контрольное задание № 4 - Белорусский государственный

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ
УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ТРАНСПОРТА»
УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ТРАНСПОРТА»
Кафедра иностранных языков
Кафедра иностранных языков
В. И. КОМИССАРУК, И. Н. КОМИССАРУК
В. И. КОМИССАРУК, И. Н. КОМИССАРУК
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Пособие по выполнению контрольных заданий № 4, 5 для студентов
факультета безотрывного обучения специальностей
«Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит» и
«Коммерческая деятельность на транспорте»
Пособие по выполнению контрольных заданий № 4, 5 для студентов
факультета безотрывного обучения специальностей
«Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит» и
«Коммерческая деятельность на транспорте»
Под редакцией Н. А. Гришанковой
Одобрены методической комиссией ФБО
Гомель 2004
Гомель 2004
© В. И. Комиссарук, И. Н. Комиссарук, 2004.
УДК 802.0(075.8)
К632
Р е ц е н з е н т ы: канд. филол. наук, доцент И. Н. Пузенко (ГГТУ им.
П. О. Сухого); ст. преп. кафедры иностранных языков
Э. С. Пряхина (БелГУТ).
Комиссарук В. И., Комиссарук И. Н.
К 632 Английский язык: Пособие по выполнению контрольных заданий
№ 4, 5 для студентов факультета безотрывного обучения
специальностей «Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит» и
«Коммерческая деятельность на транспорте» /
Под ред. Н. А.
Гришанковой. – Гомель: БелГУТ, 2004. – 23 с.
Каждая контрольная работа включает пять вариантов и является
продолжением контрольных заданий № 1, 2, 3 для студентов I курса ФБО
всех специальностей.
Цель данного пособия – обучить студентов ФБО чтению и переводу
литературы на английском языке по специальности, усвоению особенностей
грамматического строя английского языка, необходимого для перевода и
понимания текстов, обогатить специальными терминами словарный запас
студента.
Предназначены для студентов ФБО, изучающих специальности
«Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит» и «Коммерческая деятельность на
транспорте».
УДК 802.0 (075.8)
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 4
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 4, 5, нужно усвоить
следующие разделы курса английского языка:
1 Инфинитив. Сложные формы инфинитива. Обороты, равнозначные
придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный
инфинитивный оборот.
2 Причастия (Participle I, II). Независимый (самостоятельный)
причастный оборот.
3 Условные предложения.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упражнению I)
The contract signed by our partners Контракт, подписанный нашими
is very important.
партнерами, очень важен.
Signed – Participle II, определение.
Approaching the railway station I
Подходя к вокзалу, я встретил своmet my friend.
его друга.
Approaching - Participle I, обстоятельство.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упражнению II)
The sun having risen, they continТак как солнце встало, они продолued their way.
жили путь.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упражнению III)
Thank you for telling me about
Спасибо, что сказали мне о своём
your departure.
отъезде.
Telling – gerund
Reading articles he usually made
Читая статьи, он обычно делал поnoted in his notebook.
метки в своей тетради.
Reading - Participle I
3
Образец выполнения 4 (к упражнению IV)
If you approach the village you will
Если вы подойдёте к деревне, вы
see a big old tree.
увидите большое старое дерево.
Условное предложение I типа (реальное условие).
If he were here I should speak to him. Если бы он был здесь, я бы поговорил с ним.
Условное предложение II типа (маловероятное условие).
If you had informed us about the difЕсли бы ты сообщил нам о трудноficulties we should have helped you.
стях, мы бы помогли тебе.
Условное предложение III типа (нереальное условие).
Вариант 1
I Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и
установите функцию каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно
определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1 Commodity money is based on valuable metals particularly gold or silver.
2 There are only two government institutions issuing money in the USA.
3 When shown on TV the film was met with great interest.
4 The result is not worth the money spent.
5 Having reached the agreement they signed the contract offered by our firm.
II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и
независимого причастного оборота (см. образец выполнения 2).
