Ingliz tili (1)

Medical biology and genetics
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND INNOVATIONS
OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
SAMARKAND STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
Workbook on the subject
Field of education:
600000 - “Healthcare”
Direction of education:
60910200 - “General Medicine”
60910100 – Dentistry
60910300 – Pediatric case
60910400- Medical prevention
I - COURSE
SAMARKAND – 2023
1
Department of medIcal bIology and genetIcs
MEDICAL BIOLOGISTS I. GENERAL GENETICS
Workbook
2
Medical biology and genetics
MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
SAMARKAND STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
"APPROVED"
Chairman of the central
educational and methodological council,
Vice Rector for Academic Affairs
Assoc. N.A. Yarmukhammedova
" 29 " August 202 3 years
Protocol No. 1
Workbook on the subject
MEDICAL BIOLOGISTS I. GENERAL GENETICS
60 0000 - “Healthcare”
60910200 – “Medicine”
60910100 - Dentistry
60910300 – Pediatric case
60910400- Medical prevention
I - COURSE
Credit:
Total training hours
Including:
Lecture
Practical lesson
Independent Job
4
- 120 hours
- 12 hours.
- 48 hours.
- 60 hours
SAMARKAND – 2023
3
Department of medIcal bIology and genetIcs
Field of education:
Direction of education:
Workbook
The workbook of the academic discipline was reviewed and approved at the educational and
methodological meeting of SamSMU in the direction of morphology from “ ” August 2023. Protocol No.
1
Compiled by:
R.N. Abdumuminova - Head of the Department
Medical Biology And Genetics Samarkand State Medical University
(signature)
N.E. Dzhumanova - Lecturer of the Department
Medical Biology and Genetics Samarkand State Medical University
(signature)
Reviewers:
Internal review
Mukhitdinov Shavkat
Mukhamedzhanovich
Assoc. Department of Medical Biology and
Genetics, Faculty of Medical Prevention, Social
Health and Medical Biology SamSMU
External review:
Oripov Firdavs Suratovich
Doctor of Medical Sciences head r Department of
Histology, Cytology, Embryology SamSMU
Workbook approved by the Academic Council of the Faculty of Medical Prevention ,
Social Health and Medical Biology of SamSMI from “
” August 202 3. Protocol No. 1
B.E.Tukhtarov
Dean
(signature)
Head of the department
R.N. Abdumuminova
(signature)
4
Medical biology and genetics
CONTENT
No.
Days
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
8.
8.
9.
9.
10.
10.
11.
eleve
n.
12.
12.
I - SEMESTER
TOPIC 1. . Microscope. Rules for working with a microscope.
Preparation of temporary preparations
TOPIC 2. Viruses. Pro- and eukaryotic cells. Their general
similarities and differences. Ultrastructural structure of eukaryotic
cells. Cell membrane and its structure. Methods of substances
entering the cell.
TOPIC 3. Molecular basis of life. Nucleic acids and their role in the
transmission of hereditary characteristics. The role of DNA in
protein biosynthesis. Genetic code. Regulation of protein
biosynthesis.
TOPIC 4. Life cycle of a cell. Mitotic cell division. Cell
proliferation. Meiotic cell division. Pathology of mitosis and
meiosis. Biological significance of meiosis.
TOPIC 5. . Monohybrid crossing. Interaction of allelic genes.
Codominance.
TOPIC 6. Di- and polyhybrid crossing. Multiple allelism.
Interaction of nonallelic genes.
TOPIC 7. Chromosomal theory of heredity. T.G.Morgan. Gene
linkage, crossing over. Inheritance of sex-linked traits. Study of
sex-linked traits in humans. Periods of sex determination.
TOPIC 8. Variability and its types. Hereditary and non-hereditary
variability.
TOPIC 9. . Methods for studying human genetics: genealogical and
cytogenetic and twin methods.
TOPIC 10 . Methods for studying human genetics: dermatoglyphic,
population-statistical and biochemical methods. Prenatal
diagnosis.method.
TOPIC 11. Hereditary diseases: chromosomal diseases. Types of
marriages. Medical and genetic aspects of marriage.
TOPIC 12 Gene diseases. Medical genetic counseling. Genetic engineering
Page
9
14
20
24
29
34
36
43
48
55
58
63
and biotechnology.
II -SEMESTER
13.
14.
13 . _
TOPIC 1 3 . General patterns proembryonic and embryonic
68
14 .
development. (Progenesis, Embryogenesis). Postembryonic
development. Juvenile and pubertal periods. Aging.
TOPIC 14 . . Onto-phylogeny of organ systems: integumentary,
musculoskeletal, nervous, circulatory, endocrine and excretory
systems.
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15
15 . _
16 .
16 .
17
17 .
TOPIC 15. Phylum: Protozoa - Protozoa. Class: Flagellata –
Flagellates
Species: Leishmania tropica – the causative agent of cutaneous
leishmaniasis
Species: Leishmania donovani - – causative agent of visceral
leishmaniasis
Species: Trypanosoma gambiense is the causative agent of
trypanosomiasis. Species: Trichomonas intestinalis is the
causative agent of intestinal trichomoniasis.
Species: Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of vaginal
trichomoniasis.
Species: Lamblia intestinalis – lamblia, the causative agent of
giardiasis. Class: Sarcodina
Species: Entamoeba histolytica – Dysenteric amoeba - the
causative agent of amoebiasis
Species: Entamoeba coli - Intestinal amoeba.
Class: Ciliata – Ciliated.
Species: Balantidium coli - intestinal balantidia, the causative
agent of balantidiasis.
TOPIC 16 . Type: Protoza - Protozoa
Class: Sporozoa
Species: Plasmodium vivax is a plasmodium, the causative agent
of three-day malaria.
