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l_hjbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbamqZ_lbgklblmpbhgZevgmxkj_^m^_yl_evghklbwdhghfbq_kdbohj]ZgbaZpbc\qZklghfk_dlhj_
wdhghfbdb Z l_hjby h[s_kl\_ggh]h \u[hjZ — bgklblmpbhgZevgmx kj_^m ^_yl_evghklb bg^b\b^h\ b hj]ZgbaZpbb \
h[s_kl\_gghf k_dlhj_ lZdhc ih^oh^ _kl_kl\_ggh y\ey_lky mijhs_gb_f dhgp_gljbjmxsbf \gbfZgb_ gZ ]eZ\ghf
gZijZ\e_gbbbkke_^h\ZgbcmdZaZgguol_hjbc
Dhma J Ijbjh^Z nbjfu < dg Dhma J NbjfZ jughd b ijZ\h F =e K We_dljhggZy \_jkby dgb]b \ k_lb
http://www.libertarium.ru/libertarium/l_lib_firm0.
2
KfFZjdk DDZiblZeL=e—FZjdkDWg]_evkNKhq-_ba^L. 23.
3
KfKnight F. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. L., 1993.
4
Kf Dhma J MdZa khq Mbevyfkhg H Wdhghfbq_kdb_ bgklblmlu dZiblZebafZ Nbjfu jugdb hlghr_gq_kdZy dhgljZdlZpby KI[
1996.
5
Ih^jh[g__ kf.: Williamson H. ?. Comorarison of Alternative Approaches to Economic Organization // Journal of Institutional and Theoretical
Economics. Vol‹
1
L_hjby ijZ\
L_hjby
kh[kl\_gghkl
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Public Choice Theory Property Rights
(J. Buchanan,
Theory
(R. Coase,
G. Tullok)
R. Posner)
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(J. Stiglitz)
L_hjby
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Transaction Cost Theory
(O. Williamson)
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(ex ante)
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(ex post)
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kh]eZr_gbc dhgljZdlh\ L_hjby Z]_glh\ ijbgpbiZeZ-Z]_glZ dhgp_gljbjm_l k\h_ \gbfZgb_ gZ ij_^\Zjbl_evguo
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kh]eZr_gbyoex post\ujZ`Zxsboky\jZaebqguomijZ\e_gq_kdbokljmdlmjZo
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f_`^ml_hjbyfb^_ckl\bl_evghbf_xlf_klhh^gZdh\k_hgbl_hjbbljZgkZdpbhgghcwdhghfbdb
Z]_glh\ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbh[s_kl\_ggh]h\u[hjZkjZaguoklhjhgZgZebabjmxlij_^ihkuedb
klZgh\e_gbyjZa\blbybmiZ^dZwdhghfbq_kdbohj]ZgbaZpbcgZ[Za_dhgljZdlghciZjZ^b]fu
Ihijh[m_fkbgl_abjh\Zlvhkgh\gu_b^_bbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hZgZebaZnbjf
7.2 DhgljZdlgZyijbjh^Znbjfugh\ucbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^
KlZg^ZjlgZy g_hdeZkkbq_kdZy ijhba\h^kl\_ggZy nmgdpby fh^bnbpbjm_lky \ gh\hc bgklblmpbhgZevghc l_hjbb k
mq_lhf \ebygby h]jZgbq_gbc \ha^_ckl\mxsbo gZ bg^b\b^mZevguc \u[hj ?_ fh`gh ij_^klZ\blv \ \b^_
Q = Q (L, K, MI, T, CAi, CAe, APR)]^_Q –\uimkdijh^mdpbbL, K, MI -aZljZlunZdlhjh\ijhba\h^kl\Zljm^ZdZiblZeZb
fZl_jbZevguoj_kmjkh\T -\_dlhjl_ogheh]bbbmjh\gyagZgbcg_h[oh^bfuo^eyijhba\h^kl\Z^Zggh]h\b^Zijh^mdpbb
Djhf_lh]h\uimkdaZ\bkblhlbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^uhij_^_eyxs_ckljmdlmjmZ[khexlguoijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbAPRb
aZ^Zxs_c \g_rgb_ ijZ\beZ b]ju ^ey \k_o nbjf Z lZd`_ hl \gmlj_ggbo ijZ\be b]ju dhlhju_ kms_kl\mxl \ _]h
\aZbfhhlghr_gbyokdhgljZ]_glZfbKAebgZkZfhfij_^ijbylbbKAi6.
