r_gb_g_gm`ghghhgbh[yaZguaZy\blvhk\h_f
mqj_`^_gbbf_klguf\eZklyf^hgZqZeZk\h_c^_yl_evghklbH[jZah\Zgb_
wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\wlbfbij_^ijbylbyfbg_lZd\_ebdhdZdgZ
h[t_dlZob^ey\b^h\^_yl_evghklbih^e_`Zsboh[yaZl_evghc\u^Zq_
wdheh]bq_kdbojZaj_r_gbcgh\k_`_lZdb_h[t_dlulj_[mxl
hij_^_e_ggh]h\gbfZgby
Ijhqb_h[t_dlub\b^u^_yl_evghklb
Dijhqbfh[t_dlZfb\b^Zf^_yl_evghklbhlghkylkyj_klhjZguhnbku
dZ[bg_luklhfZlheh]h\^Zglbklh\bli<_^_gb_lZdhc^_yl_evghklbg_
y\ey_lkydjmigufbklhqgbdhf\hagbdgh\_gbywdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\
ohlyba^_kvh[jZam_lkyhij_^_e_gguch[t_fhloh^h\ZlZd`_fh]ml
\hagbdZlvrmfubaZiZob
F_edbc[bag_k
<k_dlhjZo]^__klv\ukhdbckijhkZlZd`_\kljZgZokjZa\b\Zxs_cky
wdhghfbdhcij_^ijbgbfZl_ebqZklhhldju\Zxlfgh]hqbke_ggu_\b^u
f_edh]h[bag_kZKlhqdbaj_gbybklhqgbdh\h[jZah\Zgbywdheh]bq_kdbo
nZdlhjh\\ha^_ckl\mxsbogZa^hjh\v_lZdhc\b^^_yl_evghklbfh`_l
[ulvbklhqgbdhfagZqbl_evgh]hh[t_fZ\u[jhkh\k[jhkh\bh[jZah\Zgby
hloh^h\dhlhju_qZklhijhbkoh^yl\`beuoahgZobebg_^Ze_dhhlgbo
2.4.2 K_evkdh_be_kgh_ohayckl\h
K_evkdh_ohayckl\h
Kms_kl\m_lagZqbl_evgZyjZagbpZ\oZjZdl_jbklbdZobklhqgbdZ
aZ]jyag_gbyf_`^mwdkl_gkb\gufbbgl_gkb\gufk_evkdbfohayckl\hf
Wdkl_gkb\gh_ijhba\h^kl\hlZdh_dZdbkihevah\Zgb_iZkl[bsb
\ujZsb\Zgb_kdhlZh[uqghg_k\yaZghkbkihevah\Zgb_fm^h[j_gbc
hjhr_gbyi_klbpb^h\bebk\ukhdbfihlj_[e_gb_fwg_j]bbq_]hg_evay
kdZaZlvh[bgl_gkb\ghfk_evkdhfohayckl\_
G_dhlhju_dmevlmju[he__aZ\bkbfuhlbkihevah\Zgby\h^um^h[j_gbcb
i_klbpb^h\bbo\ujZsb\Zgb_\hafh`ghlj_[m_l[hevrboljm^haZljZl
ihkjZ\g_gbxk^jm]bfbdmevlmjZfbWlhfh`_lihkem`blvbklhqgbdhf
agZqbl_evghcjZagbpujbkdh\ijyfh]hbebdhk\_ggh]h\ha^_ckl\bygZ
gZk_e_gb_^Zgghcf_klghklb
DjmighfZkrlZ[gh_ijhfure_ggh_kdhlh\h^kl\hijb\h^bl
khhl\_lkl\_gghbdh[jZah\Zgbxh]jhfgh]hh[t_fZhloh^h\\\b^_gZ\haZ
bijBa\_klghfgh]hijbf_jh\Z\ZjbcguokemqZ_\k[jhkZbihiZ^Zgby
ojZgys_]hkygZ\haZ\ih\_joghklgu_\h^u\uau\Zxs_]hkbevgh_
aZ]jyag_gb_;he__lh]hbkiZj_gb_ZffbZdZbagZ\haZojZgys_]hky\
j_a_j\mZjZobebijbf_gy_fh]hgZk_evkdhohayckl\_gguom]h^vyo^Z_l
hkh[hqm\kl\bl_evgufwdhkbkl_fZfdjblbq_kdmxgZ]jmadmih
kh^_j`ZgbxiblZl_evguo\_s_kl\bdlhfm`_fh`_l\ha^_ckl\h\ZlvgZ
a^hjh\v_b[eZ]hihemqb_jZ[hlZxsbobijh`b\Zxsboih[ebahklbex^_c
<ihke_^g__\j_fy[uehh[jZs_gh\gbfZgb_gZihl_gpbZevgucjbkd
k\yaZgguckbkihevah\Zgb_f\wlhchljZkebZglb[bhlbdh\dZd
klbfmeylhjh\jhklZLj_\h]m\uau\Z_llhqlhihklhyggZyjZ[hlZih
k_e_dpbb[Zdl_jbc`b\hlguofh`_lijb\_klbdihy\e_gbxhkh[h
mklhcqb\uodhfgh]bfij_iZjZlZfnhjfiZlh]_gguofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\
dhlhju_jZkijhkljZgyxlky\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_k\yaZgghckgZ\hahf<
k\yabkwlbf\>Zgbb[uehaZij_s_ghbbebh]jZgbq_ghbkihevah\Zgb_
g_dhlhjuodhgdj_lguoZglb[bhlbdh\klbfmeylhjh\jhklZ
E_kgh_ohayckl\h
E_kh\h^kl\h\ijbjh^guoe_kZofh`ghkjZ\gblvkwdkl_gkb\guf
a_fe_^_eb_fZgZieZglZpbyohkh[_gghijb\ujZsb\Zgbb^_dhjZlb\guo
a_e_guogZkZ`^_gbcqZklhbf__lf_klhdZdf_ebhjZlb\gh_\ha^_ckl\b_
bkihevah\Zgb_m^h[j_gbchqbs_ggh]hhkZ^dZhlh[jZ[hldbklhdh\lZdb
bkihevah\Zgb_i_klbpb^h\
2.4.3 Ijhba\h^kl\hwe_dljhwg_j]bb
BkdhiZ_fu_\b^ulhieb\Z
Ijhba\h^kl\hwe_dljhwg_j]bbqZklhp_gljZebah\Zghdh]^Zbkihevamxlky
bkdhiZ_fu_\b^ulhieb\Zhkh[_ggh_kebbklhqgbdhfwg_j]bby\ey_lky
m]hevWlhfh`_lijb\_klbdihy\e_gbx\_kvfZijh[e_fguo\u[jhkh\
l\_j^uoqZklbpihebZjhfZlbq_kdbom]e_\h^hjh^h\12x, SO2bly`_euo
f_lZeeh\ba^ufh\uoljm[H^gZdhkijZdlbq_kdhclhqdbaj_gbye_]q_
dhgljhebjh\Zlv\u[jhkuhlg_[hevrh]hqbkeZbklhqgbdh\Iuev
hkZ`^Z_fZygZnbevljZoe_lmqZyaheZbreZdh[jZam_fu_\j_amevlZl_
ijhba\h^kl\Zwg_j]bblj_[mxlhkh[h]h\gbfZgbybaaZkh^_j`Zsboky\
gboaZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\hkh[_gghly`_euof_lZeeh\>eylZdbo
hloh^h\kha^Zxlkyki_pbZevgu_f_klZojZg_gbybijbf_gyxlky
jZaebqgu_f_lh^ubo\lhjbqgh]hbkihevah\ZgbygZijbf_jijb
kljhbl_evkl\_^hjh]b\kljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeZo
<hah[gh\ey_fu_j_kmjku
Ijhba\h^kl\hwe_dljhwg_j]bbhkgh\Zggh_gZbkihevah\Zgbb\_ljZ
khegpZ\h^ub^jm]bo\hah[gh\ey_fuoj_kmjkh\g_k\yaZghkh
agZqbl_evgufh[jZah\Zgb_fwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\\ha^_ckl\mxsbogZ
a^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZAZbkdexq_gb_fiehlbg]b^jhwe_dljhklZgpbcwlhl
k_dlhjy\ey_lkyh[uqgh^_p_gljZebah\ZggufohlyiZjdb\_ljyguo
f_evgbpm`_lj_[mxlj_Zevgh]hj_r_gbyijh[e_fu_s_h^gh]hba
hljbpZl_evguojZa^jZ`ZxsbonZdlhjh\±rmfZijb\jZs_gbbehiZkl_c
f_evgbp
LjZgkihjl
Bklhqgbdhfjy^Zwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\y\eyxlky^\b]Zl_eb
\gmlj_gg_]hk]hjZgbyKqblZ_lkyqlhbf_gghhgbb]jZxlhkgh\gmxjhev
\kha^ZgbbhljbpZl_evguoihke_^kl\bc^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZl_
ijb\h^yldm\_ebq_gbxkf_jlghklbbih\ur_gbxaZ[he_\Z_fhklb
gZk_e_gby<u[jhkuhlljZgkihjlZijhbkoh^ylba[hevrh]hqbkeZ
g_[hevrbobklhqgbdh\b\hkgh\ghfbf_xlf_klhgZl_jjblhjbyo]^_
ijh`b\Z_lfgh]hqbke_ggh_gZk_e_gb_Djhf_lh]h\u[jhkuijhbkoh^yl\
ahg_^uoZgbyq_eh\_dZIhwlhfmfhgblhjbg]\u[jhkh\ljZgkihjlZdZd\
>ZgbblZdb\h\k_ffbj_bf__l\ukhdbcijbhjbl_lIjh[e_fu\uau\Z_l
bkhklZ\lhieb\Zbbkihevah\Zgb_ijbkZ^hdG_dhlhjh_\j_fygZaZ^
\uau\Zehlj_\h]mbkihevah\Zgb_\[_gabg_hj]Zgbq_kdh]hk\bgpZ
ba\_klgh]hk\hbfblhdkbq_kdbfbk\hckl\ZfbK_]h^gyba\_klghlZd`_
qlhrbjhdh_bkihevah\Zgb_\[_gabg_FL;W(F_lbe-lj_l-[mlbeh\uc
wnbj)\uau\Z_lijh[e_fu[hevrh]hjbkdZaZ]jyag_gby]jmglh\uo\h^
dhlhju_y\eyxlkyhkgh\gufbklhqgbdhfkgZ[`_gbyiblv_\hc\h^hc\
>Zgbb
2.4.4 MklZgh\dbh[_a\j_`b\ZgbybmlbebaZpbbhloh^h\f_klZ
jZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\
Lj_\h]maZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ\uau\Z_lm`_kZfhkms_kl\h\Zgb_
mklZgh\hdij_^ijbylbcihh[_a\j_`b\ZgbxbmlbebaZpbbhloh^h\bf_kl
jZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\P_evxh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfby\ey_lkykhdjZs_gb_
\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZhloh^h\ij_^klZ\eyxsbojbkd^ey_]ha^hjh\vy
\ke_^kl\b_gZijbf_jbobgn_dpbhgguoe_]dh\hkieZf_gyxsbokyb
ijhqbohiZkguok\hckl\
Iheb]hgu^eyjZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\
Iheb]hgu^eyjZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\qZklhjZkkfZljb\ZxlkydZd
^he]hkjhqgh_beb^Z`_hdhgqZl_evgh_j_r_gb_ijh[e_fuwdheh]bq_kdbo
nZdlhjh\k\yaZgguokhloh^ZfbL_fg_f_g__m^Ze_gb_hloh^h\iml_f
jZaf_s_gbybogZiheb]hgZofh`_lijb\_klbdijyfhfm\ha^_ckl\bx
hloh^h\gZq_eh\_dZihkj_^kl\hfaZ]jyag_gghcbebbgnbpbjh\Zgghc
iuebbebkihj\j_^guobeby^h\bluoe_]dh\hkieZf_gyxsbokyb
\aju\hhiZkguo]Zah\hkh[_ggh\kblmZpbyodh]^Zjy^hfkiheb]hghf
gZoh^ylky`beu_jZchgubeb_kebg_ihkj_^kl\_gghgZiheb]hg_
hj]Zgbah\ZgujZ[hluihih\lhjghfmbkihevah\Zgbxi_j_jZ[hld_
hloh^h\I_jdheypbhggu_\h^ukl_dZxsb_kiheb]hgZfh]ml[ulv
kbevghaZ]jyag_gubklZlvijbqbghcaZ]jyag_gby]jmglh\uobeb
ih\_joghklguo\h^Ihwlhfmbkihevah\Zgb_iheb]hgh\k\_^_ghd
fbgbfmfmb[ulh\u_hloh^ugZgbog_jZaf_sZxlky
Rbjhdhijbf_gy_fZy\ijhrehfijZdlbdZk`b]ZgbyfmkhjZbhloh^h\gZ
h[t_dlZojZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\[ueZ\>Zgbbij_djZs_gZldwlhfh]eh
kem`blvbklhqgbdhfg_m^h[kl\bijh[e_fk\yaZgguokha^hjh\v_f
`bl_e_cijbe_]Zxsbol_jjblhjbc\ua\Zgguo^ufhfdhihlvxb
aZ]jyag_gb_fGbadZyl_fi_jZlmjZk`b]Zgbyfh`_lijb\_klbd
m\_ebq_gbx\u[jhkh\ihebpbdebq_kdboZjhfZlbq_kdbom]e_\h^hjh^h\b
iheboehjbjh\Zgguo^bhdkbgh\bnmjZgh\l_l_o\b^h\\_s_kl\
aZ]jyagyxsbohdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mdhlhju_klj_fylkykhdjZlblv\
i_j\mxhq_j_^v
K`b]Zgb_hloh^h\
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^bhdkbgh\bnmjZgh\h^gZdhihl_gpbZevgufbklhqgbdhfijh[e_f^ey