Species: Plasmodium malariae – plasmodium, the causative agent
of 4-day malaria.
Species: Plasmodium falsiparum is a plasmodium, the causative
agent of tropical malaria.
Species: Toxoplasma gondii – toxoplasma, the causative agent of
toxoplasmosis.
TOPIC 17 . Phylum: Plathelminthes - Flatworms.
Class: Trematoda – Flukes.
Species: Fasciola hepatica – liver fluke, causative agent of
fasciliosis.
Species: Opisthorchis felineus – cat fluke, causative agent of
opisthorchiasis.
Species: Dicroselium lanseatum – lanceolate fluke, causative
agent of dicroceliosis.
Species: Paragonimus ringer is a pulmonary fluke, the causative
agent of paragonimiasis.
Species: Schistosoma haematobium – blood flukes, causative
agents of schistosomiasis.
6
85
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Medical biology and genetics
18 .
18 .
TOPIC 18. Type: - Plathelminthes - Flatworms
101
Class: - Cestoda – Tapeworms
Species:
- Taeniarhynchus saginatus – bovine tapeworm,
causative agent of taeniarynchosis
Species: -Taenia solium – pork tapeworm, causative agent of
taeniasis and cysticercosis
Species: - Hymenolepis nana - dwarf tapeworm - the causative
agent of hymenolipedosis.
19.
19.
TOPIC 19 . Type: - Plathelminthes – Flatworms
104
Class: - Cestoda – Tapeworms
Species:
- Diphyllobothrium latum – wide tapeworm,
causative agent of diphyllobothriasis
Species:
- Echinococcus granulosus – Echinococcus,
causative agent of echinococcosis.
Species:
- Alveococcus multilocularis - Alveococcus,
causative agent of alveococcosis.
20.
20 . _
TOPIC 2 0 . . Type: - Nemathelmintes – roundworms
107
Class: - Nematoda – actually roundworms
Species: - Ascaris Lumbricoides – human roundworm, causative
agent of ascariasis.
Species: - Enterobius vermicularis - Pinworm, the causative agent
of enterobiasis
Species: - Trichocephalus trichiurus – whipworm, causative agent
of trichacephalus
Species: - Ankylostoma duodenale – crooked head, causative
agent of hookworm disease.
21.
21.
TOPIC 21. Type: Nemathelmintes – roundworms
Class: - Nematoda - actual roundworms
Species: Trichinella spiralis - Trichinella, the causative agent of
trichinosis
Species: Dracunculus medinensis - Guinea worm, the causative
agent of dracunculiasis
Species: Wuchereria bancrofti - Wuchereria, the causative agent
of wuchereriosis (filariasis). Ovohelminthoscopy.
7
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Workbook
22
22.
TOPIC 22. Phylum:- Arthropoda - arthropods
116
Subtype: - Chelicerata - Cheliceraceae
Class: - Arachnoidea – Arachnids
Order: - Acarina - Ticks
Kinds:
1-Ixodes persulcatus – taiga tick, carrier of taiga encephalitis.
2-Ornithodorus pappillipes is a village tick, a carrier of the
causative agent of tick-borne relapsing fever.
3- Sarcoptes scabiei - scabies, the causative agent of scabies.
23.
24 .
23.
24 .
TOPIC 23. Phylum: - Arthropoda - Arthropods.
Subtype: - Tracheata - Trachean-breathing.
Class: - Insecta - Insects.
Species: 1-Blatta germanica - red cockroach, mechanical carrier
of parasitic diseases.
Species: 2-Cimex lectularius – Bed bug.
Order: - Anoplura – Lice.
Type: 1- Pediculus capitis – head louse.
Species: 2-Pediculus vestimenti – body louse.
Species: 3- Phthirus pubis – pubic louse.
Order: Aphaniptera - Fleas.
Species: -Pulex irritans - human flea.
Order: -Diptera - Diptera
Species: 1-Anopheles maculipennis – malaria mosquito.
Species:2-Culex pipiens –
Species: 3-Phlebotomus pappatasii – mosquitoes.
Order: - Diptera - Diptera.
Species: 1.Musca domestica - housefly
Species: 2.Wohlfahrtia magnifica – Wohlfahrt fly.
Species: 3.Stomoxys calcitrans – autumn flier
Species: 4. Glossina palpalis – ts e -tse fly.
TOPIC 24 . . Poisonous animals. Study of first aid in case of
infection with poisonous animals.
Total: 48 hours
8
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133
Medical biology and genetics
Topic No. 13: General patterns of proembryonic and embryonic
development. (Progenesis, Embryogenesis). Postembryonic development.
Juvenile and pubertal periods. Aging .
Task No. 1. Answer the questions.
1 . Pay attention to ontogeny. Who introduced this concept into science?
2. What do you know about the theories of preformationism and epigenesis?
3. The essence of the Haeckel-Müller biogenetic law.
4. What stages of individual development do you know?
5. What is progenesis?
6. List the main stages of embryogenesis.
7 . Mechanisms of regulation of embryonic development of the organism.
8 . Types of ontogeny? What advantage does larval ontogenesis have?
9
Workbook
Task No. 2 . Let us recall the main periods of gamete genesis. Compare
oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Study the illustrations below. Compare
the structure of the egg and sperm. Comment on the picture:
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 3. Make a diagram of embryogenesis:
Task No. 4. How to understand that the crushing process is different by
following the image diagram? Determine :
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Workbook
-
Task No. 5. How does the crushing process end? What processes occur
after crushing?
Task No. 6. Fill out the table that shows the differentiation of fragile
sheets:
Study the diagram reflecting primary organogenesis. Define:
-
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Medical biology and genetics
Situational questions.