Dexq_\uf ^ey hl\_lZ gZ \hijhku dZdh\Z ijbjh^Z nbjf b ihq_fm hgb \hagbdZxl y\ey_lky ihgylb_ ba^_j`_d
ljZgkZdpbb7 LjZgkZdpbb kh\_jrZxl kh[kl\_ggbdb nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z k p_evx i_j_^Zqb ^jm] ^jm]m gZ \j_fy beb
gZ\k_]^ZqZklbqguoijZ\hfhqbcdZkZxsbokyijblyaZgbcgZ\_svdZdihl_gpbZevgucbklhqgbd^hoh^ZG_h[oh^bfhklv\
ljZgkZdpbyo\hagbdZ_l\ke_^kl\b_ij_^ihkuedbhijhba\h^bl_evghklbh[f_gZLjZgkZdpbbgZoh^ylhljZ`_gb_\dhgljZdlZo
Ihkj_^kl\hf ijZ\be khklZ\eyxsbo dhgljZdl ljZgkZdpby gZjy^m k hlghr_gbyfb dhgnebdlZ b \aZbfhaZ\bkbfhklb
^hkljZb\Z_lky\dexq_gb_fwe_f_glh\mihjy^hq_gghklb8.
Ih^h[guc ih^oh^ d ljZdlh\d_ ijhba\h^kl\_gghc nmgdpbb \i_j\u_ \ y\ghf \b^_ ij_^eh`_g F >`_gk_ghf b M F_debg]hf Kf.:
Jensen M., Meckling W. Rights and Production Functions: An Application to Labor-Managed Firms and Codetermination // Journal of Business.
1979. Vol. 52, No. 4. P. 469-472; W]]_jlkkhg LWdhghfbq_kdh_ih\_^_gb_bbgklblmluFK 141-143.
7
Ih^ ljZgkZdpb_c ihgbfZ_lky ^_yl_evghklv bg^b\b^h\ \ nhjf_ hlqm`^_gby b ijbk\h_gby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb b k\h[h^ ijbgyluo \
h[s_kl\_dhlhju_hkms_kl\eyxlky\ijhp_kk_ieZgbjh\ZgbydhgljheyaZ\uiheg_gb_fh[_sZgbcZlZd`_Z^ZilZpbbdg_ij_^\b^_gguf
h[klhyl_evkl\ZfRZklbldh :?MdZa khqK<kemqZ_ijhba\h^kl\_gghc^_yl_evghklbljZgkZdpbyhljZ`Z_llZd`_i_j_f_s_gb_
lh\Zjh\bmkem]\l_ogheh]bq_kdb^_ebfhfijhkljZgkl\_H MbevyfkhgMdZakhqK
8
Kfih^jMbevyfkhg HMdZa khqK-151; RZklbldh :?MdZa khqK 137-147.
6
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lZd`_ hl ijZ\be [he__ \ukhdh]h ihjy^dZ dhlhju_ khklZ\eyxl bgklblmpbhgZevgmx kj_^m LZdbf h[jZahf \u[hj
dhgljZdlgh]hkh]eZr_gbyContractual arrangement - CAaZ\bkblhljy^ZiZjZf_ljh\9:
CA = CA (F, D, C, AS, M, R, U, APR),
]^_F –qZklhlZih\lhj_gbyljZgkZdpbbi_jbh^bqghklv\aZbfh^_ckl\byf_`^mklhjhgZfb
D –^ebl_evghklvljZgkZdpbb
C –keh`ghklvljZgkZdpbb
AS - ki_pbnbqghklv Zdlb\Z dhlhjuc y\ey_lky h[t_dlhf kh]eZr_gby beb bkihevah\Zgb_ dhlhjh]h k\yaZgh k
\uiheg_gb_fdhgljZdlZ
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U –kl_i_gvg_hij_^_e_gghklbkhijh\h`^Zxs_cj_ZebaZpbxdhgljZdlZb_]hbkoh^
APR - nhjfZevgZy^himklbfhklvbba^_j`dbkh\_jr_gby^Zggh]hlbiZljZgkZdpbb10\l_dms_cbgklblmpbhgZevghc
kj_^_ijZ\beZo[he__\ukhdh]hihjy^dZh[yaZl_evguo^ey\k_o
< gh\hc bgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb ih^ nbjfhc ihgbfZ_lky dhZebpby \eZ^_evp_\ nZdlhjh\
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ba^_j`_d
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hkgh\guolbiZdhgljZdlh\12.