a^hjh\vyijh^he`ZxlhklZ\Zlvky\u[jhkul\_j^uoqZklbpb^jm]bo
aZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\ba^ufh\uoljm[IhwlhfmgZ[hevrbgkl\_
khhjm`_gbcihk`b]Zgbxhloh^h\ijbf_gyxlkyjZaebqgu_l_ogheh]bbb
h[hjm^h\Zgb_ihkhdjZs_gbxaZ]jyagyxsbo\u[jhkh\gZijbf_j
iue_\u_nbevljubhqbklbl_eb^ufZLZdb_f_jukhdjZsZxl\u[jhku\
hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mghijb\h^yldihy\e_gbxgh\uohloh^h\gZijbf_j
iuebhk_^Zxs_cgZnbevljZodhlhju_fh`ghh[_a\j_^blv
mlbebabjh\ZlvbbebjZaf_klblv[_ahiZkgufkihkh[hf
HqbkldZdZgZebaZpbhgguo\h^
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aZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\hkh[_gghiml_fh[jZah\ZgbyhkZ^dZhlh[jZ[hldb
klhdh\bklhqguo\h^BaaZkoh`_klbfgh]boZgljhih]_gguo\_s_kl\
bklhqgbdZfbdhlhjuokem`blijhfure_gghklvb^hfZrg__ohayckl\hk
l\_j^ufbqZklbpZfbdZgZebaZpbhgguchkZ^hdfh`_lkh^_j`Zlv
agZqbl_evgh_dhebq_kl\hly`_euof_lZeeh\bhj]Zgbq_kdbo
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j_amevlZlwnn_dlZ^_khj[bjh\Zgbyi_j_ghkkZwjhaheyfbH^gZdhbwlh
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gZk_e_gb_f
2.4.5 Q_eh\_d
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wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\Bf_xlky\\b^mkblmZpbbdh]^Zh^bgq_eh\_d
fh`_laZjZablv^jm]h]hgZoh^ykv\h^ghcblhc`_\g_rg_ckj_^_
gZijbf_j\ieZ\Zl_evghf[Zkk_cg_beb\\h^_^eydmiZgbyijb
aZ]jyag_gbb\h^un_dZebyfbbebaZ]jyag_gbbihiZ\r_fkdh`gh]h
ihdjh\Z
2.5 Ijh^mdpbybhloh^u
<g_dhlhjuokemqZyoi_j\bqgucijhba\h^bl_evy\ey_lky
g_ihkj_^kl\_ggufbklhqgbdhfwdheh]bq_kdh]hnZdlhjZgZijbf_jrmfZ
bebaZ]jyag_gby\ha^moZhlljZgkihjlZghqZklhnZdlhjukj_^u
i_j_ghkylky\hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m\ijh^mdpbbbebhloh^Zo
ijhba\h^bl_eyLZdhcijh^mdpb_cfh]ml[ulvh[uqgu_ihlj_[bl_evkdb_
lh\ZjuZlZd`_fZl_jbZeubkihevam_fu_^eykljhbl_evkl\Zbeb
gZijbf_jijh^mdpbyZ]jhobfbbb[bhpb^uIZjZee_evgh\ihlhd_
hloh^h\kms_kl\mxlbwdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhjuij_^klZ\eyxsb_
ihl_gpbZevgmxm]jham^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZWlbhloh^ufh]ml
\dexqZlv\k_[yhiZkgu_hloh^u[ulh\u_hloh^ubjy^[he__bebf_g__
ohjhrhhij_^_e_gguohloh^h\ijhfure_gghklbijhba\h^kl\Z
we_dljhwg_j]bbbk_evkdh]hohayckl\Z
G_ijbgpbibZevghiml_r_kl\mxlebwdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju\
ijh^mdpbbbeb\hloh^Zoh[sbf^eygboy\ey_lkylhqlhwlbnZdlhju
fh]ml[ulvkdjulufbbebijbkmlkl\h\Zlv\f_kl_gZijbf_j\
kljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeZoihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\ZjZobebobfbq_kdbo
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\dexqZ_l\k_[y
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g_ijhfure_ggu_hloh^u
2.5.1 Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zbihlj_[bl_evkdb_lh\Zju
Kms_kl\mxsb_obfbq_kdb_ij_iZjZlubijh^mdpby
Obfbq_kdb_ij_iZjZludhlhju_ijh^Zxlijhn_kkbhgZeZfbex[bl_eyf
y\eyxlkybklhqgbdhfp_eh]hjy^ZkemqZ_\ijyfh]h\ha^_ckl\by
wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\gZq_eh\_dZ<>Zgbb\ijhfure_gghklb
k_evkdhfohayckl\_b\[ulm_`_]h^ghihlj_[ey_lkyhdhehfbeebhgh\
lhggobfbq_kdboij_iZjZlh\dhlhju_ij_^klZ\e_guijbf_jgh\
obfbq_kdboijh^mdlZo\dexqZxsboobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\
>:HHK]
Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zbij_iZjZlu\dexqZxlh]jhfgh_qbkeh
gZbf_gh\Zgbc\ZjbZglh\bkihevah\Zgbybihl_gpbZevgh]h\ha^_ckl\by
Obfbq_kdbfb\_s_kl\Zfbl_g_kf_rZggufb^jm]k^jm]hf
obfbq_kdbfbij_iZjZlZfbdhlhju_bf_xlky\gZebqbbm
g_ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]hihevah\Zl_eyy\eyxlky\hkgh\ghfjZkl\hjbl_eb
bdbkehluBo\ha^_ckl\b_h[uqghijhbkoh^bl\h\j_fyjZaebqguo
ijhfu\hdihehkdZgbcbqbklhd>h\hevghqZklhhgbkemqZcghihiZ^Zxl
\jhlj_[_gdZbeb\ha^_ckl\mxlgZdh`mObfbq_kdb_ij_iZjZlu
ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hc]hjZa^h[he__jZaghh[jZagmx]jmiim\dexqZxsmx\
k_[ygZijbf_jdjZkdbbeZdbdhkf_lbdmfhxsb_kj_^kl\Zde_cb
hqbsZxsb_kj_^kl\ZH[eZklvboijbf_g_gbybihl_gpbZevgh]h
\ha^_ckl\by_kl_kl\_gghrbj_ihkjZ\g_gbxkobfbq_kdbfb\_s_kl\Zfb
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ijh^mdpbbbagZqbl_evgu_mkbebyljZlylkygZgZg_k_gb_ki_pbZevguo
ij_^mij_^bl_evguogZ^ibk_cgZmiZdh\dmdhlhju_ijba\ZgukhdjZlblv
\ha^_ckl\b_aZkq_lh]jZgbq_gbybobkihevah\Zgbybebj_dhf_g^Zpbcih
ijbf_g_gbxki_pbZevguokj_^kl\bg^b\b^mZevghcaZsblu
DeZkkbnbdZpbybfZjdbjh\dZobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\y\eyxlky\Z`gufb
bgkljmf_glZfbkha^Zgby[_ahiZkgh]hb_^bgh]hkihkh[ZdhgljheyaZ
bkihevah\Zgb_fobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\gZijbf_jdhgljheyaZp_eyfb
bkihevah\Zgbyf_lh^Zbkihevah\ZgbybliBkihevah\Zgb_
deZkkbnbdZpbbbfZjdbjh\db[he__ih^jh[ghbaeh`_gh\=eZ\_
Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z\ihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\ZjZo
Fgh]b_ihlj_[bl_evkdb_lh\Zjug_\hkijbgbfZxlkydZd\hafh`guc
bklhqgbdwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\h^gZdhijbijhba\h^kl\_
ihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\Zjh\bkihevamxlkyobfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zbijh^mdlu
Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zfh]mlijbkmlkl\h\Zlv\ihlj_[bl_evkdhflh\Zj_
ihlhfmqlhhgb\uihegyxlhij_^_e_ggmxnmgdpbxbebdZdqZklv
kljmdlmjgh]hfZl_jbZeZbebij_^klZ\eyykh[hcklZ[bebaZlhjbeb\
dZq_kl\_mdjZr_gbybliIjbf_jZfbobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\dhlhju_
dh]^Zlhki_pbZevghbkihevah\Zebkv\ihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\ZjZogh
k_cqZkbogZebqb_g_`_eZl_evghbbgh]^Z^Z`_aZij_s_ghy\eyxlky
dZ^fbcbk\bg_pbkihevah\Z\rb_ky^eyhdjZkdbwfZe_cb]eZamjb
ieZklbnbdZlhjunlZeZlZ\I<OZlZd`_g_dhlhju_g_bhggu_
ih\_joghklghZdlb\gu_kh_^bg_gby\jZaebqghcijh^mdpbb
a^jZ\hhojZg_gby
Bgh]^ZhklZlhqgh_kh^_j`Zgb_bebaZ]jyag_gb_\uims_ggh]hlh\ZjZ
dZdbfeb[h\_s_kl\hffh`_lij_^klZ\eylvijh[e_fm^eya^hjh\vy
q_eh\_dZQZs_\k_]hwlZdhgp_gljZpbyg_\_ebdZblj_\h]m\uau\Z_lg_
djZldh\j_f_gguclhdkbq_kdbcwnn_dlZkdhj__hl^Ze_ggu_ihke_^kl\by
\ha^_ckl\bylZdbo\_s_kl\;_gahe\eb]jhbg_dhlhjucbkihevam_lky^ey
lbih]jZnkdbodjZkhdhklZlhqgh_kh^_j`Zgb_oehjbjh\Zgguoi_klbpb^h\
b^bhdkbgZ\h^_`^_gbd_ev\fgh]hqbke_gguokieZ\Zoih^h[gh
aZ]jyagyxsbf\_s_kl\Zf\^jm]bolh\ZjZo±ijbf_jug_`_eZl_evguo
kh_^bg_gbcdhlhju_\hagbdZxlg_dZdj_amevlZlbogZf_j_ggh]h
^h[Z\e_gbyijbijhba\h^kl\_ghdZdg_h[oh^bfu_dhfihg_glubeb
ijbkmsb_hij_^_e_gghfmfZl_jbZembebhi_jZpbbijbdhgdj_lghf
ijhba\h^kl\_gghfijhp_kk_aZ]jyagbl_eb
GZmkeh\byijh`b\Zgby\dZdhfeb[hihf_s_gbbfh`_lkbevghih\ebylv
\u[hjkljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeh\Wlhk\yaZghkboijh^he`bl_evguf
\ha^_ckl\b_fg_agZqbl_evgufh[f_ghf\ha^moZ\ihf_s_gbyob
h]jhfgufbiehsZ^yfbdhebq_kl\hf\_s_kl\ihl_gpbZevgh\u^_ey_fuf
bbkiZjy_fufbabebkih\_joghklbfZl_jbZeZHkh[h_\gbfZgb_
m^_ey_lkye_lmqbfkh_^bg_gbyfldbkiZj_gbybakl_gbiheh\\
aZfdgmluoihf_s_gbyok[hevrbfbih\_joghklyfbfh]mlijb\_klbd
\ukhdhcdhgp_gljZpbbwlbokh_^bg_gbcIj_^f_lhf\gbfZgbyklZehb
\u^_e_gb_ieZklbnbdZlhjh\baiheb\bgbeoehjb^gh]hihdjulbyiheZ
hkh[_ggh\h\j_fy_]hfulvyfhxsbfb\_s_kl\Zfb
2.5.2 M^h[j_gbyijh^mdpbyZ]jhobfbbb[bhpb^u
M^h[j_gby
M^h[j_gbyb^jm]b_fZl_jbZeuf_ebhjbjmxsb_ihq\mfh]mlhdZau\Zlv
\ha^_ckl\b_gZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZIjbf_g_gb_hkZ^dZkhqbklguo
khhjm`_gbcgZk_evkdhohayckl\_gguoa_feyoij_^iheZ]Z_lhiZkghklv
dhglZdlZkgbfq_eh\_dZZbkihevah\Zgb_gZ\haZfh`_l\ua\Zlv[hevrb_
ijh[e_fuk\yaZggu_dZdk_]haZiZohflZdbk\hafh`gufb