1. During the lesson, students will discuss the importance of extramembryonic organs in
human embryonic development and, in particular, the yolk sac. It is known that in
evolution the yolk sac performed a trophic function. In humans, it contains very little
yolk. Why?
2. During the inflammatory process, the blastocyst was in the fallopian tube on the 7th
day of embryogenesis. After answering the following questions, discuss the outcome of
the pregnancy.
3. During the lesson, students will discuss the stage of embryonic development when
certain genes are activated and cells begin to differentiate and specialize . The following
questions arose. answer them too .
_
4. At what stage of embryogenesis and how are embryos multilayered? Discuss this as
you answer the following questions :
_
5. While discussing the topic of “germ cells,” questions arose about the classification of
eggs. Oh answer them too .
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Workbook
Task No. 7. Answer the questions.
1. What types of postembryonic development do you know?
2. What is metamorphosis? Can you explain its biological significance?
3. Explain the changes that occur in a person during adolescence.
4. What factors influencing the growth process do you know?
5. What is acceleration and what hypotheses do you know that explain it?
6. What changes occur during the aging process?
7 . Give an idea of gerontology and geriatrics.
8 . What hypotheses of aging do you know?
9 . Explain the concepts of clinical and biological death, their differences, the concept
of resuscitation.
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 8. Name the stages of postembryonic development.
Task No. 9. Name the stages of postembryonic development.
Topic No. 14. Onto-phylogeny of organ systems: integumentary,
musculoskeletal, nervous , circulatory, endocrine and excretory systems .
Task No. 1. Answer the questions.
1. Explain the evolution of an overlapping organ system
2. Explain the importance of knowing the condition of connective tissue in medicine.
3. What is the direction of skeletal phylogeny?
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Workbook
4. Can you give an example of skeletal abnormalities?
5. What is the direction of phylogeny of the limb skeleton?
6. Give examples of skeletal anomalies of the limbs.
7. What is the direction of the phylogeny of the visceral skeleton?
8. What parts of the brain?
9. What is meant by ichthyopsid, sauropsid and brain types of mammals?
Task No. 2 . Describe each of the following organ systems
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 3. Study the structure of the human oral cavity and draw a
diagram:
17
Workbook
Task No. 4 . Examine and mark the structure of the skin in the drawing
and diagram.
Task No. 5 . Examine and identify the structure of the face and oral
cavity in micrographs and diagrams.
_
_
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 6. Add a character to the diagram. In phylogeny, using colored
pencils, obtain homologous and newly formed structures of the jaw
apparatus of vertebrates.
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---Situational questions.
1. The midbrain and cerebellum are well developed in the skull of the animal being
studied. In the cerebral hemispheres, ventricles are not formed, the number of nerve cells
is small. What animal does this brain belong to? Explain the level of development of
19
brain regions.
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Workbook
2. Addison's disease is characterized by hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous
membranes, weight loss, and impaired water-salt metabolism. Explain what endocrine
gland disease causes this disease.
3. How can we explain the observed ichthyosis in skin development?
4. A baby is born in the maternity ward with a body covered in fur and a tail. Explain this
anomaly.
5. The child has birthmarks on his neck. Explain the mechanism of development of this
anomaly.
6. Dry skin of frogs leads to their death. Explain the reason for this.
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 8 . Answer the questions.
1. Explain the structure of the heart and blood vessels of fish.
2. Explain the structure of the heart and blood vessels of a frog.
_
3. Explain the structure of the heart and blood vessels of a turtle.
4. Explain the structure of the heart and blood vessels of a pigeon.
5. Explain the structure of the heart and blood vessels of quince.
6. Give examples of cardiovascular abnormalities?
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Workbook
Task No. 9. Comment on the photos. Fill out the table (comparative
classification).
Cameras
hearts
Blood in
the heart
Blood vessels
in the heart
Circulation
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammal
A
B
A
C
B
D
IN
Class
Heart
Artery
Vienna
Arterial blood
Deoxygenated
blood
23
G
Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 10. Study the structure of the vertebrate urinary system and
renal nephrons.
Explain the diagrams. Urinary tract of vertebrates. Evolutionary system
of vertebrate nephrons Explain the picture:
Task No. 11. Fill out the table: Comparative classification of the urinary
system.
Sign
Structure of the
functioning
kidney
Nephron
structure
Wolf's anal
K Muller's
anal
Class
Fish _
Amphibian
Reptile
Mammals
Task No. 12. Schematic study of the phylogeny of the respiratory system
of terrestrial vertebrates:
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Workbook
Answer the questions:
1. Importance of breathing?
2. Stages of development of the respiratory organs in different animals?
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Medical biology and genetics
3. Origin of the respiratory organs in animals?
4. Comparative classification of the respiratory organs of vertebrates?
5. Anomalies of the human respiratory system?
Situational questions.
1. The arterial cone from the ventricle of the heart forms three vessels: one from which
arterial blood flows, another from which mixed blood flows, and a third from which
venous blood flows. What class of vertebrates does this heart belong to? How does his
heart work?
2. The formation of a four-chambered heart in birds and mammals is a major
aromorphosis. How did these aromorphoses affect the development of other organs
and systems of birds, especially mammals?
3. The child is 2 years old, his skin is bluish, he is breathing frequently, his body
temperature is below normal. At the clinic he was diagnosed with heart disease.
However, heart valves were found to have a normal structure. What disorders of the
26
Workbook
heart or blood vessels lead to the above changes?
4. In some of the most common human blood diseases, peripheral blood may contain
elements of the lower vertebrae, more characteristic of lower vertebrates, and
hematopoietic centers may be observed in organs not involved in hematopoiesis.
Explain why?