1 Having started market investigations they expected to finish it in a year.
2 Being given new data the engineers had to change the program of tests.
3 The project being very important, every student must carry it out.
4 My brother and I have got different tasks, my task being easier.
5 Having been shown the way out they easily found solution.
III Перепишите предложения, определите, какой частью речи
являются слова, оформленные суффиксом – ing. Переведите
предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3):
1 Driving a car in the city is not so easy task.
2 Driving a car along a busy street he lost a lot of time.
3 My father was very fond of driving when he had a car of his own.
4
IV Перепишите следующие условные предложения, переведите их
на русский язык и определите в них характер условия.
1 If they needed the documents urgently they would be sent by express mail.
2 It would have been impossible to make decisions unless all conditions had
been studied.
3 If I were you I should collect all information first.
4 If conditions are suitable the contract will be signed tomorrow.
5 If we had known the time of their arrival we should have met them at the
station
V Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1–3-й абзацы.
Вариант 2
I Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и
установите функцию каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно
определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1 Free enterprise system can be contrasted with socialist system.
2 Government, producers and consumers influence economic system through
price system, providing a certain balance.
3 When published in the magazine the article attracted attention of leasing
experts.
4 Consumers want the best result from money spent.
5 Having discussed the conditions the businessmen came to an agreement.
STOCK MARKET
1 This is an attempt to explain how the stock market works. In large measure
it is written from the standpoint or the small buyer and seller of stocks. But it is
now hard to see how these small customers are able to interact to provide a quickly responding market. The principles of this market are similar to all others. For
every buyer there had to be a seller. When more people wish to buy then to sell the
price tends to rise: when fewer people wish to buy and main wish to sell, the price
tends to fall.
2 So broad is the ownership of stock shares that owners can easily follow the
changes of the market on a daily or even hourly basis. Investors get their information in a variety of ways. If they are willing to wait until the market close, they
can simply low at the market pages of large daily newspapers to find out what
happened in the previous trading session.
3 There are a variety of indexes that measure market activity broadly, and individual stocks are also listed, showing the number of shared traded, the closing
price, and high and low prices reached during the trading session. Certain television programs are known to report market movements. For those who insist on
getting up to minute information about price movements of individual stocks
computerized services will deliver this information to their homes over telephone
lines.
4 Also investors often subscribe to magazines and newspapers devoted to analyzing movements in individual stocks and the markets in general, and speculating about the future. Once a company has sold its original stock to the public
and it is traded freely in the market the price will be determined continuously during the trading day by what buyers will pay and what sellers will take.
VI Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос:
How will the price of stock be determined in the market?
5
II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и
независимого причастного оборота (см. образец выполнения 2).
1 Having found new sources of money the manager started new production
program.
2 Having been show the office we found it convenient for our work.
3 The discussion having been finished, we began studying the conclusion.
4 The weather being changeable, we put on our raincoats.
5 Having opened new stage of research they hoped to avoid old problems.
III Перепишите предложения, определите, какой частью речи
являются слова, оформленные суффиксом – ing. Переведите
предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1 I hate going out in such a hot weather.
2 After going along the road for some time we understood our mistake.
3 Going on with their experiments they spent many hours in the laboratory.
IV Перепишите следующие условные предложения, переведите их
на русский язык и определите в них характер условия.
1 If the builders do not work hard the supermarket will not be opened in time.
2 If you knew the laws well you would never make such mistakes.
3 If I were you I would try to communicate by e-mail.
4 If the customers had been informed about these goods better they would
have bought them long ago.
5 If we had decided to meet o Friday everything would have been discussed
in several hours.
6
V Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1–3-й и 5-й абзацы.
GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IN THE ECONOMY
1 While consumers and producers obviously make most decisions that mold
the economy, government activities have at least four powerful effects on the US
economy.
2 Direct Services. Each level of government provides direct services. The
postal system, for example, is a federal system serving the entire nation, as is the
large military establishment. By contrast, the construction and maintenance of
most highways is the responsibility of individual state governments.