DeZkkbq_kdbc dhgljZdl (classical contract) – wlh ^\mklhjhggbc dhgljZdl hkgh\Zgguc gZ kms_kl\mxsbo
xjb^bq_kdbo ijZ\beZo q_ldh nbdkbjmxsbc mkeh\by k^_edb b ij_^iheZ]Zxsbc kZgdpbb \ kemqZ_ g_\uiheg_gby wlbo
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G_hdeZkkbq_kdbc dhgljZdl (neoclassical contract) – wlh ^he]hkjhqguc dhgljZdl \ mkeh\byo kljmdlmjghc
g_hij_^_e_gghklb dh]^Z g_\hafh`gh aZjZg__ ij_^\b^_lv \k_ ihke_^kl\by ljZgkZdpbb Hg gZihfbgZ_l kdhj__ ^h]h\hj h
ijbgpbiZo khljm^gbq_kl\Z q_f kljh]bc xjb^bq_kdbc ^hdmf_gl ij_^mkfZljb\Zxsbc \k_ [_a bkdexq_gby kblmZpbb,
dhlhju_ fh]ml ihy\blvky \ [m^ms_f H[uqgh ^ey j_r_gby \hagbdZxsbo kihjh\ klhjhgu h[jZsZxlky d \u[jZgghfm bfb
Zj[bljm dhlhjuc j_rZ_l gZkdhevdh ijZ\bevgh ^Zgguc dhgljZdl \uihegy_lky Ihwlhfm ^h]h\hj k kZfh]h gZqZeZ
ijbh[j_lZ_lljhckl\_ggucoZjZdl_j>mo^h]h\hjZa^_kvi_j_\_rb\Z_l_]h[md\mmklgu_^h]h\hj_gghklbmqblu\Zxlky
gZjy^mkibkvf_ggufb
Hlghr_gq_kdbc dhgljZdl (relational contract) – wlh ^he]hkjhqguc \aZbfh\u]h^guc dhgljZdl \ dhlhjhf
g_nhjfZevgu_ mkeh\by ij_h[eZ^Zxl gZ^ nhjfZevgufb >ey _]h hkms_kl\e_gby dZd ijZ\beh b lj_[m_lky ieZghf_jguc
ihjy^hdij_^iheZ]Zxsbcb_jZjobx
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gZljb]jmiiuh[sb_ki_pbnbq_kdb_bbgl_jki_pbnbq_kdb_
H[sb_j_kmjku–wlhj_kmjkup_gghklvdhlhjuog_aZ\bkblhlgZoh`^_gby\^Zgghcnbjf_b\gmljbb\g__zhgb
hp_gb\Zxlkyh^bgZdh\h
Ki_pbnbq_kdb_j_kmjku –wlhj_kmjkup_gghklvdhlhjuo\gmljbnbjfu\ur_q_f\g___
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^hklb]Z_lkylhevdh\^Zgghcnbjf_bihkj_^kl\hfg__?kebnbjfZjZkiZ^Z_lkylhdZ`^ucbabgl_jki_pbnbq_kdboj_kmjkh\
g_kfh`_lgZclbZ^_d\ZlghcaZf_gugZjugd_beb\jZfdZo^jm]hchj]ZgbaZpbb
IhwlhfmnbjfZ\uklmiZ_lg_ijhklhdZddhZebpby\eZ^_evp_\j_kmjkh\k\yaZgguof_`^mkh[hck_lvxdhgljZdlh\
Wlh h[t_^bg_gb_ \ hkgh\_ dhlhjh]h e_`bl hlghr_gq_kdbc dhgljZdl ih ih\h^m bgl_jki_pbnbq_kdbo j_kmjkh\ GZebqb_
lZdbo j_kmjkh\ ^Z_l kbg_j]_lbq_kdbc wnn_dl ij_\urZxsbc ijhklmx kmffm \deZ^h\ dZ`^h]h mqZklgbdZ dhZebpbb
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LZdbf h[jZahf k_j^p_\bgm nbjfu khklZ\ey_l ^he]h\j_f_gguc hlghr_gq_kdbc dhgljZdl aZdexq_gguc f_`^m
kh[kl\_ggbdZfbbgl_jki_pbnbq_kdboj_kmjkh\GZebqb_bgl_jki_pbnbq_kdbobki_pbnbq_kdboj_kmjkh\\nbjf_iha\hey_l
wdhghfblv ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db Z bo \eZ^_evpZf – ihemqZlv wdhghfbq_kdmx ijb[uev LZdh]h jh^Z \aZbfgZy
aZ\bkbfhklv \hagbdZ_l b \ jZfdZo ijhba\h^kl\_ggh-l_ogheh]bq_kdbo p_ihq_d \ dhlhjuo bf__l f_klh nmg^Zf_glZevgZy
ljZgknhjfZpby dh]^Z \ j_amevlZl_ \eh`_gbc \ bgl_jki_pbnbq_kdb_ Zdlb\u mkeh\b_ [hevrh]h qbkeZ dhgdmj_glh\ \
kblmZpbblhj]h\aZi_j\hgZqZevgucdhgljZdlH[DQWHdhgdmj_gpbyljZgknhjfbjm_lky\mkeh\b_fZeh]hqbkeZmqZklgbdh\
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dhZebpbxbgl_jki_pbnbq_kdboj_kmjkh\bhkh[_gghklbljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_dh[tykgyxlki_pbnbdmnhjfdhgljZdlh\
LZdhc ih^oh^ \hkoh^bl d Heb\_jm Mbevyfkhgm kf Mbevyfkhg H MdZa khq K 74-78, 104- h^gZdh fu kqblZeb k\hbf ^he]hf
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10
Ba^_j`db kh\_jr_gby ljZgkZdpbb fh`gh hlqZklb \ujZablv q_j_a khhlghr_gb_ p_gu ^hklmiZ d aZdhgm b p_gu \g_e_]Zevghklb
ih^jh[g__ kf ^_ Khlh W Bghc imlv G_\b^bfZy j_\hexpby \ lj_lv_f fbj_ F K-215; He_cgbd :G BgklblmpbhgZevgZy
wdhghfbdZFK-168).