Topic No. 15. Phylum: Protozoa - Protozoa. Class: Flagellata – Flagellates
Species: Leishmania tropica – the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis
Species: Leishmania donovani - – causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis
Species: Trypanosoma gambiense is the causative agent of trypanosomiasis. Species:
Trichomonas intestinalis is the causative agent of intestinal trichomoniasis.
Species: Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of vaginal trichomoniasis.
Species: Lamblia intestinalis – lamblia, the causative agent of giardiasis. Class:
Sarcodina
Species: Entamoeba histolytica – Dysenteric amoeba - the causative agent of amoebiasis
Species: Entamoeba coli - Intestinal amoeba.
Class: Ciliata – Ciliated.
Species: Balantidium coli - intestinal balantidia, the causative agent of balantidiasis.
Task No. 1. Answer the questions.
1. Origin of parasitism.
2. Criteria for parasitism.
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Medical biology and genetics
3. Ways of occurrence of parasitism.
4. The “parasite-host” system.
5. Classification of parasites.
6 . Host classification.
7 . Ways of human infection by parasites.
8 . Biological adaptations of parasites.
9. Morphophysiological adaptations of parasites.
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Workbook
10. Forms of manifestation of specificity.
11. Pathogenic effect of parasites.
12. Host responses to the introduction of the parasite.
13. Biological basis for the prevention of parasitic diseases.
Task No. 2. Give a full explanation of the cysts listed below.
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 3. After studying the picture, identify the main and
intermediate hosts of the broad tapeworm.
Task No. 4. Describe the parasites in the picture and fill out the table.
A
B
A
B
Type of parasite
Class
Invasive stage for
humans
Location in the human
body
Stages of the
development cycle
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Workbook
Task No. 5. Situational questions.
1. The factor at which living systems perform their functions with the highest intensity
and the highest regeneration rates. What factor are we talking about?
2. Indicate the method of cohabitation of representatives of different species, which
requires mutual morphological and functional adaptations that were produced during the
process of human evolution.
3. What is the name of the form of cohabitation between organisms of different species,
when one partner uses the other’s body as housing and a source of nutrition, but does not
harm the owner?
4. Determine the type of relationship between organisms of different species, when an
organism of one species uses an organism of another species exclusively as housing.
5. An extreme manifestation of biotic factors, the result of which is the destruction of an
organism (population, species).
6. In what form of symbiosis, in which one of the organisms uses the other as a source of
food, residence, and at the same time harms the latter without causing its death?
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 6. Answer questions.
1. Characteristic features of the flagellate class.
2. Structure and development cycle of Leishmania.
3. The concept of the main and intermediate host.
4. Transmission routes of leishmaniasis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention.
5. Concepts of vector-borne and natural focal diseases.
6. Trypanosome infection, development cycle, transmission routes.
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Workbook
Task No. 7. Fill the table:
A
B
Explain in detail what parasites are shown in this picture.
A
B
Type of parasite
Class
Invasive stage for
humans
Location in the human
body
Stages of the
development cycle
A
B
A
B
Type of parasite
Class
Invasive stage for
humans
Location in the
human body
Stages of the
development cycle
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 8. Explain in detail the parasites in this picture.
B
A
A
B
Type of parasite
Class
Invasive stage for
humans
Location in the human
body
Stages of the
development cycle
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Workbook
Task No. 9. Fill out the table: Human parasites.
Name of the
disease and
pathogenicity
Location
in the
human
body
Methods
of
infection
Invasive
stage for
humans
Amebiasis,
Entameba
histolytics
Human
colon
Nutritiona Cyst
l:
ingestion
of cysts
Diagnostic
s
Prevention
Detection
of cysts in
feces
(cystotrans
port);
Erythropha
ge
identificati
on of a
large
vegetative
form of the
disease
Observe the
rules of
personal
hygiene;
consumption
of boiled
water;
compliance
with sanitary
standards in
public places
Giardiasis
Genital
trichomoniasis
Intestinal
trichomoniasis
Cutaneous
leishmaniasis
Visceral
leishmaniasis
African
trypanosomiasi
s
African
trypanosomiasi
s (Chagas
disease)
Balantidiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Malaria
Task No. 10. Situational questions.
1. Workers at the Kyzylkum gas fields were found to have skin ulcers that did not heal
for a long time. What disease is suspected in the workers?
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Medical biology and genetics
2. An employee who returned from a business trip to equatorial Africa exhibited
symptoms: drowsiness, headaches. What do you know about the suspected disease? Is it
possible to infect other people with this disease?
3. The patient has diarrhea mixed with mucus and blood. Laboratory analysis of feces
revealed erythrophages. Is it possible for the patient to have cysts? Justify your answer.
4. During a scatological examination, eight-core cysts were found in food department
workers. Can these individuals be diagnosed with amoebiasis?
5. In ancient times, residents of some countries voluntarily suffered mosquito bites in
areas of the body covered by clothing. How to explain the essence of this ritual?
6. During parasitological studies, intestinal lamblia is detected in the majority of children
examined, but in many of them clinical signs are not identified. How can such situations
be explained?
7. A woman who returned from a business trip developed pain in the bladder area. What
parasitic disease can be suspected in this woman?
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Workbook
8. A person who had not passed bacteriological and parasitological tests got a job at a pig
farm. 2 months after this, cases of diseases with intestinal disorders became more
frequent among pig farm workers . What parasitic disease can be suspected in pig farm
workers?
9. After a gynecological examination, the woman developed itching and pain in the
genitourinary tract. What parasitic disease can be suspected in this woman?
Topic No. 16. Phylum: Protoza - Protozoa Class: Sporozoa - Sporozoa.
Species: Plasmodium vivax is a plasmodium, the causative agent of three-day malaria.
Species: Plasmodium malariae – plasmodium, the causative agent of 4-day malaria.