ihke_^kl\byfb^eya^hjh\vy\j_amevlZl_\^uoZgbyZffbZdZ<h\j_fy
jZa[jZku\ZgbygZ\haZfh]mlh[jZah\u\Zlvkybi_j_ghkblvkygZ[hevrb_
jZkklhygbyZwjhahebkh^_j`Zsb_iZlh]_ggu_fbdjhhj]ZgbafuDZd
mdZau\Zehkv\ur_g_dhlhju_bkdmkkl\_ggu_nhknhjgu_m^h[j_gby
kh^_j`ZllZdh_dhebq_kl\hdZ^fbydhlhjh_^Zlkdb_\_^hfkl\Zkhqeb
g_ijb_fe_fufbaaZ_]h\hafh`gh]hih]ehs_gbyjZkl_gbyfb>jm]bfb
ihke_^kl\byfbfh]mly\eylvkyhklZlhqgu_dhgp_gljZpbbgbljZlh\\
iblv_\hc\h^_bijh^mdlZoiblZgbydhlhju_y\eyxlkyh[t_dlZfb
fhgblhjbg]Zb^eydhlhjuomklZgh\e_guij_^_evgu_ihdZaZl_eb
dZq_kl\Z
I_klbpb^u
<kbemlh]hqlhi_klbpb^uy\eyxlky[bheh]bq_kdbZdlb\gufb
kh_^bg_gbyfb\hafh`gh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZbohklZlhqguo
dhgp_gljZpbc\iblv_\hc\h^_bijh^mdlZoiblZgbyijb\h^bld
g_h[oh^bfhklbijh\_^_gbyrbjhdhfZkrlZ[guoijh]jZfffhgblhjbg]Z
h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo[_ahiZkghklv\h^ubijh^mdlh\iblZgby^eya^hjh\vy
q_eh\_dZBkihevah\Zgb_bijbf_g_gb_i_klbpb^h\±wlhlsZl_evgh
j_]mebjm_fZyh[eZklvAZijhr_^rb_e_lgZjugd_ihy\bebkvbkgh\Z
bkq_aebfgh]b_\b^ui_klbpb^h\G_dhlhju_\b^ui_klbpb^h\gZijbf_j
jlmlvhj]Zgbq_kdb_boehjhj]Zgbq_kdb_kh_^bg_gbyih^\_j]ebkv
`_kldhfmh]jZgbq_gbxbeb[uebaZij_s_gudijbf_g_gbx\k\yabkbo
hiZkghklvx^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ
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I_klbpb^udhlhju_bkihevamxlky\k_dlhjZohlebqguohlk_evkdh]h
ohayckl\ZgZau\Zxlky[bhpb^ZfbLZdbfb\b^Zfbbkihevah\Zgbyfh]ml
[ulvZd\ZdmevlmjZdjZkdZ^eydhjZ[e_c^_abgn_dpbykebfbpb^u\
hoeZ`^Zxsbokbkl_fZoZlZd`_jy^^jm]boh[eZkl_cbkihevah\Zgby
bagbohij_^_e_gu\>bj_dlb\_?Kih[bhpb^ghcijh^mdpbb?WK
;bhpb^ubf_xlkeh`gmxfh^_evbkihevah\Zgbyb\b^bfhbo[m^_l
bkihevah\Zlv[hevr__qbkehg_ijhn_kkbhgZevguoihevah\Zl_e_cih
kjZ\g_gbxki_klbpb^Zfb;bhpb^ufh]mllZd`_jZkijhkljZgylvky\
`beuojZchgZogZijbf_j^ey[hjv[ukgZk_dhfufbihwlhfmbo
\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZfh`_lij_^klZ\eylvkh[hc[óevrmxhiZkghklv
;bhpb^uijbkmlkl\mxl\hfgh]bo\b^Zoobfbq_kdhcijh^mdpbb
\uihegyynmgdpbxdhgk_j\ZpbbgZijbf_j\djZkdZobhqbklbl_eyogh
bolZd`_bkihevamxlb\kljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeZoldZgyob^jm]bo
fZl_jbZeZo^eyij_^hl\jZs_gbyijhp_kkh\[bheh]bq_kdh]hjZaeh`_gby
Hq_\b^ghqlhmijh^mdpbbk^ebl_evgufkjhdhfojZg_gbybebkem`[u
kdhj__\k_]h\khklZ\__klv[bhpb^u
2.5.3 Ijhfure_ggu_hloh^u
Ijhfure_ggu_hloh^ufh]mlkh^_j`ZlvfZl_jbZeudhlhju_fh]ml
\ebylvgZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZL_fg_f_g__kbkl_fZhlg_k_gbyhloh^h\d
hiZkguf\hkgh\_dhlhjhce_`Zldjbl_jbbih^h[gu_l_fdhlhju_
bkihevamxlkyijbdeZkkbnbdZpbbobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\bij_iZjZlh\
ij_^hl\jZsZ_lfgh]b_jbkdbbhiZkghklbk\yaZggu_kihl_gpbZevguf
\ha^_ckl\b_fwlbohloh^h\Hij_^_e_ggh_\ha^_ckl\b_\k_`_fh`_l
hklZ\Zlvkyb\hafh`ghbf_lvg_]Zlb\gu_ihke_^kl\by^eya^hjh\vy
q_eh\_dZhkh[_ggh_keb]h\hjblvhkhklhygbbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u
g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\ahg_ijhfure_ggh]hh[t_dlZ
HiZkgu_hloh^u
Ijhfure_gghklvgZjZ\g_k^jm]bfbdhff_jq_kdb_k_dlhjZfby\ey_lky
ijhba\h^bl_e_fhloh^h\h^gZdhh[jZamxsb_ky\ijhfure_gghklb
hiZkgu_hloh^ubebijh^mdpbydhlhjZy\ihke_^kl\bbij_\jZsZ_lky\
hiZkgu_hloh^ukqblZxlkyihl_gpbZevghgZb[he__hiZkgufb^ey
a^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ<b^uhiZkguohloh^h\bbodhfihg_glh\^_eylkygZ
fgh]hdZl_]hjbcghh[sbfbk\hckl\Zfb^_eZxsbfbhloh^uhiZkgufb
y\eyxlkylZdb_dZddhjjhabhggu_lhdkbqgu_y^h\blu_\uau\Zxsb_
jZa^jZ`_gbybeb\aju\hhiZkgu_Kj_^bijh[e_fguo^eya^hjh\vy
ijhfure_gguohloh^h\qZklhgZoh^ylkykbevgu_dbkehlubs_ehqb
2.5.4 G_ijhfure_ggu_hloh^u
;ulh\u_hloh^u
H[uqgh[ulh\u_hloh^ubebfmkhjg_kqblZxlky\Z`gufbklhqgbdhf
wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\\ha^_ckl\mxsbogZa^hjh\v_gZk_e_gby\p_ehf
ghbklhqgbdhfnZdlhjh\\ebyxsbogZa^hjh\v_\ijhba\h^kl\_gghc
kj_^_gZijbf_jfbdjhhj]Zgbafh\<>Zgbb[ulh\u_hloh^uihklmiZxl
gZkhhjm`_gby[bheh]bq_kdhchqbkldbbeb\i_qb^eyk`b]Zgby
EhdZevgh_k`b]Zgb_lZdbohloh^h\fh`_lklZlvijbqbghc\u[jhkZjy^Z
g_`_eZl_evguoaZ]jyagbl_e_cgZijbf_j^bhdkbgh\bnmjZgh\
Klhqgu_\h^u
<>ZgbbgZ^hexkbkl_fdhffmgZevghcdZgZebaZpbbijboh^blky[he__
klhqguo\h^[óevrZyqZklvhklZ\rbokyklhdh\hl\h^blky\k_ilbdb
bebj_`_±g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\ijb_fgbdb>eyhqbs_gguoklhqguo\h^b
ijhba\h^bfh]hhkZ^dZmklZgh\e_guij_^_evgu_\_ebqbguLZdbf
h[jZahf\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZklhqguo\h^bebZwjhahe_c
\hagbdZxsbo\ijhp_kk_hqbkldbg_y\ey_lkyh[uqgufy\e_gb_f\
>ZgbbB\k_`_\ha^_ckl\b_klhdh\\ha^moZbebhkZ^dZkh^_j`Zsbo
wdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhjugZkhljm^gbdh\hqbklguokhhjm`_gbc\hafh`gh
LZddZdhqbs_gguchkZ^hdbkihevam_lky\k_evkdhfohayckl\_\dZq_kl\_
m^h[j_gbyihl_gpbZevghkms_kl\m_llZdhcimlv^ey\ha^_ckl\byhkZ^dZ
dZd\h\j_fyb]j^_l_cbebijb\uiheg_gbbdZdboeb[hjZ[hlgZiheyo
Dhfihkl
KZ^h\ucb[ulh\hcdhfihkl\p_ehfg_kqblZ_lkyijh[e_fZlbqgufk
lhqdbaj_gbywdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\\ha^_ckl\mxsbogZa^hjh\v_
q_eh\_dZh^gZdh[uebaZj_]bkljbjh\ZgukemqZbbgnbpbjh\Zgby
aZjZ`_gbybihiZ^Zgby]jb[dh\uokihj\^uoZl_evgmxkbkl_fmmjZ[hqbo
p_gljZevguokhhjm`_gbcihijhba\h^kl\mdhfihklZijh[e_f
<ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_gZk_e_gby\p_ehfg_h`b^Z_lky
Hloh^u`bag_^_yl_evghklbq_eh\_dZ
;ulh\u_hloh^uba[hevgbpb^jm]bomqj_`^_gbc]^_bg^b\b^mZevgu_
]b]b_gbq_kdb_ijhp_^mjuhkms_kl\eyxlkyijhn_kkbhgZeZfbfh]ml
kh^_j`ZlvdZefhqmbeb^jm]b_aZ]jyag_ggu_hloh^u<kemqZyodh]^Z
lZdb_hloh^uihklmiZxlgZiheb]hgubebdhfihklbjmxlky\hafh`gh
jZkijhkljZg_gb_bgnbpbjh\Zggh]hfZl_jbZeZ
2.6 Ijbjh^gu_kj_^ub\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZ
2.6.1 Ijbjh^gu_kj_^u
Wdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju\dhg_qghfblh]_ihiZ^Zxl\ijbjh^gu_kj_^u
dhlhju_ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcljbhkgh\gu_kj_^ugZoh`^_gbynZdlhjh\
lZdb_dZd\ha^moihq\Zb\h^ZKm^v[ZnZdlhjZ\dhgdj_lghcijbjh^ghc
kj_^_aZ\bkblhloZjZdl_jbklbdkZfh]hnZdlhjZblhcijbjh^ghckj_^u\
dhlhjhchggZoh^blky
Nbabdhobfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zobfbq_kdh]hkh_^bg_gbyhij_^_eyxl_]h
jZkijhkljZg_gb_\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_gZijbf_je_lmqb_kh_^bg_gby
h[gZjm`b\Zxlky]eZ\gufh[jZahf\\ha^mrghckj_^_]b^jhnbevgu_
kh_^bg_gby±]eZ\gufh[jZahf\\h^_Zkbevgh]b^jhnh[gu_kh_^bg_gby
ijbkmlkl\mxl\hkZ^d_hleh`_gbyobeb[bhl_Obfbq_kdh_kh_^bg_gb_
fh`_ljZkiZ^Zlvky\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_bijh^mdlujZkiZ^Zfh]ml[ulv
beb[he__lhdkbqgufbbebf_g__lhdkbqgufbihkjZ\g_gbxkgZqZevguf
kh_^bg_gb_fJZkiZ^\_s_kl\ZaZ\bkbldZdhloZjZdl_jbklbdkZfh]h
kh_^bg_gbylZdbhlmkeh\bchdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uijbkmlkl\b_
fbdjhhj]Zgbafh\iblZl_evguo\_s_kl\\eZ`ghklbbij:gZeh]bqgh
kms_kl\h\Zgb_iZlh]_gguofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\aZ\bkblhlnbabq_kdbo
obfbq_kdbob[bheh]bq_kdbomkeh\bchdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ul_fi_jZlmju
iblZl_evguo\_s_kl\dbkehjh^Zdhgdmj_gpby^jm]bofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\b
li
<dZq_kl\_ijbf_jZfh`ghjZkkfhlj_lvaZ]jyag_gb_ihq\ub]jmglh\
g_nl_ijh^mdlZfbG_dhlhju_dhfihg_glug_nlbfh]mlbgl_gkb\gh
ih]ehsZlvkyqZklbpZfb]jmglZbgZoh^blvky\g_f[_a^\b`_gby>jm]b_
jZkl\hjyxlky\nbevljm_fhc\h^_b\dhg_qghfblh]_ihiZ^Zxl\
]jmglh\u_\h^u?klvblZdb_dhlhju_bkiZjyxlkybaihq\u\
Zlfhkn_jguc\ha^mobfh]mlihiZklv\\ha^mrgmxkj_^m`beuo
ihf_s_gbcihkljh_gguogZaZ]jyag_gguomqZkldZoJZkiZ^dhfihg_glh\
