Искусство в Америке

BCRECCNDJ
D
FVTHBRT
CJLTHÉFYBT
YTCNB BCRECCNDJ DCTV FVTHBRFYWFV
3
LFYF LÉJQZ
Gjän b äcctbcn, ghtlctlfntkm Yfwbjyfkmyjuj ajylf bcreccnd
öfhfrnthbpetn hjkm änjq jhufybpfwbb d abyfycbhjdfybb bcreccndf
d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö.
DJPDHFOTYBT RHFCJNS
7
NTHHB NBXFEN
Cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz ceotcndtyysv jåhfpjv bpvtybkb fvthbrfycreñ rekmnehe.
≤Öeljéybrb, – jnvtxftn dtleobq rhbnbr, – dct xfot ujnjds egjnhtåkznm ckjdj
≤ghtrhfcyjt≥, yt pfrkñxfz tuj d pfobnyst rfdsxrb bhjybb≥.
NFYTW: GJCNJZYYJ HFPDBDFÑOFZCZ NHFLBWBZ
12
JRNFDBJ HJRF
Ibhjrbq kfylifan fvthbrfycrjq öjhtjuhfabb. Jn rkfccbrb lj vjlthyf b
gjcnvjlthyf – nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj ébdtn b ghjwdtnftn d Fvthbrt.
GHJABKM: öjhtjuhfa Hjåthn Vjptc
ÅTCTLF C Léelbn Létvbcjy bp ≤Fvthbräy lfyc nbänh≥ Fkdbyf Äqkb
VEPSRF: GJBCNBYT FVTHBRFYCRJT PDEXFYBT
NBV CVBN
18
D yfxfkt yjdjuj cnjktnbz fvthbrfycrfz vepsrf – jn rkfccbrb lj öbg-öjgf –
åjufnf b yjdsvb nfkfynfvb, b vfcnbnsvb rjvgjpbnjhfvb.
GHJABKM: rjvgjpbnjh Äkkbjn Ujkltynfkm
ÅTCTLF C Lädbljv Ujrkb bp ömñcnjycrjq ≤Uhfyl jgthf≥
Yf jåkjért. Åfkthbyf nheggs ≤Rfhjkfqyf
åäkktq≥ (Hfktqö, Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf)
nfywetn d cgtrnfrkt ≤Vtccbz≥ dj dhtvz
Atcnbdfkz dtyuthcrjuj åfktnf 2002 ujlf.
(Vfhnb Cjk, c hfphtitybz ≤Rfhjkfqyf åäkktq≥)
Ukfdyst htlfrnjhs ...Léjhlé Rkär
...Hbxfhl Kfylåthu
Jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh ...Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth
Htlfrnjh ntrcnf ...Ränkby Ä. Öfu
Uhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt/lbpfqy ...Nflltec F. Vbrcbycrb
Ajnjhtlfrnjhs ...Väuub Léjycjy Ckfqrth
...Léjfyy Cnthy
Gjvjoybrb htlfrnjhf, bcnjxybrb/gjbcr ...Vähb Äyy D. Uävåk
...Ränb Igbutkm
NTFNH: LHFVFNEHUB YJDST B CNFHST
RHBC LÉJYC
25
Vjkjlst lhfvfnehub, ndjhxtcndj rjnjhsö öjhjij ghbybvfñn rhbnbrb,
ghjljkéfñn fvthbrfycreñ nhflbwbñ jåceéltybz yf cwtyt cjwbfkmysö ghjåktv.
GHJABKM: lhfvfnehu Htlébyf Ntqkjh
ÅTCTLF C Rthb Gthkjaa, öeljétcndtyysv herjdjlbntktv ntfnhf
≤Fvthbrty rjycthdfnjhb≥
32
RBYJBCRECCNDJ: RBYJABKMVS B CJDHTVTYYFZ FVTHBRF
HBXFHL GTKKC
Cjdhtvtyyjt fvthbrfycrjt rbyj gthtybvftn äcnfatne dtkbrbö
abkmvjd ghtéybö ltcznbktnbq, ltvjycnhbhez ntcyeñ cdzpm vtéle
hfpdktxtybtv b bcreccndjv.
GHJABKM: rbytvfnjuhfabcn Fktrcfylth Gtqy
ÅTCTLF C Létaahb Ubkvjhjv, rbyjatcnbdfkm ytpfdbcbvsö abkmvjd
≤Cfylfyc≥
39
KBNTHFNEHF: YTCRJKMRJ PFHBCJDJR
CDTY ÅTHRTHNC
Yf fvthbrfycrjq kbnthfnehyjq cwtyt gjzdbkjcm yjdjt gjrjktybt cvtksö
gbcfntktq, d ndjhxtcndt rjnjhsö jnrhsdftncz ≤vtéyfwbjyfkmyfz
gthcgtrnbdf≥
GHJABKM: gbcfntkmybwf Lébkk Vfrrjhrk
ÅTCTLF C htlfrnjhjv b bplfntktv Létqcjyjv Ägcntqyjv
DBPEFKMYJT BCRECCNDJ: CNBHFYBT UHFYBW
45
ÄKBYJH ÖFHNYB
Cjdhtvtyyst fvthbrfycrbt öeljéybrb, djkmyst jgbhfnmcz yf kñåeñ irjke,
jnnfkrbdfnmcz jn kñåjq öeljétcndtyyjq nhflbwbb b bpåbhfnm kñåeñ ajhve
gjlfxb, gj-yjdjve jghtltkzñn cvsck bcreccndf.
GHJABKM: öeljéybr Njv Ahblvfy
ÅTCTLF C Ränb Öjkåhbx bp ≤Ejrth fhn ctynth≥
ÅBÅKBJUHFABZ
51
D
BCRECCNDJ D FVTHBRT:
YJDST YFGHFDKTYBZ
cdjtq ytlfdytq rybut ≤Ägjgtz öeljétcndtyyjuj dbltybz: bcnjhbz
bcreccnd d Fvthbrt≥ hjlbdibqcz d
Fdcnhfkbb bcreccndjdtl Hjåthn
Ömñp ujdjhbn, xnj jlby bp aeylfvtynfkmysö ébpytyysö ghbywbgjd fvthbrfywtd ghtlgbcsdftn bv gjcnjzyyj ≤yfxbyfnm
dct cyfxfkf, jcnfdkzz gjpflb nj, xtv jyb åskb
rjulf-nj≥. Lkz Ömñpf änj jpyfxftn yt jnhbwfybt dctuj, xnj eét åskj cjplfyj, f ckjéyjt
dpfbvjltqcndbt c ceotcndeñotq nhflbwbtq.
≤Ult-ybåelm d ytlhfö veptz fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs, – gbitn Ömñp c ljktq ñvjhf, – dctulf
yfqltncz vfktymrjt bpjåhfétybt bvvbuhfynf,
cöjlzotuj c celyf cj cdjbv crfhåjv: åfivfrfvb,
Åbåkbtq bkb 27 rfhnbyfvb Htvåhfylnf≥.
Yfxbyfnm cyfxfkf – bvtyyj änj b ltkfñn
öeljéybrb rféljlytdyj, cjplfdfz cdjb ghjbpdtltybz. Yfxfnm c fpjd yfvthtdfkbcm b vs, htlfrnjhs, rjulf gjghjcbkb dtleobö fvthbrfycrbö
bcreccndjdtljd hfccrfpfnm j njv, xnj ghjbcöjlbn d hfpysö ajhvfö b éfyhfö bcreccndf. Xnj
yjdjuj, yfghbvth, d öjhtjuhfabb bkb bpjåhfpbntkmyjv bcreccndt? Rfrbt yfbåjktt dslfñobtcz fhnbcns b bcgjkybntkb hfåjnfñn ctqxfc d
ntfnht b vepsrt? Rfr dgbcsdfñncz d bcnjhbxtcreñ nhflbwbñ yjdst dtzybz d rbyj b kbnthfneht?
Gjcrjkmre kñåst jåjåotybz d jnyjitybb
bcreccndf åelen dsukzltnm gjljphbntkmyj d
cnhfyt, ult hfåjnfñn ghbvthyj 1200 cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd, 117 ghjatccbjyfkmysö jgthysö
nhegg, cdsit 400 nfywtdfkmysö rjkktrnbdjd b
425 ytrjvvthxtcrbö ntfnhjd, jndtn rféljuj
ärcgthnf yf änb djghjcs ytbpåtéyj åeltn ytgjkysv. Djn gjxtve vs ghtlcnfdbkb wtksq cgtrnh
vytybq, ghtljcnfdbd ckjdj rhbnbrfv, ghjatccbjyfkfv, hfåjnfñobv d rfrjq-nj rjyrhtnyjq jåkfcnb bcreccndf, öeljéybrfv. B, tcntcndtyyj,
yfib fdnjhs gjhjq yt cjukfcys lheu c lheujv.
Hfpyjjåhfpbt vytybq kturj jåüzcybvj d cnhfyt,
ult ytn vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs, ytn jabwbfkmyjq njxrb phtybz yf nj, rfrbt ajhvs bcreccndf
yfbkexibt.
B dct ét d cnfnmzö änjq åhjiñhs jåyfheébdfñncz b ytrjnjhst jåobt ntyltywbb. Jlyf bp
ybö – hfcneofz bynthyfwbjyfkbpfwbz bcreccndf,
ntyltywbz, ltvjycnhbheñofz, rfr cjdhtvtyyst
öeljétcndtyyst ajhvs gjcnjzyyj jåjufofñncz, åkfujlfhz gthtldbétybñ öeljéybrjd, fhnbcnjd b vepsrfynjd b ghjybryjdtybñ yjdsö bltq
xthtp uhfybws. Lheufz jcjåtyyjcnm cjdhtvtyyjuj
fvthbrfycrjuj bcreccndf cjcnjbn d njv, xnj
rhbnbrb yfpsdfñn ≤ubåhblyjcnmñ≥. Cvsck änjuj gjyznbz cjcnjbn d njv, xnj uhfybws vtéle
ajhvfvb bcreccndf gthtcnfñn åsnm xtnrbvb,
gjcrjkmre vyjubt cjplfntkb öeljétcndtyysö
ghjbpdtltybq hfåjnfñn yf cnsrt lbcwbgkby. D
åfktnfö Vfhrf Vjhhbcf bkb Åbkkf N. Léjycf
gjhjq pdexfn ckjdf; öeljéybr-rjywtgnefkbcn
Vänmñ Åfhyb cjplftn dbltjgjdtcndjdfybz,
yfgjvbyfñobt ujkkbdelcrbt abkmvs. Tot jlyf
dféyfz ntyltywbz d cgjcjåfö cjplfybz yjdsö
öeljétcndtyysö ghjbpdtltybq d yfib lyb
– ckjéyjt ≤gthtrhtcnyjt jgsktybt≥, rjnjhjt
yfåkñlftncz d jnyjitybzö vtéle ldevz fvthbrfycrbvb nhflbwbjyyj ≤ndjhxtcrbvb≥ gjåthtémzvb b vtytt yfctktyysvb wtynhfkmysvb hfqjyfvb cnhfys. D cdjtv jåpjhyjv jxthrt rhbnbr
Nthhb Nbxfen gsnftncz ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm,
xnj ytrjnjhst bp cfvsö zhrbö yjdsö gjcnfyjdjr
≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb jgthf≥ hjlbkbcm d ≤Ukbvvthukfcc jgthf≥ – vepsrfkmyjq nheggt d ytåjkmijv
ujhjlrt yf ctdtht infnf Ymñ-Qjhr.
Rfrjdj ét ghjbcöjéltybt ndjhxtcrjuj athvtynf, rjnjhsq gjcnjzyyj åeljhfébn fvthbrfycrjt bcreccndj b j rjnjhjv bltn htxm d änjq
åhjiñht? D yfitv dcnegbntkmyjv bynthdmñ
gjän Lfyf Léjqz, ghtlctlfntkm Yfwbjyfkmyjuj ajylf bcreccnd, erfpsdftn yf jlby bp cfvsö
dthjznysö bcnjxybrjd: ≤Ghbxbyf, åkfujlfhz
rjnjhjq Fvthbrf jåkflftn cnjkm jnkbxbntkmyjq gj hfpyjjåhfpbñ bcnjhbtq bcreccndf, cnjkm
åtcghtwtltynysv cgtrnhjv ljcnbétybq – jn
rbyj lj fåcnhfrnyjuj ärcghtccbjybpvf, jn
léfpf lj cjdhtvtyyjq kbnthfnehs, – cjcnjbn d
njv, xnj Fvthbrf åskf b jcnftncz jåotcndjv,
jncnfbdfñobv kbxyeñ cdjåjle lkz dctö cdjbö
uhfélfy≥.
1
2
YTCNB
BCRECCNDJ
DCTV FVTHBRFYWFV
BYNTHDMÑ
C
Lfyf Léjqz
Lfyf Léjqz
D ghfdbntkmcndt CIF ytn wtynhfkbpjdfyyjuj vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs, jghtltkzñotuj yfwbjyfkmyeñ gjkbnbre d jåkfcnb bcreccndf. Ldf
yfwbjyfkmysö ajylf – Yfwbjyfkmysq ajyl bcreccnd (YAB) b Yfwbjyfkmysq uevfybnfhysq ajyl (YUA) – jrfpsdfñn uhfynjdeñ gjllthére jnltkmysv ltzntkzv bcreccndf b yfexysv cjnhelybrfv, f nfrét ndjhxtcrbv b uevfybnfhysv exhtéltybzv. Öjnz åñlétn YAB
– 115 vky. ljkkfhjd yf 2003 abyfycjdsq ujl – dtcmvf crhjvty gj
chfdytybñ c ujcelfhcndtyysv abyfycbhjdfybtv bcreccndf d lheubö
cnhfyfö, jcyjdyeñ gjllthére fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs dctulf jåtcgtxbdfkb xfcnyst gjéthndjdfybz. Xfcnyst hfcöjls yf bcreccndj d
Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö pf 2002 ujl jwtybdfñncz ghbåkbpbntkmyj d 12,1
vkhl. ljkkfhjd. Pf åtp vfkjuj xtnsht ltcznbktnbz cdjtuj ceotcndjdfybz YAB, xmb wtkb – gjjohznm dscjrbt ndjhxtcrbt ljcnbétybz b ytcnb
bcreccndj dctv fvthbrfywfv, bcgjkmpjdfk cdjb chtlcndf d rfxtcndt cnbvekf lkz xfcnysö gjéthndjdfybq.
nfd d yfxfkt 2003 ujlf ghtlctlfntktv YAB, Lfyf Léjqz
ghbdytc yf äne ljkéyjcnm ytjåsryjdtyyj ibhjrbq rekmn nehysq jgsn. Bpdtcnysq, d jcyjdyjv, rfr gjän b äcctbcn, Léjqz 15
ktn ghjhfåjnfk herjdjlbntktv rjhgjhfwbb, cjxbyzz cnböb d cdjåjlyjt dhtvz, ghtélt xtv cnfnm ghjatccbjyfkmysv kbnthfnjhjv. Bplfyysq d 1991 ujle ukfdysq tuj nhel c hfpvsiktybzvb j cdjtv
htvtckt ≤Dféyf kb gjäpbz?≥, gthdjyfxfkmyj ghtlcnfdkzdibq cjåjq éehyfkmyeñ cnfnmñ, f pfntv cnfdibq rybujq, b gj ctq ltym ghjljkéftn dspsdfnm jébdktyyst lbcreccbb. Tuj gthe ghbyflktéfn nfrét ufptnyst,
éehyfkmyst b hflbjrjvvtynfhbb j vepsrt, abkmvfö, kbnthfneht b bcreccndt b jgthyst kbåhtnnj.
D geåkbretvjq åtctlt Léjqz jåceélftn hzl ntv: jcjåtyyjcnb fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs, ujcelfhcndtyyjt b xfcnyjt abyfycbhjdfybt bcreccndf, ädjkñwbz hfpkbxysö dbljd bcreccndf. Bynthdmñ c Lfyjq Léjqz dtk
Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth.
C
1
3
Djghjc: Lkz yfxfkf lfdfqnt
gjcvjnhbv yf bcreccndj d
Fvthbrt crdjpm dfie eybrfkmyeñ ghbpve – cfv YAB.
Jndtn: D YAB z ghbitk c
jxtym ghjcnjq blttq. Dtkbrfz
cnhfyf pfckeébdftn dtkbrjuj
bcreccndf. Fvthbrf – cfvfz
åjufnfz b cfvfz vjueotcndtyyfz cnhfyf d vbhjdjq bcnjhbb. Yj vthbkj yfwbjyfkmyjuj dtkbxbz – yt åjufncndj b
yt cbkf. Änj – wbdbkbpfwbz,
rjnjheñ jyf cjplftn, rekmnbdbhetn b gjjohztn. Xtuj
z yfltñcm ljåbnmcz pltcm d
ibhjrjv cvsckt ckjdf, nfr
änj gjvjxm cajhvbhjdfnm nfreñ ljcnegyeñ fvthbrfywfv
rekmnehe, rfreñ pfckeébdftn
Fvthbrf.
Öjnz vs zdkztvcz rhegytqibv cgjycjhjv bcreccnd d
Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, åñlétn
YAB cjcnfdkztn vtytt jlyjuj ghjwtynf hfcöjljd fvthbrfycrbö abkfynhjgjd yf bcreccndj. Gjänjve atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj ybrjulf yt
cvjukj ås ≤regbnm≥ jghtltktyysq nbg rekmnehs. Yfif hjkm
d YAB – änj kblthcndj. Vs yföjlbvcz d eybrfkmyjv gjkjétybb, åelexb tlbycndtyysv
exhtéltybtv, rjnjhjt vjétn
hfccvfnhbdfnm dct bcreccndf
c yfwbjyfkmyjq njxrb phtybz.
Bcöjlzott jn yfc ghjcdtotyyjt herjdjlcndj vjétn gjpdjkbnm åscnhtt b yfcnjqxbdtt
ljåbdfnmcz wtktq, cnjzobö d
fvthbrfycrjq rekmneht, xtv
ecbkbz kñåjuj lheujuj exhtéltybz. D vjtq ljkéyjcnb
vtyz åjkmit dctuj djkyetn
djpvjéyjcnm bcgjkmpjdfnm
bcreccndj lkz njuj, xnjås cltkfnm Fvthbre – vtcnj, ult vs
ébdtv, – tot kexit.
D: Yt vjukb ås ds cjgjcnfdbnm d cfvjv jåotv gkfyt
fvthbrfycreñ abkfynhjgb-
xtcreñ ltzntkmyjcnm c tdhjgtqcrjq, c rjnjhjq vbh ytgkjöj
pyfrjv?
J: Tdhjgtqcrfz vjltkm dshjckf bp nhflbwbb rjhjktdcrjuj b
fhbcnjrhfnbxtcrjuj gjrhjdbntkmcndf, rjnjhjt d cjdhtvtyysö
eckjdbzö dpzkj yf ctåz ujcelfhcndj. Nfv åñlétn ndjhxtcrbö
exhtéltybq ajhvbhetncz, d jcyjdyjv, pf cxtn atlthfkmysö
bkb vtcnysö ceåcblbq. Fvthbrfycrfz vjltkm jgbhftncz yf
xfcnyeñ abkfynhjgbñ. B jyf hfåjnftn. E yfc vfccf vepttd,
cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd, ntfnhjd, jgthysö b åfktnysö nhegg,
b vfcinfå bö ltzntkmyjcnb dtcmvf ibhjr.
Bcnjhbxtcrb, jcjåtyyj d 1970-t b 1980-t ujls, YAB bcgjkmpjdfk atlthfkmyst chtlcndf gj dctq cnhfyt lkz njuj, xnjås
cgjcjåcndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ htubjyfkmysö nfywtdfkmysö, ntfnhfkmysö b jgthysö rjkktrnbdjd, f nfrét, d vtymitq cntgtyb,
vepttd b cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd. Juhjvyjt xbckj änbö exhtéltybq, ysyt ceotcndeñobö d fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö chtlytuj hfpvthf, cdbltntkmcndetn j cgjcjåyjcnb YAB r kblthcnde.
D: Xtv ét jåüzcybnm gjzdktybt pyfxbntkmyjuj xfcnyjuj abyfycbhjdfybz bcreccnd c ntxtybtv ltcznbktnbq, lfét cnjktnbq?
J: Bcreccndj d Fvthbrt erjhtytyj d fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb b ytctn d ctåt jngtxfnjr fvthbrfycrjuj leöf. Ghbxbyf, gj rjnjhjq
Fvthbrf jåkflftn cnjkm jnkbxbntkmyjq gj hfpyjjåhfpbñ
bcnjhbtq bcreccndf, cnjkm åtcghtwtltynysv cgtrnhjv ljcnbétybq – jn rbyj lj fåcnhfrnyjuj ärcghtccbjybpvf, jn léfpf
lj cjdhtvtyyjq kbnthfnehs, – cjcnjbn d njv, xnj Fvthbrf
åskf b jcnftncz jåotcndjv, jncnfbdfñobv kbxyeñ cdjåjle
lkz dctö cdjbö uhfélfy. Fvthbrfycrfz abkfynhjgbxtcrfz
ltzntkmyjcnm cktletn njve ét ghbywbge. Fvthbrf, gjéfkeq,
tlbycndtyyfz d vbht cnhfyf, d rjnjhjq åskb cjnyb kñltq,
cltkfdibö juhjvyst cjcnjzybz b ghb ébpyb jnlfdibö bö yf
abkfynhjgbxtcrbt wtkb.
D: C dfitq njxrb phtybz, rfrbt ghjåktvs, cdzpfyyst c bcreccndjv, yt gjkexbkb ljcnfnjxyjuj dybvfybz?
J: Bpyfxfkmyfz vbccbz YAB – cjltqcndjdfnm dscjrjve ghjatccbjyfkmyjve vfcnthcnde b ytcnb bcreccndj fvthbrfycrjve
yfhjle. Ctqxfc vs, yfdthyjt, jghtltkbkb ås änj nfr: ytcnb
bcreccndj dctv fvthbrfywfv, gjybvfz ghb änjv, xnj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ceotcndeñn jlyjdhtvtyyj vyjétcndj hfpysö
uhegg yfctktybz, jåjcjåktyysö rekmnehyj, utjuhfabxtcrb, d cbke cdjtuj zpsrf, djphfcnf bkb abpbxtcrbö djpvjéyjcntq. Vs
nfrét jcjpyfkb, xnj lkz ljcnbétybz yfibö wtktq vs ljkéys
buhfnm jghtltktyyeñ hjkm d jåhfpjdfybb. Gjänjve jåtcgtxtybt kblthcndf d öeljétcndtyyjv jåhfpjdfybb cnfkj ntgthm
tot jlyjq wtkmñ YAB.
D: Xnj d cjdhtvtyyjq fvthbrfycrjq rekmneht dfc åjkmit dctuj gjhféftn?
J: Ctujlyz d bcreccndt vjéyj yfåkñlfnm ytcrjkmrj ukjåfkmysö, dctjåütvkñobö ntyltywbq. Gthdeñ z ås jöfhfrnthbpjdfk rfr cdjtuj hjlf äcntnbxtcrbq rhbpbc. C dcnegktybtv
Fvthbrb d ÖÖÈ dtr hfcntn eåtéltyyjcnm d njv, xnj juhjvysq
dsgktcr äythubb, cdzpfyysq c vjlthybpvjv, yfxfkj rjnjhjuj
vjéyj jnytcnb r gthbjle gjckt Gthdjq vbhjdjq djqys, bcczr.
Vs gj-ghtéytve wtybv åjufnjt yfcktlbt vjlthybpvf b fdfyufhlf, yj jyb, gjöjét, bcnjotys, e ybö åjkmit ytn njq cjpblfntkmyjq cbks, rfrjq jyb ytrjulf jåkflfkb. Dct xfot rhbnbrb
cjukfifñncz lheu c lheujv, endthélfz, xnj ytjåöjlbv cbyntp
vtéle njq byntycbdyjcnmñ, rjnjhfz cdjqcndtyyf vjlthybpve b ärcgthbvtynfkmyjve bcreccnde, b njq ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq
ljcnegyjcnmñ, rjnjhfz cdjqcndtyyf nhflbwbjyyjve yfhjlyjve
bcreccnde b gjg-fhne. D rféljq ajhvt bcreccndf, d rjnjhjq
z ytgjchtlcndtyyj exfcndeñ, z yfåkñlfñ äne ntyltywbñ
– cnhtvktybt öeljéybrf djccnfyjdbnm cdjñ cdzpm c geåkbrjq.
Yhfdbncz änj dfv bkb ytn, yj djpybrftn cdjtjåhfpysq yjdsq
gjgekbpv.
D: Rfr änj ghjzdkztncz, yfghbvth, d vepsrt?
J: Djpmvtv rkfccbxtcreñ vepsre, rjnjhfz yf cfvjv ltkt gjldjlbn vtyz rj dnjhjq jcyjdyjq ntyltywbb, r gjyznbñ ≤amñéy≥
– cgkfde hfphjpytyysö nhflbwbq. Yfghbvth, d fvthbrfycrjq
vepsrt ceotcndetn jxtym vjoyjt ldbétybt gjl yfpdfybtv
≤vbhjdfz vepsrf≥, jödfnsdfñott dcñ vepsre – jn rkfccbxtcrjq lj gjgekzhyjq. Änj gjgsnrf cjtlbybnm b ufhvjybpbhjdfnm
djcnjxyst b pfgflyst nhflbwbb. Ds dblbnt nfrét cdjtjåhfpysq ntöyjkjubxtcrbq cgkfd, rjulf vepsrfyns jåhfofñncz r
nhflbwbjyysv bcgjkybntkmcrbv bcreccndfv b jlyjdhtvtyyj
bcgjkmpeñn djpvjéyjcnb yjdjq ntöyjkjubb. Ldflwfnm ktn
yfpfl pfhjélfditqcz ntyltywbtq åsk gjcnvjlthybpv. Yj z
levfñ, xnj gjcnvjlthybpv d rfrjv-nj cvsckt åsk dctuj kbim
gjgsnrjq ghjlkbnm ébpytyysq wbrk vjlthybpvf. Ctujlyz
jghtltkzñobvb vjvtynfvb ajhvbhjdfybz rfrjuj-kbåj ntxtybz d bcreccndt zdkzñncz yt cnjkmrj vfybatcns b vtnjls,
crjkmrj bynebwbz b cgjcjåyjcnm dsöjlbnm pf uhfybws éfyhjd
b yfghzveñ rjynfrnbhjdfnm c felbnjhbtq.
D: B bvtyyj nfr, gthtctrfz uhfybws éfyhjd b jåhfofzcm
yfghzveñ r felbnjhbb, ds ltkftnt bcreccndj ljcnegysv?
J: Rjytxyj. Bcnjhbz bcreccnd d Fvthbrt d jghtltktyyjq
cntgtyb jnhféftn vfcnthcndj b ukeåbye äkbnfhysö nhflbwbq,
rjnjhst ≤dcnhtxfñncz≥ c djpvjéyjcnzvb ndjhxtcndf xtkjdtrf
d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq rekmneht. Yt ceotcndetn bcreccndf, rjnjhjt
vjétn gjkyjcnmñ jnctxm ctåz jn cdjtq bcnjhbb. Lfét aenehbpv b fdfyufhl bvtñn ukeåjrbt b ckjéyst rjhyb d nhflbwbjyyjq rekmneht.
D: Ds egjvzyekb ≤vbhjdeñ vepsre≥ rfr ghbvth ntöyjkjubxtcrjuj cgkfdf. Gjujdjhbv j vepsrt c njxrb phtybz gthdjq
yfpdfyyjq dfvb ntyltywbb – yjdjuj gjgekbpvf.
J: Ctqxfc dct jcyjdyst yfghfdktybz d fvthbrfycrjq rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrt bvtñn rjhyb d ntö bkb bysö vepsrfkmysö
nhflbwbzö. Tcnm yjdsq hjvfynbpv, nhflbwbjyysq lj vjpuf
rjcntq. Tcnm ldbétybt ≤vbhjdjq vepsrb≥, rjnjhjt bcgjkmpetn
ytpfgflyst nhflbwbb. Tcnm b vbybvfkbpv, gj ceotcnde, cjxtnfñobq rkfccbxtcrbt nhflbwbb b gjg-nhflbwbb. Dct änb cnbkb
cnhtvzncz r njve, xnjås cltkfnm vepsre ljcnegyjq.
D: Rfr ghjzdkzñncz vtufntyltywbb, j rjnjhsö ds ujdjhbkb, d
lheubö ajhvfö bcreccndf?
J: Bynthtcyj, xnj d ébdjgbcb jlyjq bp ukfdysö ntyltywbq
cnfkj ghjcnj gjlndthéltybt hjkb rhfcjr rfr dshfpbntkmyjuj
chtlcndf – d ghjnbdjgjkjéyjcnm rjycnherwbb bkb rjkkfée b
hfpkbxysv lheubv ajhvfv dshfétybz. Ghjbpjikj nfrét djphjéltybt abuehfnbdyjq b gtqpféyjq ébdjgbcb rfr ébpytcgjcjåysö fkmnthyfnbd rjywtgnefkmyjve bcreccnde b fåcnhfrwbb.
D gjäpbb yfkbwj uhfylbjpyjt djphjéltybt ajhvs b gjdtcndjdfybz. Jlyf bp ukfdysö kbnthfnehysö ntyltywbq d Fvthbrt –
ghjbcöjlzott cjdthityyj dyt jabwbfkmyjq byntkktrnefkmyjq
rekmnehs djccjplfybt yfhjlyjq gjäpbb: hägf, rjdåjqcrjq gjäpbb, gjänbxtcrbö ≤ckävjd≥ (ecnysö rjyrehcjd, gjåtlbntktq rjnjhsö dsåbhftn felbnjhbz). Gjxnb dctulf nfrfz gjäpbz bcgjkmpetn hfpvth b hbave, lfét tckb änj cbyrjgbhjdfyysq léfpjdsq hbnv, rfr d hägt, bkb, rfr d rjdåjqcrjq gjäpbb, djphjéltybt njybxtcrjuj hfpvthf ijnkfylcrbö åfkkfl. Nfr xnj d
rfrjv-nj cvsckt ds yfåkñlftnt gjgsnre djccnfyjdbnm cdzpm
vtéle ghjiksv b yfcnjzobv, jlyjdhtvtyyj bcgjkmpjdfnm
vjlthybcncrbt b nhflbwbjyyst ghbtvs, xnjås cjplfnm ytxnj
cjdhtvtyyjt.
1
4
D ntfnht yfbåjktt gjxbnftvsq fvthbrfycrbq lhfvfnehu d
hfcwdtnt cdjtq rfhmths – Jufcn Ebkcjy. Gj ceotcnde, Ebkcjy
djphjlbk yfnehfkbcnbxtcreñ nhflbwbñ, rjnjheñ ds dblbnt e
Ñlébyf J’Ybkf b Ntyytccb Ebkmzvcf.
D: Dpznm öjnz ås gmtce Ebkcjyf ≤Ehjr vepsrb≥ – nhflbwbz,
ctvtqyfz bcnjhbz...
J: Cjdthityyj dthyj. Jyf dcz cjchtljnjxtyf yf cjwbfkmysö
ghjåktvfö. B dct ét tot bynthtcytt d fvthbrfycrjv ntfnht,
gjéfkeq, nj, xnj tdhjgttw yfpdfk ås “Gesamtkunstwerk”, bkb
≤cbyrhtnbxtcrbt ghjbpdtltybz bcreccndf≥, d jcyjde rjnjhsö
gjkjétyf dfuythjdcrfz bltz ntfnhfkmyjq gmtcs c bcgjkmpjdfybtv hfpysö öeljétcndtyysö chtlcnd dshfétybz. Yjdst
jgths b jgthyst gjcnfyjdrb cnfyjdzncz jnrhjdtyyj åjktt
ckjdtcysvb, gjcrjkmre åkfujlfhz ceånbnhfv bö lhfvfnbxtcrbt
b gjänbxtcrbt äktvtyns ljcnegys felbnjhbb. Vtéle ntv, d
ntfnht tcnm b nfrbt abuehs, rfr Léekb Näqvjh, cjtlbyzñofz d
cdjtv ndjhxtcndt äktvtyns bnfkmzycrjq rjvtlbb vfcjr, vepsrb b bycwtybhjdrb, rjnjhst ghbyznj cxbnfnm djnxbyjq jgths
bkb åfktnf. Vyjubt gsnfñncz ctqxfc cjtlbybnm hfpyst dbls
bcreccndf – nfytw, jgthe, vepsrfkmysq ntfnh, lhfvfnbxtcrbq
ntfnh, lfét rerjkmyst ghtlcnfdktybz – d tlbyjq ntfnhfkmyjq
gjcnfyjdrt.
D: Dfit cjåcndtyyjt ndjhxtcndj jnhféftn gjljåysq cbyntp,
yt nfr kb?
J: Lf. Z gjän, b ghtélt xtv pfyznm cdjñ ysytiyññ ljkéyjcnm, cjnhelybxfk c åfktnysvb b jgthysvb nheggfvb. D
Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö tcnm nfywtdfkmyst rjkktrnbds, ghbukfifñobt r ctåt yf hfåjne gjänjd b bcgjkmpeñobt ntrcns d
cjxtnfybb c vepsrjq b nfywfvb.
D: Yt vjukb ås ds dpukzyenm yf ctåz rfr yf xtkjdtrf, rjnjhsq
hfåjnfk d rjhgjhfnbdyjq Fvthbrt, åelexb jlyjdhtvtyyj
gjänjv, rhbnbrjv b äcctbcnjv, b rjnjhjve ctqxfc, yf cktleñotv änfgt nheljdjq ébpyb, ghtlcnjbn dsgjkyznm jåzpfyyjcnb
herjdjlbntkz d Yfwbjyfkmyjv ajylt bcreccnd? Xnj pyfxbn lkz
Ajylf änj öfhfrnthyjt lkz Htytccfycf cjxtnfybt åbpytcf b
rekmnehs?
J: Tckb z xtkjdtr Htytccfycf, nj njkmrj gjnjve, xnj lkz vtyz
änj åsk tlbycndtyyj djpvjéysq cgjcjå dsébnm d rfxtcndt
öeljéybrf. Z öjntk åsnm gjänjv b yt öjntk ltkfnm rfhmthe d
eybdthcbntnt – f, pyfxbn, vyt yflj åskj yfqnb rfrjq-nj lheujq
cgjcjå pfhfåfnsdfnm yf ébpym. Z csy hfåjxbö bp Kjc-Fylétktcf, rjnjhsq ghjdtk 15 ktn d fvthbrfycrbö rjhgjhfwbzö,
hfåjnfz 10-12 xfcjd d ltym b cjxbyzz gj yjxfv b dsöjlysv.
Z ltkfk änj, xnjås dsébnm rfr gbcfntkm, yj tot z jåyfheébk d
ctåt cgjcjåyjcnb r åbpytce. D ltkjdjv vbht z exbkcz dtofv,
rjnjhsv gbcfntkb, yf vjq dpukzl, yt jåzpfntkmyj exfncz, cjplfdfz cdjb öeljétcndtyyst ghjbpdtltybz. Crfétv, xnj nfrjt
hfåjnfnm d rjkktrnbdt. Dtlm ns vjétim ljåbnmcz ujhfplj
åjkmituj, tckb cevttim cjplfnm cbnefwbñ, d rjnjhjq, hfåjnfz
dvtcnt hflb jåobö wtktq, ghtecgtdftn rfélsq. Åbpytc yfexbk
vtyz b njve, rfr dféyj gjybvfnm, xnj ns öjxtim cltkfnm d ljkujchjxyjq gthcgtrnbdt, b cnhtvbnmcz r änjve.
D: Yf xnj d rekmneht ds htfubhetnt ctqxfc åjkmit dctuj?
J: Z lfdyj gjyzk, xnj xtuj yt ödfnftn fvthbrfycrjq rekmneht,
nfr änj byntkktrnefkjd yjdjuj gjrjktybz, byntkktrnefkjd,
jåhfofñoböcz ytgjchtlcndtyyj r geåkbrt, nj tcnm nfrbö
byntkktrnefkjd, rjnjhst yt cdzpfys c eybdthcbntnfvb. Fvthbrt yeéyj åjkmit öeljéybrjd c byntkktrnefkmysvb pfghjcfvb,
cgjcjåysö åtp cybcöjéltybz ujdjhbnm yf ljcnegyjv yfhjle
zpsrt.