Species: Plasmodium falsiparum is a plasmodium, the causative agent of tropical malaria.
Species: Toxoplasma gondii – toxoplasma, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis.
Task No. 1. Answer questions.
1. Characteristics of the Sporozoan class.
2. Life cycle of malarial plasmodium. Concepts of schizogony, gametogony, sporogony.
3. Routes of transmission of malaria to humans.
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Medical biology and genetics
4. Explain the frequency of attacks of malaria.
5. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria.
6. Malaria prevention measures.
7. Structure, reproduction and significance of toxoplasmosis in medicine.
8. The concept of congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis.
9. Laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.
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10. Measures to prevent toxoplasmosis.
Task No. 2. Study the development cycle of these parasites and fill out the
table:
A
B
A
B
Type of parasite
Class
View
Infection
Diagnostics
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 3. Write the taxonomy of this parasite.
Type
Class
View
Task No. 4. Determine which parasite's life cycle is shown in the picture?
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Workbook
Task No. 5. Situational questions.
1. A woman who has not undergone parasitological studies during pregnancy gives birth
to a child with developmental anomalies. What kind of disease could this be?
2. It has been established that toxoplasmosis is more common in women. What cooking
habits of women could be one of the reasons for this? Prove your answer.
3. Malaria is known to be transmitted. Can it be transmitted in other ways?
4. A man who returned to Moscow from a trip to Africa in January was diagnosed with
malaria. Can the disease spread through the population?
5. Family members of a person who returned to Tashkent from Afghanistan were
diagnosed with malaria. Can a person who has no symptoms cause malaria?
Topic No. 17. Phylum: Plathelminthes - Flatworms.
Class: Trematoda – Flukes.
Species: Fasciola hepatica – liver fluke, causative agent of fasciliosis.
Species: Opisthorchis felineus – cat fluke, causative agent of opisthorchiasis.
Species: Dicroselium lanseatum – lanceolate fluke, causative agent of dicroceliosis.
Species: Paragonimus ringer is a pulmonary fluke, the causative agent of paragonimiasis.
Species: Schistosoma haematobium – blood flukes, causative agents of schistosomiasis.
Task No. 1. Answer the questions.
1. Indicate the general characteristics of the Plathelmintes type.
2. List the characteristics of the class Trematoda?
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Medical biology and genetics
3. What are the signs of adaptation of representatives of the class Trematoda to
parasitism?
4. How can one prove the origin of trematodes from ciliated flatworms?
5. What types of larvae are found in representatives of the class Trematoda?
Task No. 2 . Fill in the table: Trematodes – parasites of humans and
animals :
Name of the
disease and
pathogenicity
Location in
the human
body
Methods
of
infection
Liver fluke
Blood fluke
Lanceolate
fluke
Cat fluke
Pulmonary
fluke
42
Invasive
stage for
humans
Diagno
stics
Preventio
n
Workbook
Task No. 3. Study the development cycle of this parasite and complete the
assigned tasks.
A
B
A
B
Type of parasite
Name of the disease
Infective stage of the
parasite to humans
Identify the stages of the
development cycle
Task No. 4. Complete the table based on the parasites listed below.
A
B
C
43
Medical biology and genetics
A
B
IN
Type of parasite
Name of the disease
Infective stage of the
parasite to humans
Final owner
Task No. 5. Situational questions.
1. Symptoms of damage to the liver and other internal organs in a person returning from
a business trip to Siberia. Ovohelminthoscopy revealed worm eggs. What kind of disease
could this be?
2. Schistosomiasis is more common in tropical and subtropical areas where Muslims live.
What traditions can be associated with this event?
3. During an ovohelmintoscopic examination of a person who consumed liver kebab,
liver-sucking eggs were detected in the feces. How can a doctor make a diagnosis?
Topic No. 18. Type: - Plathelminthes – Flatworms
Class: - Cestoda – Tapeworms
Species:
- Taeniarhynchus saginatus – bovine tapeworm, causative agent of
taeniarynchosis
Species: -Taenia solium – pork tapeworm, causative agent of taeniasis and cysticercosis
Species: - Hymenolepis nana - dwarf tapeworm - the causative agent of hymenolipedosis.
Task No. 1. Answer the questions.
1. List the characteristics of the Cestode class.
44
Workbook
2. How can one explain the fact that the class is more resistant to parasitism than
trematodes?
3. How can we prove that tapeworms evolved from ciliated flatworms?
4. What types of larvae are found in representatives of the class Tapeworms?
5. Development cycle of tapeworms, laboratory diagnostics, prevention.
6. What dietary features of different ethnic groups contribute to the spread of
diphyllobothriasis?
7. Why do children get hymenolepiasis more often?
8. What are autoinvasion, autoreinvasion and superinvasion?
45
Medical biology and genetics
9. How does the diagnosis of echinococcosis differ from the diagnosis of other
helminthiases?
10. What does the natural source of alveococcosis depend on and what other natural
sources of cestodes do you know?
Task No. 2. Fill out the table: Tapeworms are human parasites:
Name of the
disease and
pathogenici
ty
Locatio Routes of
n
infection
in the
human
body
Bull
tapeworm
Small
intestin
e___
Nutritional:
consumption of
non-thermally
processed beef
meat
Invasiv Diagnosti
e stage cs
for
human
s
Prevention
Detection
of mature
proglottid
s in stool
and uterus
number of
branches
(17-35)
Thorough heat
treatment of
beef, using
separate meat
boards
Finna
Pig
tapeworm
Dwarf
tapeworm
Wide
tapeworm
Echinococc
us
Alveococcu
s
46
Workbook
Task No. 3. Study the development cycle of these parasites, put the
appropriate symbols:
A
B
A
B
Type of parasite
Class
And an invasive stage
for humans
Location in the human
body
Stages of the
development cycle
TOPIC 19. Type: - Plathelminthes - Flatworms
Class: - Cestoda – Tapeworms: Diphyllobothrium latum – wide
tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus – Echinococcus, Alveococcus
multilocularis - Alveococcus,
Task No. 1. Study the development cycle of these parasites and fill out the
table:
A
B
47
Medical biology and genetics
A
B
Type of parasite
Class
And an invasive stage
for humans
Location in the human
body
Stages of the
development cycle
Task No. 2. Study the morphological structure of each representative,
determine what species it belongs to, indicate the disease caused by this
parasite, and fill out the table.