g_nlbfh`_lijhbkoh^blv\h\k_owlbokblmZpbyoZf_oZgbafbkdhjhklv
jZkiZ^Z[m^_laZ\bk_lvhlobfbq_kdbobnbabq_kdbomkeh\bcgZijbf_j
ijbkmlkl\bydbkehjh^Z\h^uhj]Zgbq_kdh]hfZl_jbZeZS+nZdlhjZ
ihq\u__fbg_jZevgh]hkhklZ\Zb^j
2.6.2 <ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZ
<k_ex^bih^\_j]Zxlky\ha^_ckl\bxwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\q_j_a
gZijbf_j\ha^modhlhjuffu^urbf\h^mdhlhjmxiv_fdhglZdlk
jZaebqgufb\_s_kl\Zfbbij_iZjZlZfbbijH^gZdhkl_i_gvwlh]h
\ha^_ckl\byjZaebqgZbaZ\bkblhlkj_^u\dhlhjhcfugZoh^bfkyb
gZr_]hih\_^_gbyIjbqbghclZdhcjZagbpufh`_l[ulv
•
•
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F_klhgZoh`^_gb_^hfZbih\k_^g_\gZy^_yl_evghklv]hjh^beb
k_evkdZyf_klghklvhkh[Zykj_^Z
>_yl_evghklvdhlhjhcfuaZgbfZ_fky\jZaebqguo\g_rgbokj_^Zo
^_yl_evghklvdhlhjZy\uau\Z_lhkh[u_\b^u\ha^_ckl\bygZijbf_j
\h\j_fyjZ[hluih_a^hdgZljZgkihjl_\k\h[h^gh_\j_fyijb
aZgylbyokihjlhf\h\j_fy^_lkdbob]jbli
<u[hjijh^mdlh\iblZgbyblZdbo\b^h\ijh^mdpbbdZdgZijbf_j
h^_`^Zdhkf_lbdZx\_ebjgu_ba^_ebylh\Zjh\[ulh\hcobfbbb^j
Mkeh\byijh`b\Zgbykljhbl_evgu_fZl_jbZeu\_glbeypbybij
Imlb\ha^_ckl\byfh]ml[ulvijyfufbbebhihkj_^h\Zggufb
Ijbf_jZfbijyfuoiml_c\ha^_ckl\byy\eyxlky
•
•
•
•
<^uoZgb_aZ]jyag_ggh]h\ha^moZ
<^uoZgb_Zwjhahe_ckh^_j`ZsboiZlh]_ggu_fbdjhhj]Zgbafu
IhiZ^Zgb_aZ]jyag_gghcihq\ubeb\h^u\hj]Zguibs_\Zj_gby
Khijbdhkgh\_gb_dh`bkijh^mdpb_cbebaZ]jyag_gghc\g_rg_c
kj_^hc
Zhihkj_^h\Zggh_dhk\_ggh_\ha^_ckl\b_fh`_l[ulvijb
•
•
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ihiZ^Zgbb\hj]Zguibs_\Zj_gbyijh^mdlh\iblZgbyihemq_gguogZ
aZ]jyag_gguoa_feyo
ghr_gbbaZ]jyag_gghch^_`^u
\^uoZgbbbkiZj_gbcbaaZ]jyag_gghcihq\ubeb\h^u
Ijbhij_^_e_gbbh[hkgh\Zggh]hom^r_]hkemqZyijyfh]hb
hihkj_^h\Zggh]h\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZmqblu\Zxlkymya\bfu_]jmiiu
gZk_e_gby^jm]b_nZdlhjujbkdZb]jmiiu\hafh`gh]h\ha^_ckl\bydZd
wlhgZijbf_jk^_eZgh\Hp_gd_?\jhi_ckdh]hKhxaZwdheh]bq_kdh]h
jbkdZobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\bkh_^bg_gbc(87*'?K]
Djhf_jZaebqbc\kl_i_gb\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZkms_kl\mxljZaebqby
b\mya\bfhklbhl^_evguoex^_cbhkh[uo]jmiigZk_e_gbyKl_i_gv
mya\bfhklb^Z`_h^gh]hblh]h`_q_eh\_dZfh`_l[ulvjZaghc\
aZ\bkbfhklbhlh[s_]hkhklhygbya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZbijbkmlkl\by
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j_r_gbc
4.3.1 <ha^_ckl\b_gZh[s_kl\h
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hkms_kl\e_gguoijbjh^hhojZgguobg\_klbpbc\f_klhh^gh]hebrv
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j_kmjkh\bh]jZgbqblv\u[jhkuZk^jm]hc±klbfmebjh\Zlv
l_ogheh]bq_kdbcijh]j_kkIhwlhfmfgh]b_dhfiZgbbbhj]ZgbaZpbb
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4.3.2 F_klgucdhgl_dklIh\_kldbgZ\_d
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mqZklgbpZ^he`gZ[ueZhj]Zgbah\Zlvijh\_^_gb_dhfie_dkZ
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FmgbpbiZebl_lu>Zgbb[uebm`_ohjhrhagZdhfukijbjh^hhojZgguf
j_]mebjh\Zgb_fbg_dhlhju_bagbo\hkijbgyebwlhdZdihy\b\rmxky
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<wlhli_jbh^wdheh]bq_kdZyiheblbdZklZeZlZd`_\hijhkhfih\_^_gby
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gZijZ\e_gZgZlhqlh[uh[e_]qblv\u[hjihlj_[bl_e_fwdheh]bq_kdb
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Brundtland, G.H. (1987): "Our Common Future", Report from the World
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C_gkWg][_j](QJEHUJ-HQVDDet heles vel.
Forureningsbekæmpelse i Danmark fra loven om sundhedsvedtægter i
1850´erne til miljøloven i 1974". Københavns Kommune, Miljøkontrollen. (kf
gb`_djZldh_kh^_j`Zgb_gZZg]ebckdhfyaud_
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]]&LW\RI&RSHQKDJHQ0Lljøkontrollen.
:>`_fbkhg-DPLVRQ$b^j"The Making of the New
Environmental Consciousness - A comparative Study of the Environmental
Movements in Sweden, Denmark and the NetherlandsKha^Zgb_gh\h]h
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Edinburgh.
;C_gk_g-HQVHQ%"Miljøproblemer og velfærd" Wdheh]bq_kdb_
ijh[e_fub[eZ]hkhklhygb_6SHNWUXP&RSHQKDJHQ
KE_dk/H[&]hlh\blkydim[ebdZpbb"Aktør i et spind af
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Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen.
FEbd_]hj^/\NNHJDDUG0]"Skærpet erstatningsansvar for
miljøskader" Mkbe_gb_hl\_lkl\_gghklbaZms_j[hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_
Lov nr. 225 af 6-4-94, Advokatfirma Bill Andersen, Århus.
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>Zlkdh_h[s_kl\hhojZguijbjh^u
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i miljøpolitikken 1989-94"Hlq_lhp_eyobkj_^kl\Zowdheh]bq_kdhc
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nr. 6.
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kjZ\gb\Zxlkykij_^_evgh^himklbfufbagZq_gbyfbmklZgh\e_ggufb\?Kb>Zgbb>Zggu_
aZ]\—]f3hl.HPSb3DOPJUHQ]kmdZaZggufbh]h\hjdZfbDhgp_gljZpbb
ij_\urZxsb_ij_^_evgu_agZq_gby\u^_e_gu`bjgufrjbnlhfIj_^_evgu_agZq_gby±wlh
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(LMP-IV).
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Leslie Recio, Vernon E. Walker, Ian A. Blair, James A. Swenberg. Health
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aZ]jyag_gbyZlfhkn_juljZgkihjlhf0LOMøprojekt nr. 352, Miljøstyrelsen.
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Miljøpolitisk Redegørelse 1999, afsnit 15.1.3 Indeklima og luftforurening,
Miljø- og Energiministeriet,
http://www.mem.dk/publikationer/nmpr99/kapitel15.htm - 15.1.3.
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NERI (2000): "The Danish Urban Air Quality Network"/03K_lv
baf_j_gbydZq_kl\Z\ha^moZ\]hjh^Zo>Zgbb
(http://www.dmu.dk/AtmosphericEnvironment/aq_besk/lmp.htm)
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Wåhlin, Ruwim Berkowicz & Ole Hertel (1999): "Ultrafine partikler luftforurening fra trafikken og befolkningseksponering"Ij_a_glZpby
^hdmf_glZkhklhyeZkvgZdhgn_j_gpbb'DQVN0LOMøforskning 1999 ]
(http://www.dmu.dk/miljoekonference1999/online/abstracts.htm)
I<webgNIZef]j_gbJblZ\Zg>bg]_g_g3HWHU:åhlin, Finn Palmgren
and Rita van Dingenen (1999). Experimental Studies of Ultrafine Particles in
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Conference: Air Quality in Europe: Challenges for the 2000s" Venice 19-21
May 1999. Poster to be submitted as paper in a special number of Atmospheric
Environment. (http://www.dmu.dk/atmosphericenvironment/docs/particles.htm)
<HA"Guidelines for Air Quality"GhjfZlb\udZq_kl\Z\ha^moZ
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DEPA (1998) Remediation of contaminated sites, guideline no. 6”.
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DEPA (1995): “Toxicological quality criteria for soil and groundwater, report
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DEPA (2000): “Mapping of contaminated areas, guideline (draft) 2?/2000”.
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g_^he`gujZaf_sZlvkybebojZgblvkygZih\_joghklba_febbeb
g_^he`guaZohjhgylvky\]jmglbg_^jZ
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gZijhba\h^kl\hbbkihevah\Zgb_gZ\haZ^eym^h[j_gby
k_evkdhohayckl\_gguodmevlmjgZk_evkdhohayckl\_gghfij_^ijbylbb
Wlbebfbluk\yaZgug_ihkj_^kl\_gghk\b^hfbih]heh\v_fkdhlZWlhl
ghjfZlb\gucZdlkhhl\_lkl\m_liheh`_gbyf>bj_dlb\uhgbljZlZo
(91/676/EEC).