11
<wlhfgZ]ey^ghijhy\ey_lkyijbgpbif_lh^heh]bq_kdh]hbg^b\b^mZebafZ.
12
KfMbevyfkhg HMdZakhqK-132.
13
Ihgylb_nmg^Zf_glZevghcljZgknhjfZpbb\i_j\u_\\_^_ghbjZkdjulhH MbevyfkhghfMdZakhqK. 117-121).
14
Kf.: Alchian A., Demsetz H. Production, information costs, and economic organization // American Economic Review. 1972. Vol. 62 (6). P. 777795; Cheung S. The contractual nature of the firm // Journal of Law and Economics. 1983. Vol. 26 (1). P. 1-21; Mbevyfkhg H KjZ\g_gb_
Zevl_jgZlb\guoih^oh^h\dZgZebamwdhghfbq_kdhchj]ZgbaZpbbMjhdbhj]ZgbaZpbb[bag_kZKI[C. 51-62.
9
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7.3 G_hbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^dlbiheh]bbnbjf
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16
Fubkihevam_fhij_^_e_gb_wdhghfbq_kdh]hbgklblmlZih> Ghjlm(Kf.: North D. Institutions // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1991,
Vol. 5(1). P.97.)
17
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Bkke_^h\ZgbybjZajZ[hldb<uiFK. 12-18.
18
Ih^jh[g__ h jZa^_e_gbb ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb gZ Z[khexlgu_ b hlghkbl_evgu_ kf.: Furubotn E., Richter R. Institutions and economic theory:
the contribution of the new institutional economics. J 77-83.
19
<khhl\_lkl\bbkl_jfbgheh]b_cjZajZ[hlZgghcE >w\bkhfb> GhjlhfbgklblmpbhgZevgZykj_^Z (institutional environmentkhklhbl
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ihlj_[e_gbyBgklblmpbhgZevgu_kh]eZr_gby (institutional arrangements) –wlhdhgljZdluf_`^mohayckl\_ggufb_^bgbpZfbdhlhju_
hij_^_eyxl kihkh[u bo dhhi_jZpbb b dhhj^bgZpbb (Davis L., North D. Institutional Change and American Economic Growth. Cambridge,
J 5-6.)
20
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107
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108
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Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 62 (1). 1954. J.124-142; Cheung S. The structure of a Contract and the Theory of a Non-exclusive Resources //
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rights: A Study of the American West // Journal of Law and Economics. 1975. Vol. J 163-179.
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379
Robertson D. Money. London. 1922. P. 1.
373
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380
Friedman M. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1962. P.14.
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382
Niehans J. The Theory of Money. Baltimore, 1978. P. 99-100. Kf. lZd`_: Niehans J. Money and Barter in General Equilibrium with Transaction
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Keynes J.M. A Monetary Theory Of Production // The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes. Ed. by Moggridge D. London: Macmillan,
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ijhreh]h\[m^ms__401.
388
Ibid. P. 408-411.
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Elgar, 1992. GZ jmkkdhf yaud_ l_hjby ^_g_`ghc wdhghfbdb gZb[he__ ihegh [ueZ hk\_s_gZ \ ke_^mxsbo jZ[hlZo JhafZbgkdbc B< H
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392
D_cgk>`FH[sZyl_hjbyaZgylhklbijhp_glZb^_g_]FIjh]j_kkKCarvalho F. Op. cit. P. 46.
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Carvalho F. Op. cit. P. 44.
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Goodhart C.A.E. Money, Information and Uncertainty. /RQGRQ3A^_kvke_^m_lhlf_lblvqlhohayckl\hoZjZdl_jbamxs__ky
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398
D_cgk>`FMdZakhqK. 210.
399
Arestis P. Op. kit. P. 2; Tarshis L. Post-Keynesian Economics: A Promise That Bounced? // American Economic Review. 1980. May. P. 10-14.
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Wlh hij_^_e_gb_ ij_^eh`_gh Zf_jbdZgp_f ;wabehf Fmjhf Pbl. ih: Arestis P. Post-Keynesian Theory of Money, Credit and Finance //
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402
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F Xjb^bq_kdZy ebl_jZlmjZ H\qbgkdbc <K KljZl_]by [hjv[u k fZnb_c F KBFK =mjh\ :B DjZkgZy fZnby F
KZfhp\_l FBDH Dhff_jq_kdbc \_klgbd DhgklZglbgh\ : >bdk_ebmk F ;Zg^blkdZy Jhkkby KI[ ;B;EBHIHEBK HEF:IJ?KKEmg__\<<Ij_klmighklvXX\_dZFbjh\u_j_]bhgZevgu_bjhkkbckdb_l_g^_gpbbFBa^Zl_evkl\hGHJF:K
299 – JhkkbckdZy hj]Zgbah\ZggZy ij_klmighklv gh\Zy m]jhaZ" F.: DJHG-IJ?KK, 2000; Anderson A. A Red Mafia: A Legacy of
Communism
//
Economic
Transition
in
Eastern
Europe
and
Russia:
Realities
of
Reform.