D änjq cdzpb e yfc tcnm dslfñofzcz nhflbwbz, djcöjlzofz, gj
rhfqytq vtht, r dhtvtyfv Ävthcjyf b Älufhf Gj b ghjljkéfdifzcz dgkjnm lj ytåsdfksö ljcnbétybq ymñ-qjhrcrbö tdhtqcrbö byntkktrnefkjd d 1930-ö b 1940-ö ujlfö, rjnjhst, djpvjéyj, åskb tt fgjuttv.
D: Rjulf bpvtybkfcm änf nhflbwbz?
J: D ltcznbktnbz gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys eybdthcbntncrfz cbcntvf d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö nfr hfphjckfcm d eckjdbzö
ghjwdtnfñotuj jåotcndf, xnj gjukjnbkf åjkmibycndj byntkktrnefkjd. Änb kñlb dct åjkmit b åjkmit cgtwbfkbpbhjdfkbcm d hfvrfö njq bkb byjq eprjq lbcwbgkbys, dvtcnj njuj
xnjås jåhfofnmcz r gtcnhjq felbnjhbb jåhfpjdfyysö xbnfntktq. D nj ét dhtvz hfpkbxyst ajhvs ltzntkmyjcnb, ytrjulf lfdfdibt hfåjne änbv byntkktrnefkfv, gthtcnfkb ceotcndjdfnm.
Jlby bp djghjcjd, åjkmit dctuj bynthtceñobö vtyz ctqxfc,
pfrkñxftncz d njv, rfr pfyjdj cajhvbhjdfnm chtle lkz geåkbxyjq byntkktrnefkmyjq ébpyb.
D: Rfr vtyztncz ctqxfc fvthbrfycrfz byntkktrnefkmyfz
ébpym?
J: Yf vjq dpukzl, Fvthbrf ctqxfc gthtébdftn nhfycajhvfwbñ, d ghjwtcct rjnjhjq, rfr vyt öjntkjcm ås cxbnfnm,
ghjbcöjlbn cjplfybt yjdjq åjutvs. Cnfhfz fvthbrfycrfz
åjutvf ghtlcnfdkzkf cjåjq jåbnfntktq ujhjlcrbö hfqjyjd, d
jcyjdyjv öeljéybrjd b byntkktrnefkjd, hfåjnfdibö d hfpysö
jåkfcnzö, yj jåütlbytyysö d ytxnj wtkjt ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj,
r rfrjve cjwbfkmyjve rkfcce jyb ghbyflktéfkb. Gjän Ä.Ä.
Rfvvbyuc, r ghbvthe, nfrét hbcjdfk, gbcfk ghjpe b hfåjnfk d
ntfnht. Äphf Gfeyl gbcfk vepsre, rhbnbxtcrbt cnfnmb b cnböb.
Ebyläv Kmñbc åsk ghtdjcöjlysv öeljéybrjv, f nfrét gbcfntktv. Vtytt bpdtcnysq fvthbrfycrbq gbcfntkm, rjnjhjuj z
jxtym gjxbnfñ, Eäkljy Rbp, åsk gjänjv, ghjpfbrjv, fåcnhfrnysv ärcghtccbjybcnjv, bcreccndjdtljv, lf tot b rbyjhtébccthjv-ärcgthbvtynfnjhjv. Åjutvf jcyjdfyf yf njv ghtlcnfdktybb, xnj hfpkbxyst dbls bcreccndf ecbkbdfñn b gbnfñn
lheu lheuf, f ndjhxtcndj kexit dctuj ghjbcöjlbn d fnvjcatht,
ult ytn rkfccjd b ult nfkfyn b äythubz – änj dfkñnf, bvtñofz
eybdthcfkmyjt jåhfotybt.
Ctujlyz ajhvbhetncz yjdfz hfpyjdblyjcnm åjutvs – yt d
hfvrfö vbrhjhfqjyjd åjkmibö ujhjljd, f rfr dbhnefkmyjt
cjjåotcndj, cjplfñottcz c gjvjomñ yjdsö ntöyjkjubq. Änf
yjdtqifz åjutvf ébdtn, cjdthifz gentitcndbz d Bynthytnt,
jåofzcm ghb gjvjob ltitdsö ntktajyysö pdjyrjd, bcgjkmpez
afrc, gjxnjdst jnghfdktybz cj chjxyjq ljcnfdrjq, äktrnhjyyst bplfybz – f nfrét gentv cjplfybz nfrbö dhtvtyysö åjutv,
rfr gbcfntkmcrbt rjyathtywbb, rjkjybb öeljéybrjd b fhnbcnbxtcrbt ctvbyfhs, ult kñlb cjåbhfñncz dvtcnt yf ytltkñ bkb
åjkmit. Änb cjjåotcndf ajhvbheñncz yt gj utjuhfabxtcrjve
ghbpyfre, f yf jcyjdt rekmnehyjuj hjlcndf.
Njulf djghjc, d cfvjv ibhjrjv cvsckt, cdjlbncz r cktleñotve: rfr cjplfnm öeljétcndtyyeñ b byntkktrnefkmyeñ ébpym
dyt bycnbnewbjyfkmyjq gjllthérb eybdthcbntnf? Yt nj xnjås
eybdthcbntn gkjö. Yj rekmnehf åjufxt, rjulf bcreccndj cjplftncz d hfpysö vtcnfö d jåotcndt b rjulf frfltvbxtcrfz b åjutvyfz rekmnehyfz ébpym utythbheñn pljhjdjt lbfktrnbxtcrjt yfghzétybt, cjgthybxfz lheu c lheujv. Öjnz rjhyb e vtyz
bnfkmzycrbt b vtrcbrfycrbt, vsiktybt vjt uthvfycrjt d njv
cvsckt, xnj z dthñ d lbfktrnbre, d nj, xnj hfpyst cbks gjcnjzyyj dcnhtxfñncz b gjcnjzyyj ghtjåhféfñn lheu lheuf. Bkb,
gjéfkeq, vjéyj crfpfnm, xnj nfrfz byntkktrnefkmyfz ubåhblbpfwbz öfhfrnthyf lkz fvthbrfywf.
∆
1
5
RFKBAJYBQCRBT ÖJKVS
D
FDUECNT
LFYF LÉJQZ
Z vjue ghtlcnfdbnm ctåt rjuj-nj, rjve
änb öjkvs gjrféencz ytdsyjcbvsvb, rnj dpåbhfkcz
gj crkjye d éfhe, ghjrkbyfz gskm,
c nhtcrjv yfcnegfz yf kjvrbt cjhyzrb,
étkfz, xnjås gjåjkmit åskj lthtdmtd, lfñobö ntym.
Ébntkm Djcnjxyjuj gjåthtémz dljdjkm gjbpltdfkcz ås
yfl creljcnmñ ktnf, pfcjöibvb,
bcrhbdktyysvb ajhvfvb ntvyjuj dzpf,
pfjcnhtyyjuj leåf b xfgfhtkz; kfylifanf,
rjnjhjuj fduecn eét kbibk ptktyb.
Änjn genybr åscnhj ifufk ås xthtp wtgkzñobqcz
xthnjgjkjö, kbcjödjcn b pjkjnbcnsq vfr,
cxbnfz dct hfcneott djrheu cjhyzrfvb,
ytcgjcjåysq gjyznm, xnj d änbö lthtdmzö
b htlrbö åehsö recnfhybrfö gekmcbhetn ébpym.
B ytyfdbltk ås cdtnkeñ nbibye gjklyz,
åtpdtnhtyyjuj, ytgjldbéyjuj,
b lheubv tlbycndtyysv ébdsv ceotcndjv
åsk ås ujkjlysq b éféleobq ljåsxb zcnhtå, gfhzobq
d pfkbnjq cjkywtv, jcktgkzñotq cbytdt.
Yj dct ét, rfrbv cgjrjqcndbtv dct änj rfétncz njve,
rnj hjlbkcz b dshjc nfv, ult gjxnb yt åsdftn ljélz –
jxthnfybt öjkvf yf ajyt ytåf c cbkeänfvb lthtdmtd,
rjnjhst vjéyj gthtcxbnfnm gj gfkmwfv, nhfdf,
åtpljyyst ytåtcf b vtxns j djlt.
Ghtlctlfntkm Yfwbjyfkmyjuj ajylf bcreccnd b uevfybnfhysö yfer Lfyf Léjqz
gjän, ehjétytw Rfkbajhybb.
1
6
DJPDHFOTYBT
RHFCJNS
NTHHB NBXFEN
Ukeåjxfqibt gthtvtys vjuen ghjbpjqnb dctuj pf jlyj cnjktnbt^ D 1903
ujle chfdybntkmyj ytåjkmijt xbckj fvthbrfywtd gj-yfcnjzotve bynthtcjdfkjcm bcreccndjv. Njkmrj ldjt bp ébdibö njulf fvthbrfycrbö gbcfntktq – Vfhr Ndty b Utyhb Létqvc – eét yfgbcfkb cdjb cfvst pyfxbntkmyst ghjbpdtltybz. Yfib kexibt öeljéybrb – fvthbrfycrbt bvghtccbjybcns – hfåjnfkb d cnbkt, rjnjhsq cjdthityyj jxtdblyj ghjbcntrfk
bp tdhjgtqcrbö jåhfpwjd; yfib veptb bpzoysö bcreccnd åskb ghtltkmyj
ghjdbywbfkmysvb rfr gj cdjtve cjlthéfybñ, nfr b gj cdjbv ecnhtvktybzv. E yfc yt åskj dtkbrbö rjvgjpbnjhjd, dtkbrbö gjänjd bkb lhfvfnehujd, åfktnysö nhegg, f njkmrj ytcrjkmrj cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd
b jgthysö ntfnhjd.
ét ghjcnjuj egjvbyfybz dctuj änjuj ljcnfnjxyj, xnjås
gjyznm, yfcrjkmrj hflbrfkmyj bpvtybkjcm fvthbrfycrjt
bcreccndj d ÖÖ dtrt. Tckb ujdjhbnm j vjlthybpvt, nj nen
Cjtlbytyyst Infns cnfkb buhfnm wtynhfkmyeñ hjkm dj
dctö dblfö bcreccndf. Vs lfét cnfkb hjljyfxfkmybrfvb
nhtö yjdsö ajhv bcreccndf: léfpf, cjdhtvtyyjuj åfktnf b
rbyj. Yfhzle c ntv, xnj e yfc gjzdbkbcm cdjb vfcnthf bcreccnd
vbhjdjuj rkfccf, yfif cnhfyf ghbdktrkf r ctåt ävbuhfynjd cj dctuj vbhf, xmt ndjhxtcndj åscnhj dkbkjcm d jcyjdyjt heckj fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs. Åjktt njuj, chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb cltkfkb gkjls änjq
dtkbrjq nhfycajhvfwbb ljcnegysvb yt njkmrj lkz öjhjij jåhfpjdfyyjuj äkbnfhyjuj rkfccf, yj b lkz kñåjuj fvthbrfywf, ghjzdkzdituj bynthtc r njve, xnj, cjukfcyj pyfvtybnjq ahfpt åhbnfycrjuj gjänf Vänmñ
Fhyjkmlf cjcnfdkztn ≤kexitt bp njuj, j xtv levfkb, b xnj åskj crfpfyj d änjv vbht≥.
Rjytxyj ét, yfif rekmnehf zdkztn cjåjq, d ceoyjcnb, gjgekzhyeñ
rekmnehe, gjänjve ytkmpz gjkyjcnmñ jwtybnm yb jlye bp ceotcndeñobö
d Fvthbrt ajhv bcreccndf, yt ghbpyfdfz, xnj, d rfrjq cntgtyb, kexibt
bp ybö bvttn rjhyb bvtyyj d änjq rekmneht. Öeljétcndtyysq rhbnbr Rktvtyn Uhbyåthu, gthdsq yfpdfdibq ≤echtlytyyeñ≥ gjgekzhyeñ rekmnehe
euhjpjq ≤dscjrjve≥ bcreccnde d Fvthbrt, jöfhfrnthbpjdfk ≤fvthbrfycrjt vsiktybt≥ rfr vsiktybt, nbgbxysvb xthnfvb rjnjhjuj zdkzñncz
≤gjpbnbdyjcnm, ytétkfybt hfcceélfnm, cnhtvktybt åscnhj gjkexbnm htpekmnfns b jgnbvbpv≥. Ghfdlf, jy egecnbk bp dble, xnj bvtyyj änb rfxtcndf vjuen cfvb ckeébnm jcyjdjq öfhfrnthyjuj fvthbrfycrjuj cnbkz d
bcreccndt – cnbkz, cjtlbyzñotuj d ctåt b dscjrjt, b chtlytt, b ybprjt,
b ntv cfvsv jåkfujhfébdfñotuj gjgekzhyeñ rekmnehe öjnz ås ntv,
xnj jyf ckeébn gjgekzhbpfwbb cthmtpyjq rekmnehs. Htxm ikf j ytghjcnjv hfdyjdtcbb, b vyjubt vfcnthf bcreccnd nfr b yt cevtkb elthéfnmcz
jn njuj, xnjås ghjcnj eujélfnm drecfv geåkbrb.
E
1
7
Yj ljcnbétybt nfrjuj hfdyjdtcbz åskj djpvjéyj, b
ctujlyz eét ybrjuj yt yeéyj eåtélfnm d njv, yfcrjkmrj
dféys åskb vjlthybcns, ujdjhbdibt jnrhjdtyyj ghbptvktyysv b chfpe ljöjlzobv
lj kñltq zpsrjv, rjnjhsq
ntgthm dctvbhyj ghbpyfy
rfr fvthbrfycrbq. Kebc
Fhvcnhjyu, Ahtl Fcnth,
Ebkkf Rfnth, Ffhjy Rjgktyl,
Cnñfhn Lädbc, Lñr Äkkbyunjy, A. Crjnn Abléthfkml,
Dbjkjyxtkbcn Qj-Qj Vf dscnegftn
d Rfhytub-öjkk yf vtvjhbfkmyjv
rjywthnt, gjcdzotyyjv éthndfv
nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö yfgfltybq
11 ctynzåhz.
Hjåthn Ahjcn, Léjy Ajhl,
Léjhlé Uthidby, Öjdfhl
Öjrc, Äldfhl Öjggth, Akäyythb J’Rjyyjh, Léthjv Hjååbyc, Ahäyr Kkjql Hfqn – rjytxyj ét, änb b lheubt, chfdybvst c ybvb abuehs, pfybvfñn gjxtnyjt vtcnj chtlb ntö
nbgbxysö ghtlcnfdbntktq yfitq rekmnehs, xmt ndjhxtcndj
dctulf åeltn yjcbnm yf ctåt
gtxfnm ≤Cltkfyj d CIF≥.
D rfrjv ét cjcnjzybb yföjlbncz fvthbrfycrjt bcreccndj ctujlyz, rjulf ähf vjlthybpvf, yfrjytw, pfdthibkfcm? D åjkmibycndt ckexftd jyj gjhfpbntkmyj äythubxyj b vyjujjåtofñot, öjnz rfrbt-nj ajhvs bcreccndf – b elbdkznmcz änjve yt
ghböjlbncz – hfpdbdfñncz kexit, xtv lheubt. Yj dthyj b nj,
xnj bcreccndj d Fvthbrt dsöjlbn bp gjkjcs ytelfx. Yfxbyfz c
60-ö ujljd ÖÖ dtrf, fvthbrfycrfz rekmnehf dgthdst pf cdjñ
ytljkueñ bcnjhbñ jrfpfkfcm éthndjq ytgkjljndjhyjq bltb,
rjnjhfz yf ghjnzétybb gjxnb xtndthnb cnjktnbz jrfpsdfkf pyfxbntkmyjt dkbzybt yf yfibö ltzntktq bcreccndf b rhbnbrjd.
Cjplfdfkjcm dgtxfnktybt, xnj dct vs chfpe enhfnbkb ujnjdyjcnm ltkfnm wtyyjcnyst ceéltybz – yfghbvth, cthmtpyj djcghbybvfnm Lñrf Äkkbyunjyf, yj, jlyjdhtvtyyj ghbpyfdfz,
xnj Fffhjy Rjgktyl zdkztncz åjktt pyfxbntkmysv rjvgjpbnjhjv. Dvtcnj änjuj vs gjkexbkb gjcnvjlthybpv, rjnjhsq yt
njkmrj jnhbwfk, xnj b njn b lheujq åskb dtkbrbvb vepsrfynfvb, yj b yt ghbpyfdfk cfvjq bltb dtkbxbz rfr nfrjdjq.
öjébö cnbktq – n.t. hjéltybñ gjlöjlf, rjnjhsq ghbitkcz gj leit ltzntkzv fvthbrfycrjuj bcreccndf, dctulf cnhtvbdibvcz
r cjtlbytybñ ytcjtlbybvjuj. D htpekmnfnt yf cdtn gjzdkzkbcm
nfrbt cdthrfñobt cgkfds, rfr léfp b cjdhtvtyysq åfktn.
Gjcnvjlthybpv lfk ghbdthétyysv nhflbwbb öeljéybrfv b vepsrfynfv ghjcnhfycndj lkz vfytdhf, jcjåtyyj rjvgjpbnjhfv,
hfåjnfñobv d jåkfcnb rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrb, rjnjhst dct tot
dthbkb d tcntcndtyyst pfrjys njyfkmyjcnb, lfdyj ghtlfyyst
fyfatvt ghtlcnfdbntkzvb fdfyufhlyjuj bcreccndf.
Vtéle ntv gjcnvjlthybcncrbt felbnjhbb, rfr ghtlgjkfufkjcm, ljkéys åskb ljdjkmcndjdfnmcz, ukfdysv jåhfpjv, gecnsvb étcnfvb rjywtgnefkmyjuj bcreccndf b vbybvfkbcncrjq
vepsrb, d rjnjhsö ntjhbz pfvtyzkf cjåjq cjlthéfybt. Pf dcñ
bcnjhbñ bcreccndf yb jlyj rhegyjt öeljétcndtyyjt yfghfdktybt yt ghjbpdtkj yf cdtn åjkmit ntjhbb b vtymit bcreccndf,
xtv gjcnvjlthybpv. D rjytxyjv bnjut gjcnvjlthybpv cdjlbkcz dctuj kbim r yfåjhe ecnfyjdjr, ukfdyjq chtlb rjnjhsö zdkzkfcm vfhubyfkbpfwbz bltb rhfcjns b pfvtyf tt ≤kturjq bhjybtq≥, rjnjheñ fdnjhs, rfr ås eövskzzcm, ghtlkfufkb felbnjhbb,
jlyjdhtvtyyj ijrbhez b geufz tt, b rjnjhfz cnfkf jnkbxbntkmyjq xthnjq fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs 90-ö ujljd ÖÖ dtrf. D äcntnbxtcrjv cvsckt änj åskf ytgkjljndjhyfz gjpbwbz, b gj änjq
cfvjq ghbxbyt jyf åskf jåhtxtyf – öjnz ybrnj b yt vju ghtlcnfdbnm ctåt nj eéfcyjt ytcxfcnmt, rjnjhjve ceéltyj gjlndthlbnm tt jåhtxtyyjcnm.
L
jckjdyj nthvby ≤gjcnvjlthybpv≥ jpyfxftn dctuj-yfdctuj
cjcnjzybt, yfcnegbditt gjckt vjlthybpvf. R 60-v ujlfv
ÖÖ dtrf ntxtybt vjlthybpvf d bcreccndt, ghbåkbéfkjcm r rjytxyjve geyrne cdjtuj hfpdbnbz. Yt nj, xnjås dct vjlthybcns
ghtrhfnbkb cjplfdfnm yfcnjzobt ukeåjrbt ghjbpdtltybz. Ytrjnjhst bp ybö, yfghbvth, öjhtjuhfa Gjk Ntqkjh, pfybvfñobqcz cjdhtvtyysv åfktnjv, b öeljéybwf Ötkty Ahfyrtynfkth,
hfåjnfñofz d fåcnhfrwbjybcncrj-bvghtccbjybcncrjv cnbkt,
ndjhzn b gj ctq ltym. B dct ét ntxtybt vjlthybpvf, rfr änj
ckexftncz c hfpkbxysvb ntxtybzvb, cj dhtvtytv dshjlbkjcm
d pfrjcntytdieñ bltjkjubñ, ghjgjdtlybrb rjnjhjq, rfr ghfdbkj, ltkfkb kjéyst evjpfrkñxtybz, bcöjlz bp kjéysö gjcskjr. Änj åskj dhtvz, rjulf fåcnhfrnyfz ébdjgbcm, fnjyfkmyfz
vepsrf b åtccñétnyfz öjhtjuhfabz ghtlcnfdkzkbcm geåkbrt
rfr bcnjhbxtcrfz ytbpåtéyjcnm. Fdnjhs änjuj, gj cenb ltkf,
rdfpbvfhrcbcncrjuj fhuevtynf, ythtlrj cfvb åskb crkjyys r
gjlfdktybñ byfrjvsckbz – njét d cnbkt Vfhrcf.
J gjcnvjlthybpvt yfgbcfyj vyjétcndj nheljd, fdnjhs rjnjhsö gsnfkbcm hfpüzcybnm tuj cenm, yj tuj bcöjlyfz gjcskrf cjdthityyj jxtdblyf. Tckb eé ujdjhbnm gfhfljrcfvb, nj gjcnvjlthybcnjd vjéyj yfpdfnm fåcjkñnysvb htkznbdbcnfvb. Jyb
cxbnfñn, xnj yt ceotcndetn bcnbys b rhfcjns, endthélfz, xnj
ybxnj cfvj gj ctåt yt zdkztncz bcnbyysv, ghtrhfcysv bkb ljåhsv. ≤Rhfcjnf≥, ≤ljåhj≥, ≤bcnbyf≥ bkb ≤rfxtcndj≥, ujdjhzn
jyb, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq kbim rjycnherwbb, rjnjhst cbkmyst
d gjkbnbxtcrbö wtkzö yfdzpsdfñn ckfåsv. Cnfkj åsnm, yt vjétn åsnm yb dtkbrjuj bcreccndf, yb dtkbrbö öeljéybrjd. Itrcgbh? Åtnöjdty? Ctpfyy? Dct jyb – ghjcnj bycnhevtyns rfgbnfkbpvf, bcgjkmpetvst lkz evbhjndjhtybz vfcc b gjllthérb pfuybdfñotuj ghfdzotuj rkfccf yf Pfgflt. D cjpyfybb gjcnvjlthybcnf ckexfqyjcnm nfr ét öjhjif, rfr b pfrjyjvthyjcnm,
iev hfdyjwtyty vepsrfkmyjq ufhvjybb, f dct öeljétcndtyyst ltrkfhfwbb hfdys vtéle cjåjq – dghjxtv, nt bp ybö, rjnjhst bcöjlzn jn öeljéybrjd, yt jåkflfñobö htfkmysv dkbzybtv, ≤hfdytt≥, xtv lheubt.
Rfr ntjhbz, gjcnvjlthybpv yfcnjkmrj fåcehlty, xnj lfét
yt pfckeébdftn jghjdthétybz – b ntv åjktt jghjdthétybz, ytgjchtlcndtyyj fgtkkbheñotuj r jgsne dtkbrjuj bcreccndf. Jlyfrj tuj lheubt åjktt rjyrhtnyst gjcktlcndbz lkz rekmnehs yt
yjczn dctwtkj ytufnbdyjuj öfhfrnthf. Dj-gthdsö, jy cltkfk nj,
xtuj dct ljkuj élfkb – hfpheibk eleifñoeñ vjyjgjkbñ gjplytuj vjlthybpvf. Bvtyyj åkfujlfhz cdjtq bylbaathtynyjcnb r ≤rfxtcnde≥ gjcnvjlthybpv cgjcjåcndjdfk cvtitybñ ytgj-
H
fpheitybt Wtynhf vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb d xbckt vyjubö lheubö jåcnjzntkmcnd gjkjébkj rjytw åtplevyjve
ghbyznbñ gjcnvjlthybcncrjuj htkznbdbpvf. D nj enhj, yfdctulf jcnfdittcz d gfvznb, fvthbrfyws cnfkb jåütrnjv cfvjuj
étcnjrjuj gj cdjtq ajhvt yfgjvbyfybz j njv, xnj ytrjnjhst
dtob yt zdkzñncz ghjcnj djghjcjv vytybz. Lfét d cfvsö yjdjvjlysö hfqjyfö Vfyöänntyf kñltq jödfnbk htfkmysq cnhfö,
yf ekbwfö gjzdbkjcm vjht fvthbrfycrbö akfujd, f ckjdj ≤pkj≥
åscnhj dthyekjcm d ktrcbrjy dscjrjjåhfpjdfyysö byntkktrnefkjd, yfbdyj gjkfufdibö, xnj yt ceotcndetn zdktybz, rjnjhjt
jåjpyfxftncz änbv ckjdjv.
Ytxnj gjöjétt ghjbpjikj xthtp ytcrjkmrj lytq, rjulf vepsrfyns d Ymñ-Qjhrt b lheubö ujhjlfö yfxfkb lfdfnm gjcdzotyyst änjq nhfutlbb rjywthns, cjåbhfdibt gjkyst pfks. Xnj ét
ghböjlbkf gjckeifnm geåkbrf? Qj-Qj Vf buhfk Åföf d Rfhytub-öjkk, Gkfcblj Ljvbyuj gtk Jntkkj d ≤Vtnhjgjkbnty-jgthf≥,
≤Ytvtwrbq htrdbtv≥ Åhfvcf d bcgjkytybb jhrtcnhf Ymñ-Qjhrcrjq abkfhvjybb gjl eghfdktybtv Rehnf Vfpehf nhfyckbhjdfkcz yf dcñ cnhfye gj ≤Yfityfk gfåkbr hflbj≥. Hfpdt rnj-ybåelm
cghfibdfk, gjxtve dvtcnj vepsrb Fhyjkmlf Ityåthuf d ≤Vtnhjgjkbnty-jgthf≥ bcgjkyzkfcm vepsrf Dthlb? Jndtn yf änjn
djghjc åsk pfhfytt bpdtcnty. ≤Rjulf cvthnm gjlcnegftn nfr
åkbprj, xtkjdtre yeéyf rhfcjnf≥, – gjtn cnfhsq rjhjkm Fhrtk
d jgtht Ltåñccb ≤Gtkktfc b Vtkbpfylf≥. Djn b fvthbrfywfv,
gthtébdfdibv nzétkjt dhtvz d ébpyb cnhfys, gjnhtåjdfkfcm
rhfcjnf, b jyb yb yf vbyene yt ecjvybkbcm d tt ceotcndjdfybb.
Ghfdlf, änj rjkktrnbdyjt djphjéltybt dths d bcnbye b rhfcjne ghjbpjikj yt enhjv 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf. Änj eét dbnfkj d djpleöt. B cfv gjcnvjlthybpv åsk yt cnjkmrj ähjq, crjkmrj ägbpjljv, gjcntgtyysv gthtöjljv jn jlyjq rekmnehyjq ägjöb r lheujq. Ctujlyz ét vs yfåkñlftv gjzdktybt gj-yfcnjzotve yjdjuj cnbkz, lkz rjnjhjuj ybrnj tot yt ghblevfk kexituj yfpdfybz, xtv ≤gjcngjcnvjlthybpv≥. Änjn cnbkm cj dctq jxtdblyjcnmñ ghjzdbkcz d hfcneotq ujnjdyjcnb ytpfdbcbvj vsckzobö fvthbrfycrbö rbytvfnjuhfabcnjd yfghzveñ – b d ght-
1
8
Kjeäkk Kbåthvfy,
hfåjns rjnjhjuj
drkñxfñn d ctåz
Gargoyles b Cjyfne
lkz aktqns b
ajhntgmzyj (Sonata
for Flute and Piano),
d yfcnjzott dhtvz
zdkztncz jlybv bp
yfbåjktt bcgjkyztvsö
b djcnhtåjdfyysö
rjvgjpbnjhjd.
Léfpjdsq rjvgjpbnjh b
fhfyébhjdobr Vfhbz Iyfqlth
djpukfdkztn gjkexbdibq
vtéleyfhjlyjt ghbpyfybt
Léfp-jhrtcnh Vfhbb Iyfqlth.
Åhñc Cghbyucnby
bcgjkyztn gtcyñ
≤Dcnfdfybt≥ (“The
Rising”), yfgbcfyyeñ
d jndtn yf cjåsnbz
11 ctynzåhz, yf
wthtvjybb dhextybz
vepsrfkmysö ghtvbq
yf ≤Äv nb db dbltj≥.
1
9
rhfcyjq ajhvt – jåhfnbnmcz r ghjåktvt gjcnvjlthybcncrjuj
htkznbdbpvf. C änbv cnfkrbdftimcz, yfghbvth, d rbyjabkmvt
≤Vbh ghbphfrjd≥ (Ghost World) Nthhb Wdbujaaf – nhjufntkmyjq
bcnjhbb j ldeö hfpjxfhjdfyysö gjlhjcnrfö, rjnjhst jrfpfkbcm
d rkjfrt gjg-rekmnehs chtlb cnhbgnbp-rkeåjd, rheukjcenjxysö
vfufpbyxbrjd b pfnfcrfyysö ikzuthjd, åhjityyst d änj vjht
njnfkmyjq jnyjcbntkmyjcnb cdjbvb hjlbntkzvb gjrjktybz åäåb-åevthjd, rjnjhsö tldf kb vjéyj yfpdfnm hjlbntkzvb. Bkb
d rfhnbyt ≤Vjétim yf vtyz hfccxbnsdfnm≥ (You Can Count on
Me), cyznjq gj cjåcndtyyjve cwtyfhbñ Rtyytnjv Kjythufyjv,
d rjnjhjq vs dcnhtxftv Nthhb, ytcjdthityyjktnytuj ghjdbywbfkmyjuj åhjlzue, b Cävvb, tuj cnfhieñ ctcnhe, rjnjhfz ébdtn
d ljvt hjlbntktq, gjubåibö dj dhtvz fdnjrfnfcnhjas. Änj ghjbpjikj c ybvb tot d ltncndt b ntgthm, cnfd gjxnb dphjcksvb,
jyb cnhfiyj jlbyjrb b e ybö vyjuj ytljcnfnrjd, öjnz jyb yt lj
rjywf hfcnthzkb cdjb xtkjdtxtcrbt ljcnjbycndf b cnhtvzncz
yfqnb cdjq genm d vbht, d rjnjhjv gjdcñle ytjghtltktyyjcnm.
Ghbvtxfntkmyj, xnj cfv Kjythufy csuhfk d abkmvt hjkm vtnjlbcncrjuj cdzotyybrf, rjnjhsq yfcnjkmrj åjbncz celbnm lheubö,
xnj e ytuj zpsr yt gjdjhfxbdftncz crfpfnm Cävvb, xnj tt cdzpm
c étyfnsv veéxbyjq jgfcyf lkz tt leib. ≤Djjåot-nj, änj uhtö,
– ujdjhbn jy, – yj vs yt crkjyys chfpe levfnm jå änjv≥.
Tot jlyjq rkñxtdjq abuehjq yjdjuj gjcngjcnvjlthybcncrjuj cnbkz öjhtjuhfa cjdhtvtyyjuj åfktnf Vfhr Vjhhbc, xmb hfåjns yf gthdsq dpukzl dsukzlzn zdyj gjcnvjlthybcncrbvb,
åkfujlfhz ytrjnjhjq bhjybxyjq ävjwbjyfkmyjq jncnhfytyyjcnb. Ghfdlf, d kexibö öjhtjuhfabxtcrbö gjcnfyjdrfö Vjhhbcf,
d xfcnyjcnb, vfcnthcrb gjcnfdktyyjq L’Allegro, il Penseroso ed
il Moderato, rfr vyt rfétncz ntgthm, zdyj ghbcencndeñn ävjwbjyfkmyjcnm b ärcghtccbdyfz ghzvjnf, åtp rjnjhsö yt jåöjlbncz
yb jlyj gj-yfcnjzotve dtkbrjt bcreccndj. Z yt elbdkñcm, tckb bcnjhbrb rekmnehs, bpexfz bcreccndj ctujlyziytuj lyz, yfpjden Vjhhbcf jlyjq bp rkñxtdsö – f, vjétn åsnm, b rkñxtdjq
abuehjq ägjöb gthtöjlf r gjcngjcn-vjlthybpve.
Gjljåyj jxtym vyjubv öeljéybrfv, xmt ndjhxtcndj ytctn
yf ctåt gtxfnm gjcnvjlthybpvf, Vjhhbc gj-ghtéytve yt ghbpyftn ujnjdsö rfntujhbq, b z gjkfufñ, xnj gjcnjzyyfz cvtyf
ndjhxtcrjuj gjxthrf, cnjkm öfhfrnthyfz lkz tuj hfåjn, b cnfytn
ukfdysv yfcktlbtv ägjöb gjcnvjlthybpvf. ≤Åtpuhfybxyjt≥
vyjujjåhfpbt cnbktq, yfghbvth, cnfkj jxtym pfvtnyjq cjcnfdkzñotq cjdhtvtyyjq gjgekzhyjq vepsrb. D xbckt yfbåjktt
dslfñoböcz bcgjkybntktq pltcm vjéyj yfpdfnm jåkflfñoeñ
rkfccbxtcrbv cjghfyj b dscnegfñoeñ ntgthm yf Åhjldtt gtdbwe Jlhe Vfrljyfkml, fdnjhf gtcty lkz ntfnhfkmysö gjcnfyjdjr
Flfvf Uebnntkf, léfpjdsö vepsrfynjd Gänf Vtntyb, Kñxbfye
Xktys Nfywtdfkmyjq uheggs Vfhrf Vjhhbcf bcgjkyzñn L’Allegro, il
Penseroso ed il Moderato.
Cjce b Bnfyf Fqdthcjyf; buhfñoeñ d cnbkt ≤åkñuhfcc≥ uhegge
≤Ybrtkm Rhbr≥ (Nickel Creek) b cjxbyzñoeñ vepsre lkz léfpjhrtcnhjd rjvgjpbnjhf Vfhbñ Iyfqlth. Dct jyb bcgjkyzñn b
gbien vepsre, rjnjheñ, ujdjhz ckjdfvb Lñrf Äkkbyunjyf,
ytkmpz jnytcnb r rfrjq-kbåj rfntujhbb.
Yj änf åtpelthéyfz ubåhblbpfwbz cnbktq yt juhfybxbdftncz njkmrj hfvrfvb gjg-vepsrb. R rfrjve rjyrhtnyjve nbge cbyrhtnbxyjuj ghtlcnfdktybz, yfghbvth, cktletn jnytcnb dphjcksq ≤rjvbrc≥ Läybtkf Rkjepf (cjplfntkz ≤Vbhf ghbphfrjd≥) b
≤bcnjhbb d rfhnbyrfö≥ Åtyf Ränxthf? Gjckt jgth, cjplfyysö
yf jcyjdt öjhtjuhfabb Vjhhbcf, åhjldtqcrjuj vñpbrkf ≤Rjynfrn≥ Cmñpty Cnhjvfy, d rjnjhjv ybrnj yt gjtn b d rjnjhjv nfytw cjxtnftncz c lhfvjq, fvthbrfycrbv ntfnhfkfv yhfdzncz
ghjbpdtltybz, éfyh rjnjhsö yt nfr ghjcnj jghtltkbnm. Relf
jnytcnb, yfghbvth, gjcnfdktyyst Åäpbkjv Ndbcnjv b ghtlkfufñobt åjufnsq bpjåhfpbntkmysq vfnthbfk ≤bycwtybhjdrb≥
≤Afynfcnbxtcrjq Cbvajybb≥ Åthkbjpf b ≤Gtnheirb≥ Cnhfdbycrjuj – r éfyhe ntfnhf vfhbjytnjr bkb åfktne? F xnj vjéyj
crfpfnm j gjcnfyjdrt Hjåthnjv Dfqccjv ≤Rhtqwthjdjq
cjyfns≥, d rjnjhjq nfywjdobrb åfktnyjq nheggs ≤Rfhjkfqyf
åäkktq≥ b ldjt lhfvfnbxtcrbö frnthjd ghtlcnfdkzñn phbntkzv
pfödfnsdfñoeñ dthcbñ gjdtcnb Njkcnjuj gjl vepsre Åtnöjdtyf b Zyfxtrf? Åfktn änj bkb lhfvfnbxtcrbq cgtrnfrkm? F, vjétn åsnm, nfrbt hfpkbxbz eét djjåot enhfnbkb dczrbq cvsck?