3 Regulation and control. The government regulates and control private enterprise in many ways in order to ensure that business serves the best interests of
the people as a whole. Regulation is usually considered necessary in areas where
private enterprise has been granted a monopoly, such as in electric or local telephone service, or in other areas where there is limited competition, as with the
railroads.
4 Stabilization and growth. Branches of government, including Congress and
such entities as the Federal Reserve System attempt to control the extremes of
boom and bust, and of inflation and depression, by adjusting tax rates, the money
supply and the use of credit. They can also affect the economy by changing the
amount of public spending by the government itself. Normally, the aim is a balanced federal budget.
5 Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to business
and individuals. For example, tariff permit certain products to remain relatively
free from foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed or limited by volume
so that American products can better compete with foreign goods. Government also provides aid to farmers by subsidizing prices they receive for their crops. In
quite a different area government supports individuals who cannot adequately
care for themselves by providing medical care for the aged and indigent, and
through social insurance programs that assist the unemployed and retires.
ределением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1 The majority of countries now are trying develop free enterprise system.
2 The USA had enough people to provide the labor for constantly expanding
economy.
3 When carefully managed the business trip has finished successfully.
4 The road chosen was the shortest one.
5 Having spoken over telephone she returned to her papers.
II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и
независимого причастного оборота (см. образец выполнения 2).
1 Having chosen main characteristics you can apply all these formulas.
2 Being issued by Federal Reserve and Treasure national currency carries the
national motto.
3 All the reports being over, the chairman declared the break.
4 The signal being given, the race started.
5 Having been built a century ago building looks no worse than new ones.
III Перепишите предложения, определите, какой частью речи
являются слова, оформленные суффиксом – ing. Переведите
предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1 Not knowing the right answer everybody kept silent.
2 Our knowing well foundations of mathematics will be useful for studying
many other subjects.
3 You shouldn’t start to work on your article without knowing main sources
of information.
Вариант 3
IV Перепишите следующие условные предложения, переведите их
на русский язык и определите в них характер условия.
1 Had you studied the work of computer you would have saved a lot of time
for your projects.
2 If we accepted his plan he would help us to fulfill it quicker.
3 If they had enough time for their experiment they would have get more information.
4 If I were you I should try to change the conditions of the contract.
5 If we plan our time better we shall be able not to be in a hurry.
I Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и
установите функцию каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно оп-
V Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1–3-й и 5-й абзацы.
VI Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос:
How can branches of government control the economy?
7
8
A MIXED ECONOMY
1 The economic system of the United States is principally one of private
ownership. The system often referred to as “free enterprise system” can be contrasted with a socialist economic system, which depends mainly on government
planning and public ownership of the means of production.
2 Yet government had to some extent always been involved in regulating and
guiding the US economy. At the same time, US citizens have always had the freedom to choose for whom they will work, and what they will buy. Most importantly, Americans vote for officials who set economic policy.
3 In the US economic system, consumers, producers and the government
make decisions on a daily basis, mainly through the price system. The dynamic interaction of these three groups makes the economy function. The market primary
force, however, is the interaction of producers and consumers; this characterizes
US economic system a “market economy”.
4 As a rule, consumers look for the best value for what they spend, while
producers seek the best price and profit for what they have to sell. Government, at
the federal, state and local levels, seek to promote the public safety, assure reasonable competition, and provide a range of services which are better performed by
public rather than private enterprises. Some of these public services include the
administration of justice, education, the postal service, the road system, social statistical reporting and, of course, national defense.
5 In this system, supply and demand established the prices of goods and services. In the United States most people are simultaneously consumers and producers, they are also voters who help influence the decisions of government. The mixture among consumers, producers and members of government changes constantly
resulting in a dynamic rather than a static economy.
VI Прочтите 3-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос:
What makes the economy function?
Вариант 4
I Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и
установите функцию каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно
определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1 Some fundamental laws of economic development were discovered in XIX
century.
2 The borrower must pay for the loan at a rate determined by market forces.
3 When used properly every new idea can be useful.
4 The loan taken from the bank must be returned in a definite term.
9
5 Having chosen all materials they started calculations.
II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и
независимого причастного оборота (см. образец выполнения 2).