Stanford,
1995
(http://andrsn.stanford.edu/Other/redmaf.html); Serio J.D., Rozinkin V.S. Thieves Professing the Code: The Traditional Role of Vory v Zakone in
Russia`s Criminal World and Adaptions to a New Social Reality // Crime and Justice: Europe. July 1995
(http://www.acsp.uic.edu/oicj/pubs/oje/050405.htm).
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521
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522
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523
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wdhghfbdZbf_`^mgZjh^gu_hlghr_gby‹K– 116.
517
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jughqgh]hohayckl\Zohlyb\mjh^eb\hcnhjf_wdhghfbdbjwd_lZ
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Wr_ehgujZa\blbydZiblZebafZ
0.1.1
0.1.2
0.1.3
I_j\ucwr_ehgdhlhjuc^Z\ghmr_e
<lhjhcwr_ehghldhlhjh]hfuhlklZeb
GZihemklZghqd_Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh-dhfZg^ghckbkl_fu
0.2.1
0.2.2
0.2.3
>hfhohayckl\Zg_jughqgh_ijbkihkh[e_gb_djugdm
NbjfZwdhghfbdZnbabq_kdboebpiZl_jgZebafZ[Zjl_jZbjwd_lZ
=hkm^Zjkl\hbklhjbq_kdb_km^v[u\eZklb-kh[kl\_gghklb
Wdhghfbq_kdb_km[t_dluihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbgh\u_ijZ\beZb]ju
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1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
>hfhohayckl\h\jughqghcwdhghfbd_\a]ey^g_hdeZkkbdh\
>hfhohayckl\h\jughqghcwdhghfbd_\a]ey^bgklblmpbhgZebklh\
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>hfhohayckl\Z\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_gZjugdZoljm^Zihlj_[bl_evkdbo[eZ]bnbgZgkh\bgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^
=eZ\Z 2. HKH;?GGHKLBJHKKBCKDHCWDHGHFBQ?KDHCF?GL:EVGHKLB
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
GZpbhgZevgZywdhghfbq_kdZyf_glZevghklvdZdbgklblml
2.1.1
2.1.2
Kh^_j`Zgb_bkljmdlmjZgZpbhgZevghcwdhghfbq_kdhcf_glZevghklb
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2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
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Ijhreh_lhedm_lgZk
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
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JughqgZyij_^jZkiheh`_gghklvjhkkbckdhcdmevlmju
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Jhkkbyf_`^mk\h[h^hcbZ\lhjblZjbafhf
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2.4.1
2.4.2
Lbiheh]bygZpbhgZevguofh^_e_cwdhghfbdbdZdijh_dpbylbiheh]bbohayckl\_gguodmevlmj
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NZdlhjuknhjfbjh\Z\rb_jhkkbckdmxwdhghfbq_kdmxf_glZevghklv
Khpbhf_ljbq_kdZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZwdhghfbq_kdhcf_glZevghklbjhkkbyg
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=eZ\Z BG>B<B>UB>HFHOHAYCKL<:<GH<HFBGKLBLMPBHG:EVGHFIJHKLJ:GKL<?
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3.1
3.2
3.3
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3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
Lbiheh]byfbdjhkm[t_dlh\\aZ\bkbfhklbhlmjh\gybj_amevlZlb\ghklbZ^ZilZpbb
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4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
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4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
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4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
FZjrjmluih\_^_gby[_ajZ[hlguo
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5.1
5.2
>hfhohayckl\ZdZdbgklblmpbhgZevgu_ij_^ijbgbfZl_ebkljmdlmjZ\g_rgb_\hafh`ghklbbh]jZgbqbl_eb
5.1.1
5.1.2
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5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
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6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
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J_kmjkujhkkbckdh]hkj_^g_]hdeZkkZ
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G_hdeZkkbq_kdZyljZdlh\dZnbjfunbjfZdZdq_jgucysbd
DhgljZdlgZyijbjh^Znbjfugh\ucbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^
G_hbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^dlbiheh]bbnbjf
7.1
7.2
7.3
=eZ\Z =?G?ABKJHKKBCKDHCNBJFU<IHKLKH<?LKDHFBGKLBLMPBHG:EVGHFIJHKLJ:GKL<?
:[khexlgu_bhlghkbl_evgu_ijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklb
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8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
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8.3.1
8.3.2
Eh]bdZbgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbcbgklblmpbhgZevgu_ljZgkZdpbb
NbjfZdZdkm[t_dlbgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbc
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8.3
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EBP
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9.1
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.2.4
I_kkbfbklbq_kdb_dhgp_ipbbl_g_\uojugdh\\KKKJ
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9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.3.5
9.3.6
9.3.7
I_j\uc[ebg–dhfhfj_nhjfZ]
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9.3
=eZ\Z10. BAF?G?GBYKIJHK:G:IJ:<:KH;KL<?GGHKLBG?HBGKLBLMPBHG:EVGUC:G:EBA
IJB<:LBA:PBB
10.1
10.2
Ihq_fm\hagbdZ_lkijhkgZbaf_g_gbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb"
KijhkgZjZafulu_ijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklb-1998)
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.3
KijhkgZjZafulu_ijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklb\kh\_lkdhcwdhghfbd_-1991)
BgklblmpbhgZevgucrhdb_]hihke_^kl\by-1998)
KijhkgZki_pbnbdZpbxbaZsblmijZ\qZklghckh[kl\_gghklb-2003)
=eZ\Z IJ?>IJBGBF:L?EBBG:?FGU?J:;HLGBDBDHGNEBDLUBDHGK?GKMKU<
IHKLKH<?LKDHCNBJF?