Nheggf ≤Rfhjkfqyf åäkktq≥ yfdjlbn yf vsckm j tot jlyjq
dféyjq ntyltywbb d bcreccndt gthbjlf gjcngjcnvjlthybpvf –
≤ltghjdbywbfkbpfwbb≥ fvthbrfycrbö htubjyfkmysö uhegg,
pfybvfñoböcz bcgjkybntkmcrbv bcreccndjv. Yfib ujhjlf
chtlytuj hfpvthf yt njkmrj cgjcjåys cjlthéfnm gthdjrkfccyst jgthyst b åfktnyst nheggs; vyjubt bp nfrbö uhegg gjrfpsdfñn åjktt dscjrbq ehjdtym vfcnthcndf, xtv ymñ-qjhrcrbt
rjkktrnbds. Nfr, åjkmibycndj yjdsö bynthtcysö gjcnfyjdjr,
rjnjhst d yfcnjzott dhtvz blen yf cwtyt ≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb jgthf≥, åthen yfxfkj d ≤Ukbvvthukfcc jgthf≥ – htubjyfkmyjq nheggt, hfåjnfñotq pf ghtltkfvb Ymñ-Qjhrf. C lheujq cnjhjys,
vyjubt yjdst dtleobt åfktnyst nheggs d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö – ≤Rfhjkfqyf åäkktq≥, ≤Öfhktv lfyc nbänh≥, ≤Vfqfvb cbnb
åfktn≥, ≤Gfcbabr yjhn-dtcn åfktn≥, ≤Cfy-Ahfywbcrj åfktn≥ b
Åfktnyfz nheggf Cmñpfyy Aähhtkk ghb ≤Rtyytlb Ctynth≥ – ghbyflktéfn r irjkt Åfkfyxbyf b hfåjnfñn gjl herjdjlcndjv
djcgbnfyybrjd ≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb åfktn≥, rjnjhst nfywtdfkb
d gjcnfyjdrfö Léjhléf Åfkfyxbyf b xmb åtpeghtxyst c njxrb
phtybz öjhtj-uhfabb cjåcndtyyst gjcnfyjdrb d pyfxbntkmyjq
cntgtyb gjdnjhzñn hfåjns bö exbntkz.
D
ct änj ujdjhbn j njv, xnj, rjulf htxm pföjlbn jå bcreccndt
gjcngjcnvjlthybpvf d Fvthbrt, nj yt bvttn pyfxtybz,
ult cjplftncz nfrjt bcreccndj b rfr jyj yfpsdftncz, tckb jyj
ghbyjcbn ghtrhfcyst gkjls. Yt ckexfqyj, öeljéybrb, ghbyflktéfobt r gjcngjcnvjlthybpve, dct xfot ujnjds bcgjkmpjdfnm änjn nthvby, yt pfrkñxfz tuj d pfobnyst rfdsxrb bhjybb.
≤Gsnfzcm cjplfnm ghtrhfcyst dtob, z ujdjhñ nj, xnj bvtñ d
dble, b ltqcndbntkmyj bvtñ d dble, ltqcndbntkmyj endthélfñ
bvtyyj nj, xnj ujdjhñ, – gjzcyztn Gjk Vjhfdtr, xkty uheggs
fvthbrfycrbö rjvgjpbnjhjd, gbieobö rkfccbxtcreñ vepsre,
rjnjhsö z yfpdfk ≤yjdsvb njyfkbcnfvb≥. – Bhjybz d vjbö hfåjnfö ghbcencndetn yt rfr åtplevyjt ghjzdktybt gjcnvjlthybpvf, f rfr cgjcjå jåhfnbnm dybvfybt ckeifntktq yf bpyfxfkmyeñ gfhfljrcfkmyjcnm b ldecvscktyyjcnm≥. Kjeäkk Kbåthvfy,
tot jlby fvthbrfycrbq rjvgjpbnjh, jndthufñobq étcnrbq
ybubkbpv fdfyufhlf d gjkmpe nhflbwbjyyjq njyfkmyjq vepsrb,
1
10
Vjkjltéysq jhrtcnh
≤Ybrtkm Rhbr≥ cgjcjåcndjdfk
jpyfrjvktybñ ibhjrjq
felbnjhbb c nhflbwbjyysv
pdexfybtv vepsrb d cnbkt
≤åkñuhfcc≥.
cjukfiftncz c änbv endthéltybtv. ≤Rjytxyj, cnfhfz udfhlbz
tot yt clftncz, – ujdjhbn jy, – yj gthtkjv eét yfcnegbk≥.
Ecfvf åty Kflty b tuj gjlhexyst – nt, rnj pfghtnbk cdtncreñ
vepsre d Faufybcnfyt, dhzl kb ås jljåhbkb änb hfpujdjhs. Lkz
ybö, rfr lkz kñåsö afyfnbrjd, ujnjdsö eåbdfnm bvtytv afkmibdjuj åjuf, ptvyfz rhfcjnf tcnm ghjcnfz bkkñpbz, xtgeöf, jndktrfñofz jn bcnbyyjuj b tlbycndtyyj dthyjuj ltkf. Yj tckb cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz yfexbkb yfc xtve-ybåelm, nj änjn ehjr cjcnjbn
d njv, xnj rhfcjnf htfkmyf – cnjkm ét htfkmyf, rfr b pkj, b pf
ytt cnjbn dtcnb åjhmåe. Bvtyyj nfreñ åjhmåe b dtlen Kbåthvfy,
Vjhfdtr, Vfhr Vjhhbc, Rtyytn Kjythufy b jcnfkmyst fvthbrfycrbt gjcngjcnvjlthybcns. Jyb dtlen åjhmåe pf ghfdj cjplfdfnm
ghtrhfcyjt bcreccndj – b gjåtélfñn.
∆
(D wtynht) Gjkexbdibq ujhzxtt jljåhtybt kñåbntktq léfpf
nheåfx Ebynjy Vfhcfkbc herjdjlbn Léfp-jhrtcnhjv Kbyrjkmywtynhf yf léfpjdjv atcnbdfkt d Vjynthtt, infnt Rfkbajhybz.
Nthhb Nbxfen, vepsrfkmysq rhbnbr éehyfkf ≤Rjvvtynfhb≥ b kbnthfnehysq
rhbnbr ufptns ≤Ejkk-cnhbn léjhyäk≥, gbitn vfnthbfks lkz rjkjyrb d ufptnt ≤Dfibyunjy gjcn≥, gjcdzotyyjq bcreccnde d Ymñ-Qjhrt. Yfhzle c änbv
tuj cnfnmb j rybufö, öjhtjuhfabb, rbyj, vepsrt b bpjåhfpbntkmyjv bcreccndt htuekzhyj gtxfnfñncz d ≤Yfityfk htdmñ≥, ≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥ b vyjubö
lheubö fvthbrfycrbö éehyfkfö b ufptnfö. Gjcktlyzz bp yfgbcfyysö bv rybu
yfpsdftncz ≤Crtgnbr: ébpym U.K. Vtyrtyf≥.
1
11
NFYTW
GJCNJZYYJ HFPDBDFÑOFZCZ NHFLBWBZ
JRNFDBJ HJRF
Yfcnjzobq vjvtyn rfr ytkmpz kexit gjlöjlbn lkz njuj, xnjås pfukzyenm d åeleott fvthbrfycrjq öjhtjuhfabb. Nfr vyjuj eét jcnfkjcm
gjpflb, nfr vyjuj yjdjuj ghjljkéftn gjzdkznmcz, f ytjghtltktyyjcnm
b jlyjdhtvtyyj yfltéls, cdzpfyyst c åeleobv, ujdjhzn yfv, xnj XXI
dtr zdkztncz gthtkjvysv d bcnjhbb fvthbrfycrjq öjhtjuhfabb. Cvtkst
ärcgthbvtyns fvthbrfycrbö åfktnysö gjcnfyjdobrjd b bcgjkybntktq
gjcnjzyyj jnrhsdfñn yfv ibhjreñ gfyjhfve nfywf: jn rkfccbrb r vjlthye, gjcnvjlthye b lfktt.
félfz bp yfibö nfywtdfkmysö nhflbwbq ytctn d ctåt jcjåtyyjcnm, b rfélfz nhtåetn dybvfybz: ébdjt yfcktlbt Léjhléf Åfkfyxbyf b Äynjyb Nñljhf, yt gthtcnfñobq elbdkznm yfc utybq Vthcf
Rfyybyutvf, nbgbxyj fvthbrfycrfz ndjhxtcrfz åtpelthéyjcnm
Gjkf Ntqkjhf, cjwbfkmyfz yfghfdktyyjcnm Åbkkf N. Léjycf
b Léj Uelf, f nfrét ndjhxtcndj vjkjlsö äythubxysö fvthbrfycrbö öjhtjuhfajd yjdjuj gjrjktybz. Dct jyb xenrj jnrkbrfñncz yf gjhfpbntkmysq hjcn xbckf nfywtdfkmysö rjkktrnbdjd b bö geåkbrb gj dctq cnhfyt,
jn gjåthtémz lj gjåthtémz.
Dféytt dctuj nj, xnj jgnbvbpv b cvtkjcnm, rjnjhst lfdyj eét zdkzñncz jnkbxbntkmysvb xthnfvb fvthbrfycrjuj nfywf, ébden b plhfdcndeñn dtplt – jn Ymñ-Qjhrf lj Cfy-Ahfywbcrj, jn Vfqfvb lj Cbänkf, jn
Ömñcnjyf lj Dfibyunjyf (jrheu Rjkevåbz).Jyb ébden d zhjcnyjq åjhmåt Vfhrf Vjhhbcf cj cnthtjnbgfvb, d bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnb Kähf Kñåjdbxf, d léfpjdjq hfcrjdfyyjcnb Vfqrkf Cvebyf, d yjdjjåhtntyyjq kñådb Åhjldtz r nfywe, d rféljq xfcnbxrt bcgjkybntkmcrjuj bcreccndf, rjnjhjt gsnftncz gthtjcvsckbnm nj, xtv zdkztncz nfytw, b nj, xtv jy yt
zdkztncz. Fvthbrfycrbt nfywjhs ctujlyz jkbwtndjhzñn d ctåt cfvst
rhfcbdst, cfvst pfödfnsdfñobt b cfvst hfpyjgkfyjdst fcgtrns rekmnehyjuj åjufncndf yfitq cnhfys.
Yfif öjhtjuhfabz – änj gjcnjzyyj bpvtyzñofzcz nhflbwbz, ébpytcgjcjåyjcnm rjnjhjq vs åeltv pfdtofnm åeleobv gjrjktybzv: rjdåjb b vjhzrb hzljv c djkitåysvb ktåtlzvb b ktltywfvb yf gfkjxrt, nfyws gjkbnbxtcrjq yfghfdktyyjcnb b nfyws bcrkñxbntkmyj hflb yfckféltybz ldbétybtv, cfvjjndthétyyjcnm b jgnbvbpv, dtkbrjleibt, yfrfk ntfnhfkmysö cnhfcntq, rjnjhst cekbn rféljt gjlyznbt pfyfdtcf. Fvthbrfycrfz
öjhtjuhfabz ghjljkéftn ébnm åkfujlfhz njve, xnj jyf gjcnjzyyj vtyztncz, zdkztncz ébdjq nhflbwbtq, fvthbrfycrjq nhflbwbtq. Tt jåjufotybt nhtåetn yt njkmrj jéblfybz jxthtlyjuj cñhghbpf d åeleotv, yj b
dpukzlf d ghjikjt c xedcndjv ujhljcnb b djcöbotybz ubufynfvb fvthbrfycrjuj nfywf, åkfujlfhz rjnjhsv åeleott cnfkj djpvjéysv.
R
1
12
YFCKTLBT ÅFKFYXBYF
≤Åfktn yfgjvbyftn hjpe, – rjulf-nj crfpfk Léjhlé Åfkfyxby. – Jyf rhfcbdf, b ds djcöboftntcm tñ, b ghb änjv ds yt
pflftntcm djghjcjv, xnj jyf
jpyfxftn≥. D rhfcjxyjv cfle
nfywf XX dtrf Åfkfyxby, rjnjhsq hjlbkcz b jåexfkcz åfktnyjve bcreccnde d Hjccbb,
dshfobdfk ≤fvthbrfycreñ
hjpe≥ – gsiyeñ, zhreñ, bcgjkytyyeñ jgnbvbpvf b åkbcnfntkmyeñ. Jy gjcnjzyyj ecnhfbdfk ≤htdjkñwbb≥ d åfktnt,
bpvtyzk cvsck rkfccbwbpvf,
djcgtdfk crjhjcnm b fnktnbpv,
rjnjhst jy yfitk d Yjdjv
cdtnt, b cltkfk dct änj ytjnütvktvsvb xthnfvb cfvjq
cenb rhfcjns ldbétybz.
Åjktt dtrf yfpfl Gtnbgf
ghbytc d Hjccbñ ahfywepcrbq åfktnysq cnbkm b nhfycajhvbhjdfk tuj d nj, xnj vs
ctqxfc yfpsdftv rkfccbxtcrbv åfktnjv. D XX dtrt utybñ
Léjhléf Åfkfyxbyf gjnhtåjdfkbcm jåofz fnvjcaths jnrhsnjcnb d rekmneht CIF b ytghtcnfyyfz hfåjnf yf ghjnzétybb dctq tuj ébpyb, xnjås
dyjdm ghtjåhfpbnm rkfccbxtcrbq åfktn b cjplfnm fvthbrfycrbq åfktn.
Rfr b Gtnbgf, Åfkfyxby kñåbk utjvtnhbxtcrbq hbceyjr
nfywf, bpvtyzñobqcz d ldbétybb, b c eghzvjq yfcnjqxbdjcnmñ rekmnbdbhjdfk tuj. Jy
dgbnsdfk d ctåz hbnvbxtcreñ
cdjåjle fvthbrfycrjuj léfpf
b vju yfexbnm ntkj nfywjhf gthtlfdfnm tt. B gj ctq
ltym nfywjhs irjks Åfkfyxbyf cdjåjlyj vjuen b cubåfnm,
b jnnzubdfnm gjlütv, lthéfnm
åtlhf d åjktt tcntcndtyyjv
gjkjétybb, yt yfghzufz bö
dct dhtvz, ltkfnm dtkbrjktgyst hfcnzérb, dcnfdfnm d gjpbwbb ≤yjcrb dyenhm≥, f nfrét
ltvjycnhbhjdfnm ytjéblfyyst htitybz d ldbétybb, rj-
njhst dytpfgyj vjuen hfcrhsnm cvsck dctq vepsrfkmyjq gfhNFYTW RFR NTFNH
nbnehs. Ébdjq cnbkm, cjplfyysq Åfkfyxbyjv, ghjybpfy vepsHfpevttncz, änb djpvjéyjcnb yt juhfybxbdfñncz hfvrfvb ytrfkmyjq b rbytnbxtcrjq kjubrjq – xedcndjv cdzpb vtéle jnjrkfccbwbpvf. Äynjyb Nñljh, tot jlby bvvbuhfyn, yfbåjktt
ltkmysvb ≤ahfpfvb≥, djkitåysv joeotybtv jncencndbz nhthflbrfkmysv jåhfpjv bpvtybk kbwj fvthbrfycrjuj nfywf, ddtybhjdrb b åerdfkmyj dphsdjjåhfpysv ldbétybtv, rjnjhsq djp- lz d ufhvjybxyeñ åfktnyeñ ajhveke XIX dtrf äktvtyn ävjwbjybrftn, rjulf gjzdkztncz nj, xnj yfpsdftncz gjkysv ckbzybtv
yfkmyjq gjlkbyyjcnb, rjnjhfz ghbdytckf d tdhjgtqcreñ nhfvepsrb b nfywf. Änjn xtkjdtr cnfdbk åfktns b nfywtdfkmyst
lbwbñ cñétnyjuj nfywf ukeåbye b ntfnhfkmysq äaatrn. ≤Fvtghtlcnfdktybz yf cfvsö hfpysö cwtybxtcrbö gkjoflrfö: wbhr
hbrfy åfkktn nbänh≥ – djnxbyf gjrjqyjuj Nñljhf, f ysyt dt≤Hbyukby åhfnthc cthrec≥, åhjldtqcrbt ije, ≤Fvthbrfy åfkktn leofz yfwbjyfkmyfz nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf CIF – d XXI dtrt
nbänh≥, tuj cjåcndtyyfz nheggf ≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb åfkktn≥.
ghjljkéftn nhflbwbñ lhfvfnbxtcrjuj åfktnf, rjnjhsq ckeNhflbwbz fvthbrfycrjuj ytjrkfccbwbpvf, yfxfkj rjnjhjq
ébn djkyeñobv yfgjvbyfybtv j cbkt b ébpytcgjcjåyjcnb
gjkjébk Åfkfyxby, ctqxfc ghjljkéftn frnbdyj hfpdbdfnmcz,
änjuj dblf bcreccndf. B öjnz ≤Jntkkj≥ d gjcnfyjdrt Kähf Kñåkfujlfhz vyjubv nfkfynkbdsv åfktnvtqcnthfv. Gbnth Vfhåjdbxf yf cwtyfö ≤Fvthbrfy åfkktn nbänh≥ b ≤Cfy-Ahfywbcrj
nbyc, rjnjhjuj cfv Åfkfyxby bpåhfk cdjbv ghttvybrjv d
åfkktn≥ – yfbåjktt cvtksq b ecgtiysq bp ytlfdybö åfktnysö
≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb åfkktn≥ b rjnjhsq, gjéfkeq, zdkztncz ukfdysv cgtrnfrktq-gjdtcndjdfybq, d Fvthbrt ytvfkj kñltq, rjnjhst
åkñcnbntktv ytjrkfccbwbpvf, yt gthtcnftn djcöbofnm yfc yj- vjuen ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm, xnj fvthbrfycrbq åfktn – änj ytdsvb b yjdsvb åfktnysxnj åjkmitt, xtv ytjrkfccbvb gjcnfyjdrfvb, ghbdjwbpv. Vjéyj egjvzyenm öjnz
lzobvb d ltqcndbt crhsås djphjéltybt htgthnefhf
nst gjntywbfks cbcntvs
Léthfklf Fhgbyj d ≤Léjafvthbrfycrjuj åfktnyjuj
ahb åfkktn ja Xbrfuj≥, Cnäycnbkz djjåot b tuj ntvnjy Eäkx d ≤Ömñcnjy åfktnn≥
gf, d xfcnyjcnb. Ötkmub Njb Vbrrj Ybccbyty d ≤Åjcnjy
vfccjy, gjbcnbyt ljcnbuåfkktn≥, nfywtdfkmyst ≤hfpibq cfvsö dscjn åfktnyjvsiktybz≥ yf fahjfvthbuj bcreccndf chtlb nfywjrfycrbt ntvs Fkdbyf Äqkb d
hjd gjrjktybz Åfkfyxbyf
≤Fvthbrfy lfyc nbänh≥ gjl
b cnfdibq öeljétcndtyherjdjlcndjv Léelbn Létysv herjdjlbntktv ≤Cfyvbcjy, cnjkm yt gjöjébt
Ahfywbcrj åfkktn≥, rfr
lheu yf lheuf gjcnfyjdrb, rfr
ybrnj lheujq dthty ytjr≤Vfuhbnnjvfybz≥ Ñhbz Gjcjkfccbxtcrjve htgthnefhe.
öjdf, ≤Cbybt pfvitdst neaRhbcnjath Ebkljy yfkb≥ Ltyybcf Yänf, gkenjdcrjq
öjlbncz yf ≤gthtlytv
≤Hjéltcndtycrbq åfktn≥ Vfqrhft≥ yjdjq öjhtjuhfabb,
rkf Cvebyf. Tckb fvthbrfycjplfdfz yf cwtyfö ≤Ymñcrbq rkfccbxtcrbq åfktn lftn
Qjhr cbnb åfktnn≥ b ≤Cfyhfpyjgkfyjdeñ b rhfcjxyeñ
Ahfywbcrj åfkktn≥ ytxnj
gfyjhfve, nj cjdhtvtyysq
gj-yfcnjzotve yjdjt, xnj
fvthbrfycrbq åfktn vjétn
hfcibhztn gjyznbt fvthbgjödfcnfnmcz yfcnjzobv rfrfycrjuj åfktnf rfr nfrjktqljcrjgjv djpvjéyjcntq,
djuj. Fhneh Vbnxtkk, jcyjjnrhsdfñoböcz d yjdjv cnjdfntkm b lbhtrnjh ≤Lfyc
ktnbb. Nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf
nbänh jd Öfhktv≥, ndjhbn
Vthcf Rfyybyuävf ctujlyz
cjåcndtyyst xeltcf d Vfygjhféftn ybxenm yt vtymit,
öänntyt. Äldfhl Dbkktkxtv d nt dhtvtyf, rjulf Rfykf djcghjbpdjlbn b hfpdbybyuäv dgthdst jåütlbybkcz
Nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf Åbkkf N. Léjycf bpdtcnyf cdjbv bcgjkytybtv
fdfyufhlysö yjvthjd, bccktleñobö gjchtlcndjv nfywf hfpkbxyst
dftn xedcndtyyeñ ntyltyc Léjyjv Rtqlétv d 1953 ujghjzdktybz ébpyb d jåotcndt.
wbñ cnbkz Åfkfyxbyf d
le, xnjås ghjdjpukfcbnm ytpfcdjtq nheggt ≤Vfqfvb cbdbcbvjcnm vepsrb b nfywf jn
nb åfkktn≥. Gkfvtyyfz Cmñpfyyf Afhhtkk cjplfkf cdjñ cjåcn- kñåsö juhfybxtybq, pf bcrkñxtybtv ntö, rfrbö nhtåetn xtkjdtdtyyeñ åfktnyeñ nhegge ghb ≤Rtyytlb ctynth≥ d Dfibyunjyt.
xtcrbq hfpev.
Yb jlyf bp änbö nhegg yt gjöjéf yf lheubt, b lfét ≤Ymñ-Qjhr
Gjk Ntqkjh – dtnthfy cjdhtvtyyjuj åfktnf, dtkbxfqibq bp
cbnb åfkktn≥ ctqxfc dsukzlbn yt nfr, rfr tuj gjvyzn cnfhst gj- ysyt ébdeobö fvthbrfycrbö åfktnvtqcnthjd. Tuj nfywtdfkmrkjyybrb. Bcreccndj nfywf ghjljkéftn ébnm b hfpdbdfnmcz.
yfz nheggf ≤Gjk Ntqkjh lfyc rfvgfyb≥ ghjljkéfñn åhjcfnm
Nfrjdj yfcktlbt Åfkfyxbyf, b jyj – xfcnm yfituj ghjikjuj. dspjd dctv nhflbwbzv b elbdkznm jhbubyfkmyjcnmñ b ukeåbYj nfrfz åtpdjpdhfnyj enhfxtyyfz dtom, rfr ghjikjt, yt vjyjq cdjbö gjcnfyjdjr. Dhtvz njkmrj jåjufoftn cjplfyyst bv
étn clthébdfnm nfreñ jåyfltébdfñoeñ dtom, rfr åeleott.
itltdhs, cnfdibt ysyt yfcnjzotq rkfccbrjq cjdhtvtyyjuj
Cfvsv lhfujwtyysv lfhjv, rjnjhsq Åfkfyxby jcnfdbk yfv d
åfktnf: ≤Dtxth≥, ≤Rfvgfyb Åb≥, ≤Äcgkfyfl≥, ≤Xthysq dnjhybr≥
yfcktlcndj, vjétn jrfpfnmcz cfv ghjwtcc hfcrhsdfybz åtcrj- – b vyjubt lheubt.
ytxysö djpvjéyjcntq fvthbrfycrjuj åfktnf.
1
13
Nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf Vfhrf Vjhhbcf, rjnjhfz, rfr b nheggf
Ntqkjhf, htuekzhyj dscnegftn d ujhjlfö CIF b pf uhfybwtq, cjxtnftn dthyjcnm rkfccbxtcrbv nhflbwbzv c jpjhyjq eksårjq
b cdjåjljq cktljdfnm cdjbv cjåcndtyysv ghfdbkfv. Ytgjxnbntkmyjcnm b jåtpjheébdfñofz ytgjchtlcndtyyjcnm, bpzotcndj b vepsrfkmyjcnm – ukfdyst xthns vjhhbcjdcrjq öjhtjuhfabb, öjhtjuhfabb, rjnjhfz d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb jnlftn lfym rkfccbxtcrjve cnbkñ b ghb änjv otlhj yfltkztn nfywtdfkmysq ifu cjdhtvtyysv leöjv. Vfhr Vjhhbc – änj bcreccndj
rkfccbxtcrjuj åfktnf, jåhfotyyjt r cfvjq ibhjrjq geåkbrt.
hs, ytåhtéyst ldbétybz b ghtjåhfpetn bö d cnhjueñ gjcnvjlthybcnreñ dshfpbntkmyeñ cbcntve. Nfrjds ≤Cjkj Ybrjulf≥
(Never Solo) b cdjtuj hjlf itltdh ≤Bp ecn d ecnf≥ (Word of
Mouth), rjnjhst gjrfpsdfñn wtNfytw Folk – bccktljdfybt
ksq chtp ébpyb fahjfvthbrfyfvthbrfycrjuj Pfgflf; änjn
nfytw gjcnfdkty Léj Ueljv
wtd, zdkzñn cjåjq nfywtdfkmlkz cdjtq Bcgjkybntkmcrjq
yst cjåsnbz eybdthcfkmyjq pyfuheggs Léj Uelf.
xbvjcnb b – åsnm vjétn, änj cfDJPDHFOTYBT R GJLKBYYJVE CVSCKE NFYWF
vjt ukfdyjt – hfpdjhfxbdfñn gthtl yfvb pfödfnsdfñot ntfnYj, åsnm vjétn, bvtyyj yf Pfgflt Fvthbrb c ghbceobv tve
hfkmyjt ghtlcnfdktybt.
jcjåsv öfhfrnthjv bcreccndf yf nböjjrtfycrjv gjåthtémt,
Extybwf Vthcf Rfyybyuävf Vfhufhtn Létyrbyc cnfdbn nffvthbrfycrbq cjdhtvtyysq åfktn ghtnthgtdftn yfbåjktt jhb- rbt cgtrnfrkb, d rjnjhsö yföjlzn cdjt jnhfétybt ufhvjybz b
ubyfkmyst bpvtytybz. Hfåjnfz d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj b Kjc-Fylét- lbcufhvjybz, étcnjrbt cnjkryjdtybz b dytpfgyst gthbjls pfktct, Gfnhbr Vfrefrfyt b tuj eybrfkmyfz nheggf ≤Yf ktq öeke
nbimz. Änj dj vyjujv jnhféftn cjdhtvtyyeñ ébpym. Tt nfywtb rf dtqrbe≥ (Na Lei Hulu I Ka Wekiu) htdjkñwbjybpbhjdfkb vbh dfkmyfz nheggf jåkflftn ctqcvbxtcrjq cbkjq d vbht fvthbrfyufdfqcrjuj nfywf b gthtjcvsckbkb pyfxtybt yfhjlyjuj nfywt- crjuj fdfyufhlyjuj nfywf.
dfkmyjuj bcreccndf ≤öekf lfyc≥. D cdjbö gjcnfyjdrfö Vfrefrfyt
Lheujq rfkbajhybtw – Léj Uel, rjnjhsq nhelyj gjllftncz
ltvjycnhbhetn eybdthcfkmysq öfhfrnth ufdfqcrjq rekmnehs
rkfccbabrfwbb, yj rjnjhjuj ytdjpvjéyj buyjhbhjdfnm – cnflfét njulf, rjulf jy cvtibdftn öekf-lfyc c cjdhtvtyysvb
dbn nfywtdfkmyst cgtrnfrkb, d rjnjhsö fyfkbpbheñncz b xfcnj
hbnvfvb, cjplfdfz ujkjdjrheébntkmysq ≤vekmnbrekmnehysq≥
hfpheifñncz vbas fvthbrfycrjq ukeåbyrb. Jy – yfcnjzobq
rjrntqkm.
öeljéybr, tuj gjcnfyjdrb ybrjulf yt åsdfñn crexysvb, dctuD njv ét Cfy-Ahfywbcrj rbnfqcrfz nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf
lf elbdkzñn cdjtq rhfqytq jhbubyfkmyjcnmñ, f tuj dtcmvf pht≤Kbkb Xfq≥ (Lily Cai) cjplftn eybrfkmyeñ lkz Fvthbrb cvtcm bp
kboyst cgtrnfrkb yjczn ukeåjrj kbxysq öfhfrnth, zdkzzcm jlnhflbwbjyysö rbnfqcrbö cwtybxtcrbö cñétnjd, vtéleyfhjlyjdhtvtyyj jåotxtkjdtxtcrbvb. Hfåjnfz cj cdjtq nheggjq
yjq gjg-vepsrb b gjcnvjlthybcncrjuj åfktnf. Änf cjcnjzofz
≤Léj Uel gthajhvfyc uheg≥, änjn åfktnvtqcnth d cdjtv ndjhbcrkñxbntkmyj bp étyoby b bcrkñxbntkmyj rhfcbdfz nheggf
xtcndt cnbhftn uhfyb vtéle ntfnhjv b åfktnjv, jåjufofz jåf
ltvjycnhbhetn ndthljt étkfybt hfpdktrfnm geåkbre, ytcvjnhz änbö dblf bcreccndf b ghb änjv rfr ås yt ghbkfufz r änjve ybyf nj, xnj tt åfktnvtqcnth bcrecyj bcgjkmpetn yjdsq öjhtjuhf- rfrjuj ecbkbz, c gjnhzcfñotq åtppfåjnyjcnmñ. D tuj ghjbpdtabxtcrbq zpsr, rjnjhsq zdkztn cjåjq cjdthityyj yjdsq rbnfq- ltybb ≤The Maveric Strain≥, ghjbpdjlzotq cbkmyjt dgtxfnktybt
crj-fvthbrfycrbq cgkfd.
yf phbntkz, bhjybz ecnegftn vtcnj ävjwbzv, ldbétybt – ärcnfFahjfvthbrfycrbt vjnbds, dtkbrjktgyj dshfétyyst d nfy- pe, f yjcnfkmubz – yfltélt.
wt gbjythfvb änjuj yfghfdktD xbckt yfbåjktt eybrfkmybz, yfxbyfz jn Fkdbyf Äqkb
ysö cjdhtvtyysö nfywtdfkmb pfrfyxbdfz yfibvb cjdhtysö gjcnfyjdjr – hfåjns rjkvtyybrfvb, nfrbvb rfr Åbkk N.
ktrnbdf ≤Pt afeylhb≥, jcyjLéjyc b Lädbl Heccbd, ctujlyz
dfyyjuj Fktrcjv Rtnkb b Rhbcyföjlzn cdjtuj yfbåjktt ñyjuj
nbfyjv Åthycjv. Phbntkb
b jhbubyfkmyjuj cnjhjyybrf d
gjrblfñn pfks gjckt dscnegkbwt Hjåthnf Vjptcf. D cdjbö
ktybq änjq nheggs åerdfkmyj
yjdsö gjcnfyjdrfö djpukfdkztyfäktrnhbpjdfyysvb. Nfrjvfz bv nheggf ≤Dtcn rjcn rfvdf cbkf bö cwtybxtcrjuj djpgfyb≥, cvtibdftn léfp, åkñp
ltqcndbz, evyjétyyfz äaatrHere-Now. – öjhtjuhfabxtcrfz rjvgjpbwbz, d jcyjde rjnjhjq
b häg, cnböb b ekbxyst hfpujdj- gjkjéty ébpytyysq genm fvthbrfycrjq kturjfnktnrb Akjhtyc
nysv bcgjkmpjdfybtv fdfyUbaabn-Léjqyth – åskf gjcnfdktyf Léelbn Léävbcjy lkz
≤Fkdby Äqkb fvthbräy lfyc nbänh≥.
Cjkbcns ≤Åäkktq
Bcgfybrj≥ Létyybath lt
Gfjkj-Hbdthf b Gtlhj
Hebc nfyweñn ≤Ukfpf
leib≥ (Eyes of the Soul).
≤Ctynhfk
Gtyycbkmdtqybz ñc
åfkktq≥ dj dhtvz
htgtnbwbb cdjtq
gjcnfyjdrb ≤Cthtyfls≥
(Serenade) – gthdjuj
jhbubyfkmyjuj åfktnf,
rjnjhsq Léjhlé
Åfkfyxby cjplfk d
Fvthbrt.
Gjkyjcnmñ cjcnjzofz bp
étyoby åfpbheñofzcz d
Cfy-Ahfywbcrj Nfywtdfkmyfz
nheggf Kbkb Xfq d cgtrnfrkt
≤Yfxbyfq jncñlf≥ (Begin From
Here)
≤Cbybt pfvitdst neakb≥
(Blue Suede Shjes)
– jlyjfrnysq åfktn,
gjcnfdktyysq öjhtjuhfajv
Ltyybcjv Yänjv b
bcgjkyztvsq gjl 36
gthdsö jhbubyfkjd pfgbcb
gtcty Äkdbcf Ghtckb
– cjtlbyzñn d ctåt åfktn
b rkfccbxtcrbq hjr.
Léjy Ctkmz d
Movin’ Out, wtkbrjv
cjcnfdktyyjv bp
nfywtdfkmysö yjvthjd
åhjldtqcrjv vñpbrkt,
rjnjhsq bltn gjl
gjgekzhyst gtcyb Åbkkb
Léjäkf. Fdnjhjv änjuj
vñpbrkf zdkztncz
Nefqkf Nfhg.
Yfdtzyysq byltqwfvb
b bcgjkyztvsq
Nfywtdfkmyjq uheggjq
Vfhrf Vjhhbcf Kjlfm
zdkztncz xfcnmñ Ghjtrnf
≤Silk Road (Itkrjdsq
genm)≥, ghtlcnfdkzñotuj
cjåjq cjdvtcnyeñ
hfåjne fhnbcnjd b
öeljéybrjd c Pfgflf
b bp cnhfy, gj rjnjhsv
ghjöjlbk cnfhsq
itkrjdsq genm d Fpbb b
yf Åkbéytv Djcnjrt.
ufhlbcncrbö dbltjghbtvjd.
Jyb ltqcndbntkmyj cjlthéfn
vyjuj yjdjuj, yj tot åjkmit – cvtkjuj. Vjéyj, yfdthyjt, crfpfnm, xnj rhfcyjq ybnmñ xthtp dct ndjhxtcndj
Åthycf b Rtnkb ghjöjlbn
eåtéltyyjcnm, xnj öfhfrnthyfz lkz Rfyybyuävf fåcnhfrwbz, gjxbnftvfz hflb ctåz
cfvjq, jcnfkfcm d ghjikjv
rfr htfkbz dtkbrjq äcntnbrb
XX dtrf, f d yfxfkt XXI
dtrf nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj
dyjdm djpdhfoftncz r cdjtve
bcrjyyjve cvscke, r dféysv
ntvfv, r lhfvt b vepsrfkmyjcnb, r djphjéltyyjq ntöybxtcrjq dbhnejpyjcnb. Nheggf ≤Pt afeylhb≥ dscnegftn d
fdfyufhlt fvthbrfycrjq öjhtjuhfabb.