1 Having offered a special program the committee stopped its work.
2 Having been built many years ago these building have many defects.
3 Working conditions having changed, productivity of labor increased greatly.
4 We started early in the morning, our dogs accompanying us.
5 Having recognized my old friend I asked him a lot of questions.
III Перепишите предложения, определите, какой частью речи
являются слова, оформленные суффиксом – ing. Переведите
предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1 All students liked his manner of speaking.
2 Speaking hurriedly she often couldn’t explain things.
3 After speaking to my friend I decided to help him.
IV Перепишите следующие условные предложения, переведите их
на русский язык и определите в них характер условия.
1 If I work in newspaper I would write scientific news articles.
2 Had I been an experienced driver I would have never been late.
3 If they have used all modern methods they would have carried out their
project in time.
4 If you were busy the whole day you should spend your time in the laboratory.
5 If we get enough money we shall send our parcels by plane.
V Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1–4-й абзацы.
HOW CORPORATIONS RAISE CAPITAL
1 The large corporations has grown to its present size in part because it has
found innovative ways to raise new capital for further expansion. Five primary
methods used by corporations to raise new capital are:
2 Issuing bonds. A bond is a written promise to pay a specific amount of
money at a certain date in the future or periodically over the course of loan, during
which time interest is paid at a fixed rate on specified dates. If the holder of the
bond wishes to get back his money before the note is due, the bond may be sold to
10
someone else. When the bond reached “maturity”, the company promises to pay
back the principal at its face value.
3 Sales of common stock. Holders of bonds have lent money to the company
but they have no voice in its affairs nor do they share in profits and losses. If a
company’s financial health is good and its assets sufficient, it can create capital by
voting to issue additional shares of common stock. Like printing paper money, issuing too much stock diminishes the basic value of each share.
4 Issuing preferred stock. This stock pays a “preferred” dividend. This is, if
profits are limited, the owner of preferred stock will pay dividends before those
with common stock.
5 Borrowing. Companies can also raise short-term capital – usually working
capital to finance inventories in a variety of ways, such as by borrowing from
lending institutions, primarily banks, insurance companies. The borrower must
pay the lender interest on the loan at a rate determined by competitive market
forces.
6 Using profits. Some corporations pay out most of their profits in the form
of dividends to their stockholders. The typical corporation likes to keep balance
among these methods of raising money for expansion.
VI Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос:
How do some corporations pay out their profits?
3 A new program having been introduced, the tests became more effective.
4 We tried several different methods, no one giving good results.
5 Being offered a new job I had to think it over/
III Перепишите предложения, определите, какой частью речи
являются слова, оформленные суффиксом – ing. Переведите
предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1 We don’t remember seeing him yesterday at the university.
2 On seeing his drawing we considered him a good artist.
3 It is impossible to speak about this film without seeing him.
IV Перепишите следующие условные предложения, переведите их
на русский язык и определите в них характер условия.
1 If you had worker hard you would have learned at least two foreign languages.
2 If they use our new computer program that will solve all problems very
soon.
3 Had we opened the window earlier we would have got better conditions for
our work.
4 If I were in his place I should begin this work from collecting materials.
5 If you needed more time for your business tour you should start you trip
two days earlier.
Вариант 5
I Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и
установите функцию каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно
определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1 Gold and silver were known as price equivalents long ago.
2 There are some federal systems serving the entire nation.
3 When taken into consideration no negative factor can spoil the experiment.
4 The bankers are expecting some interest from the money invested.
5 Having looked through business correspondence he usually began to work
with papers.
II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и
независимого причастного оборота (см. образец выполнения 2).
1 Having passed all exams students could begin their practice.
2 Being discovered not long ago electricity plays an important part in our life.
11
V Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1–3-й абзацы.
MONEY IN THE U.S. ECONOMY
1 The quantity of money in an economy is central to determining the state of that
economy – it affects the level of prices, the rate of economic growth and the level of
employment. It is a medium of exchange that people will accept for their goods or services and a unit of account for prices or debts. In addition it can be used like property
or precious metals – as a store of wealth that people can save for future purchases.