7.4 Bgkljmf_glu
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wdhghfbq_kdbobgkljmf_glh\hojZguih^a_fguo\h^ij_^mkfhlj_gguo
ijbjh^hhojZggufaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf>Zgbb
7.4.1 Bgkljmf_gluj_]mebjh\Zgby
Ghjfu
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hlghkbl_evghdhgljheybkh[ex^_gbydZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^u^eyhj]Zgh\
]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gby
KlZg^ZjludZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^ukhhl\_lkl\mxliheh`_gbyf
^bj_dlb\u?KhdZq_kl\_iblv_\hc\h^uWlZ^bj_dlb\Zij_^mkfZljb\Z_l
fbgbfZevgu_lj_[h\ZgbyddZq_kl\miblv_\hc\h^ukfIjbeh`_gb_Z
gZpbhgZevgufaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hffh]mlmklZgZ\eb\Zlvky[he__`_kldb_
klZg^ZjludZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^uDjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^u
hkgh\Zggu_gZj_dhf_g^Zpbyohj]Zgh\a^jZ\hhojZg_gbyhij_^_eyxlkygZ
gZpbhgZevghfmjh\g_Ijbeh`_gb_
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dZq_kl\Zih^a_fguo\h^H[uqghijbhp_gd_dZq_kl\Z\h^uba
ih^a_fgh]hbklhqgbdZbkihevamxlkydjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^u
dhlhju_^he`gum^h\e_l\hjylvklZg^ZjlZfgZiblv_\mx\h^mihke_
h[uqghc\h^hih^]hlh\db<>ZgbbhgZ\dexqZ_l\k_[yZwjZpbxb
nbevljZpbx
>:HHKba^ZgumdZaZgbyihhp_gd_jbkdZkh^_j`Zgbyobfbq_kdbo
\_s_kl\\iblv_\hc\h^_>:HHK]
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]Ijbeh`_gb_kh^_j`blhibkZgb_f_lh^h\bijbgpbih\hp_gdb
ihkZgblZjghwib^_fheh]bq_kdbfdjbl_jbyfZlZd`_h[ahjkh\j_f_gguo
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k_evkdhohayckl\_gguo\h^hijh\h^guokhhjm`_gbcbkd\Z`bg
>eyZgZebaZklZg^ZjlguoiZjZf_ljh\dZq_kl\Z\h^u_kl_kl\_ggh
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\_s_kl\hj]Zgbq_kdb_fbdjhaZ]jyagbl_ebbi_klbpb^uIjh[uba
kd\Z`bg[_jmlky_`_]h^ghIjh]jZffZfhgblhjbg]Ziha\hey_l
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bgkljmf_gl
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hdjm]Zfb
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fh`_l[ulv\jmq_ghg_aZ\bkbfhhllh]hdZdijhbahrehaZ]jyag_gb_
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[he__h^gh]hebpZbebhj]ZgbaZpbbij_^ibkZgb_hijb\_^_gbb
l_jjblhjbb\khhl\_lkl\b_klj_[h\Zgbyfb\jmqZ_lkybf\k_f
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f_g__\Z`gu_jZchguihemq_gbyiblv_\hc\h^uIhke_^gb_khklZ\eyxl
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ijhp_kkh\bgnbevljZpbb]_heh]bbihlhdh\]jmglh\uo\h^bl^^ey
khklZ\e_gbydZjlkp_evxhij_^_e_gbykl_i_gbaZsbs_gghklbaZiZkh\
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bdmf_gvr_gbx\ha^_ckl\bybklhqgbdh\jZkkj_^hlhq_ggh]hblhq_qgh]h
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kh]eZr_gbyih\hijhkZfa_fe_ihevah\Zgbybkihkh[h\\_^_gbyk_evkdh]h
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ij_^ihqlbl_evg__[_amkeh\guof_jxjb^bq_kdh]hijbgm`^_gbyb
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7.4.2 Wdhghfbq_kdb_bgkljmf_glu
GZeh]bbkihevamxlky\^\mokemqZyo
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hl\_qZxlaZhp_gdmhojZgmbmijZ\e_gb_j_kmjkZfbiblv_\hc\h^u
nbgZgkbjh\Zlvwlm^_yl_evghklviml_fmklZgh\e_gbyieZl_`_caZ^h[uqm
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hkgh\Zgbb\u^Z\Z_fh]hwlbfhdjm]hfjZaj_r_gby\dhlhjhfmklZgh\e_g
fZdkbfZevguc]h^h\hcebfblaZ[hjZih^a_fguo\h^HieZlZ
jZkkqblu\Z_lky\jZkq_l_gZf3gZhkgh\ZgbbfZdkbfZevgh
jZaj_r_ggh]hh[t_fZba\e_q_gby\h^ug_aZ\bkbfhhllh]hba\e_dZ_leb
\eZ^_e_pkd\Z`bgu\h^m\iheghfh[t_f_mklZgh\e_ggh]hebfblZbeb
g_l>eyjZaj_r_gbcgZ^h[uqm\h^u^eyijhfure_gghklbbk_evkdh]h
ohayckl\ZgZijbf_j^eyhoeZ`^_gbybebbjjb]Zpbb
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fZdkbfZevghjZaj_r_ggh]hh[t_fZ^h[uqb\h^u\]h^
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ljb]Zehf_lZgh\H^gZdhjZaj_r_ggh_dhebq_kl\hk\h[h^gh]hoehjZ
hklZ_lkygZmjh\g_dhlhjuckqblZ_lky[_ahiZkguf^eydhgljhey
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10 Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z
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<hajZklgu_]jmiiu
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h[jZs_gbxobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\). K[hjgbdOrientering fra Miljøstyrelsen
Nr. 9, 2000.
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kljZgbqdZ>:HHKDEPA Homepage.
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ijbjh^hhojZggh_j_]mebjh\Zgb_. JZ[hqbchlq_lArbejdsrapport nr.‹ 7,
1999.
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i_jki_dlb\Z<u^_j`dbba^hdeZ^Z>:HHKdjZldZyZgghlZpbygZ
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IUCLID CD-ROM, J_^Zdpby 2000], =hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_^Zggu_ih
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Fbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdb (1995): "Miljø- og
naturpolitisk redegørelse 1995".=eZ\Z 10 (Iheblbq_kdh_aZy\e_gb_ih
\hijhkmhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubijbjh^gh]hfbjZ). ISBN 87-601-4898-5.
Fbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbFbgbkl_jkl\h
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"Kemikalier og produkter i arbejdsmiljøet" - Kap. 2: "Klassificering og
mærkning". (Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zbijh^mdpby\ijhba\h^kl\_gghckj_^_.
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99
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100
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renseanlæg" Bkdmkkl\_ggu_obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\ZgZklZgpbyohqbkldb
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>:HHK]"Spildevandsforskning fra Miljøstyrelsen no. 21, Hygiejnisk
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Hygiejnisering af renset spildevand" KZgblZjbyhqbs_gguoklhqguo\h^
Stenström, T.A. (1996): "Sjukdomsfremkallande mikroorganismer i
avloppssystem - riskvärdering av traditionella och alternative
avloppslösninger". Naturvårdsverket. Rapport, 1996 ]
Bukhari, Z, Smith, H.V., Sykes, N., Humphreys, S.W., Paton, C.A., Girdwood,
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g_^hklZlhqgueb[hhlkmlkl\mxl<wlbokemqZyohjb_glbjh\hqgu_
hkgh\u\Zxsb_kygZdjbl_jbyoa^hjh\vyihdZaZl_ebmklZgZ\eb\Zxlkym`_gZ
hkgh\_^Zgguoihemq_gguoiml_fwdki_jbf_glZevguobkke_^h\ZgbcgZ^
`b\hlgufb
Ihke_ijh\_^_gbyhp_gdb\k_ohlghkysbokydbgl_j_kmxs_fm\hijhkm
^Zgguo\uy\eyxllmkhklZ\eyxsmxdhlhjZyij_^klZ\ey_lkygZb[he__
\Z`ghcklhqdbaj_gbyhiZkghklbdjblbq_kdZykhklZ\eyxsZyGZ^Zgghf
wlZi_hp_gb\Z_lkyy\eyxlkyebihke_^kl\by\ha^_ckl\byg_]Zlb\gufbbeb
ijb_fe_fufb^eyex^_c
Lhbebbgh_\_s_kl\h\aZ\bkbfhklbhl_]hdhgp_gljZpbbbeb^haufh`_l
hdZau\ZlvjZagh_\ha^_ckl\b_DZdijZ\beh[hevr__\gbfZgb_\uau\Zxll_
khklZ\eyxsb_\ha^_ckl\bydhlhju_ijhy\eyxlk_[ym`_ijb[he__gbadhc
dhgp_gljZpbbbeb^ha_blh\ha^_ckl\b_dhlhjh_gZ[ex^Z_lkyijbkZfhc
gbadhcdhgp_gljZpbbbeb^ha_qZklh[_j_lkyaZhkgh\mijbhij_^_e_gbb
bkdhfh]hhjb_glbjh\hqgh]hagZq_gby
Ihjh]h\u_agZq_gby^ey\_s_kl\12$(/beb/2$(/
Ke_^mxsbcrZ]\hij_^_e_gbbhkgh\u\Zxs_ckygZihdZaZl_eyoa^hjh\vy
hjb_glbjh\hqghc\_ebqbguaZdexqZ_lky\\uy\e_gbbmjh\gyijbdhlhjhf
g_[eZ]hijbylgh_\ha^_ckl\b_g_gZ[ex^Z_lky12$(/ij_^klZ\eyxs_]h
kh[hcgZb\ukrmx^hamijbdhlhjhc^_ckl\b_djblbq_kdhckhklZ\eyxs_c
_s_g_gZ[ex^Z_lky\l_okemqZyodh]^Zmjh\_gv12$(/hij_^_eblv
g_\hafh`gh\uy\eyxlmjh\_gvijbdhlhjhfgZ[ex^Z_lkygZbf_gvr__
g_[eZ]hijbylgh_\ha^_ckl\b_/2$(/ij_^klZ\eyxsbckh[hc
gZbf_gvrmx^hamijbdhlhjhc[uehhlf_q_gh\ha^_ckl\b_djblbq_kdhc
khklZ\eyxs_c
>himklbfZykmlhqgZyghjfZ7',nZdlhju[_ahiZkghklb
Ihke_\uy\e_gbymjh\gy12$(/beb/2$(/bkihevamxlljbnZdlhjZ
[_ahiZkghklb6)qlh[ui_j_clbhlmjh\gy12$(/beb/2$(/d
^himklbfhckmlhqghc^ha_\ha^_ckl\by7',\ujZ`Z_fhc\f]d]\_kZ
q_eh\_dZ\^_gvbebd^himklbfhcdhgp_gljZpbb\\ha^mo_7&air,
\ujZ`Z_fhc\f]f3P_evbkihevah\ZgbynZdlhjh\[_ahiZkghklb
aZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh[uijbgylv\h\gbfZgb_ke_^mxs__
SF1: Lhdkbdheh]bq_kdh_\ha^_ckl\b_dZdh]heb[hobfbq_kdh]h
\_s_kl\ZgZ`b\hlguog_h[yaZl_evgh^he`ghhljZ`Zlvlhdkbdheh]bq_kdh_
\ha^_ckl\b_wlh]h\_s_kl\ZgZh[uqguoex^_cwlhlnZdlhj
ljZ^bpbhggh]hmklZgZ\eb\Z_lkygZrdZe_
SF2: Lhdkbdheh]bq_kdh_^_ckl\b_dZdh]heb[hobfbq_kdh]h\_s_kl\Z
fh`_l\agZqbl_evghckl_i_gbihjZaghfmijhy\eylvky\hlghr_gbbjZaguo
]jmiiex^_cgZijbf_j^_lbih`beu_beb[hevgu_ex^bfh]ml[ulv
gZfgh]hqm\kl\bl_evg__dlZdhfm\ha^_ckl\bxq_fh[uqgu_ex^bwlhl
nZdlhjqZklhmklZgZ\eb\ZxlgZrdZe_
SF3: >Zggu_fh]ml[ulvjZaebqgh]hdZq_kl\Zbiheghp_gghklbih
hlghr_gbxdjZkkfZljb\Z_fhcijh[e_f_wlhlnZdlhjmklZgZ\eb\ZxlgZ
rdZe_hl^h\aZ\bkbfhklbhldhgdj_lgh]hkemqZyijh\_^_gby
hp_gdb
LZdbfh[jZahf\kemqZyodh]^Z^eyhp_gdblhdkbq_kdh]h\ha^_ckl\by
bkihevam_lkydZdh_eb[hihjh]h\h_agZq_gb_bfh]ml[ulvhij_^_e_gu
mjh\_gv12$(/beb/2$(/agZq_gby7',beb7&ihemqZxlkihfhsvx
ke_^mxs_]h\uqbke_gby
12$(/&beb/2$(/&
TDI (TC) =
————————————
SF1 x SF2 x SF3
Imlb\ha^_ckl\by\_s_kl\gZhj]Zgbaf
H[uqghhjb_glbjh\hqgu_ihdZaZl_ebkh^_j`Zgbyobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\\
\ha^mo_hkgh\u\ZxlkygZ^Zgguobkke_^h\Zgbc\ha^_ckl\bygZ^uoZl_evgmx
kbkl_fm\lh\j_fydZdhjb_glbjh\hqgu_agZq_gbykh^_j`Zgby\_s_kl\\
ihq\_*9soilbiblv_\hc\h^_*9dwhkgh\u\ZxlkygZ^Zgguobkke_^h\Zgbc
\ha^_ckl\by\_s_kl\ihiZ^Zxsbo\hj]Zgbafq_eh\_dZq_j_ajhlb
ibs_\Zjbl_evgmxkbkl_fmH^gZdh_keb^Zggu_hihiZ^Zgbb\_s_kl\\
hj]ZgbafdZdbfeb[hbgl_j_kmxsbfbkke_^h\Zl_e_ciml_fhlkmlkl\mxl
fh`ghbkihevah\Zlv^Zggu_ihemq_ggu_hlbkihevah\ZgbyZevl_jgZlb\guo
iml_cihklmie_gby\_s_kl\\hj]Zgbafohlyihgylghqlhkl_i_gv
g_hij_^_e_gghklbijbwlhffh`_l\hajZklbLZdh_h[klhyl_evkl\h
g_hij_^_e_gghklbih\eby_lgZ\_ebqbgmnZdlhjZ6)3.