А
B
V
A
B
Class
And an invasive
stage for humans
Location in the
human body
Stages of the
development cycle
48
V
Workbook
Task No. 3 . Indicate the difference between pork and bovine tapeworm :
Symbol
Pig tapeworm
Bull tapeworm
Body size
The structure of the
scolex
Structure of
hermaphrodite
proglottids
Structure of mature
proglottids
Intermediate host
Final owner
Structure of the Finns
Probability of
autoinvasion and
complications
Task No. 4. Situational questions.
1. During surgical removal of an echinococcal bladder, cystic fluid accidentally entered
the abdominal cavity. What could be the result of this?
2. Can echinococcus be transmitted to humans by eating undercooked kebabs or liver
kebabs? Try to prove your answer.
3. What preventative measures can be recommended for those who are going on a
business trip to Siberia?
Topic No. 20. - Nemathelmintes – roundworms .
Class: - Nematoda – actually roundworms : human roundworm,
pinworm, whipworm, crooked head .
Task No. 1. Answer the questions.
1. Characteristic features of roundworms.
49
Medical biology and genetics
2. Explain the concepts of biohelminths and geohelminths.
3. The structure of the roundworm.
4. Distinctive features of pinworms.
5. What is autoreinvasion?
6. Explain why autoreinvasion occurs with enterobiasis, but not with ascariasis.
7 . Which of the studied nematodes is more common in children?
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Workbook
8 . Life cycle of filaria. Features of diagnostics.
9. Why is wuchereriosis more common in cities nowadays?
1 0. Prevention of filariasis.
11. Characteristic features in the life cycle of Trichinella.
12 . _ What methods are used to determine trichinosis?
13. What preventive measures are taken for trichinosis?
51
Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 2. Fill out the table: Nematodes - geohelm and nts:
Name of the
disease and
pathogenicit
y
Location
in the
human
body
Routes of
infection
Ascaris and
human itch ,
ascariasis _
Beginning of Ingestion of
the small
nutritional,
intestine
invasive eggs
with
contaminated
soil products
Children's
page
Whipworm
Hookworm a
52
Invasiv Diagnosti
e stage cs
for
human
s
Prevention
Mature
eggs
Wash fruits
and melons
thoroughly
before
eating.
Detection
of eggs in
feces
Workbook
Task No. 3. After studying the picture, fill out the table .
Type of parasite
Class
And an invasive stage for
humans
Location in the human
body
Stages of the development
cycle
Task No. 4. After studying the picture, fill out the table.
Type of parasite
Class
And an invasive stage
for humans
Location in the
human body
Stages of the
development cycle
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 5. Situational questions.
1. In nurseries, toys can become a source of infection of children with roundworm eggs.
Will ascariasis develop in children in this case?
2. Small, mobile, whitish-colored helminths were found in the child’s feces. What
parasitic disease can be suspected in a child?
3. Residents of a small farm came to the clinic within 1-2 days with complaints of facial
swelling, fever, and severe muscle pain. What pathology might a doctor suspect? By
what methods can he confirm his suspicion?
4. A few days after hunters distributed wild boar meat to their fellow villagers, cases of
people going to the clinic with various complaints became more frequent. What parasitic
disease can be suspected?
Topic No. 21. Type: Nemathelmintes - roundworms .
Class: - Nematoda - actual roundworms : crooked head , guinea worm,
Wuhereria, whipworm _ Methods of helminthoscopy and
ovohelminthoscopy .
Task No. 1. Answer the questions.
1. Which disease is professional?
2 . What is active and passive invasion?
3. What do you know about the biological method of fighting hookworm?
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Workbook
4 . Development cycle and medical significance of guinea worm?
5 . Elimination of dracunculiasis in Uzbekistan.
6 . Prevention of dracunculiasis.
7. What parasite settles in the cecum, the upper part of the large intestine?
8 . Geohelminth, the disease caused is classified as an anthroponosis.
9. Basic methods of ovohelminthoscopy.
55
Medical biology and genetics
10. Advantages and disadvantages of ovohelminthoscopy.
Task No. 2. Fill out the table: nematodes - biohelminths:
Name of the
disease and
pathogenicity
Location
in the
human
body
Routes of
infection
Invasive
stage for
humans
Diagnost Prevention
ics
Guinea worm,
Guinea worm
Trixinella ,
trichinosis _
Onchocercus
volvulus, O
nchocercus oz
Wu xereria . _
wuchereriosis
Task No. 3. After studying the picture, fill out the table.
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Workbook
Type of parasite
Class
And an invasive stage
for humans
Location in the
human body
Stages of the
development cycle
Task No. 4. After studying the picture, fill out the table.
Type of parasite
Class
And an invasive stage
for humans
Location in the
human body
Stages of the
development cycle
Task No. 5 . Study the structure of helminth eggs using pictures and
photos:
A
B
V
57
Medical biology and genetics
Д
G
J
Е
Z
I
A
B
V
G
D
E
J
Z
I
Task No. 6. Situational questions.