Gthtjcvscktybt nfywf
Ctujlyziytt bcreccndj nfywf CIF zdkztncz gj-cdjtve
eybrfkmysv. J xtv ås yb ikf
htxm – j rkfccbxtcrjv b ytjrkfccbxtcrjv åfktnt bkb j gthtljdsö heåtéfö cjdhtvtyyjuj åfktnf, vjéyj c edthtyyjcnmñ crfpfnm, xnj ybult d vbht
ytn ybxtuj gjljåyjuj ≤YmñQjhr åfkktn nbänh≥, ≤Gjk Ntqkjh åfkktn rfvgfyb≥, ≤Vfhufhtn Létyrbyc lfyc rfvgfyb≥,
≤Léj Uel gthajhvfyc uheg≥,
≤Dtcn rjcn rfvgfyb≥ Hjåthnf
Vjptcf bkb nheggt ≤Pt afeylhb≥. Änj – kbim ytrjnjhst bp
kexibö jåhfpwjd, yj vjéyj
yfpdfnm b lheubt: åktcnzofz
nfywtdfkmyfz cfnbhf ≤Kt åfkkt nhjrflthj lt Vjynt Rfhkj≥
b cjdthityyst étvxeébys
åfktnyjuj bcreccndf ≤Kjhtyc
Gtx lfyc rfvgfyb≥, ptvyfz
xedcndtyyjcnm ymñ-qjhrcrjq
nheggs ≤Åfkktn bcgfybrj≥,
hjr-y-hjkkmyfz äythubz uheggs ≤Åfkktn Cfy-Öjct≥ b léfpjdfz äktufynyjcnm nheggs
≤Cveby åfkktn≥. Vjkjlst
fvthbrfyws åhjcfñn dspjd
yfibv ghtlcnfdktybzv j nfywtdfkmyjv bcreccndt b gthtjcvsckbdfñn cfvj gjyznbt
nfywf.
Öjhtjuhfabz d CIF – änj
rfktqljcrjg, änj bcreccndj,
rjnjhjt zdkztncz jnhfétybtv
hfpyjjåhfpyjq b vyjujuhfyyjq rekmnehs Fvthbrb. Jlby
nfytw cvtyztn lheujq, b dct
jyb ghtlcnfñn gthtl yfvb gjljåyj vyjétcnde jnhfétybq
d ≤ébdjv pthrfkt≥, f bcöjlzobt jn ybö kexb cdtnf, crkflsdfzcm, jåhfpetn cjpdtplbt jgnbvbpvf. Fvthbrfycrjt nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj zdkztncz jnhfétybtv fvthbrfycrjq
ébpyb.
∆
GHJABKM:
Öjhtjuhfa Hjåthn Vjptc
Pf gjcktlybt ltcznm ktn Hjåthn Vjptc, xmñ ntöybre nfywf rjulf-nj jgbcsdfkb rfr ≤dphsd d ukfpe≥, ghbjåhtk ibhjreñ bpdtcnyjcnm e ctåz d cnhfyt b pf heåtéjv, åkfujlfhz fhnbcnbxyjcnb b
ndjhxtcrjve djjåhfétybñ. D pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb tuj ndjhxtcndj jceotcndkztncz cbkfvb tuj
cjåcndtyyjq vyjujhfcjdjq nfywtdfkmyjq nheggs ≤Hjåthn Vjptc rby≥, jcyjdfyyjq d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj. Yj tuj xfcnj ghbukfifñn yf hfåjne d eybdthcbntns, ult jy dscnegftn b dtltn gjgekzhyst
vfcnth-rkfccs.
Vjptc yfxfk cdjñ rfhmthe d öjhtjuhfabb rfr bcgjkybntkm ukfdysö hjktq d ytrjnjhsö bp yfbåjktt edféftvsö nhegg CIF, drkñxfz ≤Fvthbräy åfkktn nbänh≥ b ≤Ndfqkf Nfhg lfyc≥. Cdjñ
nhegge jy jcyjdfk d 1995 ujle, cnhtvzcm ukeåét dshfpbnm d cdjtv ndjhxtcndt fahjfvthbrfycrbt vjnbds. Jlyfrj dcrjht jy gjyzk, xnj änb vjnbds, gj cenb ltkf, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq rjkktrwbñ hfpysö b ytcöjébö ntyltywbq. Gjplytt jy crfétn jå änjv nfr: ≤Vs ljkéys jghtltkbnmcz
gj jnyjitybñ r njve, xnj, dyt dczrjuj cjvytybz, zdkztncz yfibv, jnlfdfz ghb änjv ctåt jnxtn
d njv, xnj d jlbyjxre ytdjpvjéyj ybxtuj ljcnbxm≥.
Dscnegfz d Cnäylajhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt, ult jy xbnftn ktrwbb, b d lheubö vtcnfö, Vjptc eltkztn nfywtdfkmyjve yfcktlbñ b fahjfvthbrfycrbv vjnbdfv cnjkmrj ét dybvfybz, crjkmrj ntöybrt åfktnyjuj bcreccndf. D cdjtq hfåjnt jy gjlxthrbdftn afrnjh rekmnehyjuj hfpyjjåhfpbz.
Yfukzlysv ghbvthjv nfrjuj gjlöjlf zdkztncz tuj gjcnfyjdrf ≤Åhfncrbq cjñp≥ (Union Fraternal),
xfcnm rjnjhjq jy cjplfk nhb ujlf yfpfl, d rjnjhjq jy cvtibdftn cdjq cjdhtvtyysq gjlöjl r
öjhtjuhfabb c gfhnbnehjq Léjyf Cfynjcf, cjxtnfñotq d ctåt rjyujktpcrbt åfhfåfys b reåbycreñ vepsre ≤lfycjy≥, gjl rjnjheñ gjctnbntkb ufdfycrbö rkeåjd nfyweñn gfhfvb.
Jlyjq bp dtkbxfqibö öjhtjuhfabxtcrbö elfx Vjptcf zdkztncz gjcnfyjdrf ≤Bp ecn d ecnf≥
(Word of Mouth), d rjnjhjq djcgtdftncz fahjfvthbrfycrfz ecnyfz nhflbwbz, drkñxfñofz d ctåz
hfpyst vfnthbfks, yfxbyfz c gjävs Ybrrb Léjdfyyb b pfrfyxbdfz vepsrjq Lñrf Äkkbyunjyf,
≤Cntqgktc cbyuthc≥ (The Staples Singers) b cjdhtvtyysv hägjv. D änjq gjcnfyjdrt, rfr pfvtnbk
Vjptc, hfccrfpsdftncz jåj ≤dctv njv, xnj vs ytctv c cjåjq... j njv, xnj vs ljkéys pyfnm... j
yfitv joeotybb ctåz cfvbö... j ghjbcöjéltybb zpsrf b j njv, rfr jy cgkfxbdftn kñltq≥.
D gjcktlytt dhtvz Vjptc frnbdyj hfåjnftn d jåkfcnb ljrevtynfkmyjq kbnthfnehs. D yfxfkt
2003 ujlf jy jgeåkbrjdfk ≤Åbjuhfabñ Åjklebyf≥ – gthdeñ rybue bp nhbkjubb, gjcdzotyyjq yt
vepsrt, f hfpujdjhyjve éfyhe – fhöbdyjq pfgbcb cjcnjzditujcz d 1961 ujle ctvbyfhf, yf rjnjhjv ghbcencndjdfkb yjdtkkbcn Létqvc Åjkleby, lhfvfnehu Kjhhäqy Öfycåthhb, gjän Käyucnjy
Ömñp b lheubt dblyst fahjfvthbrfycrbt ltzntkb bcreccnd.
D rjytxyjv cxtnt öjhtjuhfabz dblbncz Vjptce crjhtt hfcibhzñotqcz gj dctv yfghfdktybzv, xtv kbytqyjq. ≤Nfytw gjcnhjty yf jåhfpfö, – crfpfk jy. – Vs ljkéys gthtcnfnm jnyjcbnmcz
r nfywe nfr, åelnj änj vepsrf bkb kbnthfnehf, gjnjve xnj, ytcvjnhz yf nj, jy vjétn gjcktljdfntkmyj hfccrfpsdfnm rfreñ-nj bcnjhbñ, jy djpltqcndetn yf kñltq bysv jåhfpjv≥. Jy endthélftn, xnj ≤d njq cntgtyb, d rfrjq nfytw – cbcntvf, jy ljkéty ckeébnm jåhfpe bkb ldbétybñ, f yt
yfjåjhjn≥.
∆
Jrnfdbj Hjrf – dtleobq åfktnysq
rhbnbr ≤Cfy-Ahfywbcrj rhjybrk≥; jy
nfrét gbitn rhbnbxtcrbt jåpjhs j
ntfnht, vepsrt b bcreccndt nfywf d ufptns ≤Dfibyunjy gjcn≥, ≤Dfibyunjy
nfqvc≥ b ≤Cb-Åb-Cb-hflbj Rfyflf≥.
Jy – fdnjh rybub ≤Crjnnj: åjkmit,
xtv ghbvfljyyf≥ b gthtkjébk
ytcrjkmrj dtotq lkz cwtys, d njv
xbckt nfrbt rfr ≤Rjhjyfwbz Gjggtf≥,
≤Jhatq b Ädhblbrf≥, ≤Hfccrfp cjklfnf≥ b ≤Yfi lheu Ahbw≥. Jy cjnhelybxfk c rjvgjpbnjhjv Kñcbtq Öjyu d
yfgbcfybb rfynfns ≤Ytjghtltktyysq
hbnv dfituj gekmcf≥ (The Uncertain
Rhythm of Your Pulse), ghtvmthf
rjnjhjq ghjikf d 1993 ujle d ≤CfyAhfywbcrj devty abkfhvjybr≥.
Hjåthn Vjptc b Ränhby Zåfhhf d åfktnt ≤Bp ecn d ecnf≥ (Word of
Mouth), gjcnfdktyyjv Vjptcjv
1
16
Léelbn Létvbcjy nfywetn d
åfktnt ≤Gkfx≥ (Cry), 1976 ujl
Åtctlf c
Léelbn Létvbcjy
Yb jlby xtkjdtr, rjnjhsq rjulf-kbåj dbltk dscnegktybt Léelbn Létvbcjy, yt cvjétn pfåsnm äne dscjreñ, ubåreñ étyobye, herb rjnjhjq ldbufñncz nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnj cjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, åelnj jyb ghjcnbhfñncz lfktrj d rjcvjc. Bvtyyj åkfujlfhz tt ecbkbzv, nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj d bcgjkytybb fahjfvthbrfywtd gjkexbkj åjkmijt ghbpyfybt. Hfåjnfz nfywjdobwtq
dj dctvbhyj bpdtcnyjq nheggt ≤Fkdby Äqkb fvthbrfy lfyc
nbänh≥ d gthbjl c 1965 gj 1980 ujl, Létvbcjy nfywtdfkf ukfdyst gfhnbb d nfrbö cgtrnfrkzö, rfr bcgjkytyysq åjkb ≤Gkfx≥ b
kbreñobt ≤Jnrhjdtybz≥, rjnjhst ghbdjlbkb phbntktq d gjkysq
djcnjhu. Ujls, rjnjhst jyf ghjhfåjnfkf d nfywtdfkmyjq nheggt
Äqkb, pfkjébkb aeylfvtyn lkz yfxfkf tt dnjhjq rfhmths – c
1989 ujlf jyf öjhtjuhfa b öeljétcndtyysq herjdjlbntkm
≤Fkdby Äqkb fvthbrfy lfyc nbänh≥ d Ymñ-Qjhrt.
Djghjc: Xnj bp njuj, xnj ghjbpjikj d nfywtdfkmyjv bcreccndt
d gjcktlybt ghbvthyj ltcznm ktn, ghjbpdtkj yf dfc yfbåjkmitt dgtxfnktybt?
Jndtn: Gjghjcne ujdjhz, yfbåjktt pyfxbvsv bpvtytybtv zdkztncz nj, xnj e nfywjhjd gjzdbkjcm åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq lkz njuj, xnjås nfywtdfnm. Ytcvjnhz yf pfrhsnbt ytrjnjhsö nfywtdfkmysö nhegg b nhelyjcnb c abyfycbhjdfybtv, åerdfkmyj yf rféljv
euke dcnhtxftncz njn bkb byjq vjkjljq öjhtjuhfa, rjnjhsq yt
vjétn b yt étkftn cbltnm ckjéf herb. E vtyz tcnm nhb lheuf,
rjnjhst ctqxfc cjplfñn cdjb yjdst nfywtdfkmyst nheggs.
Gjzdbkjcm åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq.
Djpvjéyj, nfrbö gbjythjd, rfr Fkdby Äqkb, ybrjulf åjkmit
yt åeltn, rfr yt åeltn b nfrbö dhtvty, d rjnjhst ébkb jy b tve
gjljåyst. Yj gjcrjkmre gjxdf cltkfkfcm cnjkm gkjljhjlyjq, vjkjlst kñlb xedcndeñn elbdbntkmysq ndjhxtcrbq gjpsd pfzdbnm
j ctåt, lfnm gjyznm dctve vbhe, xnj bv njét tcnm, xnj crfpfnm.
30 ktn nfywjhs vjtuj gjrjktybz d gththsdfö vtéle dscnegktybzvb gjlhfåfnsdfkb jabwbfynfvb bkb gjxnfkmjyfvb. Ntgthm nfywjhs d gththsdfö vtéle cgtrnfrkzvb nfyweñn. Yfghbvth, d irjkt Äqkb jhufybpjdfys öjhtjuhfabxtcrbt ctvbyfhs
lkz nfywjhjd. Ctujlyz jyb jnxtnkbdj gjybvfñn, xnj cwtybxtcrfz ébpym nfywjhf rjhjnrf. Ghtéybt gjrjktybz ybrjulf yt
pflevsdfkbcm jå änjv. D gjcktlybt 10-20 ktn djpybrkj joeotybt åtpjnkfufntkmyjcnb. Vjt gjrjktybt ybrjulf yt cnfdbkj dj
ukfde eukf cwtybxtcrjt ljkujktnbt. Ysytiybt nfywjhs cnfkb
yfcnjkmrj hfcxtnkbdsvb, xnj gkfybheñn cdjñ ébpym b eöbnhzñncz ltkfnm nj, xtuj vs yt vjukb ltkfnm d yfit dhtvz.
D: Ghbjåhtnftn kb öjhtjuhfabz yjdst ajhvs?
J: Levfñ, lf. Yj z dct dhtvz éle gjzdktybz jxthtlyjuj åktcnzotuj nfkfynf. Yf ujhbpjynt gjzdbkjcm vyjuj yjdsö pdtpl,
vjkjlst öjhtjuhfas, rjnjhst evtñn åktcyenm yf cwtyt,
rjnjhst yeélfñncz d geåkbrt. Djpmvtv Nhjz Gfeäkkf bp
≤Äqkb II≥, yfitq gjlhjcnrjdjq nfywtdfkmyjq nheggs. Tve åskj
10 ktn, rjulf Fkdby jnrhsk tuj lkz vbhf nfywf, jnscrfd d
jlyjq bp irjk, rjnjhst vs yfdtoftv c gjbcrfö nfkfynjd. Gjplytt jy ghbcjtlbybkcz r nheggt ≤Äqkb II≥, gjckt xtuj z dpzkf
tuj d jcyjdyeñ nhegge, ult jy jcnfdfkcz d ntxtybt 10 ktn. E ytuj åskf wtkm d ébpyb. Jy öjntk cnfnm öjhtjuhfajv. Gjcrjkmre
tuj åerdfkmyj gthtgjkyzkb pyfybz, rjnjhst jy ghbjåhtk d rfxtcndt ≤lbnz Äqkb≥, jy ljåbkcz cdjtq wtkb. Ntgthm jy zdkztncz
infnysv öjhtjuhfajv d nheggt ≤Äqkb II≥.
D: Vs pyftv, xnj Fkdby Äqkb ghbjåhtnfk cdjb öjhtjuhfabxtcrbt pyfybz – ntöybre b bltb – dj dhtvz cdjbö vyjujxbcktyysö
pfheåtéysö gentitcndbq gj ärpjnbxtcrbv vtcnfv – c njq gjhs
dshjckj wtkjt yjdjt gjrjktybt. Gjldthétyj kb ctujlyziytt
nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj rfrbv-kbåj pfheåtéysv dkbzybzv?
J: Vyt rfétncz, ctqxfc ckjébkfcm lbfvtnhfkmyj ghjnbdjgjkjéyfz cbnefwbz. Gjvyñ, rfr dj dhtvz nehyt gj Tdhjgt vs
gjctofkb vtcnyst lbcrjntrb, b vs ghbyjcbkb c cjåjq ltcznrb
pfgbctq, xnjås ljytcnb yfie vepsre lj Tdhjgs. Ntgthm ckjébkfcm jåhfnyfz cbnefwbz. Ghjbcöjlbn yfcnjzofz ädjkñwbz
– r yfv djpdhfoftncz yfi cjåcndtyysq vfnthbfk. Dkbzybz
ghjljkéfñn hfcghjcnhfyznmcz, gentitcndez nelf-cñlf xthtp
jrtfys.
D: Vjéyj kb ujdjhbnm j njv, xnj ctujlyz d öjhtjuhfabb
gj-ghtéytve ljvbybheñn ndjhxtcrbt ubufyns ghjikjuj
– Léjhlé Åfkfyxby, Léthjv Hjååbyc, Vfhnf Uhäv, Fkdby
Äqkb, – bkb dthö åthen yjdst cbks?
J: Z gjcnjzyyj dbée yjdst cbks, yjdsö nfywjhjd, yjdst bynthghtnfwbb. Z åskf yf ≤Jnrhjdtybzö≥ (Revelations) d 1970-t ujls.
Z dbltkf bö d bcgjkytybb u-yf Äqkb d 1963 ujle – njn ét cfvsq
cgtrnfrkm, yj d lheujq bynthghtnfwbb. Rféljt gjrjktybt endthélftn ctåz gj-cdjtve. Rféljt gjrjktybt nfywjhjd ghbdyjcbn
d nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj ytxnj yjdjt. Jyb ghbdyjczn cdtétt
lsöfybt vjkjljcnb d ltkj, rjnjhsv pfybvfñncz, b, yflj
crfpfnm, pfybvfñncz ghjcnj åktcnzot.
Ctujlyz d ldf xfcf lyz ≤Jnrhjdtybz≥ lfdfkf jlyf vjz nheggf, f ctujlyz dtxthjv åeltn lfdfnm lheufz. Lj ntö gjh, gjrf
jyb dthzn d nj, xtv pfybvfñncz, b jcnfñncz dthysvb cdjtve
htvtcke, jyb rfr ås ceotcndeñn dyt dhtvtyb. Yj jyb ljkéys
ltkfnm cdjt ltkj åktcnzot. Lj ntö gjh, gjrf njn bkb byjq xtkjdtr yföjlbncz gjl dkbzybtv dctuj vbhf b pyftn cdjt htvtckj,
dctulf åeltn gjzdkznmcz xnj-nj yjdjt. Tckb ds, ljgecnbv, pföjnbnt gjärcgthbvtynbhjdfnm c pfgflyjfahbrfycrbvb nfywfvb b
ljgjkybnm bö rkeåysvb nfywfvb, ds, ytjéblfyyj lkz ctåz,
cjplflbnt ytxnj yjdjt. Dctulf yföjlzncz kñlb, rjnjhst ≤dstpéfñn≥ yf änjv.
D: Rfr nfywtdfkmyjve bcreccnde elftncz dsébdfnm d yfit d
jghtltktyyjq cntgtyb ärjyjvbxtcrb ytcnfåbkmyjt dhtvz?
J: Ghböjlbncz dtcnb gjcnjzyyeñ ≤gjpbwbjyyeñ≥ åjhmåe. Yj
z gj-ghtéytve vjue rfr öeljéybr ltkfnm nj, xnj öjxe ltkfnm,
b vjb lhepmz jrfpsdfñn vyt d änjv juhjvyeñ gjvjom.
D: Rfrbv dfv dblzncz gthcgtrnbds hfpdbnbz nfywtdfkmyjuj
bcreccndf yf åkbéfqibt ltcznm ktn?
J: Djpvjéyj, vs cnfytv cdbltntkzvb njuj, xnj kñlb gthtcnfyen jnyjcbnmcz r nfywtdfkmyjve bcreccnde rfr r xtve-nj
nfrjve, xnj bcöjlbn bp cfvsö ukeåby bö leib. Djpvjéyj, vs
yfxytv ibht bcgjkmpjdfnm ntöybxtcrbt ljcnbétybz d pfdbcbvjcnb jn njuj, dj xnj åeltn ghtdhfofnmcz vbh. Xnj vtyz
hfletn – nfr änj nj, xnj lj ctujlyziytuj lyz d nfywtdfkmyjv
bcreccndt yt yfåkñlfkjcm ≤rhbpbcf gthtghjbpdjlcndf≥, åkfujlfhz xtve z vjue ltqcndbntkmyj dbltnm nfytw. Z yt öjxe, xnjås
nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj gjldthufkjcm xthtcxeh crhegektpyjve
fyfkbpe, gjnjve xnj dsdjhfxbdfybt yfbpyfyre yt bvttn ybxtuj
jåotuj c xtkjdtxyjcnmñ. Z yt ckbirjv åjñcm änjuj, yj vs
ljkéys dctulf ghjzdkznm jcnjhjéyjcnm b gjybvfnm nj, xnj
vs ltkftv rfr kñlb, d xtv pfrkñxftncz yfi lfh. Lj ntö gjh,
gjrf vs åeltv jcnfdfnmcz dthysvb änjq ntvt, gjkyjq leöjdyjq ≤abpbxyjcnb≥ njuj, xtv zdkztncz nfytw, dct e yfc åeltn
öjhjij.
∆
C Léelbn Létvbcjy åtctljdfk Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth.
1
17
VEPSRF
GJBCNBYT FVTHBRFYCRJT PDEXFYBT
NBV CVBN
Öjnz d ntxtybt gthdsö ktn XXI cnjktnbz tot yt zcyj, d rfrjv bvtyyj
yfghfdktybb gjqltn hfpdbnbt vepsrb d Fvthbrt, ntv yt vtytt, vjéyj,
ytcvjnhz yf jncencndbt xtnrbö jhbtynbhjd, ujdjhbnm j ytgkjöbö gthcgtrnbdfö.
jghtrb ckbirjv hfyybv pfzdktybzv jå jnvbhfybb rkfccbxtcrjuj éfyhf, jy lj cbö gjh ébdtn b ghjwdtnftn. Ghjbpdtltybz, cjplfdftvst fvthbrfycrbvb rjvgjpbnjhfvb, ghjljkéfñn hfljdfnm b bcgjkybntktq, b ckeifntktq, åjkmibycndj
jhrtcnhjd pdexbn dct kexit b kexit, f åjkmibycndj jgth
cjåbhftn ytvfkjt b gjcnjzyyj hfcneott xbckj phbntktq, chtlb rjnjhsö dct åjkmit ghtlcnfdbntktq cfvjq étkfyyjq uheggs jn 18 lj
24 ktn. Vepsrf dj dctö yfghfdktybzö – ghjuhtccbdyjv, vtqycnhbv, htnhj – gj-ghtéytve jrfpsdftn cdjt cnbkbcnbxtcrjt dkbzybt dj dctv vbht,
rjnjhsq ybrjulf yt nthzk bynthtcf r fvthbrfycrbv vepsrfkmysv ghjbpdtltybzv b dslfñobvcz vepsrfynfv.
D
YF PFHT RBÅTHNTÖYJKJUBQ
Ntöyjkjubxtcrbq ghjuhtcc yt gthtcnftn dkbznm yf dtcm cgtrnh fvthbrfycrjq vepsrb b, d jcyjdyjv, gjkjébntkmyj. Rjvgjpbnjh Njl Vföjdth gthdsv djcgjkmpjdfkcz ≤ubgth-bycnhevtynfvb≥, rjnjhst gjchtlcndjv äktrnhjybrb hfcibhzñn djpvjéyjcnb jåsxysö bycnhevtynjd b lfñn bcgjkybntkñ åjkmibq rjynhjkm yfl njyfkmyjcnmñ, ntvgjv b lheubvb äktvtynfvb vepsrfkmyjq rjvgjpbwbb. Xthtp Bynthytn ckeifntkb pfuheéfñn
yt njkmrj gjcktlybt öbns, yj b pfgbcb ébdsö rjywthnjd rkfccbxtcrjq
vepsrb b jgths. Vepsrfkmyst jhufybpfwbb yt pfvtlkbkb c cjplfybtv
cnhfybw d Bynthytnt, gjpdjkzñobö gjcnjzyysv b gjntywbfkmysv rkbtynfv, yt njkmrj xthtp jåsxyeñ gjregre åbktnjd, jpyfrjvbnmcz c ceotcndeñobvb hfåjnfvb, yj b lfét ckeifnm ktrwbb gj vepsrt.
Vepsrfkmyjt jåhfpjdfybt vtéle ntv ghjljkéftn hfcibhznm
cdjb hfvrb. Yfghbvth, ltncrfz bynthfrnbdyfz cnhfybwf Cfy-ahfywbccrjuj
cbvajybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf ghtlkfuftn ghjcnjq d jåhfotybb b ndjhxtcrbq
gjlöjl r jcyjdfv vepsrfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz. F yjdfz cnhfybwf Åjcnjycrjuj cbvajybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf jnrhsdftn ghtélt ytdjjåhfpbvst djpvjéyjcnb exfcnbz d ndjhxtcrjv ghjwtcct: gjctnbntkb cnhfybws vjuen
eghfdkznm jhrtcnhfwbtq b lfét vfybgekbhjdfnm yjnfvb bpdtcnysö vepsrfkmysö ghjbpdtltybq.
1
18
Akjhblcrbq jhrtcnh ≤Ymñ
ejhkl cbvajyb≥ lkz jlfhtyysö dsgecrybrjd fvthbrfycrbö rjycthdfnjhbq zdkztncz
dtleobv d bcgjkmpjdfybb yjdsö ntöyjkjubq. Ntöyjkjubz
Bynthytn2 yjdtqituj gjrjktybz Bynthytnf lftn djpvjéyjcnm lbhbéthcrjve rkfcce
åfknbvjhcrjq rjycthdfnjhbb
≤Gbåjlb bycnbnen≥ yfåkñlfnm
pf ébdjq htgtnbwbtq ≤Ymñ
ejhkl cbvajyb≥ d VfqfvbÅbx b jåofnmcz c tt lbhbéthjv Vfqrkjv Nbkcjyjv Njvfcjv. D yfcnjzott dhtvz lkz
änjq ntöyjkjubb hfphfåfnsdfñncz yjdst ghbvtytybz. R ctnb Bynthytn2 crjhj gjlrkñxbncz Rkbdktylcrbq vepsrfkmysq bycnbnen, jnrhsdfz yjdst
djpvjéyjcnb lkz xfcnysö vepsrfkmysö ehjrjd b htgtnbnjhcndf, f gjplytt tot ytcrjkmrj vepsrfkmysö irjk gkfybheñn ghbcjtlbybnmcz r änjve dbhnefkmyjve jåextybñ
yf hfccnjzybb. Xnjås yt egecrfnm bp dble yb jlyjuj yjdjuj ntöyjkjubxtcrjuj ljcnbétybz, ≤Ymñ ejhkl cbvajyb≥
cnhjbn cdjq cjåcndtyysq cjdhtvtyysq ntöyjkjubxtcrbq
rjvgktrc gj ghjtrne Ahfyrf
Uthb. Yjdsq vbh elbdbntkty^
Yj, rjytxyj, yt jåöjlbncz b
åtp ghjåktv, cdzpsdftvsö c
yjdsvb ntöyjkjubzvb. Ibhjrfz ljcnegyjcnm vepsrb d
Bynthytnt cghjdjwbhjdfkf
htprbq cgfl ghjlfé pfgbctq.
Zdkzñofzcz wtynhfkmysv
äktvtynjv d hfcghjcnhfytybb
vepsrb, pderjpfgbcsdfñofz
bylecnhbz cnhflftn rfr ybrjulf hfymit, b änj yt vjétn yt
gjckeébnm gjdjljv lkz åtcgjrjqcndf. Jcjåtyyj nzétkj
ghböjlbncz rkfccbxtcrjve
éfyhe: rjvgfybb pderjpfgbcb
dct htét öjnzn b vjuen dsltkbnm chtlcndf yf dsgecr rkfccbxtcrbö ghjbpdtltybq. Vyj-
étcndj jhufybpfwbq gsnfñncz dscnjznm, yj dct ét gjuhzpfñn d
ljkufö, jcjåtyyj d ysytiybö eckjdbzö ytcnfåbkmyjq ärjyjvbrb b jåotuj cjcnjzybz egflrf gjckt 11 ctynzåhz. Cybétybt hsyjxyjq cnjbvjcnb bydtcnbwbq jcjåtyyj cbkmyj elfhbkj gj ébpytyyj dféysv åkfujndjhbntkmysv ajylfv, ghbyjczobv ceotcndtyysq ljöjl jhrtcnhfv b jgthysv rjvgfybzv. Ytvfkj ujcelfhcndtyysö irjk gj-ghtéytve yt drkñxfñn vepsrfkmyjt jåhfpjdfybt d cdjñ ghjuhfvve, b änj egeotybt yt vjétn yt crfpfnmcz yf åeleotv hfpdbnbb felbnjhbb. Ljgjkybntkmysq ehjy
yfyjcbn cybétybt rjkbxtcndf b rfxtcndf hflbjcnfywbq, gthtlfñobö rkfccbxtcreñ vepsre, gj dctq cnhfyt.
Yj djghtrb dctv nhelyjcnzv, fvthbrfycrfz vepsrfkmyfz
ébpym yt gthtcnftn jåyfltébdfnm, ltvjycnhbhez pfdblyeñ cgjcjåyjcnm cjghjnbdkznmcz nhelyjcnzv. Nfr, Cfy-ahfywbccrbq
cbvajybxtcrbq jhrtcnh, gjnthzd rjynhfrn yf dsgecr cdjbö ghjbpdtltybq c rhegyjq pfgbcsdfñotq rjvgfybtq, cnfk dsgecrfnm cdjb cjåcndtyyst pfgbcb ghtdjcöjlyjuj ntöybxtcrjuj rfxtcndf. Jlyf bp ybö gjkexbkf d 2003 ujle ghtvbñ Uhävvb pf
kexitt jhrtcnhjdjt bcgjkytybt. Gsnfzcm gjvjxm eufcfñotve
vepsrfkmyjve jåhfpjdfybñ d irjkfö d vfhnt 2003 ujlf, rjfkbwbz, d cjcnfd rjnjhjq döjlzn cnfhtqifz Yfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz vepsrfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz, drkñxfñofz 90 000 xktyjd, b
Bynthyfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz ghjbpdjlbntktq vepsrfkmysö
ghjlernjd, ghtlcnfdkzñofz 8000 rjvgfybq, yfxfkb vfccjdeñ
ghjgfufylbcncreñ rfvgfybñ ≤Gjvjub vepsrt≥. Änf frwbz yfukzlyj ltvjycnhbhetn hjlbntkzv b exbntkzv gjktpyjcnm vepsrfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz b ytjåöjlbvjcnm tuj gjdctvtcnyjuj dytlhtybz. Äne rfvgfybñ frnbdyj gjllthébdftn Rjyuhtcc; jyf ibhjrj bcgjkmpetn htcehcs Bynthytnf b jåibhyst cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst, gjlndthélfz, xnj exfobtcz, bvtñobt jcyjds vepsrfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz, gjkexfñn åjktt dscjrbt jwtyrb yf
ärpfvtyfö gj fyukbqcrjve zpsre b jcjåtyyj gj vfntvfnbrt. B
d änj dhtvz, rjulf vepsrfkmysv uheggfv b abkfynhjgbxtcrbv
ajylfv cnfyjdbncz dct nhelytt dsltkznm chtlcndf yf dsgecr
yjdsö hfåjn, edféftvfz jhufybpfwbz ≤Dcnhtxf c rjvgjpbnjhjv≥ jåüzdbkf j yjdjv ghjtrnt ≤Vfuyev jgec≥ (Magnum
Opus), rjnjhsq ghbpdfy cnbvekbhjdfnm ljgjkybntkmyst xfcnyst bydtcnbwbb. Yfxfkj änjuj ghjtrnf åskj gjkjétyj jlybv
cfy-ahfywbccrbv ghtlghbybvfntktv b crhbgfxjv-kñåbntktv,
rjnjhsq dytc 375 nsczx ljkkfhjd d hfpdbnbt änjq bybwbfnbds.
D crjhjv dhtvtyb yf änb chtlcndf nhb jhrtcnhf cvjuen csuhfnm
yjdst ghjbpdtltybz nhtö rjvgjpbnjhjd.
GHTLCNFDKTYBT RKFCCBXTCRBÖ BCGJKYBNTKTQ
Ghtlcnjzott jnrhsnbt ytcrjkmrbö rjywthnysö pfkjd vjétn
ckeébnm lfkmytqibv ljrfpfntkmcndjv cthmtpyjcnb yfvthtybq
fvthbrfywtd jnyjcbntkmyj hfpdbnbz vepsrfkmysö bcreccnd.
Jctymñ 2003 ujlf Abkfhvjybxtcrbq jhrtcnh Kjc-Fylétktcf
jåhtk ljkujélfyysq yjdsq 274-vbkkbjyysq rjywthnysq pfk
≤Ejkn Lbcytq rjycthn öjkk≥ – elbdbntkmyjt fhöbntrnehyjt
cjjheétybt pyfvtybnjuj Ahfyrf Uthb. 89-vbkkbjyysq vepsrfkmysq wtynh ≤Cnhänvjh Öjkk≥, dsgjkytyysq gj bpzoyjve
lbpfqye ≤Ebkmzv Hjy Fccjibäqnc≥, åeltn cnbvekbhjdfnm
rekmnehyeñ ébpym ctdthysö jrhfby Dfibyunjyf b åeltn dnjhsv
ljvjv lkz Åfknbvjhcrjuj cbvajybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf. 370-vbkkbjyysq Wtynh ntfnhfkmysö bcreccnd ujhjlf Vfqfvb, drkñxfñobq d ctåz ytcrjkmrj rjywthnysö pfkjd, dsgjkytyysö gj
cvtkjve lbpfqye Ctpfhf Gtkkb, ghtljcnfdbn gjvtotybz lkz
rjywthnjd Akjhblcrjuj abkfhvjybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf b ≤Ymñ
ejhkl cbvajyb≥, hfdyj rfr b jcnhj ytjåöjlbvsq jgthysq pfk
lkz ≤Akjhblf uhfyl jgthf≥. F Yfidbkkcrbq cbvajybxtcrbq
jhrtcnh gthttltn d 120-vbkkbjyysq ≤Ithvthöjhy cbvajyb
öjkk≥, dsgjkytyysq gj ghjtrne Lädblf V. Idfhwf d ytjrkfccbxtcrjv cnbkt c ytjåsxysv tcntcndtyysv jcdtotybtv.
Rfélsq hfp, rjulf elftncz cjåhfnm ltymub b ghjåelbnm äynepbfpv yf gjcnhjqre yjdjuj wtynhf ntfnhfkmysö bcreccnd, erhtgkztncz aeylfvtyn plfybz vepsrfkmyjq rekmnehs Fvthbrb. B
änbv cnhjzobvcz wtynhfv, b eét ceotcndeñobv ntfnhfv, ytcjvytyyj, tcnm xnj gjrfpfnm. Fvthbrfycrbt bcgjkybntkb rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrb lfdyj bpdtcnys cdjtq gjnhzcfñotq dbhnejpyjcnmñ b dshfpbntkmyjq cbkjq, b bö vfcnthcndj gjcnjzyyj ghjljkéftn hfcnb. Ljcnfnjxyj dpukzyenm yf gjlbevs, xnjå edbltnm
ytjåsryjdtyyj åjkmijt xbckj xhtpdsxfqyj nfkfynkbdsö fvt-
Gjkmpeñobqcz vbhjdjq bpdtcnyjcnmñ lbhbéth Vfqrk Nbkcjy
Njvfc ghjdjlbn htgtnbwbñ c Hjccbqcrbv yfwbjyfkmysv
jhrtcnhjv. Nbkcjy Njvfc zdkztncz jcyjdfntktv b lbhtrnjhjv
åfpbheñotujcz d Vfqfvb cbvajybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf ≤Ymñ Ejhkl≥.
hbrfycrbö lbhbéthjd dj ukfdt dtleobö jhrtcnhjd cnhfys:
Vfqrk Nbkcjy Njvfc, cvtkj ärcgthbvtynbheñobq c Cfy-ahfywbccrbv cbvajybxtcrbv jhrtcnhjv, Ktjyfhl Ckfnrby, ecgtiyj hfåjnfñobq c Yfwbjyfkmysv cbvajybxtcrbv jhrtcnhjv
ujhjlf Dfibyunjyf, Hjåthn Cgfyj, herjdjlzobq Cbvajybxtcrbv jhrtcnhjv Fnkfyns, Kjhby Vffptkm, yfrkflsdfñobq cdjq
öfhfrnthysq jngtxfnjr yf Ymñ-Qjhrcrbq abkfhvjybxtcrbq
jhrtcnh, Létqvc Kbdfqy, xmt gsnkbdjt djjåhfétybt cnfytn,
yfxbyfz c 2004 ujlf, jghtltkzñobv vjvtynjv d bcgjkybntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb Åjcnjycrjuj cbvajybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf.