:gZeh]by
<kemqZyodh]^Z^Zgguoh[hiZkghklb\ha^_ckl\byg_lhp_gdZfh`_l[ulv
ijh\_^_gZgZhkgh\_^Zgguoih^jm]bf\_s_kl\Zfk\yaZggufk^Zgguf
\_s_kl\hfbkihke_^mxsbfm\_ebq_gb_fagZq_gbynZdlhjZ6)3.
G_bf_xsb_ihjh]h\uoagZq_gbcobfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z
<hlghr_gbbobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\^eydhlhjuog_evayhij_^_eblv
ihjh]h\h_agZq_gb_bolhdkbq_kdh]h\ha^_ckl\byl_]_ghlhdkbqguo
dZgp_jh]_gguo\_s_kl\ijbf_gy_lkydhgp_ipbygZdhie_gbyjbkdZ\
l_q_gb_\k_c`bagbq_eh\_dZIhwlhfm^eylZdboihl_gpbZevgh
dZgp_jh]_gguo\_s_kl\\uqbkey_lkyagZq_gb_^himklbfhckmlhqghcghjfu
7',khhl\_lkl\mxs__hij_^_e_gghfmmjh\gxjbkdZgZijhly`_gbb\k_c
`bagbq_eh\_dZgZhkgh\_bkke_^h\Zgbc`b\hlguokbkihevah\Zgb_f
fh^_ebH^bgm^Zj2QH+LW>himklbfufkqblZ_lky^_ckl\mxsbcgZ
ijhly`_gbb\k_c`bagbq_eh\_dZjbkd\_ebqbghc-6ih^\_j`_gghklv\
l_q_gb_\k_c`bagb\ha^_ckl\bx^haudhlhjZyfh`_l\ua\ZlvaZ[he_\Zgb_
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hjb_glbjh\hqgu_ihdZaZl_eb_]hkh^_j`Zgby\iblv_\hc\h^_bihq\_
ijbgbfZy\h\gbfZgb_\ha^_ckl\b_\l_q_gb_kmlhdjZaebqguokj_^Ijb
jZkq_l_hjb_glbjh\hqguoagZq_gbcbkihevamxlke_^mxsb_klZg^Zjlgu_
hp_gdbihiZ^Zgby\_s_kl\\hj]ZgbafbajZaebqguokj_^
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khhl\_lkl\mxsb_agZq_gbyjZkkqblZgu^eykp_gZjb_\ij_^iheZ]ZxsbogZb[he__
qm\kl\bl_evgu_dhglZdlugZijbf_j^\hjubijbmkZ^_[gu_mqZkldbb]jh\u_iehsZ^dbbeb
^_lkdb_kZ^u
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kj_^g_ij_\ukbeh^himklbfhc^g_\ghcghjfu\ha^_ckl\byfh`gh
gZagZqblvjZaebqgufkj_^Zfhij_^_e_ggucijhp_gl^himklbfhc^hau
dhwnnbpb_glujZkij_^_e_gby
Hkgh\Zggu_gZdjbl_jbyoa^hjh\vyhjb_glbjh\hqgu_ihdZaZl_eb
Hjb_glbjh\hqgu_ihdZaZl_ebkh^_j`Zgby\iblv_\hc\h^_bihq\_ihemqZxl
iml_fke_^mxsbo\uqbke_gbc
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=
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7',[\_kj_[_gdZ
——————————
>haZ\ha^_ckl\byihq\Z
7',[\_k\ajhkeh]hq_eh\_dZ
———————————
>haZ\ha^_ckl\byiblv_\Zy\h^Z
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beb
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————————————
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Kh_^bg_gbyojhfZdjhf_&U9,\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhc
iuebbaf_jy_fu_ih&U
OjhfZlubaf_jy_fu_ih&U9,
>bklbeeyludZf_gghm]hevgh]h^_]lylhqdZdbi_gby
>200 °C
DZf_gghm]hevguc^_]hlv
DZf_gghm]hevguc^_]hlv
Kh_^bg_gbydh[ZevlZ\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_dZd&R
Ohe_dZevpbn_jhe
<blZfbg'
Kh_^bg_gbyf_^b\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_dZd&X
Dj_ahe
Dmf_g bahijhibe[_gahe
PbZgb^u\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciuebbaf_jy_fu_dZd
CN)
Pbdeh]_dkZg
Pbdeh]_dkZghe
Pbdeh]_dkZghg
Pbdeh]_dkbe^bf_lbeZfbg
Pbdehi_glZghg
Kj_^gb_^bklbeeylug_nlb
]b^jh^_kmevnmjbjh\Zggu_
>bZedbekmevnb^u
>bZaZ[bpbdehhdlZg
>b[jhfwlZg
>b[mlbeZfbg
>blj_l[mlbeidj_ahe [mlbe]b^jhdkblhemhe
>boehj[_gahe
>boehj^bnlhjf_lZg
>boehjwlZg
>boehjwlbe_g
>boehjwlbe_g
>boehjnlhjwlZg +&)&E
>boehjf_lZg
-
0,000004
0,00001
0,0005
67-97-0
0,002
-
0,01
1319-77-3
98-82-8
-
0,003 /L
0,03 /L
0,06
110-82-7
108-93-0
108-94-1
98-94-2
120-92-3
64742-89-9
1
0,05 /L
0,1
0,01
0,1
0,01
280-57-9
106-93-4
111-92-2
128-37-0
95-50-1
75-71-8
107-06-2
75-35-4
540-59-0
156-60-5
156-59-2
1717-00-6
75-09-2
0,001 /L
0,1
0,0001 /C
0,01
0,01
0,1
1
0,004 /C
0,01
0,4
1
0,02 /C
GZbf_gh\Zgb_\_s_kl\Z
CAS-no.
dh^
>boehjijhiZg
>bev^jbg
>ba_evgh_lhieb\h
>bwlbeZfbg
>bwlbeh\ucwnbj
>bwlbekmevnZl
>bf_lhdkbf_lZg
11>bf_lbeZp_lZfb^
>bf_lbeZfbg
>bf_lbeZfbghwlZghe
>>>>bf_lbeZfbghn_gbe@>>wlbe
kmevnhgZlh[_gabeZfbgh@
n_gbe@f_lbe_g@pbdeh]_dkZ^b_gbe^_g@wlbe
kmevnhgZlh[_gabeZffhgbcgZljb_\Zykhev
P\_lghcbg^_dk±dbkehlgucnbhe_lh\uc
P\_lghcbg^_dk±ibs_\hcnbhe_lh\uc
>bf_lbeh\ucwnbj
11>bf_lbenhjfZfb^
>bf_lbe]_ilZghg
>bf_lbegbljhaZfbg
>bf_lbekmevnZl
>bf_lbekmevnb^
78-87-5
60-57-1
109-89-7
60-29-7
64-67-5
109-87-5
127-19-5
124-40-3
108-01-0
1694-09-3
CihdZaZl_ev
f]f3
0,02 /C
0,0001
0,1 /L
0,02
1
0,000004 /C
1
0,1
0,04
0,005 /L
0,001
115-10-6
68-12-2
108-83-8
62-75-9
77-78-1
75-18-3
1
0,1
0,06 /L
0,0001
0,1x10-6
0,001 /L
>bhdkb^ZahlZ
10024-97-2
1
>bhdkZg
123-91-1
0,01-0,1
>bn_gbeh\ucwnbj
Iuevhlrebnh\Zgbyg_j`Z\_xs_cklZeb
Iuevhlrebnh\Zgbydjhf_\ur_mihfygmlhc
Iuevbg_jlgZykjZaf_jhfqZklbpf_g__
fbdjhf_ljh\
<blZfbg'
Wj]hdZevpbn_jhe \blZfbg'
Ohe_dZevpbn_jhe \blZfbg'
Wg^hlhdkbgu
Ijhl_heblbq_kdb_n_jf_glu
wihdkbwihdkbwlbepbdeh]_dkZg
Wihdkbwlbe[_gahe
Wihdkb^gZykfheZiuevhlgZg_k_gbyihjhrdh\hc
djZkdb
Wj]hdZevpbn_jhe
WlZg^bhe
Wlbe_g]ebdhev
WlZghe
WlhdkbwlZghe
wlbe_g]ebdhevfhghwlbeh\ucwnbj
wlhdkbwlhdkbwlZghe
>bwlbe_g]ebdhevfhghwlbeh\ucwnbj
wlhdkbwlbeh\ucZp_lZl
wlbe_g]ebdhevfhghwlbewnbjgucZp_lZl
101-84-8
0,0004 /L
0,001
0,01
0,08
-
0,002
50-14-6
67-97-0
4223-10-3
96-09-3
-
1x10-6
3x10-6
0,001
0,001
0,01
50-14-6
107-21-1
0,002
0,3
64-17-5
110-80-5
5
0,2
111-90-0
1
111-15-9
0,1
GZbf_gh\Zgb_\_s_kl\Z
CAS-no.