11.1
Fhlb\Zpbyljm^ZgZ_fguojZ[hlgbdh\
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
11.1.4
11.1.5
11.1.6
11.2
Hkh[_gghklbgZpbhgZevghcaZjZ[hlghcieZlu
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.3
Dhgnebdlubdhgk_gkmku
NZdlhjumkbe_gbyiZl_jgZebafZbij_^ihkuedbjZa\blbyiZjlg_jkl\Z\ljm^h\uohlghr_gbyo
Ihklkh\_lkdb_ijhnkhxaudZdbgklblmlljm^h\h]hihkj_^gbq_kl\Z
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.5
11.4.6
11.4.7
11.5
AZjZ[hlgZyieZlZ\JhkkbbnhjfZevgZyp_gZjZ[hq_ckbeubebg_nhjfZevgh_khpbZevgh_ihkh[b_\Jhkkbb"
Hkgh\gZyp_evj_nhjfbjh\ZgbyhieZluljm^Z
IZl_jgZebklkdbckhxagZ_fguojZ[hlgbdh\bij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.4
KljmdlmjZboZjZdl_jhkgh\guoijh[e_fbfhlb\h\ljm^ZjZ[hqbo
Hkgh\gu_ih^oh^udbkke_^h\Zgbxfhlb\Zpbb
Lbiufhlb\Zpbb
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IjhnkhxagZybg\_jkby
J_kmjkuljm^h\h]hihkj_^gbq_kl\ZbbojZkij_^_e_gb_
Lbiuijhnkhxaguohj]ZgbaZpbcgZkh\j_f_gguojhkkbckdboij_^ijbylbyoijhnkhxauohjhrb_bjZagu_
IjhnkhxadZdkhpbZevguchl^_egZ^hihfhqvZ^fbgbkljZpbb
DZdmfbjZxlijhnkhxau\k_ihkl_i_gghmljykehkv
Ihklkh\_lkdb_ijhnkhxaugh\u_bgklblmpbhgZevgu_jZfdb
Kdjulu_klhjhgukdjulhc[_ajZ[hlbpukhpbZevgucZfhjlbaZlhjbebwdhghfbq_kdbclhjfha"
11.5.1
11.5.2
KdjulZy[_ajZ[hlbpZ\JhkkbbgZke_^b_bebijbh[j_l_gb_"
KdjulZy[_ajZ[hlbpZdZdkhpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdZyijh[e_fZ
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12.1
Khhlghr_gb_f_`^m^_g_`ghcb[Zjl_jghcwdhghfbdhcbgklblmpbhgZebklubihkld_cgkbZgpuijhlb\g_hdeZkkbdh\
12.1.1
12.1.2
12.1.3
12.1.4
12.1.5
12.2
JhkkbckdZyi_j_oh^gZywdhghfbdZdZd[Zjl_jgh_ohayckl\h
Khhlghr_gb_f_`^m[Zjl_jghcb^_g_`ghcwdhghfbdZfbg_hdeZkkbq_kdbcih^oh^
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Ihkld_cgkbZgkdbcih^oh^dZgZebam[Zjl_jghcwdhghfbdbb[Zjl_jbaZpbbohayckl\Z
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;Zjl_jdZdnhjfZkms_kl\h\Zgbyg_wnn_dlb\guoij_^ijbylbc
12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
12.2.4
12.2.5
12.2.6
Kh\_lkdb_dhjgbkh\j_f_gghcjhkkbckdhc[Zjl_jghcwdhghfbdb
Jhkkbckdb_wdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmlu–m]h^eb\uckem]Zg_jZ^b\h]hohaybgZ"
;Zjl_jbg_ieZl_`bjhev_kl_kl\_gguofhghihebc
;Zjl_jdZdkj_^kl\h^bkdjbfbgZpbbwnn_dlb\gh]hbg_wnn_dlb\gh]hijhba\h^bl_ey
;Zjl_jdZdijhy\e_gb_k_jhcwdhghfbdb
;Zjl_jb\hkijhba\h^kl\hg_wnn_dlb\ghckljmdlmjuwdhghfbdb
12.2.7
12.3
Dhfm\u]h^_g[Zjl_j?