Lheubt dtcmvf jlfhtyyst lbhbéths, nfrbt rfr Vfhby Fkcjg,
Lädbl Hjåthncjy, Létqvc Rjykjy, Rtyn Yfufyj, gjgjkyzñn
vepsrfkmyst htpthds cnhfys.
Dyjcbn cdjq drkfl b vjkjljt gjrjktybt bcgjkybntktq. Nfrbt nfkfyns, rfr crhbgfxrf Öbkfhb Öfy b gbfybcn Kfyu Kfyu,
jébdkzñn cwtys yt njkmrj cdjtq jnnjxtyyjq ntöybrjq, yj b ukeåjrj ghjlevfyyjq bynthghtnfwbtq. Fvthbrfycrbt rfvthyst
jhrtcnhs, chtlb rjnjhsö ≤Ävthcjy rdfhntn≤, ≤Qbyu rdfhntn≥,
ghjdjrfwbjyysq d cdjbö nhfrnjdrfö ≤Rhjyjc rdfhntn≥, ecnfyfd-
1
19
kbdfñn dscjrbt cnfylfhns bcgjkybntkmcrjuj bcreccndf. Fvthbrfycrbt gtdws dyjczn cdjñ ktgne d cjdhtvtyyjt djrfkmyjt
bcreccndj, j rjnjhjt xthtp vyjuj ktn crféen, xnj änj åsk pjkjnjq dtr bcgjkybntkmcrjuj vfcnthcndf. Lkz yfxfkf cnjbn jpyfrjvbnmcz c åktcnzobvb cjghfyj Htyt Aktvbyu, Ltåjhs Djqn b
Ljy Fgij, åfhöfnysv vtwwj Ltybc Uhäqdp, uecnsv åfhbnjyjv
Vfhrf Läkfdfyf b cjdthityyj gjnhzcfñobv rjynhfntyjhjv
Lädblf Läybtkcf.
HJR
Yj cfvst bpdtcnyst fvthbrfycrbt fhcnbcns, rjytxyj, bcgjkyzñn lheueñ vepsre, crfétv, hjr, rjnjhsq gthtdthyek ghtlcnfdktybz j vepsrt d 50-t ujls b yt njkmrj yt eufcftn, yj b ybcrjkmrj yt cåfdkztn jåjhjns d yfib lyb. C änbv nbgbxyj fvthbrfycrbv drkfljv d vepsrfkmyeñ rekmnehe ntgthm pyfrjvs dj dctö
eujkrfö ptvyjuj ifhf. Änybxtcrbt vtkjlbb hfpysö yfhjljd,
jåsxyj jåütlbyztvst d rfntujhbñ ≤vepsrf vbhf≥, dct edthtyytt endthélfñncz yf vbhjdjv hsyrt, yj cfvst dkbzntkmyst
cnbkb gjgekzhyjq vepsrb cj dhtvty häunfqvf åjktt dtrf yfpfl
b gj ctq ltym bcöjlzn bp Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd.
Egjhytt dctö pf gjcktlybt ldf ltcznbktnbz lthéfncz ldf
éfyhf: häg b tuj cjåhfn öbg-öjg. Häg zdkztncz gjhjéltybtv ujhjlcrjq ybotns, cvtcmñ gjödfkmås c gjnjrjv ghjnbdjhtxbdsö pfzdktybq, b pfvtyztn gtdexbt vtkjlbb crjhjujdjhrjq, ghjbpyjcbvjq gjl yfcnjqxbdsq hbnv. Öbg-öjg bcgjkmpetn
d jcyjdyjv nt ét ghbtvs, yj jy åjktt jhbtynbhjdfy yf nfytw,
xtv yf ntrcn. Jåf änbö cnbkz fahjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, yj jåf åskb åscnhj jcdjtys åtksvb bcgjkybntkzvb b d
yfib lyb dcnhtxfñncz ghfrnbxtcrb dtplt. Häggths gjzdkzñncz
d ntktdbpbjyyjq htrkfvt b rbyj b lfét dshféfñn yfcnhjtybz
cjdhtvtyysö öhbcnbfycrbö uhegg.
D gjcktlytt dhtvz öbg-öjg gjkexftn yjdeñ jrhfcre; änj dshféftncz, yfghbvth, d vtytt gjpthcrbö b åjktt ghbptvktyysö
ntrcnfö. Lfét crfylfkmyj bpdtcnysq Ävbytv (Eminem), d cdjb
hfyybt lyb jcrjhåbdibq dctö b rféljuj, ytcrjkmrj evthbk
cdjq uytd b ghbdytc d cdjb ntrcns ñvjh, öjnz, ghfdlf, ytljåhsq. Eybrfkmyjt pdexfybt tuj vepsrb c ytjåsxysvb pderjdsvb ljhjérfvb, hfphfåjnfyysvb ≤Ljrnjh Lht≥ (Dr. Dre) ,
zdkztncz ghbvthjv cdtétuj lsöfybz d öbg-öjgt. Chtlb ntö, rnj
dyjcbn yjdeñ ébpym d änjn gjkñåbdibqcz njkgt cnbkm, vjéyj
yfpdfnm tot ≤Henc≥ (The Roots) b ≤Fenrfcn≥ (Outkast).
Nzétksq cnbkm d cjxtnfybb c ecbktyyjq uhjvrjcnmñ, bpdtcnysq rfr ≤öädb vtnfk≥, nfrét jcnftncz yteufcfñotq cbkjq cgecnz ltcznrb ktn gjckt tuj gthdjuj dphsdf yf cwtyt. Yj b jy ghtnthgtk ytrjnjhst bpvtytybz. Yfukzlysv ghbvthjv nfrbö gthtvty zdkztncz jåhfpjdfybt uheggs ≤Felbjckäqd≥ (Audioslave)
bp xktyjd ldeö ktutylfhysö rjvfyl ghjikjuj dtrf – ≤Häqlé
äutqycn pt vfiby≥ (Rage Against the Machine), yfbåjktt jnrhsnj gjkbnbxtcrjq häyn-hjr
uheggs rjywf 90-ö ujljd, b
≤Cfeylufhlty≥ (Soundgarden),
dtleotuj cbännkcrjuj cgjldbéybrf ≤uhfyéf≥, fuhtccbdyjuj
vepsrfkmyjuj cnbkz, dshféfñotuj uytd hfpjxfhjdfyyjq vjkjltéb. C cjplfybtv ≤FelbjcD djphfcnt 22 ktn crhbgfxrf
käqd≥ uytd, d jcyjdyjv, gthtÖbkfhb Öfy endthlbkf ctåz yf
itk d xbcnsq hjr, yfgjkytyysq vtéleyfhjlyjq rjywthnyjq
bycnhevtynfkmysvb bpscrfvb, fhtyt d rfxtcndt cjkbcnrb,
evtñotq pfdjtdsdfnm ljdthbt
rjnjhst, dthjznyj, dljöyjdzn
ckeifntkz.
yjdjt gjrjktybt gjrkjyybrjd. Rjytxyj, gjkbnbxtcrbt pfzdktybz yt gthtcnfñn ghjcrfrbdfnm d chtlt hjrf, rfr änj gjdtkjcm
ghfrnbxtcrb c cfvjuj tuj pfhjéltybz, yj nt pfzdktybz, rjnjhst vjéyj ctqxfc ecksifnm, ghjbpyjczncz c yjdjq bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnmñ, b ghbvthjv njve vjétn ckeébnm hjr-uheggf ≤Cbcntv ja f lfey≥ (System of a Down), rjnjhfz hfåjnftn d cnbkt
≤ghjuhtccbdyjuj hjrf≥, rjnjhsq xfcnj yfpsdfñn ≤ghju≥. Vepsrfyns rjvåbybheñn d cdjbö rjvgjpbwbzö ntrcns c ktdsv gjkbnbxtcrbv erkjyjv, bpdtcnyst vtkjlbb, rhbrb, cnhtvbntkmyst
ubnfhyst gfhnbb b lfét äktvtyns djcnjxysö hbnvjd.
GJG
Yf gjg-cwtyt yfibö lytq vjéyj jnvtnbnm pfnzyedittcz ghbcencndbt ≤ntöyj≥ d yjxysö rkeåfö (htprfz nfywtdfkmyfz vepsrf,
utythbhetvfz lbcr-éjrtzvb) b yjdst ghjzdktybz nfr yfpsdftvsö ≤ufhféysö uhegg≥, chtlb ysytiybö ghtlcnfdbntktq
rjnjhsö vjéyj yfpdfnm ≤Dfqyp≥ (The Vines) b ≤Cnhjerc≥ (The
Strokes), dthyj dslthébdfñobö nhflbwbb änjq ytjåhfåjnfyyjq b ytcajrecbhjdfyyjq vepsrb. Vtqycnhbv gjg-vepsrb
ctujlyz cjcnfdkztn kmdbyeñ ljkñ ljöjljd ije-åbpytcf, b åjkmijq drkfl dyjczn nfrbt gjgekzhyst yf hflbj gtdbws, rfr
Ithbk Rhje, gjñofz d cnbkt ≤rfkbajhybqcrjuj hjrf≥ pyfvtybnjq ≤Bukp≥ (The Eagles), b Kñcbylf Ebkmzvc, ghtlcnfdkzñofz
ecgtiyeñ cvtcm åkñpf, rfynhb b hjrf. Jlyj zdktybt, rjnjhjt
ntgthm htét dcnhtxftncz kñåbntkzv gjg-vepsrb, – änj nfr
yfpsdftvst ≤uheggs vfkmxbrjd≥, cjcnjzobt bp ytcrjkmrbö
vjkjlsö gfhytq, yfgtdfñobö ytghbnzpfntkmyst vtkjlbb c
nofntkmyj cbyöhjybpbhjdfyysvb ufhvjybzvb b pfntqkbdsvb
nfywtdfkmysvb ldbétybzvb. Jyb rfpfkbcm ytghtöjlzobvb d
90-t ujls, yj, gjöjét, cnhtvbntkmyj eufcfñn ctqxfc.
Åjktt ecnjzdibtcz cnbkb gjg-vepsrb, dghjxtv, jcnfñncz gjgekzhysvb gj ctq ltym, gjlndthéltybtv xtve zdkztncz jåbkbt hflbjcnfywbq, buhfñobö ≤kexibt öbns 80-ö, 90-ö b ctujlyziytuj lyz≥. Nfr ét yt gjpfåsns b tot åjktt cnfhst vtkjlbb hjrf: uheggf ≤Ieufh Häq≥ (Sugar Ray) bcgjkmpetn d cdjtv
ndjhxtcndt nfr vyjuj äktvtynjd nhflbwbjyysö ntxtybq hjrf,
xnj htpekmnfn gjkexftncz jlyjdhtvtyyj yjcnfkmubxtcrbv b
cdtébv. Cjhdfdifz yfuhfle Uhävvb 2003 ujlf yjdbxjr Yjhf
Léjyc cdjbv leitdysv gtybtv ytgjchtlcndtyyj yfgjvbyftn nfrbö gtdbw, rfr Abåb Cyje b gjljåysö tq, gtdibö ytcrjkmrj ltcznrjd ktn yfpfl, ljrfpsdfz ntv cfvsv ébdextcnm vzurjuj hjrf b ghjybryjdtyysö ntrcnjd. F Léjy Vtqth, zdkzdibqcz
jlybv bp jcyjdysö ljcnjzybq fvthbrfycrjq gjg-vepsrb 60-ö
b 70-ö ujljd, ghjltvjycnhbhjdfk, xnj leitdyfz jnpsdxbdjcnm
gtdwf b fdnjhf gtcty bvttn ytghtöjlzoeñ wtyyjcnm. B rfr
tot jlyj gjlndthéltybt ecnjqxbdjcnb b hfpyjcnjhjyyjcnb
änjuj éfyhf – rféeottcz ytdjjåhfpbvsv, yj elbdbntkmyj
dsbuhsiyjt cjnhelybxtcndj dtnthfyf cnbkbpfwbq Njyb Åtyytnnf b gjg-rfynhb pdtpls R.L. Kfyu.
ÅHJLDTQ B UJKKBDEL
Juhjvyfz gjgekzhyjcnm åhjldtqcrjuj vñpbrkf ≤Kfr lkz djkjc≥ (Hairspray) c tuj pfhfpbntkmysvb gtcyzvb, djccjplfñobvb fnvjcathe b pdexfybt fvthbrfycrjq cwtys 60-ö, njét gjrfpsdftn ébpytyyeñ cbke åsksö lytq. Vepsrfkmysq ntfnh, d
wtkjv, jcnftncz jlybv bp cfvsö ghbvtxfntkmysö rekmnehysö
ljcnjzybq Fvthbrb. Nfrbt öbns, rfr ≤Fhtylf≥, ≤Ghjlñcths≥ b
≤Xbrfuj≥ (nfrét cnfdibq gjgekzhysv d rbyjdthcbb b gjkexbdibq Jcrfhf pf kexibq abkmv 2002 ujlf) ghjljkéfñn ljåheñ
nhflbwbñ öjhjij djcghbybvftvsö felbnjhbtq ghtlcnfdktybq.
F bpjåhtnfntkmysq fdnjh ndjhtybq dhjlt ≤Rjvgfybb≥ (Compa-
1
20
Cfrcjajybcn
Eäqy Ijhnth
dscnegftn yf
atcnbdfkt
léfpjdjq
vepsrb d
Vjynht, Idtqwfhbz
Gtdbwf Yjhf Léjyc
b tt fkmåjv ≤Gjqltv
cj vyjq≥ pfdjtdfkb d
2003 ujle ghbp Uhävvb
gj djcmvb rfntujhbzv
Vtwwj-cjghfyj
Ltybc Uhtqdp,
rfhmthf rjnjhjq
jnrhskf tq ldthb d
cfvst ghtcnbéyst
jgthyst ntfnhs b
rjywthnyst pfks
vbhf, bpdtcnyf, d
xfcnyjcnb, bcgjkytybtv ukfdyjq
hjkb d nfrbö jgthfö,
rfr≤Rfhvty≥
(Carmen) b ≤Cfvcjy
b Lfkbkf≥ (Samson
et Dalila).
Vfcnbnsq cjplfntkm cnbktq d gtctyyjv
éfyht Njyb Åtyytn b pdtplf gjg-vepsrb
R.L. Kfyu cjdvtcnysvb ecbkbzvb
dsgecnbkb fkmåjv ≤Pfvtxfntkmyfz ébpym≥.
ny) b ≤Yjxyjq cthtyfls≥ (A Little Night Music) Cnbdty Cjylöfqv
jcnftncz jåhfpwjv ndjhxtcrjuj gjlöjlf, b tuj gjcktlybq
vñpbrk “Bounce” ghj ldeö dslfñoböcz åhfnmtd-ghtlghbybvfntktq yfxfkf ÖÖ dtrf ltåñnbhjdfk d 2003 ujle.
D ljgjkytybt r Åhjldtñ, fvthbrfycrbt rjvgjpbnjhs yt gthtcnfñn ljvbybhjdfnm d Ujkkbdelt. Vfcnthcrb jnnjxtyyst, åjufnst b åktcnzot jajhvktyyst vepsrfkmyst cjghjdjéltybz
nfrbö vfcnthjd, rfr Léjy Ebkmzvc b Äkvth Åthycntqy, f nfrét
ndjhtybz ñysö jlfhtyysö rjvgjpbnjhjd jébdkzñn b jåjufofñn jlby åkjråfcnth pf lheubv. Cnfhtqibq fvthbrfycrbq drkfl d
vepsre – léfp – ctujlyz ghtntyletn kbim yf ytåjkmieñ ljkñ
jåotcndtyyjuj dybvfybz gj chfdytybñ c ghtéybvb lyzvb, yj
jnyñlm yt enhfnbk cdjtq ghbnzufntkmyjq äythubb. Cnjbn njkmrj
ecksifnm bpscrfyyst ntrcns gtdbws Lbfys Rhjkk, bkb pfébufntkmysq djrfk, buhe yf gbfybyj b fhfyébhjdrb Gbnthf Xbyrjnnb, bkb cgjrjqyst pderb cfrcjajyf Eäqyf Ijhnthf, rfr cnfyjdbncz jxtdblysv cdtétt lsöfybt dtkbrjuj yfcktlbz léfpf.
NJYFKMYFZ BKB FNJYFKMYFZ VEPSRF
Fvthbrfycrfz gjg-cwtyf jåsxyj yfåkñlftn ctycfwbb rfélst
ytcrjkmrj ktn c gjzdktybtv xtuj-ybåelm cjdthityyj yjdjuj b
bpjåhtnfntkmyjuj. Yf dhtvz yfgbcfybz änjq cnfnmb phbntkb dct
tot élen cktleñotq ctycfwbb. D rkfccbxtcrjv éfyht dct åjktt-vtytt åtp bpvtytybq cj dhtvty vjoyjq dcnhzcrb ghb gjzdktybb vbybvfkbpvf d yfxfkt 70-ö ujljd. D nj dhtvz vyjubt
pyfnjrb pfzdkzkb, xnj änf vjlf yf vbybvfkbpv crjhj ghjqltn.
Ghtlgjkfufkjcm, xnj rjvgjpbnjh Abkbgg Ukfcc, cbkmytt dctuj djpvenbdibq rjycthdfnbdyeñ geåkbre cdjbvb ytcrjkmrbvb
åfpbcysvb frrjhlfvb b vjnjhysvb hbnvfvb, ljkéty åsk bcxtpyenm gthdsv, jlyfrj jy b gj ctq ltym ecgtiyj gbitn vepsre, yfghbvth, r jljåhtyyjve rhbnbrfvb abkmve ≤Xfcs≥, cjpdexyeñ tuj ndjhxtcnde yf dctv tuj ghjnzétybb.
Ntv yt vtytt, d ndjhtybzö Ukfccf b lheubö jcyjdysö vbybvfkbcnjd, nfrbö rfr Léjy Flfvc b Cnbd Htqö, pfvtnys joenbvst
gthtvtys. Dct jyb gjcntgtyyj jnnjxbkb cdjñ ntöybre b hfcibhbkb gjkt phtybz. Vbybvfkbpv hfpdbkcz d cnbkm c bcrkñxbntkmyj åjufnjq vtkjlbxtcrjq b ufhvjybxtcrjq ufvvjq, cgjcjåysq yf nfreñ cbke ärcghtccbb, ghbvthjv rjnjhjq ckeébn
gjkexbditt Gekbnwthjdcreñ ghtvbñ ghjybryjdtyyjt gjcdzotybt éthndfv 11 ctynzåhz ≤J gthtctktybb lei≥ (On the
Transmigration of Souls) Flfvcf, xnj tuj ctqxfc xfcnj cnfdzn d
hzl c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb ghtdfkbheñotuj d cjdhtvtyyjq rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrt ytjhjvfynbpvf.
Öjnz cnhjufz fnjyfkmyjcnm b ckjéyfz fåcnhfrwbz, rjulf-nj
gjxbnfdifzcz cdzotyyjq d frfltvbxtcrbö rheufö, tot bvttn
cdjbö ghbdthétywtd, jyf dhzl kb jgznm pfdkflttn fvthbrfycrbvb rjvgjpbnjhfvb, rfr änj åskj 40 bkb 50 ktn yfpfl. D yfib
lyb ljvbybhetn njyfkmyfz, xfcnj kbhbxyfz b ghjybryjdtyyfz
cbkf. Ébdj jajhvktyyst b byjulf ävjwbjyfkmyst cjxbytybz
Ffhjyf Létq Rthybcf zdkzñncz gjrfpfntkmysv ghbvthjv änjuj ghjwdtnfñotuj ldbétybz, yt crhsdfñotuj cdjbö rjhytq bp
ghjikjuj. Yj d änjv ckexft ltkj yt d djpdhfotybb r ghtéybv
cnbkbcnbxtcrbv yföjlrfv. Kexibt ghtlcnfdbntkb ctujlyziytuj ytjhjvfynbpvf d gjkyeñ cbke bcgjkmpeñn jcdjåjélfñott
dkbzybt fnjyfkmyjq htdjkñwbb b bccktleñn åtpuhfybxyeñ
vtkjlbxtcreñ b ufhvjybxtcreñ ufvve.
Cnfhitt gjrjktybt gjgekzhysö rjvgjpbnjhjd, nfrbö rfr Ytl
Hjhtv, Léjy Rjhbkmzyj, Ebkmzv Åjkrjv, Léjy Öfhåbcjy,
Äkkty Nffaat Wdbkbö, ghjljkéfñn gbcfnm pyfxbntkmyst ghjbpdtltybz, d nj dhtvz rfr vepsrf ÖÖ dtrf ecnegftn vepsrt ÖÖÈ.
Ctqxfc, rjulf njyfkmyjcnm jgznm dsikf yf gthdsq gkfy, jyb
cvjnhzncz gbjythfvb bkb ghjhjrfvb. Vyjétcndj vjkjlsö rjvgjpbnjhjd, chtlb rjnjhsö Vfqrk Öthi, xmz vhfxyj-rhfcbdfz
vepsrf ecnfyfdkbdftn ukeåbyysq rjynfrn cj ckeifntktv, b Rtdby Genc, ljcnbufñobq njuj ét cdjbvb ukeåjrbvb, byjulf yfdtzyysvb vbybvfkbpvjv ghjbpdtltybzvb, gjvjufñn gjyznm,
rfr vyjuj tot ytbpdtlfyyjuj d njyfkmysö bycnhevtynfö. Jlyfrj, rfr dctulf ghjbcöjlbn c fvthbrfycrjq vepsrjq, jåjåotybz
jxtym jgfcys. Öjnz njyfkmyjcnm dyjdm pfyzkf ukfdtycndeñott
gjkjétybt, lheubt yfghfdktybz yt bcxtpkb cjdctv. Cjdhtvtyyfz vepsrf gjhféftn hfpyjjåhfpbtv ärcghtccbb b jåbkbtv
jlbyjxysö ujkjcjd. R nfrbv ghtlcnfdbntkzv jnyjczncz Létyybath Öbuljy, xmb åktcnzot jajhvktyyst hfåjns rhfcyjhtxbdj gthtlfñn yfcnhjtybz yf xfcnj dtcmvf ckjéyjv zpsrt, b Näy
Lfy, ghbdyjczobq d pfgflyeñ fnvjcathe ärpjnbxtcrbt yjnrb
bp cdjtuj hjlyjuj Rbnfz b ghtlcnfdkzñobq yf cel geåkbrb cdjq eybrfkmysq vbh pderf.
CJCNJZYBT FVTHBRFYCRJQ VEPSRB
Yjdsq dtr, ytcjvytyyj, pfcnfdbn cnjkryenmcz c ytvfksv rjkbxtcndjv hfpyjjåhfpysö ghtgzncndbq, yj, dtcmvf dthjznyj, vepsrfkmyjt cjjåotcndj dcnhtnbn bö cvtkj c gjvjomñ vyjujxbcktyysö nfkfynjd, gjkyjq jnlfxb ctåz bcreccnde b djjåhfétybz.
B tckb ckjébnm dvtcnt dct lbyfvbxyst jhrtcnhs, jgthyst
rjvgfybb, lbhbéthjd, cjkbcnjd b rfvthyst jhrtcnhs, dctö jhbubyfkmysö rjvgjpbnjhjd b åtccxtnyjt vyjétcndj gjg-bcgjkybntktq, dyjczobö cdjq drkfl d vepsrfkmyjt bcreccndj ltym pf
lytv, cnfytn zcyj, xnj fvthbrfycrfz vepsrf jcnftncz yf
ljkéyjv ehjdyt b yt nthztn cdjtuj eybrfkmyjuj leöf.
∆
Nbv Cvbn gbitn rhbnbxtcrbt cnfnmb yf ntvs rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrb d ufptnt
≤Åfknbvjh cfy≥. Jy fdnjh rybub ≤Rkfccbxtcrfz vepsrf: gentdjlbntkm lkz
kñåjgsnyjuj ckeifntkz≥ (The NPR Curious Listener’s Guide to Classical Music)
b xfcnj gbitn lkz éehyfkf ≤Jgthf ymñp≥.
Rjvgjpbnjh Cnbdty Cjylöfqv
(d wtynht) c öjhtjuhfajv
Cmñpty Cnhjvfy (cktdf) b
htébccthjv-gjcnfyjdobrjv
Crjnnjv Äkkbcjv yf ufkfghtlcnfdktybb, ecnhjtyyjv d
xtcnm Cjylöfqvf.
1
22
Fdfyufhlbcncrbq
rjywthnysq pfk Ejknf
Lbcytz, cghjtrnbhjdfyysq
fhöbntrnjhjv Ahäyrjv
Uthb, zdkztncz gjvtotybtv,
d rjnjhjv dscnegftn
Kjc-Fyétktccrbq
abkfhvjybxtcrbq jhrtcnh.
GHJABKM:
Rjvgjpbnjh
Äkkbjn Ujkltynfkm
Åjkmibycndj fvthbrfycrbö rjvgjpbnjhjd, gbieobö cthmtpyeñ vepsre, ujlfvb ghblthébdfkbcm nhflbwbjyysö juhfybxtybq: yt gbcfnm jlyjdhtvtyyj c rkfccbxtcrbvb rjvgjpbwbzvb
vepsre lkz rbyjabkmvjd, åfktnjd b ntfnhfkmysö ghtlcnfdktybq. Htlrbt bcrkñxtybz bp änjuj ghfdbkf cjcnfdkzñn Léjhlé
Uthidby, Ffhjy Rjgktyl, Åthyfhl Uthhvfyy, Léjy Rjhbkmzyj b Abkbgg Ukfcc, xmb ghjbpdtltybz pdexfkb chfpe dj vyjubö
éfyhfö bcreccndf.
Cktletn ljåfdbnm r änjve cgbcre rjvgjpbnjhf Äkkbjnf Ujkltynfkz, rjnjhsq d cdjb 48 ktn zdkztncz pyfxbntkmysv rjvgjpbnjhjv, gbieobv yt njkmrj cbvajybxtcreñ vepsre lkz rjywthnysö pfkjd, yj b vepsre r abkmvfv. Ujkltynfkm ghbdyjcbn
cdjq bylbdblefkbcnbxysq cnbkm d hfdyjq cntgtyb d ytpfdbcbvst vfkjåñlétnyst b ljhjubt cnelbqyst abkmvs. Jy cjxbybk vepsre lkz åfktnf, gjcnfdktyyjuj d 1997 ujle gj itrcgbhjdcrjve ≤Jntkkj≥, b jlyj bp cfvsö pfvtxfntkmysö ghjbpdtltybq 1996 ujlf “Fire Water Paper: A Vietnam Oratorio” lkz öjhf,
jhrtcnhf b cjkj dbjkjyxtkb, rjnjhjt bcgjkyzk Qj-Qj Vf.
Exbdibqcz e Rjgktylf b Rjhbkmzyj, Ujkltynfkm ctqxfc zdkztncz jåhfpwjv hfpyjcnjhjyyjcnb chtlb rjvgjpbnjhjd. Yf
70-v ñåbktt rjvgjpbnjhf Ktjyfhlf Åthycntqyf ghjpdexfkj
tuj crthwj ≤Buhf ntytq≥ (Shadow Play), f yf 75-ñ ujljdobye
ktutylfhyjuj åtqcåjkmyjuj gjkz u. Ymñ-Qjhrf – ≤Afynfpbb yf
ntve ljceuf≥ (Pastime Variations).
Nfr ét hfpyjjåhfpys b hfåjns Ujkltynfkz d rbytvfnjuhfat.
D cjghjdjéltybb r abkmve ≤Vfqrk Rjkkbyp≥ jå bhkfylcrjv htdjkñwbjytht jy bcgjkmpetn bhkfylcrbt djksyrb b cdbcnekmrb
yfhzle c åjufnsv pdexfybtv jhrtcnhf lkz cjplfybz hjvfynbxtcrjq fnvjcaths. D abkmvt ≤Dhtvz eåbdfnm≥ (A Time to Kill) gj
hjvfye Léjyf Uhbifvf rjvgjpbnjh ghbdjlbn d cnjkryjdtybt
nhflbwbjyysq fahjfvthbrfycrbq cgbhbxeäk b yfghzétyyst,
pdexfobt euhjéfñot cnheyyst ufhvjybb lkz vepsrfkmyjuj dshfétybz lfdytuj hfcbcncrjuj bywbltynf yf fvthbrfycrjv ñut.
Cjghjdjéltybt r abkmve ≤Nbnec≥ (Titus), zdkzñottcz ghjlernjv jlyjuj bp vyjujxbcktyysö ghjtrnjd, jceotcndktyysv Ujkltynfktv d gfhnythcndt c htébccthjv Léekb Näqvjh, hfåjnfñotq rfr d ntfnht, nfr b d rbyj, yfxbyftncz vtkjlhfvfnbxtcrb,
yj gjnjv gthtöjlbn r cfrcjajyysv cjkj, léfpjdsv ntvfv b
lheubv ytnhflbwbjyysv cjxtnfybzv, rjnjhst gjkexfñn hfphtitybt d abyfkmyjq äktubb. Rfr pfvtnbk jlby bp rhbnbrjd, änf
vepsrf jnhfpbkf ≤hfpkbxbz vtéle cbvajybxtcrjq, cdbyujdjq,
nbåtncrjq, äktrnhjyyjq b ctha-vepsrjq≥ nfr ét, rfr cfv
abkmv gjrfpfk hfpyjcnjhjyybt jåhfps Hbvf.
Gjcktlyzz hfåjnf Ujkltynfkz – änj ntgkfz b ghjybryjdtyyfz vepsrf r rbyjabkmve Näqvjh 2002 ujlf ≤Ahblf≥, gjdtcndeñotve j celmåt vtrcbrfycrjq öeljéybws Ahbls Rfkj. Jnhféfz cnhfcnm b hjvfynbxyjcnm uthjbyb abkmvf, yfgbcfyyfz lkz
ytåjkmijuj fycfvåkz bp ubnfhs, frrjhltjyf, vfhbvås b ajhntgmzyj vepsrf drkñxftn d ctåz äktvtyns vtrcbrfycrjq yfhjlyjq vepsrb b edtyxfyf djkyeñobv dfkmcjv, bcgjkytyysv
cyfxfkf yf ubnfht b dyjdm yf ajhntgbzyj.
Ujkltynfkm åsk ytjlyjrhfnyj jnvtxty yfuhflfvb pf cdjq
drkfl d vepsre lkz rjywthnysö pfkjd, åfktnjd, ntfnhf b rbyj.
Gjcktlybq hfp yfuhfljq åskf jnvtxtyf tuj hfåjnf yfl vepsrjq r abkmve ≤Ahblf≥, gjkexbdifz ≤Jcrfhf≥ pf kexieñ vepsre
r abkmve 2002 ujlf.
∆
Äkkbjn Ujkltynfkm
1
23
Åtctlf c
Lädbljv Ujrkb
Ujrkb ghbdktrfk dybvfybt b dyeifk edfétybt yt jlyjve gjrjktybñ rfr lbhtrnjh ≤Ömñcnjy Uhfyl Jgthf≥. D änjv rfxtcndt
jy jhufybpjdfk vfnthbfkmyeñ gjllthére yjdsö hfåjn b dsdtk
yf gthdsq gkfy vjkjlst bcgjkybntkmcrbt b ndjhxtcrbt lfhjdfybz.
Djghjc: Pf ghjikst jlyj-ldf ltcznbktnbz, gj dfitve vytybñ, xnj zdbkjcm cfvsv ceotcndtyysv ljcnbétybtv d cthmtpyjq vepsrt?
Jndtn: Yjdfz vepsrf d yfib lyb åjktt jhbtynbhetncz yf
ckeifntkz b felbnjhbñ, xtv yf frfltvbxtcrbt rheub. Ntgthm
jgthyfz vepsrf c åjkmitq dthjznyjcnmñ vjétn åsnm ghbyznf
ibhjrjq geåkbrjq rfr ytxnj ghbznyjt, f yt rfr ujhmrjt ktrfhcndj. Rfétncz, ctujlyz djphjélftncz ghbyznjt d ÖªÈÈÈ-ÖÈÖ dtrfö
jnyjitybt r jgtht rfr r hfpdktxtybñ lkz geåkbrb chtlytuj
rkfccf, f yt byntkktrnefkmyjve eghféytybñ lkz ghjatccjhjd
b pyfnjrjd, xtv jgthf zdkzkfcm yf ghjnzétybb åjkmitq xfcnb
ÖÖ dtrf.
D 20-t ujls ghjikjuj dtrf rkfccbxtcrfz vepsrf bkb vepsrfkmyjt bcreccndj jncnegbkj jn dtkbrbö nhflbwbq b jrfpfkfcm,
z ås crfpfk, yf negbrjdjv genb, c njxrb phtybz ädjkñwbb. Z
bvtñ d dble ne vepsre, rjnjhfz cnfkf crjhtt byntkktrnefkmysv ghjwtccjv, xtv gjgsnrjq pfdjhjébnm vfccs ytgjchtlcndtyysv dgtxfnktybtv.
D yfib lyb rjvgjpbnjhs yt åjzncz åsnm gjgekzhysvb, b
jgthyst rjvgfybb c åjkmibv eljdjkmcndbtv, xtv jhrtcnhs,
ghbybvfñn bö e ctåz.
Lkz änjq ntyltywbb jxtym öfhfrnthysvb zdkzñncz jnyjitybz vtéle ≤Kbhbr jgthf ja Xbrfuj≥ b rjvgjpbnjhjv Ebkmzvjv Åjkrjvjv. Kbhbxtcrfz jgthf nhbéls pfrkñxfkf rjynhfrn
c Åjkrjvjv b ghtljcnfdkzkf dct cdjb åjufnst htcehcs lkz djgkjotybz yf cwtyt tuj ghjbpdtltybq. B vs dblbv, rfr lheubt
jgthyst jåotcndf njét ghbybvfñn änb hfåjns: ≤Dbl c vjcnf≥
Åjkrjvf bltn d ≤Vtnhjgjkbnty jgthf≥, f ≤Vfktymrbt étyobys≥ Vfhrf Flfvcf d ≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb jgthf≥. Nfr xnj dtplt
kñlb cnfyjdzncz åjktt jnrhsnsvb.
Rjulf z ghbitk d änjn åbpytc 30 ktn yfpfl, dct pyfkb, xnj
jcyjdyfz wtkm dsgecrf vbhjdsö ghtvmth – änj dybvfybt b
egjvbyfybt d jåpjht d ≤Ymñ-Qjhr Nfqvc≥. Nfr xnj gjckt vbhjdjq ghtvmths jgthf jåsxyj gskbkfcm yf crkflt. Ctqxfc dct
gj-lheujve.
D: Yf dfi dpukzl, xnj cfvjt nhelyjt d dfitq jåkfcnb?
J: Z ås crfpfk, nhelytt dctuj åjhjnmcz c afrnjv yfkbxbz
åjkmijuj rjkbxtcndf hfpyjjåhfpysö åjktt ltitdsö dbljd hfpdktxtybq, drkñxfz ghjckeibdfybt pfgbctq, ghjcvjnh lbcrjd
bkb 120 ntktdbpbjyysö rfyfkjd, yt dsöjlz bp ljvf. Änb yjdst
chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb euhjéfñn djdct dsntcybnm
jgthe b cbvajybxtcreñ vepsre bp gjkz dybvfybz geåkbrb.