dh^
Wlhdkbf_lbewlbeZp_lZl
ijhibe_g]ebdhevwlbewnbjgucZp_lZl
WlhdkbijhiZghe
ijhibe_g]ebdhevfhghwlbeh\ucwnbj
WlbepbZghZdjbeZl
WlbeZp_lZl
Wlbe[_gahe
Wlbe^bf_lbeZfbg
Wlbe_ghdkb^
WlbenhjfbZl
Wlbegbljbl
FmqgZyiuev
Nlhjb^ug_hj]Zgbq_kdb_kh_^bg_gbybaf_jy_fu_
ih)
Nlhj
NhjfZev^_]b^
FmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ
NmjZev^_]b^
;_gabg
=emlZjZev
=_ilZghe
=_ilZghe
=_dkZf_lbe_g^bbahpbZgZl
=_dkZf_lbenhknhjgucljbZfb^
=_dkZg g]_dkZg
=_dkZghgu
=b^jZabgb_]hkheb
Oehjbkluc\h^hjh^
PbZgbkluc\h^hjh^
Nlhjbkluc\h^hjh^
K_jh\h^hjh^
=b^jhdkbwlbeZp_lZl
wlbe_g]ebdhevfhghZp_lZl
=b^jhdkbf_lbei_glZghg
^bZp_lhgh\uckibjl
Bfb^Zaheb^bglbhg
¶Bfbgh`bwlZghe
^bwlZgheZfbg
bh^hijhibgbe[mlbedZj[ZfZl
Bah[mlbeZp_lZl
BahpbZgZluhj]Zgbq_kdb_kh_^bg_gby
Bahi_glbeZp_lZl
BahijhibeZp_lZl
BahijhibeZfbg
Bahijhibe[_gabeh\uckibjl
BahlbhpbZgZlu
;Zdl_jbbfhehqghcdbkehlu
54839-24-6
CihdZaZl_ev
f]f3
0,01 /L
1569-02-4
1
7085-85-0
141-78-6
100-41-4
598-56-1
75-21-8
109-94-4
109-95-5
-
0,01
1 /L
0,5
0,002
0,005
1 /L
0,1
0,02
0,001
7782-41-4
50-00-0
64-18-6
98-01-1
111-30-8
111-70-6
110-43-0
822-06-0
680-31-9
110-54-3
302-01-2
7647-01-0
74-90-8
7664-39-3
7783-06-4
542-59-6
0,002
0,01
0,003
0,002
0,1
0,001
1
0,1 /L
0,0002
0,001
0,4
0,3
0,0002
0,05
0,06
0,002
0,001
0,1 /L
123-42-2
0,1
96-45-7
111-42-2
0,001
0,01
55406-53-6
110-19-0
123-92-2
108-21-4
75-31-0
536-60-7
-
0,1
0,3 /L
0,0002
0,02 /L
0,7 /L
0,3
0,01 /L
0,001
0,02
GZbf_gh\Zgb_\_s_kl\Z
CAS-no.
dh^
Kh_^bg_gbyk\bgpZ\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_ih3E
Kh_^bg_gbyeblby\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_ih/L
Kh_^bg_gbyfZ]gby\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
Kfhljbl_Bg_jlgZyiuevkqZklbpZfbjZaf_jhf
f_g__fbdjhf_ljh\
FZe_bgh\ucZg]b^jb^
Kh_^bg_gbyfZj]ZgpZ\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_ih0Q
Kh_^bg_gbyjlmlb\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_ih+J
F_abl_e_g ljbf_lbe[_gahe
F_lZghe
F_lbe[mlZghg
F_lbeZl[mlbeZp_lZl
F_lbeZlwlZghe
wlbe_g]ebdhevfhghwlbeh\ucwnbj
F_lhdkbf_lbewlhdkb
f_lbewlhdkbijhiZghe
ljbijhibe_g]ebdhevfhghf_lbeh\ucwnbj
F_lhdkbf_lbewlhdkbijhiZghe
^bijhibe_g]ebdhevfhghf_lbeh\ucwnbj
F_lbe_gf_lbewlbeZp_lZl
ijhibe_g]ebdhevfhghf_lbewnbjgucZp_lZl
f_lbe_gijhiZghe
ijhibe_g]ebdhevfhghf_lbeh\ucwnbj
F_lbeZp_lZl
F_lbeZdjbeZl
F_lbeZfbg
F_lbe[mlbeZp_lZl
F_lbelj_l[mlbeh\ucwnbj FL;W07%(
F_lbedZj[ZfZl
F_lbepbdeh]_dkZg
¶F_lbe_g[bk>oehjZgbebg@b_]hkheb
F_lbenhjfbZl
F_lbe]_dkZghg
f_lbebahZfbed_lhg
F_lbef_lZdjbeZl
±F_lbefhjnhebg
±wihdkbijhiZg ijhibe_ghdkb^
F_lbei_glZghe
F_lbei_glZghg
f_lbebahZfbed_lhg
F_lbeijhiZghe
F_lbeijhiZghe
lj_l[mlbeh\uckibjl
F_lbeijhi_g
F_lbei_jjheb^hg
Fbg_jZevgh_fZkehZwjhaheb
-
CihdZaZl_ev
f]f3
0,0004
0,01
108-31-6
-
0,001
0,001
-
0,0001
108-67-8
67-56-1
563-80-4
4435-53-4
109-86-4
0,03
0,3
0,5 /L
0,2
0,02
25498-49-1
1
34590-94-8
1
108-65-6
0,01 /L
107-98-2
0,03 /L
79-20-9
96-33-3
74-89-5
626-38-0
1634-04-4
598-55-0
108-87-2
101-14-4
107-31-3
110-12-3
0,7 /L
0,002 /L
0,07
0,001 /L
0,03 /L
0,2
1
0,001
0,2
0,005 /L
80-62-6
109-02-4
75-56-9
105-30-6
108-10-1
0,03
0,1
0,003
0,05 /L
0,2
78-83-1
75-65-0
0,4
1
115-11-7
872-50-4
-
0,06 /L
1
0,003
GZbf_gh\Zgb_\_s_kl\Z
Fbg_jZevgZy\ZlZ
Kh_^bg_gbyfheb[^_gZ\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_ih0R
=b^jhh[jZ[hlZggucly`_euc[_gabg
GZnlZebg
Gbdhlbg
Gbd_evbaf_jy_fucih1L
Fhghdkb^gbd_eybaf_jy_fucih1L
:ahlgZydbkehlZ
¶¶¶GbljbehljbwlZghe
Gbljh[_gahe
GbljhgZnlZebg
Gbljhn_gheu
Ghgben_ghe
Ghgben_ghewlhdkbeZlu
Kf_kbhj]Zgbq_kdbojZkl\hjbl_e_c
HjlhnhknhjgZydbkehlZ nhknhjgZydbkehlZ
HdkZhdkbZgbe[bpbdeh]_ilZg
wihdkbpbdeh]_dkZgwihdkb^
Hahg
IZjZnbg&2 og IZjZnbgu&±&djhf_g]_dkZgZ
I_glZoehjn_ghe
I_glZg^bhg
I_glZghg
I_glZghg
I_glbeZp_lZl
N_ghe
N_ghdkbwlZghe
fN_gbe_g^bZfbg
N_gbewlZghe
N_gbeijhi_g
Nhk]_g
Nhknbg
NlZeZludjhf_>W=N'(+3
NlZe_\ucZg]b^jb^
Ibg_g ZevnZibg_g
Ibi_jb^bg
IhebZfb^uiuev
IhebZjhfZlbq_kdb_m]e_\h^hjh^uI:M
Ihebmj_lZgh\Zyi_gZiuev
=b^jhdkb^dZeby
IjhiZg^bhe
Ijhibe_g]ebdhev
IjhiZg^bhe^bZp_lZl
Ijhibe_g]ebdhev^bZp_lZl
CAS-no.
dh^
64742-48-9
91-20-3
54-11-5
7440-02-0
1313-99-1
7697-37-2
102-71-6
98-95-3
581-89-5
84852-15-3
CihdZaZl_ev
f]f3
1300 /F
0,005
7664-38-2
106-87-6
1,0 /L
0,04 /L
0,01
0,0001
0,0001
0,01
0,01
0,0002 /C
0,01
0,005
0,02
0,05
0,15 /L
0,005
0,001 /C
10028-15-6
87-86-5
123-54-6
107-87-9
96-22-0
628-63-7
108-95-2
122-99-6
108-45-2
98-85-1
98-83-9
75-44-5
7803-51-2
85-44-9
80-56-8
110-89-4
9009-54-5
1310-58-3
57-55-6
0,01
1
0,00004 /C
0,01 /L
1
0,6 /L
0,02 /L
0,02
0,1
0,001
0,3
0,06
0,001
0,001
0,01
0,001
0,05
0,01
0,01
(2) /C
0,04
0,005
1
623-84-7
1
GZbf_gh\Zgb_\_s_kl\Z
CAS-no.
dh^
IjhiZgheu
ijhiZghe
ijhiZghe
Ijhibhgh\ZydbkehlZ
IjhibeZp_lZl
IjhibehdkbwlZghe
wlbe_g]ebdhevfhghijhibeh\ucwnbj
Ibjb^bg
Ibjjheb^hg
D\Zjp
>bhdkb^dj_fgbyZfhjnguc
Kh_^bg_gbyk_j_[jZ\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_ih$J
=b^jhdkb^gZljby\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
Khev\_glgZnlZfZehZjhfZlbq_kdZy
Khev\_glgZnlZg_nlvkbevghZjhfZlbq_kdZy
KlZggZgijhba\h^gu_ljb[mlbe
fhghgZnl_ghcehkdb
OjhfZlkljhgpby
Klbjhe
Km[lbebabg
K_jgZydbkehlZ
Ljbhdkb^k_ju
FueZkheb1D.b&D`bjguodbkehl
L_ljZoehjwlbe_g
L_ljZwlbek\bg_pbaf_jy_fucdZd3E
L_ljZwlbehjlhkbebdZl
WlbekbebdZl
L_ljZ]b^jhnmjZg
ZZL_ljZ]b^jhf_lZghbg^_g
^bpbdehi_glZ^b_g
L_ljZf_lbek\bg_pbaf_jy_fucih3E
Kh_^bg_gbylZeeby\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_ih7O
Lbheu
Lbhkibjlu
Kh_^bg_gbyheh\Z\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_ih6Q
>bhdkb^lblZgZ
62309-51-7
71-23-8
67-63-0
79-09-4
109-60-4
2807-30-9
0,05
0,1
0,3
110-86-1
616-45-5
14808-60-7
61790-53-2
-
0,07
0,003
0,005
0,005
0,0002
1310-73-2
64742-95-6
64742-94-5
85409-17-2
0,005
0,03 /L
0,05 /L
0,0005
7789-06-2
100-42-5
9014-01-1
7664-93-9
7446-11-9
127-18-4
78-00-2
78-10-4
0,0001
0,2
3 x 10-6
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01 /C
0,0003
1
109-99-9
77-73-6
0,2
0,05
75-74-1
-
0,0003
0,0003
-
0,0002
0,0002
0,02
13463-67-7
1317-70-0
1317-80-2
108-88-3
71-55-6
79-01-6
121-44-8
2768-02-7
75-50-3
78-59-1
0,02
Lhemhe
LjboehjwlZg
Ljboehjwlbe_g
LjbwlbeZfbg
Ljbwlhdkb\bgbekbeZg
Ljbf_lbeZfbg
Ljbf_lbepbdeh]_dk_ghg
CihdZaZl_ev
f]f3
1
0,4
0,5
0,04 /C
0,04
0,001
0,0002
0,03
GZbf_gh\Zgb_\_s_kl\Z
CAS-no.
dh^
Ljbijhibe_g]ebdhe_\ucfhghwlbeh\ucwnbj
Ljbikbg
Kh_^bg_gby\ZgZ^by\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_ih9
JZklbl_evgu_fZkeZZwjhaheb
<bgbeZp_lZl
20178-34-1
9002-07-7
-
CihdZaZl_ev
f]f3
1
3x10-6
0,0003
108-05-4
-
0,01
0,2
0,01
<hkdb]eZ\gufh[jZahfm]e_\h^u>&k
g_jZa\_l\e_gghcp_ivx
K\Zjhqgu_iZju
IZjuhlk\Zjdbg_e_]bjh\ZgghcklZeb
IZjuhlk\Zjdbe_]bjh\ZgghcklZeb
KmffZkh^_j`Zgbygbd_eybojhfZ9,
MZclkibjbl
Ly`_euc[_gabg]b^jhkmevnmjbjh\Zgguc
JZkl\hjbl_evKlh^^Zj^Z
Eb]jhbgh\ucjZkl\hjbl_evkj_^gbc
ZebnZlbq_kdbc
<heeZklhgbl
>_j_\hiuev
Dkbehekf_rZggu_bahf_juqbklu_
Dkbe_gheu
Kh_^bg_gbypbgdZ\g_hj]Zgbq_kdhciueb
baf_jy_fu_ih=Q
Oehjb^pbgdZ
0,004
0,0001
64742-82-1
8052-41-3
64742-88-7
0,2 /L
0,2 /L
0,2 /L
13983-17-0
1330-20-7
-
1300 /F
0,025
0,1
0,002 /L
0,06
7646-85-7
0,005
&^Zggh_h[hagZq_gb_ijbf_gy_lky\hlghr_gbbhij_^_e_gguo
kh_^bg_gbcgZdhie_ggh_kmffZjgh_\ha^_ckl\b_dhlhjuohljZ`Z_ljbkd
g_[eZ]hijbylgh]h\ha^_ckl\bygZijbf_jdZgp_jh]_ggu_fmlZ]_ggu_
kh_^bg_gbyHkgh\hcKihdZaZl_e_cy\eyxlky[Zabjmxsb_kygZnZdlhjZo
a^hjh\vydjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z\ha^moZdhlhju_\hlghr_gbb^Zgguo\_s_kl\
hljZ`Zxlkj_^gbcmjh\_gvbog_ij_ju\gh]h\ha^_ckl\byH^gZdhagZq_gby
KihdZaZl_e_cmklZgZ\eb\Z_lkygZmjh\g_\jZaij_\urZxs_fmjh\_gv
djbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Z\ha^moZihkdhevdmkh[ex^_gb_KihdZaZl_eyl_
nZdlbq_kdb_agZq_gbydhgp_gljZpbb\u[jhkh\^he`gu[ulvf_gvr_K
ihdZaZl_ey\kemqZ_\hagZqZ_lkj_^gbcmjh\_gv\ha^_ckl\by\kj_^_
bklhqgbdZ\u[jhkh\ihjy^dZagZq_gby&
)\hehdhggZf3.