2 Money in the United States consists of coins and paper currency. According to
federal law, only the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve System can issue U.S.
currency. The Treasury issues all coins, while the Federal Reserve and the Treasury
can issue a type of paper money – Federal Reserve notes and United States notes
respectively. U.S. currency carries the countries official motto, "In God We Trust".
3 A nation’s money supply is based on either the production of a commodity or
governmental fiat. Commodity money typically is based on valuable metals, particularly gold or silver. When a nation uses commodity money, the size of the money supply depends on production. During the late 1800s and early 1900 U.S. currency was
12
based on the gold standard, which is to say that the United States promised to redeem
its currency for a specified amount of gold.
4 Fiat money, on the other hand, does not have intrinsic value. It has value because people are willing to accept it. To increase a fiat money's acceptability, a government may make the currency legal tender which means people are required by
Law accept the money at its face value. Today the United Stats is on a fiat money system, in which the nation government through its central bank, the Federal Reserve system, controls the money supply. U.S. currency is legal tender.
VI Прочтите 6-й абзац и письменно ответьте на вопрос:
How is the size of money supply determined?
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 5
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, необходимо усвоить следующие
разделы курса:
1 Грамматические функции глаголов should, would.
2Обороты с инфинитивом и причастием, равнозначные придаточным
предложениям.
3 Различные значения слов as, because, because of, due to, for, since, both
..and, either .. or, neither .. nor.
Вариант 1
I Перепишите предложения. Переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would:
1 You should begin collecting material for your report.
2 If we knew the facts earlier I should inform our representative.
3 I said I should help him to choose proper figures from the table.
4 If the student knew the answer he would tell it.
5 We would communicate with our manager by telegraph.
II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1 I want you to come in time.
2 It is necessary for us to be given new modern data.
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3 Our professor is said to be a leading expert in this field.
4 This article was reported to be chosen for publication
5 What made you do such mistakes?
III Выпишите из текста 2 предложения с объектным
инфинитивным оборотом и 2 предложения с субъектным
инфинитивным оборотом. Переведите их на русский язык.
IV Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский
язык:
1 We couldn't reach the forest quickly because of the rain.
2 Due to our big preparatory work the whole deal took little time.
3 As a beginner he often needed advice of an experienced manager.
4 He was interested in music since childhood.
5 Neither my brother nor his friend could help me to find lost papers.
V Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы. Перепишите и
письменно переведите 1, 2, 4, 5-й абзацы.
BASIC INGREDIENTS OF THE US ECONOMY
1 Every economic system tries to anticipate and then meet human needs
through the production and distribution of goods and services. The economic
system is the mechanism that brings together natural resources, the labour supply,
technology and the necessary entrepreneurial and managerial talents. Although
the type of economic system used by a nation is the result of political decision, it
is also in even larger part the result of a historical experience that, over time, becomes national culture.
2 The first ingredient of an economic system is known to be the natural resources from which goods are produced. The United States is a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil together with a moderate climate.
3 Second the amount of available labor helps determine the health of an
economy. Generally US had enough people to provide the labor necessary for a
constantly expanding economy. In the early years of the XXth century we know
Large numbers of Asian immigrants to come to the United States. Economic
opportunity also made black Americans move from Southern farms to Northern
cities in the first half of the XXth century.
4 Another factor in any economic system is the quality of labour — how hard
people are willing to work and how skilled they are. In the US the frontier was
said to demand hard work. The strong emphasis placed on education, including
technical and vocational education also contributed to American economic suc14
cess. Large blocks of resources must be available for major i nvestments. In
America entrepreneurs accumulate money and then invest it in projects, buy
supplies, hire workers and sell products – which gives a high return on the original investment.
5 When the first investment of capital has been made, someone must be hired
to manage the new business. Modern America has developed a chain of managerial command, from the foreman at the loading dock to the chief executive in the
boardroom.
VI Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1 What is the economic system?