Ctqxfc tcnm vyjuj vjkjlsö jxtym öjhjibö bcgjkybntktq, yj
yf bö ljkñ yt ghböjlbncz nfrjq jåotcndtyyjq ckfds, rfrjq
gjkmpjdfkbcm Kexfyj Gfdfhjnnb b Åtdthkb Cbkkp. Dybvfybt
chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb ghbrjdfyj r åjktt gjgekzhysv
chtlb ibhjrjq geåkbrb dtofv.
Tot jlyjq nhelyjcnmñ ghtlcnfdkzñncz bpvtytybz d ltvjuhfabb fvthbrfycrbö ujhjljd, ult dtkbrbt pfgflyst wbdbkbpfwbb
clfñn cdjb gjpbwbb. Jgthf b cthmtpyfz vepsrf yt ljcnbufñn
ckeöf yjdsö bvvbuhfyncrbö uhegg yfctktybz d ujhjlfö Fvthbrb,
b yf bpvtytybt änjq cbnefwbb eqltn yt jlyj gjrjktybt. Yj
vepsrf, ntv yt vtytt, rfr-nj ljkéyf dsébdfnm dct änj dhtvz.
D: Tcnm kb ctqxfc rfrbt-ybåelm yjdst ntyltywbb, ghbitlibt bp
lheubö rekmneh? Tckb lf, nj rnj jrfpsdftn ndjhxtcrjt dkbzybt?
J: Pyfxbntkmyjt ndjhxtcrjt dkbzybt d jgtht jrfpsdfñn cwtybxtcrbt htébccths, cjplfñobt yjdst b xfcnj hflbrfkmyst
bynthghtnfwbb ceotcndeñotuj htgthnefhf ÖªÈÈ, ÖªÈÈÈ b ÖÈÖ
dtrjd, ythtlrj dspsdfz ytljdjkmcndj nhflbwbjyyjq geåkbrb.
Ytrjnjhsvb ghbtvfvb htébccths ghbdktrkb r ctåt yjdeñ
vjkjleñ geåkbre, åjkmit bynthtceñoeñcz dbpefkmysvb bcreccndfvb. Cthmtpysv bcgsnfybtv nfrjuj hjlf ≤gjcnfyjdjxyjq
jgths≥ cnfytn yjdfz flvbybcnhfwbz ≤Cfy-Ahfywbcrj jgthf≥,
f njxytt – utythfkmysq lbhtrnjh Gfvtkf Hjptyåthu. Öjnz Gfvtkf hjljv bp Rfkbajhybb, tt rfhmthf lj ysytiytuj dhtvtyb
gj åjkmitq xfcnb hfpdbdfkfcm d nfrbö ujhjlfö, rfr Fvcnthlfv,
Ahfyraehn b Inennufhn, ult jyf dgbnfkf öfhfrnthyeñ lkz
vjlthybpvf vepsrfkmyeñ xedcndbntkmyjcnm. Tt htgthnefh b
gjcnfyjdrb, ytcjvytyyj, cnfyen bcgsnfybtv lkz nhflbwbjyyjq
geåkbrb ≤Cfy-Ahfywbcrj jgthf≥.
D jnyjitybb ghtlgjxbnftvsö rjvgjpbnjhjd jcyjdyfz vfccf
ckeifntktq yt bpvtybkf cdjbö ghbcnhfcnbq, yt cxbnfz ytcrjkmrbö bcrkñxtybq, dhjlt Näy Lfyf. Yj lbhbéths gj-ghtéytve
ghbtpéfñn bp-pf heåtéf, hfdyj rfr b ytrjnjhst fvthbrfycrbt
lbhbéths cjöhfyzñn cdjñ gjgekzhyjcnm pf heåtéjv.
D: Rjulf ds levftnt j ndjhxtcrbö ubufynfö ghjikjuj dhjlt
Ktjyfhlf Åthycntqyf, Cävñäkf Åfhåthf, Ffhjyf Rjgktylf b
lheubö, yt rfétncz kb dfv, xnj ctqxfc ceotcndetn yjdjt gjrjktybt pyfvtybnjcntq?
J: Vyt rfétncz, rjvgjpbnjhf Léjyf Flfvcf vjéyj yfpdfnm
≤ndjhxtcrbv ubufynjv≥. Tuj vepsrf åkbcnftn hfdyj d bcgjkytybb jhrtcnhf b jgthyjv éfyht. Åjkmit yf ev yt ghböjlbn
ybrnj, tckb bvtnm d dble nhflbwbb Rjgktylf bkb Åthycntqyf.
D: Rfr dfv elftncz dsébdfnm d yfit dhtvz ärjyjvbxtcrjuj
egflrf?
J: Vs åjktt rjycthdfnbdys d yfitq ghjuhfvvt b ytdthjznyj
otgtnbkmys d jnyjitybb hfcöjljd. Vs bcgjkmpetv rféleñ
djpvjéyjcnm cltkfnm xnj-nj åjktt äaatrnbdyj b ärjyjvyj,
ghjlthéfnmcz, dsåhfnmcz bp nhelyjcntq.
D: Hfccrfébnt yfv drhfnwt, rfr ds ctåt ghtlcnfdkztnt dfie jåkfcnm ltzntkmyjcnb xthtp 10 ktn.
J: Z ås c eljdjkmcndbtv ghtlcrfpfk yjdsq hfcwdtn jgths.
Nhelyjcnb, rjnjhst z egjvzyek hfymit – cjgthybxtcndj c vfccjdjq rekmnehjq b ltvjuhfabxtcrbt bpvtytybz, eceueåkzñncz
dscjrjq cnjbvjcnmñ jgths b cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd. Yj e
jgths öjnz ås tcnm dbpefkmysq rjvgjytyn, rjnjhsq vs ljkéys
bcgjkmpjdfnm d gjkyeñ cbke. Z cxbnfñ, xnj jgthf dscjrjuj rkfccf yt ghtrhfnbn cdjtuj ceotcndjdfybz d rhegysö ujhjlfö CIF
b yf atcnbdfkzö nfrbö, rfr ghjbcöjlzn d ≤Cfynf At jgthf≥. Vs
dct dhtvz cnfhftvcz ghbdktrfnm yjdeñ geåkbre b pfdjtdsdfnm
yjdsö ckeifntktq. Dscjrbq
ehjdtym gjlujnjdrb fvthbrfycrbö bcgjkybntktq, ntfnhfkmyjcnm jgths b yjdst hfåjns,
hfpdbdfñobt fvthbrfycreñ
ntvfnbre, gjvjuen jgtht dsébnm.
∆
Bynthdmñ c Lädbljv Ujrkb ghjdjlbk
Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth.
Lädbl Ujrkb
1
24
NTFNH
LHFVFNEHUB YJDST B CNFHST
RHBC LÉJYC
Dtcyf d Vjynujvthb, infn Fkfåfvf, ghböjlbn hfyj. Yj öjnz dtkbrjktgyfz gkjoflrf Fkfåfvcrjuj Itrcgbhjdcrjuj atcnbdfkz, ghjdjlbvjuj d
jlyjv bp rhfcbdtqibö ntfnhjd Fvthbrb, ybrjulf yt åsdftn nfrjq ptktyjq, rfr d änb gthdst vtczws ujlf, fhnbcnbxtcrbq vbh cktnftncz yf hjlbye ldbétybz pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf yt cnjkmrj lkz njuj, xnjås gjkñåjdfnmcz rhfcjnfvb ghbhjls, crjkmrj ghbdktxtyysq jlyjq bp ghjuhfvv
atcnbdfkz – ghjtrnjv ≤Gbcfntkb fvthbrfycrjuj Ñuf≥. Rfélsq ujl, yf
ghjnzétybb ytcrjkmrbö lytq, d hfvrfö ghjtrnf ≤Gbcfntkb fvthbrfycrjuj Ñuf≥ cnfdbncz yt vtytt itcnb, f nj b åjktt yjdsö gmtc rfr yfxbyfñobö, nfr b vfcnbnsö lhfvfnehujd.
lyfrj vyjujjåtofñobt yjdbyrb, gjzdkzñobtcz yf wdtneotv gjkt fvthbrfycrjq lhfvfnehubb, vjéyj gjcvjnhtnm
yt njkmrj d hfvrfö ghjtrnf ≤Gbcfntkb fvthbrfycrjuj
Ñuf≥. Dtctyybq Atcnbdfkm yjdsö fvthbrfycrbö gmtc
≤Ömñvfyf≥, ghjdjlbvsq d ≤Kebdbk Ärnjh Nbänh≥, tot
åjkmit ckfdbncz pf rfxtcndj jnåbhftvsö ghjbpdtltybq. Nfr d 2003 ujle pltcm åskf gjcnfdktyf yjdfz åktcnzofz gmtcf ≤Dct d cåjht≥ (OmniumGatherum), cybcrfdifz åtityeñ gjgekzhyjcnm.
Yfgbcfyyfz Fktrcfylhjq Uthinty-Dfccbkfhjc b Nthtpjq Htåtr, gmtcf
åeljhfébn vsckm, ghtgfhbhez fvthbrfycrbt utjgjkbnbxtcrbt dpukzls. D
jcyjdt cñétnf – njhétcndtyysq eéby, ecnhjtyysq Vfhnjq Cnñfhn chfpe ét gjckt nthhjhbcnbxtcrjq fnfrb 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf. Ghjnjnbgs
uthjtd – bpdtcnyst byntkktrnefks Fvthbrb, f ≤ujcnb≥ – fvthbrfyws –
dshféfñn cfvst hfpyst gjkbnbxtcrbt dpukzls. Celz gj njve jnrkbre,
rjnjhsq gjcnfyjdrf gjkexbkf d infnt Rtynerrb, fvthbrfycrfz felbnjhbz bcgsnsdftn åjkmieñ gjnhtåyjcnm d lbcreccbzö j vtcnt Fvthbrb d
cjdhtvtyyjv vbht.
Eikj d ghjikjt ghtlcnfdktybt j rjvvthxtcrbö ghjlñcthfö rfr j éflysö lj yfébds
ghtlghbybvfntkzö, cnhtvzoböcz r gjcnfyjdrt ybprjghjåysö
phtkbo yf gjnhtåe ibhjrjq
geåkbrt. D yfit dhtvz rjvvthxtcrbt ghjlñcths – änj,
ghtélt dctuj, åjkmibt kñåbntkb ntfnhf, boeobt yjdst, zhrbt b ghjuhtccbdyst ghjbpdtltybz fvthbrfycrbö fdnjhjd.
Jyb ujnjds åhfnmcz lfét pf
YF ÅHJLDTT B PF TUJ GHTLTKFVB
Gjöjét, xnj cvtkjq b gjödfkmyj jnrhjdtyyjq gmtct ≤Dct d cåjht≥
(Omnium-Gatherum) ceéltyj åsnm gjcnfdktyyjq yf Åhjldtt. D bcnjhbb
fvthbrfycrjuj ntfnhf åskj dhtvz, rjulf yjdst gmtcs dgthdst cnfdbkbcm
bvtyyj yf Åhjldtt. Jlyfrj eét ytcrjkmrj ktn rfr d cjdhtvtyyjv fvthbrfycrjv ntfnhfkmyjv bcreccndt bltn frnbdysq ghjwtcc dpfbvjdsujlyjuj
jåvtyf yjdsvb gmtcfvb vtéle ytrjvvthxtcrbvb fvthbrfycrbvb ntfnhfvb, pfxfcneñ yfpsdftvsvb vtcnysvb bkb htubjyfkmysvb, b bö rjvvthxtcrbvb cjåhfnmzvb. Ytrjnjhst yjdst gmtcs gjkexfñn gentdre d ébpym
d rjvvthxtcrbö ntfnhfö, f pfntv gthtöjlzn d htubjyfkmyst ytrjvvthxtcrbt ntfnhs. Ckexftncz b ldbétybt d jåhfnyjv yfghfdktybb: jn hjéltybz yf cwtyfö Kebcdbkkz bkb Vjynujvthb lj gjcnfyjdrb yf bpdtcnytqibö rjvvthxtcrbö gkjoflrfö. Bvtyyj nfrjq genm ghjltkfkf gmtcf Ljyfkmlf Vfhuekmtcf ≤Eéby c lhepmzvb≥ (Dinner with Friends). D yfib lyb
änb ldt bcnjhbxtcrb ckjébdibtcz jnhfckb fvthbrfycrjq ntfnhfkmyjq
bylecnhbb, yföjlzcm d dtxyjv gjbcrt yjdsö gmtc, dpfbvyj b ghbvthyj
hfdyjwtyyj gbnfñn lheu lheuf.
Cwtyf bp cgtrnfrkz ≤Dct d cåjht≥
(Omnium-Gatherum), djcödfkztvjq
rhbnbrjq gmtcs, rjnjheñ yfgbcfkb
Fktrcfylhf Uthinty-Dfcbkfhjc b
Nthtpf Htåtr (dthöytt ajnj).
J
1
25
hbcrjdfyyst gjcnfyjdrb, tckb
gmtcf bö pfödfnbkf.
Ghb njv, xnj vñpbrks
gj-ghtéytve ljvbybheñn yf
Åhjldtt, pltcm cnfdzncz b dtkbrjktgyst yjdst fvthbrfycrbt gmtcs, nfrbt, yfghbvth,
rfr ≤Dsdtlb vtyz d cdtn≥
(Take Me Out) Hbxfhlf Uhbyåthuf. Änf gmtcf Uhbyåthuf,
hfccrfpsdfñofz lhfvfnbxtcreñ bcnjhbñ buhjrf d åtqcåjk, ujvjctrcefkbcnf, dsikf
d abyfk rjyrehcf lhfvfnbxtcrbö ghjbpdtltybq yf Gekbnwthjdcreñ ghtvbñ 2003 ujlf.
Jlyfrj yjdst gmtcs, gjrfpfyyst d 2003 ujle d Fkfåfvt b
Rtynerrb, njét öjhjij jnhféfñn dcñ ibhbye b hfpyjjåhfpbt
ndjhxtcndf yjdjuj gjrjktybz lhfvfnehujd. Fvthbrfycrbq ntfnh
bvttn lfdyññ nhflbwbñ cwtybxtcrjuj bccktljdfybz cjwbfkmysö ghjåktv cjdhtvtyyjcnb, b yjdst lhfvfnehub ghjljkéfñn
hfpdbdfnm äne nhflbwbñ.
dbt ghjbcöjlbn yf nthhbnjhbb dsvsiktyyjuj rjkktléf b hfpdbdftncz djrheu htfrwbb åtksö herjdjlbntktq rjkktléf yf
cjjåotybt j njv, xnj cneltyn gthdjuj rehcf, fahjfvthbrfytw,
gjkexftn fyjybvyst gbcmvf c euhjpfvb d cdjq flhtc. Dj dnjhjv frnt ljdtltyyfz lj ghtltkf ltrfy gj hfåjnt cj cneltynfvb
Cfhf Läybtkc chsdftncz b hfphféftncz d ghbcencndbb rjkktub
vjyjkjujv, d rjnjhjv ghbpyftncz d cjåcndtyyjv hfcbpvt. GmtYJDST UJKJCF
cf b tt gjcnfyjdrf åskb ghbyzns c juhjvysv bynthtcjv, hfdyj
Rfhkfqk Åhfey, pfvtxfntkmysq fdnjh, d yfcnjzott dhtvz
rfr b tt gjcktleñofz gjcnfyjdrf d ≤Vfyöännty nbänh rkfå≥.
åjktt dctuj bpdtcnysq rfr fdnjh gmtcs Fahbrfycrfz nheggf
C ntö gjh, rfr bp-gjl gthf Ubkvfy dsikb ≤Vfkmxbr b ltdjxbuhftn ≤Hbxfhlf ÈÈÈ≥ (African Company Presents Richard III), yfgbrf≥ (Boy Gets Girl) – lhfvf jå jnyjitybzö vtéle vjkjlsvb
cfk b cfv csuhfk gmtce ≤Aekf bp Fvthbrb≥ (The Fula From Amer- kñlmvb, ghtecgtdfñobvb ghjatccbjyfkfvb b ≤Ujkeåjq gjica), gjcdzotyyeñ bccktljdfybñ vbabxtcrjuj b htfkmyjuj
njr≥ (Blue Surge) – gmtcf j cdzpzö, djpybrfñobö vtéle gjkbwtqvtcnf d ébpyb cjdhtvtyyjuj fahjfvthbrfywf, gentitcndeñot- crbvb b ghtcktletvsvb bvb ghtcnegybrfvb, Ubkvfy pfyzkf
uj yf fdnjåect gj lbrbv ghjcnjhfv cdjtq fahbrfycrjq hjlbys. vtcnj d hzle cfvsö bynthtcysö, lthprbö b pyfxbntkmysö lhfvfNfkfyn Åhfeyf, zhrbt nbgféb b kerfdsq cjwbfkmysq ñvjh
nehujd, xmt ndjhxtcndj pfckeébdftn ghbcnfkmyjuj dybvfybz.
ghtdhfoftn änj cnhfyyjt gentitcndbt xthtp dcñ Fahbre d
yfcnjzobq itltdh. Cj cdjbvb hfpvsiktybzvb yfl nfrbvb
DJGHJCS, HJÉLFÑOBT CGJHS
dtxysvb djghjcfvb, rfr djpvjéyjcnm djpdhfotybz r bcnjrfv Hfpevttncz, cjdhtvtyysq fvthbrfycrbq ntfnh ghtlcnfdkty yt
b bpvtytybt hjkb fvthbrfywtd d vbht, ≤Aekf≥ djcghbybvftncz njkmrj yjdsvb bvtyfvb. Nfrbt gbcfntkb, rfr Njyb Reith,
rfr cdtétt, velhjt b htfkbcnbxyjt ghjbpdtltybt.
gjcdznbdibq cdjñ ytjlyjpyfxyj ghbyzneñ gmtce “Homebody/
Ntv dhtvtytv fdnjh gmtc yf gjkbnbxtcrbt ntvs Rbf Rjhnhjy, Kabul” ghjåktvfv ajhvbhjdfybz åfkfycf cbk yf Åkbéytv
jlyf bp kexibö yjdsö fvthbrfycrbö gbcfntktq b fdnjh ymñ-qjhr- Djcnjrt, ghjljkéfñn ghjdjwbhjdfnm gjkbnbxtcrbt ltåfns d
crjuj öbnf j ltdbxmbö åfylfö “Breath, Boom”, ghtlkjébkf dybcjdhtvtyyjv ntfnht Fvthbrb.
vfybñ geåkbrb yjdjt ghjdjrfwbjyyjt ghjbpdtltybt gjl yfpdfJufcn Ebkcjy ghfrnbxtcrb pfdthibk cdjñ ägjgtñ j genb,
ybtv ≤Djjheétyyfz Dtythf Vbkjccrfz≥ (The Venus de Milo Is
ghjqltyyjv fahjfvthbrfywfvb d rféljv bp ltcznbktnbq ÖÖ
Armed), ult ujdjhbncz j xeljdboysö ukjåfkmysö gjcktlcndbzö
dtrf. Tuj åktcnzofz hfåjnf ≤Rjhjkm Ötlkb ÈÈ≥ (King Hedley II),
jn dphsdjd vby, yj c xbcnj fvthbrfycrjq njxrb phtybz.
edbltdifz cdtn d 2000 ujle, eåtlbntkmyj gjrfpfkf, xnj änjn
B yfrjytw – ghjbpdtltybt ljctkt ytbpdtcnyjq gbcfntkmybws
bp Fkfåfvs Åbhl Rbkkbfy gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Hfccdtn d Ffhjydbkkt≥ (Aaronville Dawning): cvtiyfz, yfgjkytyyfz ghjcnjdfnjq
åjknjdytq gmtcf bp ébpyb fvthbrfycrjuj Ñuf, ult uthjbyz,
gjébkfz étyobyf bp infnf Vbccbcbgb, ukzlz yf felbnjhbñ bp
jryf cdjtq reöyb, hfccrfpsdftn j cdjtq ébpyb b vtcnysö ébntkzö, pfybvfzcm ghbujnjdktybtv tls lkz gjvbyjr. Pfåfdyjt b
velhjt, änj ghjbpdtltybt – xnj-nj dhjlt ñéyjq dthcbb gmtcs
≤Crfpfnm cdjt ckjdj≥ (Having Our Say) – åktcnzotuj ghjbpdtltybz gjcktlytuj ltcznbktnbz j hjéltyysö d Ufhktvt ctcnhfö
Ltkfyb.
D cjdjregyjcnb änb nhb pfvtxfntkmyj hfpyst gmtcs zdkzñn
cjåjq eåtlbntkmyjt cdbltntkmcndj hfcneotuj cnhtvktybz cjdhtvtyyjuj fvthbrfycrjuj ntfnhf jnhféfnm cfvsq ibhjrbq lbfgfpjy ujkjcjd, jcjåtyyj ntö, rjnjhst vs cksibv yt nfr eé xfcnj.
Itrcgbhjdcrbq atcnbdfkm d Fkfåfvt cnfk ntv vtcnjv, relf
cktletn ghbtpéfnm, xnjås gjcvjnhtnm hfåjns dblysö fdnjhjd
Ñuf, yfghbvth, Htåtrrb Ubkvfy, rjnjhfz pf gjcktlybt gznm ktn Yfnfy Ktqy (cktdf) b Vtnmñ Åhjlthbr, pfyznst d gthdjv cjcnfdt
cnfkf jlybv bp yfbåjktt pfvtnysö yjdsö ujkjcjd d fvthbrfy- frnthjd, buhfñobö yf Åhjldtt gmtce ≤Ghjlñcths≥ (The Producers).
D 2001 ujle änf cfnbhf yf fvthbrfycrbt vñpbrks eljcnjbkfcm
crjq lhfvfnehubb.
ghbceélftvjq Fvthbrfycrbv ntfnhfkmysv cjñpjv ghtvbb
≤Njyb≥ gj 12 yjvbyfwbzv. Nfrjuj ecgtöf yt ljåbdfkjcm yb jlyj
Crhjvyfz b ytghbnzpfntkmyfz étyobyf ghbvthyj 35 ktn,
lheujt ije d bcnjhbb Åhjldtz.
Ubkvfy ghbtöfkf d Xbrfuj bp Nhecdbkkz d infnt Fkfåfvf. Dct
tt gjgsnrb ghjåbnmcz yf cwtye åskb ytelfxysvb lj ntö gjh,
gjrf rhjitxyfz xbrfucrfz nheggf gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Ctrk nbänh
by Ajhtcn Gfhr≥ yt gjcnfdbkf jlye bp tt hfyybö gmtc ≤Cxfcnmt
ébnm≥ (The Glory of Living) – jnrhjdtyysq fyfkbp cdzpb vtéle
étcnjrjcnmñ gj jnyjitybñ r ltnzv, ctrcefkmysvb jnrkjytybzvb b cthbqysvb eåbqcndfvb. Gjkjébntkmyst jnpsds ljikb
Yf Åhjldtt frnths Vjc Lta
(bcgjkyzñobq hjkm Åenf) b
lj Cñpfy Åen, d nj dhtvz pfybvfditq gjcn kbnthfnehyjuj
Létaahb Hfqn (bcgjkyzñobq
herjdjlbntkz d ghtcnbéyjv xbrfucrjv ≤Uelvfy nbänh≥ b UbkNhb chfétyysö kñåjdmñ étyböf hjkm Kbyrjkmyf) d eljcnjtyyjq
vfy åscnhj cnfkf tt kñåbvbwtq.
d cgtrnfrkt gj gmtct Xfhkmpf K. Gekbnwthjdcrjq ghtvbb gmtct
Vb ≤Åjkmifz kñåjdm≥ (Big Love) Cmñpfy-Kjhb Gfhrc ≤GjåtlbNtfnh Uelvfyf dgthdst gjcnfdbk gmtce Ubkvfy ≤Rfr yjé d
ntkm/Ghjbuhfdibq≥ (Topdog/
yf atcnbdfkt yjdsö fvthbrfyUnderdog).
vfckj≥ (Spinning Into Butter) j hfcbpvt åtksö kbåthfkjd. Ltqcn- crbö gmtc ≤Ömñvfyf≥.
1
26
Cwtyf bp cgtrnfrkz gj
gmtct ≤Vtnfvjhajps≥
(Metamorphoses),
ghtlcnfdkzñotq cjåjq
gththfåjnre rkfccbxtcrbö
hbvcrbö vbajd Jdblbz. Äne
gmtce yfgbcfkf b gjcnfdbkf
Vähb Wbvvthvfy.
Ltåjhf Qtqnc b Åjql
Utqyc d ≤Rjynfrnfö vtéle
kñlmvb≥ (Contact),
åhjldtqcrjv ≤vñpbrkt≥,
d rjnjhjv ybrnj yt gjtn.
Äktrnhjyysq jåhfp ckeébn ltrjhfwbtq yf
ghtlcnfdktybb gjgekzhyjuj åhjldtqcrjuj
vñpbrkf ≤Kfr lkz djkjc≥ (Hiarspray),
pfgjvbyfñobtcz gtcyb rjnjhjuj
djccjplfñn pdexfybt vepsrb b fnvjcathe
itcnbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf d
Fvthbrt.
Fabif j gjcnfyjdrt
gmtcs Htåtrrb Ubkvfy
≤Vfkmxbr b ltdjxrf≥
(Boy Gets Girl) d
≤Vfyöännty nbänh
rkfå≥
pfvtxfntkmyj gkjljdbnsq b gjänbxysq gbcfntkm dct lfkmit
dnjhuftncz yf nthhbnjhbñ, rjulf-nj gjldkfcnyeñ kbim fdnjhfv
lhtdytuhtxtcrbö nhfutlbq. D 2003 ujle gmtcjq ≤Étvxeébyf
jrtfyf≥ (Gem of the Ocean) Ebkcjy dgbitn tot jlye ukfde d cdjñ
gjhfpbntkmyeñ ägjgtñ. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, jy eét yfgbcfk ghj ltdznm ltcznbktnbq ghjikjuj dtrf. Jcnftncz jnhfpbnm gjcktlytt.
Pf gjcktlybt ldf ujlf dtkbrbq gfnhbfhö fvthbrfycrjuj
ntfnhf Äldfhl Jkåb ljrfpfk, xnj b d ctvmltczn ktn lhfvfnehu
cgjcjåty cdjbv ndjhxtcndjv gjnhzcfnm geåkbre. Gmtcf Jkåb
≤Rjptk, bkb rnj nfrfz Cbkmdbz?≥ (The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia),
ctvtqyfz nhfutlbz, d rjnjhjq jlby bp gthcjyfétq dkñåkztncz
d xtndthjyjujt ébdjnyjt, d 2002 ujle åskf eljcnjtyf yfuhfls
≤Njyb≥ pf kexieñ jhbubyfkmyeñ gmtce yf Åhjldtt b cnfkf jlyjq bp cfvsö jåceélftvsö gjcnfyjdjr gjcktlybö ktn. Ytcvjnhz yf pfzdktyyeñ ntve, gmtcf djdct yt j ctrcefkmysö bpdhfotybzö. Yf cfvjv ltkt, änj cthmtpyjt, ljåhjnyjt ghjbpdtltybt,
d rjnjhjv nfåebhjdfyysq ghtlvtn cnhfcnb ckeébn vtnfajhjq,
jåjpyfxfñotq kñåjuj ≤byjuj≥ gfhnythf d kbxysö bkb lfét b d
gjkbnbxtcrbö jnyjitybzö. D rjywt rjywjd, cfvj ckjdj ≤nhfutlbz≥ ghjbpjikj jn ckjdf, jåjpyfxfdituj ≤rjpkbyeñ gtcym≥.
Yf ajyt gmtcs Jkåb c tt ukeåjrbvb ntvfvb, bcgjkytyysvb
dtkbrjuj vtnfajhbxtcrjuj cvsckf, åjktt vjkjlst fdnjhs
dsukzlzn dtcmvf åktlyj.
Jlyfrj ytcrjkmrj yjdsö fvthbrfycrbö lhfvfnehujd cevtkb d
gjcktlybt ldf ujlf ghbdktxm r ctåt dybvfybt. Älfv Hfgg, zhrbq
dshfpbntkm ñyjitcrjuj åeynfhcndf b hfpheibntkm ntfnhfkmysö
rfyjyjd, yfgbcfk nfrbt gmtcs, rfr ≤Yjrnñhy≥ (Nocturne) j gthtébdfybb vjkjlsv xtkjdtrjv xedcndf cdjtq dbys b ≤Åkfujhjlyst ufps≥ (Finer Noble Gases) – cdthöyfnehfkbcnbxtcrjt bpjåhfétybt ébpyb rjvgfybb jlbyjrbö vepsrfynjd, pfyznsö ntv, xnj
cyfxfkf ghbjåhtnfñn ntöybre, f gjnjv tt hfpheifñn.
Ghbyflktéfobq r åjktt cnfhitve gjrjktybñ Xfhkmp K. Vb,
gjhfpbntkmyj ckjéysq b jlfhtyysq lhfvfnehu, ghjrkflsdftn
cdjñ cjåcndtyyeñ cntpñ. Tuj bcrkñxbntkmyjcnm ghjzdkztncz b
d njv, xnj jy gjcskftn dct cdjb hfåjns d Bynthytn b gjjohztn
ntfnhfkmyst rjkktrnbds rjvgjyjdfnm recrb gmtc gj bö ecvjnhtybñ. Yf ndjhxtcndj Vb pyfxbntkmyjt dkbzybt jrfpfkb rkfccbxtcrbt fdnjhs. Rfr gjrfpfkf tuj cnfdifz åtpevyj gjgekzhyjq
gmtcf ≤Åjkmifz kñåjdm≥ (Big Love), tuj jcjåtyyj ghbdktrfñn
cjdhtvtyyst flfgnfwbb lhtdytuhtxtcrbö ghjbpdtltybq. Uthjq
gjcktlytq gmtcs Vb ≤B rfélsq ltym kbvjyfl≥ (Limonade Tous
Les Jours) jnghfdkztncz d Gfhbé, ult d ytuj åtpevyj dkñåkztncz ghtrhfcyfz vjkjlfz ahfyweétyrf – gtdbwf rfåfht. Rfr b
dct ghjbpdtltybz Vb, gmtcf cjplftn fnvjcathe dkñåktyyjcnb,
afynfpbq b velhjcnb.
(Cktdf) Jlybv bp jcyjdysö
nfkfynjd yf cwtyt fvthbrfycrjuj ntfnhf zdkztncz lhfvfnehu b kfehtfn vyjubö ghtvbq
Jufcn Ebkcjy. (Cghfdf) D
Ymñ-Qjhrt, yf euke 45 ekbws
b Åhjldtz. Åhjcftncz d ukfpf
jåbkbt htrkfvysö jåüzdktybq
j hfpkbxysö ije yf Åhjldtt.
Ntfnhfks dscnhfbdfñncz d
jxthtlm, xnjås regbnm åbktns,
ghjlfdftvst cj crblrjq d ltym
cgtrnfrkz.
Vb xfcnj ghböjlbkjcm hfåjnfnm c htébccthjv Fyyjq Åjufhn.
D htpekmnfnt bö cjdvtcnyjuj ndjhxtcndf åsk gjcnfdkty cgtrnfrkm ≤Åjåhfeityåthufvthbrf≥ (bobrauschenbergamerica) –
åktcnzofz ntfnhfkmyfz htnhjcgtrnbdf ndjhxtcndf Åjåf Hfeityåthuf, dslfñotujcz vfcnthf dbpefkmyjuj bcreccndf 1950-ö.
Bp-gjl gthf Åjufhn dsikf nfrét gmtcf ≤Gfhnbnehf≥ (Score) –
cjdhtvtyysq dpukzl yf rfhmthe dtkbrjuj rjvgjpbnjhf Ktjyfhlf Åthycnfqyf. Rhjvt njuj, hzl kexibö frnthjd bp tt nheggs
≤CBNB≥ (SITI) hfåjnftn c lheubvb fvthbrfycrbvb lhfvfnehufvb:
yfghbvth, dtkbrjktgysq Létaathcjy Väqp åjkmieñ xfcnm
2002 b 2003 gjcdznbk buht d gmtct Leuf Hfqnf ≤Cfv ctåt étyf≥
(I Am My Own Wife), hfccrfpsdfñotq bcnjhbñ ytvtwrjuj nhfycdtcnbnf, gthtébdituj gfltybt Åthkbycrjq cntys.
HFPHEITYBT UHFYBW
Ndjhxtcndj Åjufhn (d rjnjhjv htébccth b fdnjh pfxfcneñ dscnegfñn rfr jlyj wtkjt) dj vyjubö jnyjitybzö zdkztncz gjrfpfntktv ghjwtccf hfpvsdfybz uhfybw, rjulf-nj hfpltkzdibö fvthbrfycrjt ntfnhfkmyjt bcreccndj yf jnltkmyst jåkfcnb. D yfib
lyb änb uhfybws gjnthzkb cdjt pyfxtybt b åscnhj bcxtpfñn.
Vähb Wbvvthvfy, gbcfntkm b htébccth, xmz hjcrjiyfz ntfnhfkmyfz flfgnfwbz ≤Vtnfvjhajp≥ Jdblbz bvtkf nfrjq ecgtö
yf Åhjldtt, vjétn ckeébnm ghbvthjv fåcjkñnyj cfvjljcnfnjxyjuj öeljéybrf. Dj dctö cdjbö hfåjnfö, yfxbyfz c ≤Pfgbcjr≥
Ktjyfhlf lf Dbyxb b pfrfyxbdfz tt elfxyjq cjdvtcnyjq gjcnfyjdrjq c Abkbgjv Ukfccjv jgths ≤Ufkbktj Ufkbktq≥ d ≤Ntfnht
Uelvfyf≥, Wbvvthvfy, cxfcnkbdj bpåtéfd rfr fyföhjybpvjd,
nfr b ghzvjuj gjkbnbxtcrjuj rjvvtynfhbz, dct ét cevtkf
ghjdtcnb ytpfåsdftvst gfhfkktkb vtéle afrnfvb bcnjhbb
b cjåsnbzvb ctujlyziytuj lyz.
Wbvvthvfy – ghbhjéltyyfz hfccrfpxbwf. Jlyfrj nhflbwbjyyjt gjdtcndjdfybt yt ckbirjv bynthtcetn åjkmieñ xfcnm
vjkjlsö fvthbrfycrbö lhfvfnehujd, ghtlcnfdkzñobö nfr
yfpsdftvjt gjrjktybt ≤dbltj≥, djcgbnfyyjt yf cñhhtfkbcnbxtcrbö jåhfpfö b vtkmrfñobö rfhnbyrfö dbltjhzlf. Nfrbt gbcfntkb, rfr ébdeobq d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj Ltybc Léjycjy, fdnjh
“Hell-hound on My Trail”, jcnhj djcghbybvfñobq ltqcndbntkmyjcnm – jxtdblysq yfcktlybr nhflbwbb Cfhyf Itgfhlf b ktnjgbctw gjkevbabxtcrjuj fvthbrfycrjuj Pfgflf – pfxfcneñ
eltkzñn åjkmit dybvfybz cbkt jåhfpjd, f yt öjkjlyjq kjubrt
cjåsnbq.
D wtkjv yjdjt gjrjktybt gbcfntktq ctqxfc åjkmit edktxtyj hfpheitybtv uhfybw éfyhjd. Nfr, yfghbvth, d phtkjq hfåjnt Cmñpfy-Kjhb Gfhrc ≤Gjåtlbntkm/ghjbuhfdibq≥ (Topdog/
Underdog), eljcnjtyyjq Gekbnwthjdcrjq ghtvbb, ldf åhfnf
fahjfvthbrfywf, Kbyrjkmy b Åen, ltkzn eåjueñ rjvyfne d
ltitdjq ujcnbybwt. Ghb änjv
Kbyrjkmy, pfybvfñobqcz
≤ébdjq htrkfvjq≥ d gfccfét ltitdsö vfufpbyjd, bvbnbhez bkb
bpjåhféfz njdfhs, bpjåhféftn
nfrét Fdhffvf Kbyrjkmyf.
Xnj änj? Bcnjhbz bkb ét
öeljétcndtyysq dsvsctk?