1 . What types of parasitic worms feed on blood? What complications can they cause in
humans?
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Workbook
2 . Which of the studied parasitic diseases can cotton growers and rice growers most
often suffer from? Justify your answer.
3 . Dracunculiasis is more common in regions with a Muslim population. How can this
phenomenon be explained?
Topic No. 22. Phylum: - Arthropoda - arthropods . Arachnids of medical
importance: village mites, scabies, dog mites and taiga mites .
Task No. 1. Answer the questions.
1. Progressive features of the phylum of arthropods.
2. Morphological and physiological changes in ticks depending on their parasitic
lifestyle.
3. Indicate the reasons for the discrepancy between the periods of ontogenesis and
their chronological age.
4. Explain the concepts of “one-, two-, three-host ticks”.
59
Medical biology and genetics
5. The importance of transovarial transmission in the spread of natural focal and
vector-borne diseases.
6. Why are foci of tick-borne encephalitis not common? only in the taiga zone, but also
in deciduous forests and even in forest-steppes?
7. Indicate the main differences between ixodid and argasid ticks.
8. The main morphological differences of the scabies mite and the features of its
development.
9. Ways of infection with scabies and measures to combat scabies mites..
Task No. 2. Which of the following mites has medical significance?
60
Workbook
-
Task No. 3. Describe the morphological structure of the following mites
and their importance in medicine.
-
Task No. 4. Identify the different properties of Ixodid and Argasid ticks.
Fill out the table: give a comparative description of the mites:
Sign
And to the sod mite and A rga with ov mite and _
_
Representatives
61
Medical biology and genetics
Body Shape
Body size
The oral apparatus
is located
Availability and size
of the rear shield
Sense organs
Nature meeting
place
Nature and duration
of nutrition
Master feeding
master
Where to lay eggs
Development Cycles
Number of nymph
stages
Number of eggs
Name of infectious
Name of diseases
Name of infection
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Workbook
Task No. 5. Identify the type of tick and give an explanation.
Determine the systematic position of the parasite:
-
Medical significance of this parasite :
-
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Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 6. Situational questions.
1. Students who went to pick cotton were diagnosed with scabies. Explain the reasons for
the mass infection of scabies. What measures can be taken to eliminate scabies?
2. Microscopic examination of the mite did not reveal a chitinous scute on the dorsal
side. Determine the family of the mite being studied.
3. Often, ticks can transmit pathogens without feeding on the patient’s blood. How can
this phenomenon be explained?
4. Ixodid ticks can reach the mature stage through 1-2 years, and in other cases - after 7-8
years, can you explain the reason for this phenomenon?
Topic No. 23. Phylum: - Arthropoda - Arthropods.
Subtype: - Tracheata - Trachean-breathing.
Class: - Insecta – Insects :
TOPIC 23. Phylum: - Arthropoda - Arthropods.
Subtype: - Tracheata - Trachean-breathing.
Class: - Insecta - Insects.
Species: 1-Blatta germanica - red cockroach, mechanical carrier of parasitic diseases.
Species: 2-Cimex lectularius – Bed bug.
Order: - Anoplura – Lice.
Type: 1- Pediculus capitis – head louse.
Species: 2-Pediculus vestimenti – body louse.
Species: 3- Phthirus pubis – pubic louse.
Order: Aphaniptera - Fleas.
Species: -Pulex irritans - human flea.
Order: -Diptera - Diptera
Species: 1-Anopheles maculipennis – malaria mosquito.
Species:2-Culex pipiens –
Species: 3-Phlebotomus pappatasii – mosquitoes.
Order: - Diptera - Diptera.
Species: 1.Musca domestica - housefly
Species: 2.Wohlfahrtia magnifica – Wohlfahrt fly.
Species: 3.Stomoxys calcitrans – autumn flier
Species: 4. Glossina palpalis – ts e -tse fly.
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Workbook
Task No. 1. Answer the questions.
1. Characteristic features of insects.
2. Medical significance of cockroaches.
3. What measures are taken to exterminate cockroaches?
4. Adaptation of the bedbug to a parasitic lifestyle.
5. Medical significance of bed bugs.
6. Morphological differences between lice belonging to different species.
65
Medical biology and genetics
7. How does a person become infected with Provacek’s rickettsia?
8. How does a person become infected with Obermeer's spirochete?
9. Why are relapsing fever and typhus classified as obligate vector-borne diseases?
10. Basic preventive measures for head lice in children.
11. Methods of infecting a person with plague.
12. Specificity of the flea in relation to humans.
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Workbook
Task No. 2. Study the structure of lice using pictures and photos and fill
out the table:
Head lice
Body lice
Pubic in shea
Spreading
Place of
parasitism
Size
Carrier of what
disease?
Routes of
infection
Prevention
Task No. 3. Describe the life cycle of fleas and their importance in
medicine.
67
Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 4. Situational questions.
1. In living quarters where cockroaches are common, children more often suffer from
allergies of unknown nature. What are these allergic disorders associated with?
2. During the Civil War, epidemics of typhus and relapsing fever were observed among
the troops. How can this phenomenon be explained?
3. To establish the mechanisms of transmission of pathogens by lice, scientists conducted
experiments on themselves. What do you know about the consequences of these
experiments?
Task No. 5. Answer the questions.
1. Morphophysiological characteristics of mosquitoes, uniting them into a single
family.
2. Development of mosquitoes and the gonotrophic cycle.
3. Indicate the differences in the structure of the larvae and pupae of the common and
malaria mosquitoes.
68
Workbook
4. Chemical and biological control measures for mosquito eradication.
5. Differences between the mosquito and other mosquitoes in terms of morphological
features and development cycle.