Ihbkdiml_cij_h^he_gby[Zjl_jbaZpbb
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3
12.3.4
>_nbpbl^_g_`guokj_^kl\bf_lh^u[hjv[ukgbf
<ihbkdZo^_g_`gh]hbklhqgbdZ (case-study)
;Zjl_jgu_hlghr_gbybwnn_dlb\ghklvmijZ\e_gq_kdboj_r_gbcwdki_jbf_glZevgu_jZkq_lu
I_jki_dlb\ujZa\blby[Zjl_jghcwdhghfbdb
=eZ\Z IJ:<HKBEU<F?KLHKBEUIJ:<:BEBWDHGHFBD:JWD?L:
13.1
M]jhaZijZ\Zfkh[kl\_gghklb\e_]Zevghf[bag_k_]jZ[ysb_jmdb\f_klhg_\b^bfhcjmdb
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.2
Ij_iylkl\by^eye_]ZevghcaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb
13.2.1
13.2.2
13.2.3
13.2.4
13.2.5
13.3
;Zg^bldZdaZsblgbdijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb
AZsblZ[bag_kf_gh\–^_ehjmdkZfbo[bag_kf_gh\
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<u[hjij_^ijbgbfZl_e_fhilbfZevgh]hbgklblmlZaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb
Hj]Zgbah\ZggZyij_klmighklv–]hkm^Zjkl\h\]hkm^Zjkl\_"
13.5.1
13.5.2
13.5.3
13.5.4
13.5.5
13.6
G_]Zlb\gucbfb^`jhkkbckdh]h[bag_kZ
DjbfbgZevghklvjhkkbckdh]h[bag_kZ
Jhevwdhghfbq_kdhcdmevlmju\jZa\blbbij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z
Wlbq_kdZyhp_gdZij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z\jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbq_kdhcdmevlmj_
DjbfbgZevghklv[bag_kZdZdke_^kl\b_dmevlmjheh]bq_kdh]hkl_j_hlbiZ
G_e_]ZevgZyaZsblZijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.4
13.5
JmdbmijZ\eyxsb_jugdhf
QvbjmdbrZjyl\dZjfZg_ij_^ijbgbfZl_ey"
Ij_klmigZyhj]ZgbaZpbydZdnbjfZ
Ij_klmigh_khh[s_kl\hdZdl_g_\h_ijZ\bl_evkl\h
Ij_klmigZyhj]ZgbaZpbydZdh[sbgZ
Wdhghfbq_kdZyw\hexpbyhj]Zgbah\Zgghcij_klmighklb
Q_fhj]Zgbah\Zgg__ij_klmighklvl_femqr_^eyh[s_kl\Z
<ae_lbiZ^_gb_m]heh\gh]hjwd_lZ
13.6.1
13.6.2
Hj]Zgbah\ZggZyij_klmighklv\KKKJ\hju\aZdhg_dZddjbfbgZevgh_ijZ\bl_evkl\h
I_j_kljhcdZ\h[s_kl\_–i_j_kljhcdZ\fZnbbhldjbfbgZevgh]hijZ\bl_evkl\Z–dk_lbdjbfbgZevguonbjf
Q:KLV=HKM>:JKL<H<KH<J?F?GGHCJHKKBB
=eZ\ZHKGH<UBGKLBLMPBHG:EVGH=HIH>OH>:D:G:EBAMJHEB=HKM>:JKL<:
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
:gZebabgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^udZdhlijZ\ghcimgdlbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Zdbamq_gbxjheb]hkm^Zjkl\Z
Kmsghklvbhkgh\gu_nmgdpbb]hkm^Zjkl\Z\jughqghcwdhghfbd_klhqdbaj_gbybgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Z
=hkm^Zjkl\h\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_dZd]_g_jZlhjbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^u
Ijh[e_fZbgklblmpbhgZevghcg_Z^_d\Zlghklbjhkkbckdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z
=eZ\ZJ?<HEXPBYK<?JOMB?,IHKE?>KL<BY
15.1
15.2
15.3
BgklblmludhfZg^gh-Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghcwdhghfbdb
Fh^_jgbaZpbykbkl_fu\jZfdZoklZjhckljmdlmju
J_nhjfbjh\Zgb_j_nhjfdhgljj_\hexpbyk\_jom"
15.3.1
15.3.2
15.4
15.5
G_h[oh^bfhklvjZ^bdZebaZpbbj_nhjf
IheblbdZnbgZgkh\hcklZ[bebaZpbb
J_amevlZlubgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbc\Jhkkbb-o]h^h\
Dgh\hcl_hjbbj_nhjf
15.5.1
15.5.2
IhiuldZj_ZebaZpbb<Zrbg]lhgkdh]hdhgk_gkmkZ
BgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^dl_hjbbj_nhjf
=eZ\ZG:A:>DQ:KLGHCKH;KL<?GGHKLBBEB<I?J?>DQ:KLGHCKH;KL<?GGHKLB"
16.1
16.2
HklZlhqgZy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvdZdwdhghfbq_kdbcbgklblml
HklZlhqgZy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvijh[e_fuwnn_dlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gby
16.2.1
16.2.2
16.2.3
16.2.4
16.3
16.4
Wdhghfbq_kdZyijbjh^Zbnmgdpbb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb
KljmdlmjbaZpbyh[t_dlh\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb
MijZ\ey_fhklvh[t_dlh\]hkkh[kl\_gghklb