/KihdZaZl_evhkgh\u\Z_lkygZdjbl_jbyoaZsbluhlaZiZoZKqblZ_lky
qlh^ey\_s_kl\klZdbfh[hagZq_gb_faZiZoijhy\ey_lkyijbagZqbl_evgh
[he__gbadbomjh\gyodhgp_gljZpbb<ihkjZ\g_gbxkihdZaZl_eyfb
mklZgh\e_ggufbbkoh^ybalhdkbdheh]bq_kdbokhh[jZ`_gbc
Kf_kvhj]Zgbq_kdbojZkl\hjbl_e_cbkihevam_fuo\dZq_kl\_
jZa`b`bl_e_cbjZa[Z\bl_e_c^eydjZkhdbeZdh\Kf_kv^he`gZkh^_j`Zlv
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T
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fgh]boex^_c
Iheh`bl_evgu_j_amevlZluwdki_jbf_glh\
gZ^`b\hlgufb
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Bf__lky^hdmf_glZevgh_ih^l\_j`^_gb_
k\yabf_`^m\ha^_ckl\b_f\_s_kl\b
jZa\blb_fjZdZmq_eh\_dZl_j_amevlZlu
wib^_fbheh]bq_kdbobkke_^h\Zgbc
Carc 2:
Bf_xlky^hdmf_glZevgu_^Zggu_hiulh\
gZ^`b\hlgufb^\mojZaebqguo\b^h\beb
h^gh]h\b^Z\dexqZybgnhjfZpbxh
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Carc 3:
Ih^haj_gbyhgZebqbbdZgp_jh]_ggh]h
ihl_gpbZeZghg_^hklZlhqghklv
^hdmf_glZevguo^Zgguobkke_^h\Zgbc
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dZl_]hjbb&DUF
FmlZ]_ggh_
\_s_kl\h
0XWb0XW
Mut 3:
T
Xn
Lhdkbqgh_
<j_^gh_
Mut 1:
GZebqb_^hdmf_glZevguo^Zgguo
ih^l\_j`^Zxsbok\yavf_`^m\ha^_ckl\b_f
bgZke_^kl\_ggufbbaf_g_gbyfb
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j_amevlZlh\wib^_fbheh]bq_kdbo
bkke_^h\Zgbc
Mut 2:
FmlZ]_ggucwnn_dl\wf[jbhgZevguo
de_ldZo`b\uofe_dhiblZxsbo>jm]b_
baf_g_gbygZde_lhqghfmjh\g_m`b\uo
fe_dhiblZxsbodhlhju_fh]ml[ulv
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wnn_dl\`b\uokhfZlbq_kdbode_ldZob
ih^l\_j`^_gb_lh]hqlh\_s_kl\hbeb
khhl\_lkl\mxsbcf_lZ[hebl^hklb]eb
wf[jbhgZevguode_lhd
Mut 3:
FmlZ]_ggu_bebbgu_de_lhqgu_
ihke_^kl\by\`b\uokhfZlbq_kdbode_ldZo
`_eZl_evghih^dj_ie_ggu_^Zggufb
bkke_^h\ZgbcLQYLWUR
Lhdkbqgh_^ey
nmgdpbc
\hkijhba\_^_gby
ihlhfkl\Z
5HSb5HS
T
Lhdkbqgh_
Rep 1:
Kihkh[ghklvd\hkijhba\_^_gbxihlhfkl\Z
GZebqb_^hdmf_glZevguo^Zgguo
ih^l\_j`^Zxsbok\yavf_`^m\ha^_ckl\b_f
\_s_kl\Zbkgb`_gb_fkihkh[ghklbd
DZl_]hjby
hiZkghklb
Rep 3:
;md\
kbf\he
Xn
H[hagZq_gb_
hiZkghklb
<j_^gh_
Djbl_jbbdeZkkbnbdZpbb
\hkijhba\_^_gbxihlhfkl\Zmq_eh\_dZl_
j_amevlZluwib^_fbheh]bq_kdbo
bkke_^h\Zgbciheh\h]hih\_^_gby
ki_jfZlh]_g_aZ]hjfhgZevghc
^_yl_evghklbjh`^Z_fhklb
Wf[jbhlhdkbqghklv
Iheh`bl_evgu_aZ^hdmf_glbjh\Zggu_
j_amevlZluwib^_fbheh]bq_kdbo
bkke_^h\Zgbcex^_c
Rep 2:
Kihkh[ghklvd\hkijhba\_^_gbxihlhfkl\Z
GZebqb_iheh`bl_evguo^Zgguo
bkke_^h\Zgbc`b\hlguoihf_gvr_cf_j_
h^gh]h\b^Zb^hihegbl_evgZybgnhjfZpby
hf_oZgbaf_^_ckl\byih^l\_j`^ZxsZy
\Z`ghklvwlbo^Zgguo^eybamq_gby
^_ckl\by\_s_kl\ZgZq_eh\_dZ
Wf[jbhlhdkbqghklv
Iheh`bl_evgu_j_amevlZluhiulh\gZ
`b\hlguoh^gh]hbeb[he__\b^h\
k\b^_l_evkl\mxsb_hg_[eZ]hijbylghf
\ha^_ckl\bbgZihlhfkl\hijbijbf_g_gbb
mihfygmluo^habh[hlkmlkl\bb
ihke_^kl\bc^ey`b\hlguofZl_j_cbebh
dhgdj_lghfg_[eZ]hijbylghf\ha^_ckl\bb
gZihlhfkl\hg_y\eyxs_fkyih[hqguf
wnn_dlhflhdkbq_kdh]h\ha^_ckl\bygZ
`b\hlguofZl_j_c
Rep 3:
Kihkh[ghklvd\hkijhba\_^_gbxihlhfkl\Z
Ih^haj_gb_hgZebqbblhdkbq_kdh]h
\ha^_ckl\by\hlghr_gbbnmgdpbc
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g_^hklZlhqgu_^hdmf_glZevgu_^Zggu_
bkke_^h\ZgbcgZ`b\hlguoBf_xs_cky
bgnhjfZpbbg_^hklZlhqgh^eyhlg_k_gby
\_s_kl\ZddZl_]hjbb5HS
Wf[jbhlhdkbqghklv
G_^hklZlhqghklvbgnhjfZpbbihemq_gghc\
j_amevlZl_wdki_jbf_glh\gZ^`b\hlgufb
gZijdh]^ZjZaebqby\^haZobeblhdkbdh
dbg_lbq_kdb_jZaebqbyf_`^m`b\hlgufb
q_eh\_dhf^_eZxlij_^iheh`_gbyf_g__
hij_^_e_ggufb
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\_s_kl\Z>eydeZkkbnbdZpbbhkgh\ZgghcgZlhdkbdheh]bq_kdhf^_ckl\bb
fh]mlbkihevah\Zlvky^\ZjZaebqguoih^oh^Z
1. eb[hljZ^bpbhggucf_lh^^himklbfuoij_^_evguodhgp_gljZpbc
2. eb[hl_`_f_lh^ubdjbl_jbbdhlhju_bkihevamxlky^ey
deZkkbnbdZpbb\_s_kl\
?kebbkihevah\Zebkvh[Zf_lh^Zlh]^Zj_amevlZluba^he`gu
bkihevah\Zlvky\h\k_okemqZyodjhf_dZgp_jh]_ggh]hfmlZ]_ggh]hb
lhdkbqgh]h^eynmgdpbc\hkijhba\h^kl\Z\ha^_ckl\by
LjZ^bpbhggucf_lh^hkgh\u\Z_lkygZlhfijbgpbi_qlhlhdkbdheh]bq_kdb_
k\hckl\Zlh]hbebbgh]hijh^mdlZfh]ml[ulvhij_^_e_gubkoh^ybahiZkguo
^eya^hjh\vyk\hckl\wlh]hijh^mdlZbdhgp_gljZpbbhl^_evguo\_s_kl\\
ij_iZjZl_>jm]bf\Z`gufijbgpbihfy\ey_lkyij_^iheh`_gb_hlhfqlh
lhlbebbghcijh^mdl^he`_gkh^_j`Zlvhij_^_e_ggh_dhebq_kl\hdZdh]h
eb[hhiZkgh]h\_s_kl\Zij_`^_q_fwlhlijh^mdldZdlZdh\hcfh`gh[m^_l
kqblZlvhiZkguf±wlhlZdgZau\Z_fucijbgpbiij_^_evguo^himklbfuo
dhgp_gljZpbc
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dZl_]hjbyfhiZkghklbAgZq_gbyij_^_evguo^himklbfuodhgp_gljZpbc
aZ\bkylhlly`_klbihke_^kl\bc\ha^_ckl\byij_iZjZlh\>eyg_dhlhjuo
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dhgp_gljZpbbhljZ`Zxlky\i_j_qg_hiZkguo\_s_kl\<dZq_kl\_ijbf_jZ
gb`_ijb\_^_guh[sb_agZq_gbyij_^_evghc^himklbfhcdhgp_gljZpbb^ey
ij_iZjZlh\kh^_j`Zsbolhevdhh^gh\_s_kl\hbadeZkkbnbpbjh\Zgguo
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dhgp_glj
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1 % ≤dhgp_glj
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7 % ≤dhgp_glj
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lh\hij_^_e_gguokblmZpbyodhgp_gljZpbbwlbo\_s_kl\kmffbjmxlZ
R26: <ukhdhlhdkbqghijb\^uoZgbb; R27: <ukhdhlhdkbqghijbdhglZdl_k
dh`_c; R28<ukhdhlhdkbqghijbihiZ^Zgbb\hj]Zgbafiml_f]ehlZgby; R23:
Lhdkbqghijb\^uoZgbb; R24: LhdkbqghijbdhglZdl_kdh`_c; R25Lhdkbqghijb
ihiZ^Zgbb\hj]Zgbafiml_f]ehlZgby; R20: <j_^ghijb\^uoZgbb; R21: <j_^ghijb
dhglZdl_kdh`_c; R22<j_^ghijbihiZ^Zgbb\hj]Zgbafiml_f]ehlZgby.
1
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ij_^_evghc^himklbfhcdhgp_gljZpbbiha\heyxs_cdeZkkbnbpbjh\Zlv
ij_iZjZludZd\ukhdhlhdkbqgu_blhdkbqgu_^h[Z\ey_lkyddhgp_gljZpbb
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 PTx
∑  L
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+
PT PXn 
+
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LXn LXn 
PTx \_kh\hcijhp_gldZ`^h]h\ukhdhlhdkbqgh]h\_s_kl\Z\ij_iZjZl_
PT \_kh\hcijhp_gldZ`^h]hlhdkbqgh]h\_s_kl\Z\ij_iZjZl_
PXn \_kh\hcijhp_gldZ`^h]h\j_^gh]h\_s_kl\Z\ij_iZjZl_
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