2 What kind of land is the United States?
3 Who accumulates money and invest them in projects?
Вариант 2
I Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should,
would:
1 We should check up all conditions of our delivery.
2 If our partners used air mail, we should get their message in time.
3 We said we should find possibility to attend seminar on economic problems.
4 If our assistants were here they would repair our equipment.
5 In summer we would take our tent and spend weekend somewhere in the
country.
II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1 The teacher wants every student to give a good example.
2 We waited for the train to stop.
3 We were said to have reached wonderful result.
4 USA is known to consist of 50 states.
5 The program to be accepted is necessary for our experimental work.
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III Выпишите из текста 2 предложения с объектным
инфинитивным оборотом и 2 предложения с субъектным
инфинитивным оборотом. Переведите их на русский язык.
IV Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский
язык:
1 The goods can't be delivered in time because of bad weather.
2 The trade can meet some difficulties because advertising was not proper.
3 Profit has increased twice since the beginning of the year.
4 The delegation may leave either today or tomorrow.
5 Exhibition offered both footwear and clothes of the latest fashion..
V Прочтите и переведите устно абзацы 1–6-й и письменно – абзацы
2, 3, 5, 6-й.
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL TRADE?
1 The basic idea of international trade and investment is simple: each country
produces goods or services that can be either consumed at home or exported to
other countries.
2 The main difference between domestic trade and international trade is the
use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing international
borders. Although global trade is often added up in US dollars, the trading itself involves currencies. Japanese videocassette recorder paid for in German marks in Berlin, and German cars are paid for in US dollars in Boston. Indian tea, Brazilian coffee,
and American films are known to be sold around the world in currencies as diverse as
Turkish liras and Mexican pesos.
3 Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, there is a resulting
grow of funds: money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows out of the importing nation. Trade and investment is said to be a two-way street and with a minimum of trade barriers, international trade and investment usually makes everyone
better off.
4 An interlinked global economy expects consumers to buy the best products at
the best prices. By opening markets a government allows its citizens to produce and
export those things they are best at and to import the rest, choosing from whatever
the world has to offer.
5 Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have different sets of laws. However, when a country decides to protect its economy by erecting artificial trade barriers, the result if often damaging to everyone, including those
people whose barriers were meant to protect.
6 The Great Depression of the 1930s spread around the world when the
United States decided to erect trade barriers. They didn't expect the world to enter into a
long period of decline but only wanted to protect local producers.
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VI Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1 What is the difference between domestic and international trade?
2 What does an interlinked global economy expect consumers to do?
3 How do some countries try to protect then economy?
Вариант 3
I Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would:
1 Не should change some figures in the experimental part of his work.
2 If you asked me to hurry up I should prepare our samples in two days.
3 Head manager said they would give us all information about international
fairs.
4 If the text were too difficult they would try to translate it together.
5 He would play football for the university team.
II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1 She prefers her lectures to be put down by every student.
2 It is difficult for me to decide.
3 This island is known to be discovered only 2 centuries ago.
4 The plane was reported to have landed safely.
5 They didn't see anybody come into the hall.
III Выпишите из текста 2 предложения с объектным инфинитивным
оборотом и 2 предложения с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом.
Переведите их на русский язык.
IV Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский
язык:
1 As they have all kinds of paint you can order a car of any colour.
2 These magazines suggest both general and detailed information on the problem.
3 Common result was reached due to long and productive work.
4 Neither my friend nor I speak German.
5 As a rule we begin our negotiations in spring.
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V Прочтите и переведите на русский язык 1–5-й абзацы текста,
переведите письменно 1, 2, 4, 5-й абзацы.
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
1 The global economic interdependence of the United States and other nations
has grown geometrically since the Second World War. It is seen in resource utilization,
production decisions, raw materials trade and consumer demand. If can be seen in
such efforts to create order in international economic relationship as the International
Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
2 Another sign of increased interdependence is the growth of foreign investment. In 1989 U.S. direct investment in other countries was reported to grow to
373,4 thousand million dollars up from 207,8 thousand million in 1982. Foreign direct
investment in the U.S. grew even faster, rising $400,7 thousand-million in 1989 from
only $124,7 in 1982. Though foreign investment the U.S. industry has helped develop
major industries in other countries, such as copper production in Chile – a main source
of foreign exchange for that country.