Åtcöbnhjcnysq hfccrfp j cjgthybxtcndt ldeö åhfnmtd bkb ét
dtkbrjktgyfz bcnjhbxtcrfz
gfhfkktkm? Rfr b d cdjtq yt
vtytt dspsdfñotq ≤Fvthbrfycrjq gmtct≥ (The America Play),
Gfhrc, ghjdjwbhez phbntkz,
1
28
cfvsv ghbxelkbdsv jåhfpjv cvtibdftn htfkmyjcnm b afynfpbb.
Gthtl änjq ytzdyjq ntfnhfkmyjcnmñ yt ecnjzk lfét åhjldtqcrbq vñpbrk. Uhtu Rjnb b Vfhr Öjkkvfyy d cdjtv vñpbrkt
≤Ehbynfey≥ (Urinetown) hbceñn djjåhféftvsq vbh, d rjnjhjv
ghbywbg xfcnyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb djpdtlty d nfrjq fåcjkñn, xnj
lfét dct nefktns jrfpfkbcm ghbdfnbpbhjdfyysvb.
Cgtrnfrkm cnhtvbncz gjrfpfnm, rfr dféyj jöhfyznm ghbhjle b
evtnm cjgthtébdfnm. Yj tuj uthjb yt pfåsdfñn b j njv, xnj änj
dct-nfrb vñpbrk. Dct änj cjplftn fnvjcathe evyjq gjcnvjlthybcncrjq enjyxtyyjcnb, rjnjhfz nfr yhfdbncz vjkjlsv phbntkzv, öjnz ije b jnlftn lfym nhflbwbzv åhjldtqcrjuj vñpbrkf –
jlyjve bp dtkbxfqibö bpjåhtntybq fvthbrfycrjuj bcreccndf, j
xtv yfv nfr evtcnyj yfgjvybkf ytdthjznyj cvtiyfz cwtybxtcrfz gjcnfyjdrf ≤Ghjlñcthjd≥ (The Producers) Vtkf Åhercf.
Änf ntyltywbz cvtitybz éfyhjd yfåkñlftncz dj dctö jåkfcnzö bcreccndf. Rfr veptqyst dscnfdrb, nfr b hjr-rjywthns
d Fvthbrt cnfyjdzncz dct åjktt zdyj ntfnhfkbpjdfyysvb –
dgkjnm lj drkñxtybz d ybö buhs frnthjd b lhfvfnbxtcrjuj gjdtcndjdfybz. Åhjldtq pfxfcneñ xthgftn dljöyjdtybt d Ujkkbdelt b yfjåjhjn: ujkkbdelcrfz dthcbz åhjldtqcrjuj vñpbrkf
≤Xbrfuj≥ åskf ghbpyfyf Fvthbrfycrjq rbyjfrfltvbtq kexibv
abkmvjv 2002 ujlf.
CGTWÄAATRNS
D yfcnjzott dhtvz vyjubt ntfnhs erfpsdfñn yf nj, xnj bv ghböjlbncz rjyrehbhjdfnm d åjhmåt pf phbntkz yt cnjkmrj c ntfnhfkmysvb rjkktrnbdfvb, crjkmrj c hjpybxyjq njhujdktq, rjnjhfz ghbjåhtnfñn dct åjktt ntfnhfkbpjdfyyst ajhvs. Nfr jlby
xbrfucrbq vfufpby – ≤Fvthbrfy Uthk Gktqc≥, cgtwbfkbpbheñobqcz yf njdfhfö lkz ltdjxtr gjlhjcnrjdjuj djphfcnf, lfét
yfyzk åhjldtqcrbö rjvgjpbnjhjd b gjcnfdbk cdjq cjåcndtyysq
vbyb-vñpbrk, rjnjhsq buhftncz d gjldfkmyjv änfét plfybz.
Yjdst ntfnhfkmyst gjcnfyjdrb, nfrbv jåhfpjv, hjélfñncz
lfét d catht njhujdkb.
Vtyztncz b fvthbrfycrfz ntfnhfkmyfz ntöyjkjubz. D gjcktlybt ldf ujlf elfkjcm ljåbnmcz gjhfpbntkmysö htpekmnfnjd d jåkfcnb ldeövthyjuj bpjåhfétybz: wbahjdst ntöyjkjubb cjplfñn nj, xnj ghtélt åskj gjldkfcnyj njkmrj rbcnb öeljéybrf.
Ntgthm, rjulf cdtnj-vepsrf cnfkf jåsltyyjcnmñ, yfbåjktt
gthtljdst d ntöybxtcrjv jnyjitybb ntfnhs – nfrbt, rfr gjhféfñobq djjåhfétybt yjdsq ≤Rjkkbptq≥ yf 4 nsczxb vtcn d
≤Wtpfhm-Gfkfct≥ d Kfc-Dtufct – bcgjkmpeñn lkz ljcnbétybz
äaatrnf ukeåbys ghjcnhfycndf åjkmibt ärhfys yf jcyjdt
cdtnj-lbjljd. Ghb änjv ehjdtym phtkboyjcnb cgtrnfrkz gjlybvftncz yf nfreñ dscjne, rjnjhfz gjrf ytljcnbébvf ybult
d vbht.
D yfib lyb ije Kfc-Dtufcf – eét yt ghjcnj åktcr b åhfdflf.
Öjnz b yt nfrjq dscjrjntöyjkjubxysq, yj gjöjébq ärhfy
bcgjkmpetncz d rfxtcndt ajyf d åhjldtqcrjv vñpbrkt ≤Kfr lkz
djkjc≥ (Haispray), d rjnjhjv bcrhjvtnysq ntfnhfkmysq ñvjh
cjxtnftncz c cthmtpysvb ntvfvb uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl, rjnjhst
nfr åkbprb cthlwe fkfåfvwtd.
Ghbnjv, xnj gmtcf jcnftncz dféyjq ajhvjq ntfnhfkmyjuj
bcreccndf cjdhtvtyyjq Fvthbrb, yjdst ntfnhfkmyst ghjbpdtltybz lfktrj dsöjlzn pf ghtltks ghbdsxysö hfvjr.
∆
GHJABKM:
Lhfvfnehu
Htlébyf Ntqkjh
Ytcrjkmrj ktn yfpfl htébccth ghbycnjycrjuj ntfnhfkmyjuj
rjkktrnbdf d infnt Ymñ-Léthcb jåhfnbkcz r Htlébyt Ntqkjh
c ghjcmåjq yfgbcfnm lhfvfnbxtcrjt ghjbpdtltybt, dpzd pf
jcyjde fkmåjv cj cnfhsvb xthyj-åtksvb ajnjuhfabzvb
fahjfvthbrfyjr d gfhflyj-dsöjlysö ikzgfö, rjnjhst jyb
jåsxyj yfltdfkb, rjulf ikb d wthrjdm. Ntqkjh edktrkfcm änjq
nhelyjq pflfxtq.
Htpekmnfnjv tt nhelf zdbkfcm gjcnfyjdrf gmtcs ≤Rjhjys≥
(Crowns), d rjnjhjq wthrjdyfz vepsrf gthtgktnftncz c étycrbvb bcnjhbzvb, hfccrfpfyysvb d cnfhjvjlyjq vfytht. Lhfvfnehu b frnhbcf d jlyjv kbwt, Ntqkjh yfgbcfkf xfcnm gmtcs dj
dhtvz cdjtq cnfébhjdrb d frnthcrjq irjkt Hjåthnf Htlajhlf
d Cfylfyct, infn Ñnf, f d rjywt 2002 ujlf ghtlcnfdbkf tt yf
cel phbntktq d jlyjv bp rjkktlétq infnf Ymñ-Léthcb.
Gthtl ghtvmthjq gmtcs ≤Rjhjys≥ Ntqkjh rjhjnrj pfvtnbkf:
≤Vs djcghjbpdjlbv ghfdle bö ébpyb≥. Ujdjhz j pyfxtybb
ikzg lkz gjybvfybz uthjbym, Ntqkjh yfpdfkf bö ≤djkitåysvb jryfvb, gjpdjkzñobvb pfukzyenm d leib änbö étyoby≥.
Gmtcf ≤Rjhjys≥, pfdjtdfdifz pyfxbntkmyeñ bpdtcnyjcnm
gjckt cdjtq ghtvmths, zdkztn cjåjq kbim cfvsq gjcktlybq
ghbvth ndjhxtcrjq b byntkktrnefkmyjq cvtkjcnb fdnjhf. Ntqkjh – änj cjdhtvtyyjt djgkjotybt étyobys ägjöb Djphjéltybz. Frnhbcf, htébccth b lhfvfnehu d jlyjv kbwt, jyf eét ldf
ltcznbktnbz cdjåjlyj gentitcndetn gj vbhe ntfnhfkmyjuj
bcreccndf, cjxtnfz tuj cfvst hfpyjjåhfpyst ajhvs.
Ntqkjh hjlbkfcm d ctvmt irjkmysö exbntktq b dshjckf d
Lfkkfct, infn Ntöfc. Tt ghjatccbjyfkmysq ltåñn rfr frnhbcs
cjcnjzkcz tot d ujls extås d rjkktlét, ult jyf gjcnbufkf
ghtvelhjcnb éehyfkbcnbrb b fyukbqcrjuj zpsrf. Jyf csuhfkf
hjkm d ntktdbpbjyyjq ljrevtynfkmyjq lhfvt jå bcnjhbb byntuhfwbb irjk Ñuf CIF. Gj jrjyxfybb extås d 1981 ujle Ntqkjh
gthttöfkf d Ymñ-Qjhr, ult ghjljkéfkf buhfnm yf cwtyt. R änjve tt gjlnjkryek jlby bp ghtgjlfdfntktq gbcfntkmcrjuj vfcnthcndf d rjkktlét.
D jlyjv bp cdjbö ytlfdybö bynthdmñ jyf crfpfkf: ≤Vtyz
pfdjhfébdfk ghjwtcc frnthcrjq buhs≥. ≤Rjulf ds gbibnt, nj
djlbnt hexrjq gj åevfut. Änj vfnthbfkmysq ghjwtcc. Buhfz,
frnth jnlftn cdjq ujkjc b ntkj dj dkfcnm leöjdyjuj≥.
Ntqkjh cnfkf gthdjq fahjfvthbrfycrjq frnhbcjq, csuhfditq hjkm Léekmtnns d åhjldtqcrjq gjcnfyjdrt ≤Hjvtj b
Rhbc Léjeyc zdkztncz ntfnhfkmysv rhbnbrjv ufptns ≤Xbrfuj Nhbåmñy≥.
Frnhbcs, buhfñobt d gmtct Htlébys Ntqkjh ≤Rjhjktds:
gjhnhtns ntvyjrjébö étyoby d ikzgfö lkz gjctotybz wthrdb≥
(Crowns, Portraits of Black Women in Church Hats)
1
29
Léekmtnns≥. Hfåjnfz yf ntktdbltybb, jyf pfdjtdfkf ≤Pjkjnjq ukjåec≥ pf hjkm fahjfvthbrfyrb Ñuf CIF 50-ö ujljd
d pyfvtybnjv cthbfkt ≤Z ektxe≥ (I’ll Fly Away). D rbyjabkmvfö tt gjcnjzyysvb gfhnythfvb åskb nfrbt frnths, rfr
Ltyptk Dfibyunjy b Cävñäk
K. Létrcjy.
Gthdfz gmtcf Ntqkjh
gjl yfpdfybtv ≤J-åkf-lb≥
(Oo-Bla-Dee), gjcdzotyyfz
xthyjrjébv étyobyfv léfpvepsrfynfv 1940-ö ujljd,
dgthdst åskf gjcnfdktyf d
jlyjv bp xbrfucrbö ntfnhjd, f
pfntv – dj vyjubö lheubö ntfnhfö cnhfys. Gjckt änjuj jyf
yfgbcfkf gmtce gj vjnbdfv
Xtöjdcrjuj ≤Dbiytdjuj cflf≥
gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Njyeofz djhjyf≥ (Drowning Crow), ult ltqcndbt ghjbcöjlbn d ctkmcrjq
vtcnyjcnb cjdhtvtyyjq Ñéyjq Rfhjkbys, f htxm bltn j
rjyakbrnt gjrjktybq d ctvmt
öeljéybrjd.
Ntgthm, rjulf ≤Rjhjys≥ gjckt gjrfpf d Ghbycnjyt gjcnfdktys yf ymñ-qjhrcrjq cwtyt,
Ntqkjh jålevsdftn cktleñobq ghjtrn – cjplfybt, gj
ghjcmåt cfvjuj fdnjhf, cwtybxtcrjq dthcbb hjvfyf Äkbc
Ejrth ≤Wdtn gehgeh≥ (The
Color Purple).
∆
Åtctlf c
Rthb Gthkjaa
Djn eét gjxnb 20 ktn Rthb Gthkjaa, öeljétcndtyysq herjdjlbntkm ≤Fvthbrfy rjycthdfnjhb
nbänh≥ d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj, zdkztncz exfcnybrjv b cdbltntktv ädjkñwbb cwtybxtcrjuj bcreccndf
CIF. Pf nj ltcznbktnbt, xnj jyf djpukfdkzkf bpdtcnyeñ nhegge ≤F.C.N.≥ – cghfdbdibcm d njv xbckt b c djccnfyjdktybtv plfybz ntfnhf bp heby gjckt ptvktnhzctybz 1989 ujlf d Rfkbajhybb –
yf tt ukfpfö dshjckj rfr xbckj nfkfynkbdsö fdnjhjd, nfr b phbntktq. Yt juhfybxbdfzcm hfvrfvb
CIF, jyf botn yjdst bltb e cdjbö cdthcnybrjd gj dctve vbhe b cjplftn cjdvtcnyst ndjhxtcrbt
ghjtrns.
Djghjc: Rfrbt yjdst zdktybz d ntfnhfkmyjv vbht pf gjcktlytt ltcznbktnbt rféencz dfv yfbåjktt pyfxbntkmysvb?
Jndtn: Nfrbö ytcrjkmrj. Dj-gthdsö, änj htytccfyc fvthbrfycrjuj frnthf. Änj dtkbrfz dtom.
Z vyjuj hfpvsikzñ yfl åeleobv änjq caths, gjcrjkmre d yfitv ≤Fvthbrfy rjycthdfnjhb
nbänh≥ tcnm ghjuhfvvf jåextybz frnthjd, gj jrjyxfybb rjnjhjq ghbcdfbdftncz cntgtym vfubcnhf bcreccnd frnthcrjuj vfcnthcndf. Vs jåyfheébkb, xnj fvthbrfycrbt frnths jåkflfñn
eybrfkmysv cgkfdjv yfdsrjd: pfvtxfntkmysv xedcndjv ldbétybz b ibhjrbv ävjwbjyfkmysv
lbfgfpjyjv d cjxtnfybb c zpsrjv b yfdsrfvb hfåjns c ntrcnjv, rjnjhst nhflbwbjyyj fccjwbbhjdfkbcm c åhbnfycrbv ntfnhjv. Gj dctq cnhfyt ehjdtym frnthcrjuj vfcnthcndf d cfvsö hfpysö
éfyhfö ytdthjznyj dscjr. Vjb rjkktub bp lheubö cnhfy, ghbtpéfz r yfv hfåjnfnm, yt ecnfñn
gjhféfnmcz njve, xnj fvthbrfycrbt frnths vjuen b gtnm, b nfywtdfnm, dkfltz ghb änjv cfvsvb
hfpysvb cnbkzvb.
Z levfñ, xnj e yfc d CIF uhfybws vtéle lbcwbgkbyfvb djjåot vtytt dshfétys. Ghjbcöjlbn hfpheitybt nhflbwbjyysö hfvjr, d rjnjhst ljkéyf åskf erkflsdfnmcz ljåhjnyfz gjcnfyjdrf. D ghjikjv ujle dvtcnt c pfvtxfntkmysv cfy-ahfywbccrbv rdfhntnjv ≤Rhjyjc≥ vs cjplfkb vyjujéfyhjdsq vepsrfkmysq cgtrnfrkm – yjdsq dfhbfyn jgths, rjnjhsq vyjubvb åsk djcghbyzn c äynepbfpvjv rfr ghbvth lkz gjlhféfybz. Nfrjuj hjlf ghbvths gthtgktntybz éfyhjd
vjéyj yfqnb gj dctq cnhfyt, xnj yfgjvbyftn yfv j njv, xnj fvthbrfycrbq ntfnh gjbcnbyt jåotyfhjlty b yt juhfybxbdftncz gjlvjcnrfvb Ymñ-Qjhrf.
Bltn ghjwtcc dpfbvjjgkjljndjhtybz éfyhjd, b änj pfvtxfntkmyj. Rhjvt njuj, cbkmyj dshfétyj dkbzybt vbhjdjuj jgsnf. R yfv d ≤F.C.N≥. gjcnjzyyj ghbtpéfñn öeljéybrb bp lheubö
cnhfy.
D.: D xtv yf ctujlyziybq ltym pfrkñxftncz cfvsq åjkmijq dspjd, cnjzobq gthtl fvthbrfycrbv ntfnhfkmysv cjjåotcndjv?
J.: Dj-gthdsö, änj ghjljkétybt åjhmås pf cfvjåsnyjcnm b eybrfkmyjcnm. Ceotcndetn htfkmyfz
jgfcyjcnm njuj, xnj d eckjdbzö ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cgflf ntfnh vjétn cnfnm tlbyjjåhfpysv, nj tcnm
dct ntfnhs åelen cnfdbnm ghbvthyj jlbyfrjdst gmtcs, f ghjlñcths åelen åjznmcz hbcrjdfnm.
Gj-yfcnjzotve edktrfntkmysq ntfnh cjplftncz lkz rjyrhtnyjuj cjjåotcndf, ébdeotuj d lfyyjv vtcnt b d lfyyjt dhtvz, b ljkéty cnfnm bö zhrbv dshfétybtv. Njkmrj ghb änjv eckjdbb
ntfnh vjétn jcnfdfnmcz bynthtcysv. D wtkjv gj cnhfyt vjéyj jnvtnbnm, xnj ntfnhfkmyst ctpjys lfhzn yfv vtymit cñhghbpjd, xtv hfymit. Jyb cnfyjdzncz åjktt ghtlcrfpetvsvb. Gjänjve
djghjc bylbdblefkmyjcnb jxtym dféty.
Tot jlyf pflfxf – änj rfr elthéfnm d catht ntfnhf dtleobö frnthjd. Jn yfc jyb jxtym åscnhj
eöjlzn d rbyjbylecnhbñ. Lheubt cjåkfpys njét jxtym dtkbrb.
Rthb Gthkjaa
© Åfhåfhf Hbc, 2003 u.
1
30
D.: C dfitq njxrb phtybz, rfrbt pfheåtéyst ndjhxtcrbt b öeljétcndtyyst yfghfdktybz jrfpfkb yf dfc yfbåjkmitt dkbzybt?
J.: Bhjybz celmås pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj vs ljkéys åkfujlfhbnm tdhjgtqwtd pf nj, xnj nfrbt dtkbrbt öeljéybrb Fvthbrb,
rfr htébccth Hjåthn Ebkcjy, yt eikb bp ntfnhf. Änj rfétncz
ytdthjznysv, yj jlby bp cfvsö pyfxbntkmysö fvthbrfycrbö
ndjhwjd hfåjnftn gjxnb bcrkñxbntkmyj e tdhjgtqwtd. Pltcm, d
Cfy-Ahfywbcrj, ébden kñlb cj dctuj vbhf. Gjänjve yfl rfrjq
ås ntvjq ds yb hfåjnfkb, ds yfqltnt cjjndtncdeñobq vfnthbfk chtlb ujhjlcrjuj yfctktybz.
D.: Vjéyj kb crfpfnm, xnj ndjhxtcrbt ubufyns ghjikjuj –
J’Ybks, Ebkmzvcs b bö cjdhtvtyybrb – dct tot ljvbybheñn
yf änjv gjkt, bkb ét yjdst ujkjcf dct-nfrb vjéyj hfccksifnm?
J.: Levfñ, xnj vjéyj ecksifnm b lheubt ujkjcf. Yt pyfñ gjrf,
ljcnbukj kb yjdjt gjrjktybt ehjdyz Ntyytccb Ebkmzvcf b
Ñlébyf J’Ybkf, Rkbaajhlf Jltncf b Kjhhtqy Öfycåthhb b bv
gjljåysö. Änj vjéyj crfpfnm njkmrj gj ghjitcndbb dhtvtyb.
Yj levfñ, xnj fvthbrfycrjt gbcfntkmcrjt ndjhxtcndj yföjlbncz yf gjlütvt, jlyfrj nhtåetncz dhtvz, xnjås yjdst ujkjcf
åskb ecksifys. B jgznm vs djpdhfoftvcz r ghjåktvt hbcrf:
ntfnh ljkéty åsnm yfcnjkmrj pfbynthtcjdfy d rjyrhtnyjv gbcfntkt, xnjås cnfdbnm rfr tuj elfxyst, nfr b ytelfxyst gmtcs.
Nfr dphfobdfñncz fdnjhs.
Z ltqcndbntkmyj cxbnfñ, xnj fvthbrfycrbq phbntkm cnfk ujhfplj åjktt bcreityysv, xtv ltcznm ktn yfpfl. Vs d ≤F.C.N.≥
cnfdbv jxtym jhbubyfkmyst gmtcs. B gjcrjkmre vs gjnhfnbkb
ytvfkj cbk yf nj, xnjås ghbdbnm yfitq felbnjhbb drec r
ytjåsxyjve, tq änj yhfdbncz.
D.: 10-12 ktn yfpfl htébccthe chtlytq herb, hfåjnfñotve pf
ghtltkfvb Ymñ-Qjhrf, nfrjuj hjlf ärcgthbvtyns yt cjikb ås
c her nfr ghjcnj.
J.: Cjukfcyf. Yj cbnefwbz bpvtybkfcm. B änj pfvtxfntkmyj.
Öeljéybre nfrfz hfåjnf ghbyjcbn ujhfplj åjkmitt eljdktndjhtybt.
D.: Vs gthtébdftv ärjyjvbxtcrbq cgfl. Xnj ds ltkftnt, xnjås
ghbcgjcjåbnmcz r yjdsv eckjdbzv?
J.: Ärjyjvbxtcrfz cbnefwbz jcjåtyyj eéfcyf yf Pfgflyjv
gjåthtémt. Ctdthyfz Rfkbajhybz gthtébkf ytåsdfksq
ärjyjvbxtcrbq gjlütv, xnj gjpdjkbkj yfitve ntfnhe ≤F.C.N.≥
gjkyjcnmñ gjrhsnm ltabwbn, djpybribq gjckt ptvktnhzctybz b cajhvbhjdfnm juhjvysq gjlgbcyjq ajyl. Yj rhbpbc d
Cbkbrjyjdjq ljkbyt b nthhjhbcnbxtcrfz fnfrf 11 ctynzåhz
d cjxtnfybb c ärjyjvbxtcrjq htwtccbtq åjkmyj elfhbkb gj
Rfkbajhybb. Jlyfrj änj yt gjvtifkj njve, xnj änjn ujl cnfk
lkz ≤F.C.N.≥ jlybv bp htrjhlysö gj rfccjdsv cåjhfv. Phbntkm
bpujkjlfkcz gj ébdjve ntfnhe – gj njve jgsne cjgthtébdfybz,
rjnjhsq lftn ghjcvjnh gmtcs d ntfnht. Rfr b lheubt htubjyfkmyst ntfnhs, vs jhufybpetv lbcreccbb lj b gjckt cgtrnfrkz,
dcnhtxb cj phbntkzvb – dct, xnj gjvjuftn felbnjhbb xedcndjdfnm ctåz exfcnybrfvb ghjwtccf. Yfi jgsn ujdjhbn j njv, xnj
phbntkm åkfujlfhyj htfubhetn yf ghtlkjétybt gjexfcndjdfnm
d cjplfybb cgtrnfrkz.
Jlyf bp jcyjdysö ghbxby abyfycjdsö ghjåktv rfr ≤F.C.N≥,
nfr b lheubö ytrjvvthxtcrbö ntfnhjd cjcnjbn d njv, xnj jyb, d
jnkbxbt jn cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd b öeljétcndtyysö vepttd, bcgsnsdfñn öhjybxtcrbq ltabwbn gjéthndjdfybq. Gjcrjkmre vs dtxyj jpfåjxtys cktleñotq gjcnfyjdrjq, vs yt dctulf
eltkztv ljkéyjt dybvfybt ljkujchjxyjve gkfybhjdfybñ b
gjbcre cgjcjåjd dsébdfybz. Cnfyjdbncz jxtym nhelyj ghjldbufnmcz dgthtl, hfcnb, cnhjbnm gkfys, pfybvfnmcz ntv, xnj ns
öjxtim ltkfnm b ghb änjv yt blnb yf ckbirjv åjkmijq hbcr,
xnjås yt gjldthufnm jgfcyjcnb abyfycjdjt åkfujgjkexbt
ntfnhf. Änj xhtpdsxfqyj nhelyfz pflfxf.
D: Yt vjukb ås ds gjhfpvsikznm j njv, xnj ghjbpjqltn c
ntfnhjv d ntxtybt cktleñotuj ltcznbktnbz?
J.: Z yfltñcm, xnj jgznm djpybrytn åjkmit ntfnhjd chtlytuj
hfpvthf. Änj jlby bp rkñxtq r ärjkjubxtcrjve pljhjdmñ dctuj
ntfnhfkmyjuj vbhf. Bvtyyj gjänjve z öjntkf, xnjås e ≤F.C.N.≥
gjzdbkfcm vfkfz cwtyf. Rfr yb pfvtxfntkmyj cvjnhtnm vfcinfåyst gjcnfyjdrb d åjkmijv dtkbrjktgyjv pfkt, tcnm ytrfz
ghtktcnm d bynbvyjq fnvjcatht ntfnhfkmyjuj pfkf yf 200 vtcn.
B tot jlyf wtkm, pf rjnjheñ z gj-yfcnjzotve åjhñcm,
gjnjve xnj änj cfvjt kexitt, xnj lfkf vyt hfåjnf d ≤F.C.N.≥:
cjöhfytybt zlhf nheggs. R cjéfktybñ, pf gjcktlybt 10 ktn
änf nhflbwbz ghfrnbxtcrb bcxtpkf d fvthbrfycrjv ntfnht.
Jlyj bp cfvsö åjkmibö eljdjkmcndbq – änj yfåkñlfnm, rfr
ghtrhfcyst frnths gthtdjgkjofñncz bp hjkb d hjkm. Änj edktrfntkmyjt phtkbot. E yfc tcnm pfvtxfntkmysq frnth, rjnjhsq
csuhfk cnhfiyj crjkmprjuj b cnhfiyj cvtiyjuj gthcjyféf
d ≤Fvthbrfycrjv Åeaafkj≥ (American Buffalo) Ltqdblf Vfhytnf. F ntgthm jy cjåbhftncz buhfnm hjvfynbxtcrjuj uthjz d
gmtct Xtöjdf ≤Nhb ctcnhs≥. Änj lftn djpvjéyjcnm phbntkzv
gjyznm dtcm ghjwtcc ndjhxtcrjuj gthtdjgkjotybz d ntfnht. ∆
Bynthdmñ c Rtfhb Gthkjaa ghjdjlbk Vfqrk. Lé. Åäylkth.
1
31
RBYJBCRECCNDJ
RBYJABKMVS B CJDHTVTYYFZ FVTHBRF
HBXFHL GTKKC
Xnj ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ≤nbgbxysq≥ fvthbrfycrbq rbyjabkmv? Kñlb dj
dctv vbht edthtys, xnj pyfñn jndtn yf änjn djghjc. Öfhfrnthyfz fvthbrfycrfz rbyjrfhnbyf, yfcnfbdfñn jyb, bpjåbketn zhrbvb cgtwäaatrnfvb b ljhjujcnjzobvb, dtkbrjktgysvb ltrjhfwbzvb, d rjnjhsö yföjlbn
jnhfétybt gjxnb vbcnbxtcrjt åjufncndj Fvthbrb. Lfktt, fvthbrfycrbt
abkmvs egbdfñncz cnhtvbntkmyj hfpdjhfxbdfñobvcz ltqcndbtv b
djcödfkzñn kbxyjt vfcnthcndj, bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnm b jhbubyfkmyjcnm,
ghbceobt uthjbxtcrbv gjldbufv njq bkb byjq åtperjhbpytyyj jltnjq b
dtxyj vjkjljq pdtpls. Rhjvt njuj, nbgbxyfz fvthbrfycrfz rbyjrfhnbyf
yt jåöjlbncz åtp kñåjdysö bcnjhbq, rjnjhst ytbpåtéyj, öjnz xfcnj b
ytghfdljgjljåyj, bvtñn cxfcnkbdsq rjytw.
lyfrj pf gjcktlybt 15 ktn yf rféleñ dscjrjntöyjkjubxyeñ b gjkyeñ nhñrjd rbyjrfhnbye nbgf ≤Vbccbz ytdsgjkybvf≥, ghböjlzncz ytcrjkmrj cthmtpysö b yfheifñobö leitdyjt hfdyjdtcbt phbntktq abkmvjd, nfrbö rfr
≤Fvthbrfycrfz rhfcfdbwf≥ b ≤Xfcs≥. Yf rfélsq cltkfyysq d Ujkkbdelt ljhjujcnjzobq rbyjabkmv, jnkbxfñobqcz gsiyjcnmñ
gjcnfyjdrb b hfccxbnfyysq yf eljdktndjhtybt drecjd b pfghjcjd 12-ktnybö vfkmxbitr, cybvftncz wtksq hzl ukeåjrbö rbyjrfhnby, nfrbö rfr
≤Nhfabr≥, ≤Dkñåktyysq Itrcgbh≥, ≤Vfuyjkbz≥ b ≤J Ivblnt≥, rjnjhst
yfvthtyyj ltkfñncz lkz dphjcksö. Gjänjve pyfvtyfntkmysv lkz cjdhtvtyysö fvthbrfycrbö rbyjabkmvjd zdkztncz bö hfpyjjåhfpbt, ghbkfuftvst d ybö ecbkbz d wtkzö gjyznm ébpym d cjdhtvtyyjq Fvthbrt c cjwbfkmyjq bkb gcböjkjubxtcrjq cnjhjys b evtybt fdnjhjd änbö abkmvjd cjxtnfnm hfpdktrfntkmyjcnm c öeljétcndtyysv vfcnthcndjv.
J
VBAS JÅ FVTHBRFYCRJQ GJGEKZHYJQ REKMNEHT
Ntv yt vtytt, cnthtjnbgyst ghtlcnfdktybz j ujkkbdelcrbö abkmvfö ukeåjrj erjhtybkbcm d cjpyfybb rbyjphbntktq hfpysö cnhfy. D 1998 u., rjulf z hfåjnfk d Uthvfybb gj ghbukfitybñ eybdthcbntnf, vyt xfcnj ljdjlbkjcm xbnfnm ktrwbb d hfpkbxysö tdhjgtqcrbö ujhjlfö jå fvthbrfycrbö
rbyjabkmvfö. Htfrwbz vjbö ckeifntktq xfcnj åskf jlyjq b njq ét. Tckb, yfghbvth, z dscnegfk gthtl exbntkzvb chtlybö irjk d Åhñcctkt,
Åthkbyt bkb Åfhctkjyt, z jåsxyj cghfibdfk e cdjbö ckeifntktq, rnj bp
ybö cvjnhtk ≤Nbnfybr≥. Rfr ghfdbkj, gjkjdbyf ghbcencndjdfdibö yf vjtq ktrwbb ghtgjlfdfntktq ytjöjnyj gjlybvfkb here. Åskj jxtdblyj, xnj
jyb bcgsnsdfkb cveotybt jnnjuj, xnj gjllfkbcm bcreitybñ cöjlbnm yf
jxthtlyjq ujkkbdelcrbq abkmv.
Rjulf z cghfibdfk bö, gjxtve jyb gjikb yf abkmv ≤Nbnfybr≥, jyb
jåsxyj jndtxfkb, xnj öjntkb kexit gjyznm drecs cdjbö extybrjd bkb
ltntq, rfrbvb ås dekmufhysvb änb drecs yb åskb. Bkb ét exbntkz ujdjhbkb, xnj bv åskj kñåjgsnyj gjcvjnhtnm, gjxtve djrheu egjvzyenjuj abkmvf gjlyzkb nfreñ ievböe, pfxtv cnjkm hmzyj ghjldbufkb tuj
yf hsyjr b d xtv ét pfrkñxftncz juhjvyfz gjgekzhyjcnm änjq dslevrb, hfpébufñotq djjåhfétybt gjlhjcnrjd, yf rjnjheñ åskj pfnhfxtyj
200 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd CIF.
1
32
Yb jlby bp ghtgjlfdfntktq
yt öjntk ghbpyfnmcz d njv,
xnj gjitk cvjnhtnm ≤Nbnfybr≥, gjcrjkmre, gj jnpsdfv
lheubö kñltq, jy zdkztncz öjhjibv abkmvjv, djpvjéyj,
lfét ghtlcnfdkzñobv cjåjq
ghjbpdtltybt bcreccndf.
Cfvb njuj yt cjpyfdfz, ghtgjlfdfntkb ukeåjrj ecdjbkb
rhbnbre fvthbrfycrjq vfccjdjq rekmnehs b, ghtélt dctuj,
rhbnbre d jnyjitybb fvthbrfycrbö abkmvjd, rjnjhfz dscrfpsdfkfcm gjxnb yf ghjnzétybb cnjktnbz. Gj vytybñ
pfobnybrjd dscjrjq rekmnehs, fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs
yjczn cnhtvbntkmysq, gjdthöyjcnysq, åtccjlthéfntkmysq
b byafynbkmysq öfhfrnth. Öeét dctuj nj, xnj jyb zdkzñncz rjvvthxtcrbvb. Gjljåyj
dctve d fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb
rbyjrfhnbys cxbnfñncz kbim
jxthtlysv bvtñobvcz d yfkbxbb gjnhtåbntkmcrbv njdfhjv, b dctulf ghtlyfpyfxtys
kbim lkz ghjlféb. Jyb ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq njdfh, rjnjhsq yeéyj htrkfvbhjdfnm b
cåsdfnm yf hsyrt nfr ét, rfr
änj ltkftncz c vjñobvb chtlcndfvb b cnbhfkmysvb vfibyfvb.
Gjänjve yt cnjbn elbdkznmcz xedcnde dbys, rjnjhjt bcgsnsdfkb ghtgjlfdfntkb pf
nj, xnj gjikb cvjnhtnm ≤Nbnfybr≥. Jyb pyfkb, xnj gjikb
cvjnhtnm ytktgsq abkmv. Lfét cfvj egjvbyfybt jå änjv
abkmvt dspdfkj cvtö lfyyjq
felbnjhbb; jyj ytbpvtyyj dspsdftn cvtö kñåjq felbnjhbb. Yf cfvjv ltkt, bvtyyj
gjljåysq cvtö gjpdjkztn kñlzv yfckfélfnmcz fvthbrfycrbvb rbyjrfhnbyfvb, yt xedcndez ghb änjv euhsptybq cjdtcnb bp-pf njuj, xnj nhfnbim
dhtvz yf nfrbt gecnzrb.
FVTHBRFYCRBT ABKMVS D ITCNBLTCZNSÖ B CTVBLTCZNSÖ
UJLFÖ GHJIKJUJ DTRF
Ytcvjnhz yf gjljåyst ghtldpznst ghtlcnfdktybz j ujkkbdelcrbö abkmvfö, ceotcndeñobt eét gjxnb yf ghjnzétybb cnjktnbz, yfv cktletn dcgjvybnm b j njv, xnj yt nfr eé lfdyj bp
Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd gjcnegfkb rbyjrfhnbys, rjnjhst dspsdfkb e kñltq dctuj vbhf ébdtqibq bynthtc b ujhzxbt cgjhs
b rjnjhst, gjéfkeq, ytgjchtlcndtyyj pfnhfubdfkb bö kbxyst
b cjwbfkmyst lbktvvs. Cj dnjhjq gjkjdbys itcnbltcznsö b
lj rjywf ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf d fvthbrfycrjv
rbyjghjbpdjlcndt yfåkñlfkjcm ytåsdfkjt djphjéltybt rbyjbcreccndf. Htlrj vjéyj yfqnb lheubt gjljåyst gthbjls, rjulf fvthbrfycrbt htébccths gjkmpjdfkbcm ås nfrbv dkbzybtv
bkb bö abkmvs buhfkb ås cnjkm åjkmieñ hjkm d ajhvbhjdfybb jgsnf b äcntnbxtcrbö wtyyjcntq rbyjphbntktq dj dctö cnhfyfö vbhf.