6. Medical significance of the mosquito.
7. The development cycle of a housefly.
8. Medical significance of housefly.
9. What stage occurs during the metamorphosis of the Wohlfarth fly?
69
Medical biology and genetics
10. Medical significance of the Wohlfart fly.
11 . Main features of the distribution and development cycle of the tsetse fly.
12. How does the mouthparts of the live fly differ from the mouthparts of the housefly
and the Wohlfarth fly?
13. What carrier of pathogens is the live fly?
14. Medical significance of the tsetse fly.
15. Methods of controlling flies.
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Workbook
Task No. 6. The biology of the various species of mosquitoes Anopheles,
Culex and Aedes have distinctive features at all stages of development.
Differences in egg laying and their
shape.
Differences between larval forms of mosquitoes.
Differences in the mosquito pupal stage.
71
Medical biology and genetics
Winged forms.
Mosquito control measures.
Task No. 7. Consider the development cycles of mosquitoes and write
them down step by step.
_
_
_
_
72
Workbook
Task No. 8. Study the structure of a mosquito's head in the picture and
fill out the table.
Signs
A
B
Eye structure
The structure of
the oral
apparatus
Antennae
structure
Nutrition
73
Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 9. Study the structure of flies using pictures and photographs
and describe their significance in medicine.
74
Workbook
Task No. 10. Situational tasks .
1. What parasitic disease can be suspected in a person who came from the desert regions
of Central Asia and has long-term non-healing ulcers on the face? How can a suspected
diagnosis be confirmed?
2. A massive outbreak of the disease among rodents has been identified in the steppe. A
few days later, large animals began to get sick. What disease can be suspected in rodents
and other animals? Justify your answer.
3. Is it possible for malaria to spread in the Far North if the diagnosis of malaria was
established in several people who came here from the southern regions.
4. Currently, in cities there is mosquito activity in residential areas even in winter. What
family do these mosquitoes belong to? Justify your answer .
Topic No. 24. Poisonous animals. Study of first aid in case of infection
with poisonous animals.
Task No. 1. Answer the questions.
1. General concepts about poisonous animals and toxicity.
2. Classification of toxicity and the cause of its occurrence.
3. The effect of scorpion venom on the human body and first aid for a scorpion bite.
4. Clinical signs of a karakurt bite and first aid.
75
Medical biology and genetics
5. Concepts about poisonous fish and amphibians.
6. Concepts about the effect of snake venom on the human body.
7. First aid measures for snake bites.
8. The importance of poisonous animals and their protection.
9. Prevalence of toxicity among representatives of the animal world.
Task No. 2. Components of snake venoms and their effects. Fill the table.
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Workbook
Neurotoxins (cobra venoms) cause
Neurotoxin A
Neurotoxin B
Hemotoxins (viper venoms) cause
Hemolysins
Coagulants
Anticoagulants
Agglutinins
Hemorrhages
Task No. 3. Write down the main symptoms and first aid measures for
bites from venomous animals.
When stung by a scorpion
Symptoms
1.
Local
First aid measures
1.
Are common
2.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
3.
4.
76
Medical biology and genetics
Task No. 4. Write down the main symptoms and first aid measures for a
karakurt bite.
Symptoms
First aid measures
Task No. 5. Write down the main symptoms and first aid measures for
snake bites.
When bitten by a cobra
When bitten by vipers
Symptoms
First aid measures
Contraindications!!!
77
Workbook
Task No. 6. Situational tasks
1. The bite of which poisonous animal can be suspected if the victim has the following
signs of poisoning: muscle weakness, fear, increased sweating, tremors?
2. A person bitten by a snake experiences: bleeding from the wound, severe pain, and
decreased blood pressure. What kind of snake bite can you suspect?
3. A person bitten by a snake experiences difficulty breathing, movement disorders, and
numbness of the entire body. What kind of snake bite can you suspect?
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Medical biology and genetics
Basic and additional literature and sources
information
Main literature:
1. Ed . V. N. Yarygina. Biology. Volume 1.2: textbook / ed. V. N. Yarygina. - Moscow:
GEOTAR-Media, 2020. - 736 pages: ill. - 1500 circulation. 2020
2. Yarygina V. N. Biology. Volume 1: textbook / edited. - Moscow: GEOTARMEDIA,
2018. - 728 pages:
3. Yarygina V. N. Biology. Volume 2: textbook / edited. - Moscow: GEOTARMEDIA,
2018. - 560 pages:
4. Nishanbaev K.N. Alimkhodzhaeva P.R., Khamidov D.H. Medical biology and
genetics/, T.: 2008.-290 p.
Additional literature:
5. Atlas of zooparasitology / N.V. Chebyshev (et al.), 3rd ed., revised - M., 2004-173 p.
6. Guide to laboratory classes in biology. Ed. N.V. Chebysheva-M.: Geotar-Media,
2008 - 130 p.
7. Alimkhodzhaeva P.R., Zhuravleva R.A. “Guide to medical parasitology” “Abu Ali
ibn Sino”, Tashkent, 2004. - 223 p.
8. Chebyshev N.V. - “Biology” textbook M., GEOTAR-Media, 2008. 392 p.
9. Bochkov N.P. “Clinical Genetics”, Moscow, 2006. Textbook for universities. 592
pages
10. Baryshnikov E.N. “Medical parasitology”, publishing house “Vlados”, Moscow ,
2005. 144 pages
Internet sites:
1. http://www.medline.ru .
2. http://www.freebooks4doktors.com/fl/spec4.htm ;
3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
4.http://www.histology.narod.ru/
5. http://rsmu.ru/8894.html
6.http://www.dapamojnik.info/gist/
7. www.morphology.dp.ua/hist.php
8.http://histologyatlas.wisc.edu/
9. http://www.histology-world.com/
10.http://www.visualhistolog
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