3 About one-third of foreign investment in the United States in known to be in
manufacturing. Such foreign ventures as Honda in Ohio, Mitsubishi in Illinois, and
Nissan in Tennessee have revealed much attention. The growth of foreign investment has raised new questions about the international economic relation ship of nations. The United States proposed a set of rules to be developed to govern foreign investments.
4 In the 1980s Americans faced the problem of an overvalued dollar which
priced many U.S. goods out of international and domestic markets and widened the
U..S trade deficit. The problem of coping with inflation and variation on the dollar’s
value as well as some other problems, has led many observes to call for adjustment
or reform of the world monetary and financial system. Concrete efforts at reform
began as early as 1944 when most of the world's leading nations sent representatives
to a conference at Bretton Woods. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established for the purpose of stabilizing national currencies.
5 The IMF extends short-term credit to nations that are unable to meet their
balance-of-payments debts by conventional means, usually increased exports and
long-term loans. The IMF expects these credits to be paid back and can enter into consultations with chronic debtor nations in order to advice them how to repay their
debts.
VI Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1 What efforts were made to create order in international relations?
2 Where are foreign investments mainly concentrated in the USA?
3 Did Americans face any serious problems in 1980s?
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Вариант 4
I Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should,
would:
1 You should never repeat such easy mistakes.
2 If your assistant translated the article in time we should use data from it in our
work.
3 She said she would be ready to present the first part of the book next month.
4 If the students came to the library earlier they would have better choice of
books.
5 I said I wouldn't support these ideas.
II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1 We expect everybody to understand the rule well.
2 It will be impossible for me to come tomorrow.
3 English is reported to be spoken in all parts of the world.
4 Many places of interest are known to be situated in London.
5 We heard her come in and close the door.
III Выпишите из текста 2 предложения с объектным инфинитивным оборотом и 2 предложения с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом. Переведите их на русский язык.
IV Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский
язык:
1 Mr. Jones often goes abroad as our representative.
2 The stuff must be in the office at 8 for the boss wants to speak to everybody.
3 The container is kept at the customs because of some troubles with papers.
4 Neither your help nor advice can improve the situation.
5 Due to a new program our investigation was carried out in time.
ECONOMIC EXPANSION
1 The United States was greatly affected by the Industrial Revolution taking place
in Europe during the XVIII and XIX centuries. New inventions and capital investments
were known to lead to the creation of the new industries and the spread of economic growth. Much trade, for example, was made possible by developments in the fields
of transportation. River traffic improved when the steam engine was fitted to boats. The
steam boat could travel- up-river markedly reducing the amount of time involved in
shipping goods to market. Railroads received large amount of government assistance
in the early years. However rail roads also attracted a good deal of domestic and European private investment.
2 Railroads building is considered to require an enormous sum of capital and
there is a long period of time before any profits are realized. Yet people in rural areas
were tremendously enthusiastic about buying shares of railroad stock. They expected
railroad to bring them good profits and voted for state and local taxes to support railroad
construction. Later the government gave extensive tracts of land to those who promised to build the missing links in the national railroad system.
3 Many Europeans wanted their investments to be made in American railroads. At one time foreign investors owned the majority of stock in six major railroads. With the discovery of gold in 1849 the United States became more able to finance additional imports of railroad machinery and materials.
4 The excitement of railroad building also brought abuses. Often buyers paid exorbitant prices for their railroad stock, or were cheated with stock which was artificially inflated. Many people lost their savings, fortunes were made by financial manipulations. Nevertheless through a combination of vision and foreign investment, the
discovery of gold and a major commitment of America’s public and private wealth,
the nation was able to develop a large scale railroad system, providing the base for the
industrialization that followed.
VI Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1 What stimulated economic development of the USA in the XVIII and XIX centuries?