Ihbkdwnn_dlb\guof_oZgbafh\mijZ\e_gby]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklvx
GZaZ^dqZklgh-]hkm^Zjkl\_gghcghf_gdeZlmjghckh[kl\_gghklb"
<i_j_^dqZklghckh[kl\_gghklb"
=eZ\Z=HKM>:JKL<H<K?H;S?=HI?J?J:KIJ?>?E?GBY
17.1
=hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_hljZke_\h_j_]mebjh\Zgb_\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb
17.1.1
17.1.2
17.1.3
17.1.4
17.1.5
17.2
BgklblmpbhgZevgu_eh\mrdbgZimlbklZgh\e_gby[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ
17.2.1
17.2.2
17.2.3
17.2.4
17.3
Ijbqbguj_]mebjh\Zgby
J_]mebjh\Zgb_gZjmr_gb_ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbebki_pbnbq_kdbcdhgljZdl"
Kihkh[uZ^ZilZpbyj_]mebjm_fuonbjf
Hkh[_gghklbj_]mebjh\Zgby\Jhkkbb
DZdhlj_]mebjh\Zlvkbkl_fmj_]mebjh\Zgby
L_hj_lbq_kdb_hkgh\u[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ
Fh^bnbdZpbylbih\kh]eZr_gbc\kn_j_[x^`_lgh]hi_j_jZkij_^_e_gby
Ijhy\e_gbyhiihjlmgbafZ\kn_j_f_`[x^`_lguohlghr_gbcdZdklbfmebgklblmpbhgZevgh]hjZa\blby
;x^`_lgucn_^_jZebafijh[e_fubijhlb\hj_qby
Hl]hkm^Zjkl\Z\k_h[s_]hi_j_jZkij_^_e_gbydkhpbZevghfm]hkm^Zjkl\m
17.3.1
17.3.2
17.3.3
17.3.4
Nmgdpbbbf_oZgbafukhpbZevghciheblbdb]hkm^Zjkl\Z
Kf_gZiZjZ^b]fukhpbZevghciheblbdb–hliZl_jgZebafZdeb[_jZebafm
LjZgknhjfZpbykm[t_dlh\khpbZevgh]hmijZ\e_gby
;m^ms__JhkkbbkhpbZevgh_]hkm^Zjkl\hbeb"
=eZ\ZWE?DLHJ:EVGUCPBDEIHBKDIHEBLBQ?KDHCJ?GLU"
18.1
18.2
18.3
J_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh_ih\_^_gb_g_hbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^
L_hjbyiheblbq_kdbo^_eh\uopbdeh\
Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ
18.3.1
18.3.2
Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ[_amq_lZljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d
Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZkmq_lhfljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d
18.4
IhbkdhilbfZevgh]hiheblbq_kdh]h^_eh\h]hpbdeZ
18.4.1
18.4.2
18.4.3
F_oZgbafnhjfbjh\Zgbywe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ
HilbfZevguciheblbq_kdbc^_eh\hcpbde
G_^hklh\_jghklvm]jhaubfibqf_glZ
=eZ\ZJHKLDBGH<UONMGDPBC=HKM>:JKL<:
19.1
AZsblZijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbe_]dheb[ulvbg\_klhjhf"
19.1.1
19.1.2
19.1.3
19.1.4
19.1.5
19.2
Nhjfbjh\Zgb_dhgdmj_glghckj_^u\Jhkkbb
19.2.1
19.2.2
19.2.3
19.2.4
19.3
Fhgblhjbg]\uiheg_gbydhgljZdlh\
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GZjmr_gbydhgljZdlh\
LjZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`db^hklb`_gbykh]eZr_gbc
GZijZ\e_gb_kh\_jr_gkl\h\ZgbyaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb
L_hj_lbq_kdb_ih^oh^udZgZebamdhgdmj_gpbb
IheblbdZ]hkm^Zjkl\Zihih^^_j`d_dhgdmj_gpbbdZdbgklblmpbhgZevgh_ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_
Mkeh\bynhjfbjh\Zgbydhgdmj_glghckj_^u\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb
JZa\blb_dhgdmj_gpbbbbgnjZkljmdlmjZ
Ihiuldbklbfmebjh\Zgbywdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZ
19.3.1
19.3.2
19.3.3
Bg\_klbpbhggZyiheblbdZbwdhghfbq_kdbcjhkl
JZa\blb_bbebjhklbgklblmpbhgZevgu_nZdlhju
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A:DEXQ?GB?. Dm^Z`gZfieulv"
1.
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E-mail: avale@mail.ru
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E-mail: etheory@hse.ru; dementan@hotmail.com
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E-mail: ann-ermishina@mail.ru
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E-mail: latov@mail.ru
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E-mail: natali73@online.ru beb natali8355@mtu-net.ru
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E-mail: etheory@hse.ru; nureev@hse.ru
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E-mail: etheory@hse.ru