2 Were the people enthusiastic about railroad construction?
3 How did Europeans help to develop American railroad system?
Вариант 5
V Прочтите и устно переведите 1–4-й абзацы
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы.
19
текста.
I Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should,
would:
1 They should begin talks with foreign partners as soon as possible.
20
2 If Helen knew our office telephone number we shouldn't wait for her so
long.
3 Our interpreter said he would meet us at the conference.
4 She said she wouldn't inspect custom papers again.
II Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют
придаточным предложениям:
1 They like their task to be clear and interesting.
2 The children were impatient for the bus to start.
3 The earth was believed to be flat in ancient times.
4 He is said to be about forty.
5 The data to be published soon will be useful for our investigation.
III Выпишите из текста 2 предложения с объектным
инфинитивным оборотом и 2 предложения с субъектным
инфинитивным оборотом. Переведите их на русский язык.
3 Although the American economy has transformed itself over the years certain issues have persisted since early days of republic. One is the continuing debate over the
proper role for government in marketplace economy. An economy based on free enterprise is generally characterized by private ownership and initiative with a relative
absence of government involvement. However government involvement was necessary
from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the
people.
4 In 1970s and 1980s new national leaders made an attempt to cut government
spending and levels of taxation. In other words they made government reduce influence over the private sector. Their goal was to stimulate the private sector initiative
and investment which is the engine that drives free-market economics. They intended
all changes to be made through the principles of economic development.
VI Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1 What type of economy does USA have?
2 How are U.S. productivity standards of living characterized?
3 Why did new leaders want to reduce influence over private sector?
IV Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский
язык:
1 Due to original technology the problem of production was solved at last.
2 We use both railway carriages and tracks for goods transportation.
3This information seems unreliable because we got many contradictory figures.
4Neither train nor plane can take you there in summer.
5Because of unsuitable conditions the students didn't carry out laboratory test.
V Прочтите и устно переведите 1–4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите
и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.
U. S. ECONOMY
1 The American economy is considered to be a dynamic, free-market system that
is constantly evolving out of the choices and decisions made by millions of citizens
who play multiple roles as consumers, producers, investors and voters. The United
States is generally described as a mixed economy which means that even the great
majority of productive resources are privately owned, the federal government plays an
important part in the marketplace.
2 With the less than 5 percent of the world's population, the United States in the
1990s produced about 25 percent of the worlds output. U.S. productivity and standard
of living are known to remain among the highest in the industrial world.
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22
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Контрольное задание № 4…………………………………………...……….3
Вариант 1...………………………………………………………………4
Вариант 2……………………………………………………………...…6
Вариант 3…………………………………………………...……………7
Вариант 4…………………………………………………………...……9
Вариант 5…………………………………………………………...…..11
Контрольное задание № 5…………………………………………………..13
Вариант 1…………………………………………………...…………..13
Вариант 2…………………………………………………...…………..15
Вариант 3…………………………………………………...…………..17
Вариант 4……………………………………………………...………..19
Вариант 5…………………………………………………...…………..20
Учебное издание
КОМИССАРУК Виталий Иванович
КОМИССАРУК Инна Никифоровна
Английский язык
Пособие по выполнению контрольных заданий № 4,5 для студентов
факультета безотрывного обучения специальности «Бухгалтерский учет,
анализ и аудит» и «Коммерческая деятельность на транспорте»
Редактор М. П. Д е ж к о
Технический редактор В. Н. К у ч е р о в а
Корректор Т. М. Р и з е в с к а я
Подписано в печать 30.11.2004 г. Формат 60х 84 1/16.
Бумага газетная. Гарнитура Таймс. Печать на ризографе.
Усл. печ. л. 1,39. Уч.- изд. л. 1,49. Тираж 200 экз.
Зак №
. Изд. № 3875.
Редакционно-издательский отдел УО «БелГУТ», 246653, г. Гомель, ул. Кирова,34.
Лиц. № 02330/0133394 от 19.07.2004 г.
Типография УО «БелГУТ», 246022, г. Гомель , ул. Кирова, 34.
Лиц. № 02330/0148780 от 30.04.2004 г.
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