Jlyjq bp ghbxby änjuj djphjéltybz cnfkj nj jåcnjzntkmcndj, xnj c gjzdktybtv rjynhrekmnehs rhegytqibt ujkkbdelcrbt
cnelbb eét yt vjukb edthtyyj endthélfnm, rfrjuj öfhfrnthf
abkmvs vjukb ås ghbyjcbnm ghbåskm, f nfrét xtuj öjnzn yjdst vjkjlst rbyjphbntkb, ljcnbuibt cjdthityyjktnbz d itcnbltcznsö ujlfö ghjikjuj dtrf. Gjänjve d ntxtybt rjhjnrjuj
gthbjlf egjvzyenst cnelbb jöjnyj gjpdjkzkb cyznm e ctåz njn
bkb byjq abkmv dctv, e rjuj bvtkbcm cnjzobt bltb. Änb rbyj-
rjnjhsö jcjåtyyj ghbikbcm gj drece cneltynfv rjkktlétq b
dphjcksv ghtlcnfdbntkzv vjkjljuj gjrjktybz, dshféfdibv
ytljdjkmcndj djqyjq dj Dmtnyfvt b hfpjxfhjdfdibvcz d njv,
xnj rjulf-nj d åjktt ≤ytgjhjxysq≥ dtr yfpsdfkjcm fvthbrfycrjq vtxnjq. D xbckj änbö abkmvjd djikb ≤Dsgecrybr≥ Vfqrf Ybrjkcf; ≤Lbrfz åfylf≥ Cävf Gtrbygf; ≤Åtcgtxysq tpljr≥
Ltyybcf Öjggthf; ≤Gjcktlybq rbyjctfyc≥ Gbnthf Åjulfyjdbxf;
≤Gznm kturbö gmtc≥ Åjåf Htqatkcjyf; ≤Rhtcnysq jntw≥ (xfcnb È
b ÈÈ), ≤Hfpujdjh≥ b ≤Fgjrfkbgcbc ctujlyz≥ Ahtycbcf Ajhlf Rjggjks; ≤Fvthbrfycrbt uhfaabnb≥ b ≤Pdtplyst djqys≥ Léjhléf
Kerfcf; ≤Xtkñcnb≥ b ≤Åkbprbt rjynfrns nhtnmtuj dblf≥ Cnbdtyf Cgbkåthuf; ≤Vfrrtqå b u-éf Vbkkth≥ b ≤Yfidbkk≥ Hjåthnf
Fkmnvfyf; ≤Rjdfhyst ekbws≥ b ≤Nfrcbcn≥ Vfhnbyf Crjhctpt;
≤Dcz ghtpbltyncrfz hfnm≥ Äkfyf Gfrmñks; ≤Ytpfveéyzz étyobyf≥ Gjkf Vfpehcrb; ≤Äyyb Öjkk≥ b ≤Vfyöännty≥ Delb Fkktyf; ≤Rfåfht≥ b ≤Dcz änf cetnf≥ Åjåf Ajccf b cfvsq ghjypbntkmysq abkmv ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz ≤Jöjnybr yf
jktytq≥ Vfqrkf Xbvbyj.
Änb abkmvs lfdfkb ghtlcnfdktybt jå Fvthbrt rfr cnhfyt,
rjnjheñ pföktcnyekb jlbyjxtcndj, pfujdjhs b rjhhegwbz, leöjdyfz jgecnjityyjcnm b cvthnm. Jlyfrj, ytcvjnhz yf ghtlcnfdktyyeñ d egjvzyensö abkmvfö gtxfkmyeñ rfhnbye fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb, cfvb jyb åskb cltkfys c evjv b bcrkñxbntkmysv
dljöyjdtybtv, rjnjhst gjlrhtgkzkbcm ébpytyyjq cbkjq yjdj-
Frnth Létr Ybrjkcjy d abkmvt Fktrcfylthf Gtqyf ≤J Ivblnt≥
Htébccth
Vfhnby Crjhctpt
b frnth Lfybtk
Läq-Kmñbc
dvtcnt hfåjnfkb
yfl nfrbvb
dscjrjöeljétcndtyysvb rbyjabkmvfvb rfr ≤Åfyls
Ymñ-Qjhrf≥ b
≤Ägjöf
ytdbyyjcnb≥.
cnelbb gthtlfkb Ujkkbdel uheggt nfkfynkbdsö b xfcnj ärcwtynhbxysö htébccthjd (Hjåthne Jknvtye, Ahäycbce Ajhle Rjggjkt, Vfhnbye Crjhctpt, Cnbdtye Cgbkåthue, Léjhlée Kerfce
b Delb Fkktye), rjnjhst öjntkb ltkfnm abkmvs d tdhjgtqcrjv
cnbkt – abkmvs, d jcyjdyjv ghtlcnfdkzdibt cjåjq bpextybt
öfhfrnthjd åtp jåotghbyznjuj cwtyfhbz bkb gjcnhjtybz jlyjkbytqyjuj gjdtcndjdfybz b c åjkmijq ljktq ärcgthbvtynbhjdfybz d jåkfcnb cnbkbcnbrb rbyj.
Yfxbyfz c 1967 u., rjulf gjzdbkcz abkmv Fhnehf Gtyyf ≤Åjyyb b Rkfql≥, fvthbrfyws dsgecnbkb d ghjrfn wtksq gjnjr bvghjdbpfwbjyysö b fdnjåbjuhfabxtcrbö abkmvjd, vyjubt bp
1
33
uj gjrjktybz pdtpl, zdyj xeéljuj Ujkkbdele, nfrbö rfr Ejhhty
Åbnnb, Lfcnby Öjaavfy, Hjåthn Lt Ybhj, Fkm Gfxbyj, Léär
Ybrjkcjy, Léby Öärvfy, Atq Lfyädtq, Lébk Rktqåthu b Vthbk
Cnhbg.
gkfytnt. Ntv yt vtytt, rfr änj yb gfhfljrcfkmyj, fvthbrfyws
jåyfheébkb, xnj ébden d tot åjktt ytecnjqxbdjv b jgfcyjv
d vjhfkmyjv b gjkbnbxtcrjv jnyjitybb vbht – vbht, d rjnjhjv nthhjhbcns yt edféfñn yfwbjyfkmysö uhfybw bkb yt ghbpyfñn yhfdcndtyysö juhfybxtybq.
UJKKBDEL B JRJYXFYBT ÖJKJLYJQ DJQYS
D gthbjl djcmvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf cjplfkjcm dgtxfnktybt, xnj pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm änjq rbytvfnjuhfabxtcrjq
bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnb bcxtpkf. Jlyfrj lfét d ntxtybt ltcznbktnbz, rjulf kñlb d Dfibyunjyt b yf Ejkk-Cnhbnt zrjås jnxfzyyj cnhtvbkbcm cnfnm öjpztdfvb Dctktyyjq, cfvsvb pfgjvbyfñobvbcz abkmvfvb åskb yt rbyjghjbpdtltybz c afynfcnbxtcrbv cñétnjv, jåbkbtv cgtwäaatrnjd b exfcnbtv Cbkmdtcnhf
Cnfkkjyt b Fhyjkmlf Idfhwtytuuthf, f ytljhjubt b åjktt cgjrjqyst abkmvs, nfrbt rfr ≤Dthlbrn≥ b ≤Ijath vbcc Ltqpb≥,
d rjnjhsö edktxtyyj b c åjkmijq ukeåbyjq hfccrfpsdfkjcm j
ébpyb b ecgtöfö cfvsö jåsxysö kñltq, b änj ckeébkj ghjnbdjzlbtv ghjnbd yfåbdibö jcrjvbye rkbit j njv, rfr Fvthbrf
jåjéftn åjufncndj b cdjñ ukjåfkmyeñ vjom.
Ytcvjnhz yf Dmtnyfv b pyfxbntkmyst cldbub dj dctö jåkfcnzö, cdzpfyyst d 60-ö ujlfö c ghböjljv yjdjuj gjrjktybz b gjzdktybtv rjynhrekmnehs, d wtkjv yf fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb dct
tot ktéfkf pkjdtofz ntym öjkjlyjq djqys. Jlyfrj, gj rhfqytq vtht, Cjtlbytyyst Infns b Cjdtncrbq Cjñp yfexbkbcm
ltqcndjdfnm gj ghfdbkfv lbgkjvfnbxtcrjq b bltjkjubxtcrjq
buhs: yb jlyf bp änbö cnhfy yt étkfkf ddzpsdfnmcz d vtéleyfhjlyst fdfynñhs, rjnjhst vjukb ås gjcnfdbnm gjl euhjpe joeotybt åtpjgfcyjcnb e ghjnbdjgjkjéyjq cnjhjys. Dct änj bpvtybkjcm c jrjyxfybtv öjkjlyjq djqys d 1989 ujle, rjulf Cjtlbytyyst Infns jrfpfkbcm tlbycndtyyjq cdthölthéfdjq yf
CJDHTVTYYJT FVTHBRFYCRJT RBYJ
Nfrbv jåhfpjv, jcnfdbd gjpflb pyfrjvst gfhfvtnhs öjkjlyjq djqys, fvthbrfyws gjckt 1989 u. vjukb c yfckféltybtv
cvjnhtnm cfvst hfpyst abkmvs. D änj dhtvz d fvthbrfycrjv
rbyjghjbpdjlcndt xtnrj jåjpyfxbkbcm ldf yfghfdktybz, bcnjxybrjv dljöyjdtybz lkz rjnjhsö gjckeébkj ghjikjt rbytvfnjuhfabb. Gthdjt yfghfdktybt ghtlcnfdkzkj cjåjq cnhfcnyjt
edktxtybt cj cnjhjys vjkjlsö rbytvfnjuhfabcnjd, nfrbö rfr
Rdtynby Nfhfynbyj, Cnbdty Cjlthåthu, Léjäk b Änfy Rjäys b
Rfvthjy Rhje, gjlhféfybtv ytnhflbwbjyysv, eltkzñobv jcyjdyjt dybvfybt öfhfrnthfv ltqcndeñobö kbw abkmvfv itcnbltcznsö b ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf. Änj cnhtvktybt yfikj yfbåjktt zhrjt dshfétybt d nfrbö abkmvfö, rfr
≤Ctrc, kjém b dbltj≥, ≤Rhbvbyfkmyjt xnbdj≥, ≤Jåsxyj gjljphtdftvst≥, ≤Afhuj≥, ≤Ctrhtns Kjc-Fylétktcf≥, ≤Afyfnbr≥,
≤Ctvtqrf Ntytyåfevjd≥. Nfr, yfghbvth, cdjbvb ckjéysvb bpkjétybzvb cjåsnbq b zpdbntkmyj-pkjåysv rhbnbxtcrbv fyfkbpjv fvthbrfycrjq bylecnhbb hfpdktxtybq ≤Vfuyjkbz≥ Gjkf
Njvfcf Fylthcjyf yfgjvbyftn ≤Yfidbkk≥ Hjåthnf Jknvtyf,
f ≤Xbrfuj≥ Hjåf Vfhifkkf gjcnhjtyj njxyj nfr ét, rfr ≤Rfåfht≥ Åjåf Ajccf. Rhjvt njuj, fvthbrfycrbt htébccths cnhtvbkbcm djcrhtcbnm äne eyfcktljdfyyeñ jn itcnbltcznsö ujljd
ghjikjuj dtrf nhflbwbñ cnbkbcnbxtcrb dshfpbntkmysö, äkkbgnbxtcrbö b rjivfhysö ärcrehcjd d vbh bpvextyysö lei –
1
34
ecbkbt, yfitlitt jnhfétybt d abkmvfö ≤Ctvm≥, ≤Åjqwjdcrbq
rkeå≥, ≤Vfköjkkfyl lhfqd≥, ≤Buhs hfpevf≥ b ≤Åtccjyybwf≥.
Lheufz ntyltywbz rfétncz åjktt fnfdbcncrjq. Jyf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cbkmyjt étkfybt djpdhfnbnmcz r ägbxtcrbv ntvfv
b cnfhjvjlyjve gjdtcndjdfybñ åjktt hfyytq Fvthbrb. Ldf
abkmvf yfbåjktt ghbdthétys änjve gkfye – ≤Nbnfybr≥ Létqvcf Rfvthjyf b ≤Cgfcnb hzljdjuj Hfqfyf≥ Cnbdtyf Cgbkåthuf.
Rfélfz bp änbö rbyjrfhnby ghtdjcöjlyj cltkfyf b ghjybpfyf
dthjq d kexitt åeleott, öjnz htfkbcnbxyj gjrfpsdftn ébpym
dj dctq tt cehjdjq ghfdlt.
Jlyfrj ghb dctö pfbvcndjdfybzö e rbytvfnjuhfabcnjd itcnbltcznsö b ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs ltdzyjcnsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf b gthdjuj ltcznbktnbz ÖÖÈ dtrf bpjåhféfñn jåotcndj, rjnjhjt yt epyfkb ås
rbytvfnjuhfabcns b rbyjphbntkb gthbjlf rjynhrekmnehs b fynbdjtyyjuj ldbétybz. D rjywt abkmvf ≤Åjyyb b Rkfql≥ Åjyyb cghfibdftn Rkfqlf, rfr ås jy hfcgjhzlbkcz cdjtq ébpymñ,
tckb ås ntgthm e ytuj åskf djpvjéyjcnm ghjébnm tt gj-byjve. Rkfql jndtxftn tq, xnj cnfk ås uhfåbnm åfyrb yt d njv infnt, d rjnjhjv ébdtn. Felbnjhbz rbyjphbntktq hfpltkztn, f, djpvjéyj, b c eksårjq djcghbybvftn bhjybxtcrjt ytcjjndtncndbt
vtéle djghjcjv b jndtnjv. Pltcm ytn yfltéls – njkmrj jéblfybt hjrjdjuj rjywf, cjåcndtyyjq ubåtkb. D jnkbxbt jn änjuj, d abkmvfö ≤Rhbvbyfkmyjt xnbdj≥ b ≤Nbnfybr≥, ghzvj ghjnbdjgjkjéysö gj cdjbv cñétnfv b dshféftvsv xedcndfv, ghbcencndetn cnhtvktybt r dtht d cgjcjåyjcnm xtkjdtrf eghfdkznm
cdjtq celmåjq b dyjdm gjlxthrbdftncz ghbceofz fvthbrfywfv
eåtéltyyjcnm d njv, xnj jnltkmyst kñlb vjuen rhenj bpvtyznm
cdjñ ébpym.
Rhjvt njuj, abkmvs gjcktlybö 15 ktn ghtlcnfdbkb rbyjphbntkzv yjdjt gjrjktybt frnthjd, rjnjhst d vtymitq cntgtyb
jkbwtndjhzñn cjåjq ytnhflbwbjyyeñ Fvthbre, xtv frnths,
ljcnbuibt cjdthityyjktnbz d itcnbltcznsö b ctvbltcznsö ujlfö ghjikjuj dtrf. Ntv yt vtytt, Rtdby Cgtqcb, Hfcctk Rhje,
Åhäl Gbnn, Léjy Rmñcfr, Vänn Ltqvjy, Äldfhl Yjhnjy, Ahtycbc Vfrljhväyl, Udbytn Gtknhje b Léekbfyyf Veh – cjplfkb
yt vtytt ébdst b tlbycndtyyst d cdjtv hjlt jåhfps, xtv bö
ghjckfdktyyst ghtlitcndtyybrb. D jnkbxbt jn rfyjybxtcrbö
pdtpl rkfccbxtcrjq ägjöb Ujkkbdelf, rjnjhst, celz gj dctve,
ytbpvtyyj buhfkb cfvbö ctåz – nfrbö pdtpl, rfr Rähb Uhfyn,
Léjy Eäqy, Uähb Regth, Rkfhr Utqåk, Äkbpfåtn Näqkjh, – fvthbrfycrbt frnths ysytiytuj gjrjktybz vjuen gjkyjcnmñ hfcndjhznmcz d cdjbö hjkzö, cjplfdfz d rféljv cdjtv abkmvt
yjdsq öeljétcndtyysq jåhfp.
Åjkmibycndj bö abkmvjd, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj jyb abyfycbheñncz Ujkkbdeljv, d dscitq cntgtyb jhbubyfkmys, xnj cdbltntkmcndetn j hfpyjjåhfpbb fvthbrfycrjq rbyjbylecnhbb.
Jlyjq bp dféysö ghbxby gjljåyjuj ärktrnbpvf zdkztncz djpltqcndbt ytåjkmibö, yfgjkjdbye ytpfdbcbvsö cnelbq, nfrbö
rfr ≤Cjyb Gbrxthc Rkfccbrc≥ b ≤LhbvEjhrc≥, rjnjhst cgtwbfkbpbheñncz yf ghjbpdjlcndt b ghjrfnt fdfyufhlysö abkmvjd.
Yb jlby bp herjdjlbntktq cnelbq yt gjkmpetncz cnjkm åjkmibv dkbzybtv bkb yt ljåbdftncz nfrbö pfvtxfntkmysö ecgtöjd d ghjldbétybb yf hsyjr yjdfnjhcrbö fvthbrfycrbö, f nfrét byjzpsxysö byjcnhfyysö abkmvjd, rfr ukfdf cnelbb ≤Vbhjvfrc≥ Öfhdb Dfqycntqy.
Jy dj vyjujv zdkztncz cdjtuj hjlf rkñxtdsv cdzpeñobv
pdtyjv vtéle abkmvfvb itcnbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz b abkmvfvb gjcktlybö 15 ktn. Dfqycntqy dshjc d itcnbltcznst ujls ghjikjuj dtrf. Tuj bljkfvb åskb Ahfycef Nhñaaj, Atlthbrj Atkkbyb, Vfhnby Crjhctpt, Hjåthn Fkmnvfy b
Ahtycbc Ajhl Rjggjkf. Rjulf d 1979 u. Dfqycntqy jcyjdfk
cdjñ cnelbñ ≤Vbhjvfrc≥, jy öjntk åsnm ghjlñcthjv gjåeélfñobö r ndjhxtcnde, åjufnsö yjdsvb bltzvb abkmvjd yfgjljåbt
ntö, rjnjhsvb jy djcöbofkcz d lyb cdjtq vjkjljcnb. Bvtyyj
änj jy b cltkfk. Åkfujlfhz ≤Vbhjvfrce≥ yf ärhfys Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd dsikb nfrbt byjcnhfyyst abkmvs, rfr ≤Étcnjrfz
buhf≥, ≤Rbyjntfnh≥ ≤Gfhflbpj≥ ≤Gjxnfkmjy≥, ≤Ébpym ghtrhfcyf≥ b ≤Jgfktyyst cnhfcnmñ≥, rfélsq bp rjnjhsö ghbytc ghbåskm, ytcvjnhz yf åsneñott pf uhfybwtq vytybt j njv, xnj
fvthbrfyws cnfyen gjregfnm åbktns njkmrj d rbyjntfnhfö, ult
gjrfpsdfñn cltkfyyst d Ujkkbdelt ljhjujcnjzobt rbyjabkmvs, jnkbxfñobtcz gsiyjcnmñ gjcnfyjdrb. Jlyfrj Dfqycntqy
nfrét ghtljcnfdbk abyfycjdst chtlcndf yf cjplfybt cfvsö
pfvtxfntkmysö fvthbrfycrbö abkmvjd gjcktlybö ktn, f byjulf
zdkzkcz b bö dljöyjdbntktv, drkñxfz: ≤Ctrc, kjém b dbltj≥,
≤Rhbvbyfkmyjt xnbdj≥, ≤Fyukbqcrbq gfwbtyn≥, ≤Dkñåktyysq
Itrcgbh≥, ≤D cgfkmyt≥, ≤Xfcs≥, ≤Xbrfuj≥ b ≤Åfyls Ymñ-Qjhrf≥.
Rfrbvb ås pyfxbntkmysvb yb åskb eåtéltybz b drkfl d fvthbrfycrjt rbyj jnltkmysö ghjlñcthjd, htébccthjd bkb frnthjd, xnj åjkmit dctuj jåütlbyztn cjdhtvtyyst fvthbrfycrbt
abkmvs c abkmvfvb itcnbltcznsö b ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz, nfr änj cthmtpyjcnm öeljétcndtyysö wtktq d cjxtnfybb c gjåeéltybtv edktxm felbnjhbñ. Änb ldf yt jnltkbvsö lheu jn lheuf cnhtvktybz yb d rjtv ckexft yt zdkzñncz
ceueåj fvthbrfycrbvb. Jnrelf ås yb åhfkb jyb cdjt yfxfkj,
(Cktdf) Öfhdb Dfqycntqy (cghfdf) b tuj åhfn Åjå Dfqycntqy zdkzñncz cjghtlctlfntkzvb cjdtnf lbhtrnjhjd ≤Vbhfvfrc abkvp≥.
Bö rjvgfybz dscnegfkf d rfxtcndt ghjlñcthf vyjubö yfbåjktt
gjgekzhysö fvthbrfycrbö abkmvjd, drkñxfz ≤Dkñåktyysq
Itrcgbh≥ (Shakespeare in Love) (ybéytt ajnj) d rjnjhjv ukfdyst
hjkb buhfñn Udbytn Gäknhje b Léjpta Amtyyc,b ≤Xbrfuj≥
(Chicago), d rjnjhjv gtdbwf, nfywjdobwf b frnhbcf Reby Känfqaf
buhfkf nñhtvyeñ yflcvjnhobwe ≤Vfve≥ Vjhnjy (dthöytt ajnj).
1
35
dtkbxfqibt htébccths – dctulf ghbpyfdfkb ntcyeñ dyenhtyyññ cdzpm vtéle hfpdktxtybtv b bcreccndjv.
Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs,
ytcjvytyyj, zdkzñncz rjvvthxtcrbvb, ytn ybrfrjuj dyenhtyytuj ghjnbdjhtxbz vtéle cnhtvktybtv r gjkextybñ ghbåskb
jn njuj bkb byjuj abkmvf b cnhfcnysv étkfybtv cjplfnm jhbubyfkmyjt b edktrfntkmyjt ghjbpdtltybt. Yf cfvjv ltkt, dgjkyt
djpvjéyj, xnj hsyjxysq cnbvek r ecnfyjdktybñ ävjwbjyfkmyjq cdzpb c rbyjphbntkzvb zdkztncz jlybv bp gjåelbntkmysö
vjnbdjd r gjdsitybñ öeljétcndtyyjuj ehjdyz rbyjghjbpdtltybz. Bp änjuj cktletn, xnj åjkmibycndj cfvsö ytpfåsdftvsö
fvthbrfycrbö abkmvjd gjcktlybö 40 ktn jn ≤Rhtcnyjuj jnwf≥
lj ≤Xfcjd≥ åskb ecgtiysvb c rjvvthxtcrjq njxrb phtybz b
dvtcnt c ntv ghbdktrfkb phbntkz cdjbv dscjrbv öeljétcndtyysv vfcnthcndjv.
EYBDTHCFKMYSQ ÖFHFRNTH FVTHBRFYCRBÖ ABKMVJD
Jlyfrj, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, xnj ltkftn cjdhtvtyyst fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs ceueåj ≤fvthbrfycrbvb≥, nfr änj jnrfp pfgeubdfnm
phbntkz cjwbfkmyjq yfghfdktyyjcnmñ rbyjghjbpdtltybz. Fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs jåsxyj eltkzñn jcyjdyjt dybvfybt xtkjdtxtcrbv jnyjitybzv b xedcndfv jnltkmysö kñltq, f yt ghjåktvfv rfrjuj-nj jghtltktyyjuj dhtvtyb b vtcnf. Änb abkmvs hfccrfpsdfñn kñåjdyst bcnjhbb (≤Dkñåktyysq Itrcgbh≥,
≤Afyfnbr≥), bynhbueñn phbntkz (≤Jåsxyj gjljphtdftvst≥, ≤Ctrhtns Kjc-Fylétktcf≥), gjdtcndeñn jå ecgtöfö b ytelfxfö (≤Xbrfuj≥, ≤Fvthbrfycrfz rhfcfdbwf≥), pfnhfubdfñn vjhfkmyst ghjåktvs (≤Rhbvbyfkmyjt xnbdj≥, ≤Cdjq xtkjdtr≥) b gjrfpsdfñn
åjhmåe pf dsébdfybt (≤Nbnfybr≥, ≤Cgfcnb hzljdjuj Hfqfyf≥).
Gjljåysq gjlöjl r cjplfybñ rbyjabkmvjd xfcnbxyj jnhféftn
nhflbwbjyyeñ fvthbrfycreñ dthe d ghbjhbntn jnltkmyjuj xtkjdtrf b tuj kbxyjcnb.
Jlyfrj åelmnj fvthbrfycrbq abkmv bkb abkmv rfrjq-kbåj
byjq cnhfys, gjljåyst kbxyst lbktvvs ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq
ytxnj nfrjt, xnj ghböjlbncz ghtjljktdfnm kñlzv dj dctv vbht. Gjänjve d Tdhjgt, Fpbb b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt pfks rbyjntfnhjd pfgjkyzñncz, rjulf d ybö ltvjycnhbheñncz fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs. Bö cvjnhzn gjdcñle yt gjnjve, xnj jyb ghjckfdkzñn gjkbnbxtcrbt bycnbnens Fvthbrb bkb tt ärjyjvbxtcrbt
wtyyjcnb, f d cdzpb c ntv, xnj rbyjphbntkb ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj,
d rfrjq cnhfyt jyb ébden, vjuen dbltnm d fvthbrfycrbö abkmvfö xfcnm cdjtq cjåcndtyyjq ébpyb, yföjlzotq jnhfétybt d
cyznsö d Ujkkbdelt lhfvfnbxtcrbö bcnjhbzö kñådb b enhfn.
Ghjatccjh bcnjhbb d Eybdthcbntnt infnf Ntöfc, u. Jcnby, Hbxfhl Gtkkc zdkztncz fdnjhjv hzlf rybu, drkñxfz ≤Ytgjöjébt yf yfc: rfr tdhjgtqws kñåbkb,
ytyfdbltkb b ghtjåhfpjdsdfkb fvthbrfycreñ rekmnehe cj dhtvtyb Dnjhjq
vbhjdjq djqys≥. D yfcnjzott dhtvz jy hfåjnftn yfl rybujq ≤Jn vjlthybpvf
r rbyj: ukjåfkbpfwbz fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs d ÖÖ dtrt≥, rjnjhfz åeltn bplfyf
bplfntkmcndjv ≤Qtbk Ñybdthcbnb Ghtcc≥. D hfvrfö ghjuhfvvs vtéleyfhjlysö jåvtyjd d jåkfcnb jåhfpjdfybz, cjplfyyjq gj bybwbfnbdt ctyfnjhf
E. Aekåhfqnf, Gtkkc hfåjnfk gj ghbukfitybñ d eybdthcbntnfö Cfy-Gfeke,
Fvcnthlfvf, Rjgtyufutyf, Cblytz, Åjyyf, Åthkbyf, Rtkmyf b Dtys.
GHJABKM:
Rbytvfnjuhfabcn
Fktrcfylth Gtqy
Ghjcnjhs Ytåhfcrb, yfxbyfñobtcz ghzvj d jrhtcnyjcnzö
u. Jvföb, gjrfpfyyst d abkmvt ≤J Ivblnt≥, b jåkbr cfvjuj
änjuj nböjuj ujhjlf ghtlcnfdkzñn lkz rbytvfnjuhfabcnf Fktrcfylthf Gtqyf cdjtuj hjlf djpdhfotybt d hjlyst rhfz.
Gtqy, hjlbntkb rjnjhjuj åskb uhtrfvb b dkfltkb d Jvföt
bpdtcnysv htcnjhfyjv, gjckt jrjyxfybz cnfhibö rkfccjd chtlytq irjks etöfk bp Ytåhfcrb c ntv, xnjås bpexfnm bcgfycrbq
zpsr d Cnäylajhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt, ghtcktlez ghb änjv wtkm
cnfnm byjcnhfyysv rjhhtcgjyltynjv. Gj ljcnbétybb cjdthityyjktnbz, jy ghjdtk gthdst ujls cdjtq dphjckjq ébpyb d
Bcgfybb, ult gjcnegbk yf abkjcjacrbq afrekmntn Cfkfvfyrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf. Gjplytt celmåf ghbdtkf Gtqyf d Rjkevåbñ,
f pfntv d Rfkbajhybqcrjv eybdthcbntnt d Kjc-Fylétktct tve
ghbcdjbkb extyeñ cntgtym vfubcnhf bpzoysö bcreccnd.
Jcyjdyjt dybvfybt d nhtö öeljétcndtyysö abkmvfö Gtqyf
eltkztncz ébpyb d ntö vtcnfö, rjnjhst jy nfr öjhjij pyftn –
fvthbrfycrjve Chtlytve Pfgfle b, d xfcnyjcnb, Jvföt. Gthdsvb phbntkzvb tuj abkmvjd åskb rbytvfnjuhfabcns b kñåbntkb rbyj, rjnjhst cfvb öjntkb cybvfnm vfkjåñlétnyst abkmvs yf ytåjkmibö ytpfdbcbvsö rbyjcnelbzö. Pfntv phbntkmcrfz felbnjhbz Gtqyf hfcibhbkfcm b eét jödfnsdfkf nhflbwbjyyjuj rbyjphbntkz.
D cyznjv Gtqyjv d 1996 u. abkmvt ≤Uhfélfyrf Hen≥ bcgjkybntkmybwtq ukfdyjq hjkb åskf pdtplf Kjhf Lthy. Jyf buhfkf vjkjleñ åthtvtyyeñ yeélfñoeñcz étyobye, rjnjhfz ckexfqyj cnfyjdbncz gtirjq d herfö jåtbö cnjhjy, exfcndeñobö d
cgjht jå fåjhnfö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Jlyb exfcnybrb änjuj
cgjhf dscnegfñn pf pfghtn fåjhnjd, f lheubt – pf ghtljcnfdktybt étyobyfv ghfdf cfvbv htifnm djghjc j njv, hjéfnm bv
htåtyrf bkb ltkfnm fåjhn.
Xthtp nhb ujlf Gtqy yfgbcfk cwtyfhbq b cfv cyzk gj ytve
abkmv gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Dsåjhs≥, ghtlcnfdkzñobq cjåjq jcnheñ cfnbhe yf fvthbrfycreñ gjkbnbre. Jåütrnjv änjq cfnbhs
zdkzñncz dsåjhs d extybxtcrbq cjdtn d jlyjq bp cnfhibö chtlybö irjk Chtlytuj Pfgflf. Pf cdjq cwtyfhbq Gtqy åsk yjvbybhjdfy yf gjkextybt yfuhfls Fvthbrfycrjq frfltvbb rbyjbcreccnd, f exfcnbt d änjq rbyjrfhnbyt vjkjljq frnhbcs Hbp Ebpthcgey, csuhfditq d ytq ukfdyeñ hjkm, gjpdjkbkj tq yfxfnm
ecgtiyeñ rfhmthe d rbyj.
Htébccth Cgfqr Kb yf
ghtvmtht cdjtuj
ljrevtynfkmyjuj abkmvf
≤Yfcnjzobt rjhjkb rjvtlbb≥
(Original Kings of Comedy), d
rjnjhjv hfccrfpsdftncz j
nfkfynfö xtnshtö fvthbrfycrbö rjvtlbqysö frnthjd d
öjlt bö nehyt gj Cjtlbytyysv
Infnfv.
Fktrcfylth Gtqy
1
36
Cjdctv ytlfdyj Gtqy flfgnbhjdfk lkz ärhfyf hjvfy Kebcf Åtukb ≤J Ivblnt≥. C cfvjuj gthdjuj vjvtynf, rjulf d
änjv abkmvt gjzdkztncz
Ivbln (d bcgjkytybb frnthf
Létrf Ybrjkcjyf) yfrfyeyt
cdjtuj eöjlf yf gtycbñ, jy
gjkyjcnmñ pfdkfltdftn dybvfybtv phbntkz. Cfv rbyjhtébccth lftn cktleñoeñ öfhfrnthbcnbre cdjtve ndjhtybñ: änj
abkmv jå ≤jlbyjxtcndt, ghtphtybb, pkjcnb b cjéfktybb≥.
B dct ét Gtqy ddjlbn äktvtyns ñvjhf d gentitcndbt
Ivblnf, f nfrét yfvtrftn yf
nj, xnj d rfrjv-nj cvsckt jy
bcregbk cdjñ dbye. D rjywt
abkmvf Ivbln yföjlbn wtkm
d ébpyb: xthtp jlye bp vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq jy åthtn yf ctåz pfåjne j åtlcndeñotv fahbrfycrjv htåtyrt.
Lkz 41-ktnytuj Gtqyf, yfpsdfñotuj ctåz ≤yteujvjyysv≥
b ujnjdzotujcz ctqxfc r cütvrfv cdjtuj yjdjuj abkmvf
(j ldeö lhepmzö, jnghfdkzñoböcz yfrfyeyt étybnmås jlyjuj
bp ybö d gentitcndbt, wtkmñ
rjnjhjuj zdkztncz ltuecnfwbz
dby) yfcnegbkf cfvfz åkfujlfnyfz gjhf tuj ébpyb.
≤Z yfxbyfñ ltkfnm nt abkmvs, rjnjhst dctulf öjntk cybvfnm≥, – ujdjhbn jy.
∆
Åtctlf c
Létaahb Ubkvjhjv
D zydfht rféljuj ujlf d ntxtybt 10 lytq ytåjkmijq rehjhn Gfhr-Cbnb, infn Ñnf, relf cütpéfñncz kñåbntkb pbvybö dbljd cgjhnf, ghtdhfoftncz d jlye bp cfvsö dféysö dscjn yf kfylifant fvthbrfycrjuj rbyjbcreccndf. Ghjöjlzobq nfv rbyjatcnbdfkm ≤Cfylfyc≥ zdkztncz jlybv bp
ukfdysö vthjghbznbq, gjrfpsdfñobö, xnj ghjbcöjlbn d ndjhxtcrjq catht ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyj Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Lheubvb ckjdfvb, yf änjv rbyjatcnbdfkt ltvjycnhbheñncz abkmvs, dsgecrftvst ytpfdbcbvsvb ghjlñcthfvb, rjnjhst yt döjlzn d cbcntve ujkkbdelcrbö cnelbq. Yfxbyfz
c ltdzyjcnsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf, d rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp lbhtrnjhjd egjvzyenjuj atcnbdfkz b lbhtrnjhf ghjuhfvvs ghtlcnfdkztvsö yf ytv rbyjrfhnby Létaahb Ubkvjh jndtxftn pf jnåjh abkmvjd lkz gjrfpf yf tétujlyjv rbyjatcnbdfkt ≤Cfylfyc≥, f nfrét pf cnhernehe gjcktlytuj.
Djghjc: Ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt dfit ghtbveotcndtyyjt gjkjétybt yf änjv rbyjatcnbdfkt,
yt vjukb ås ds crfpfnm, rfrbt cjåsnbz d ctujlyziytq ébpyb fvthbrfycrjuj rbyj zdkzñncz, yf
dfi dpukzl, yfbåjktt zhrbvb?
Jndtn: Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj ytpfdbcbvjt rbyjghjbpdjlcndj pfhjlbkjcm yt ltcznm ktn njve
yfpfl, f hfymit, d gjcktlybt ujls yfåkñlftncz tuj ytåsdfkjt hfpdbnbt. D ytpfdbcbvjv rbyj
gjzdbkjcm yjdjt gjrjktybt htébccthjd, rjnjhst cybvfñn abkmvs gj jåt cnjhjys uhfybws,
hfpltkzñotq ldf ctrnjhf cjdhtvtyyjq rbyjbylecnhbb, – d eckjdbzö ytpfdbcbvjuj ghjbpdjlcndf vfkjåñlétnysö rbyjrfhnby, b yf rhegysö cnelbzö, ult cjchtljnjxtyj jcyjdyjt rbyjghjbpdjlcndj. D yfxfkt ltdzyjcnsö ujljd dscrfpsdfkfcm vsckm j njv, xnj jåf änbö ctrnjhf ybrjulf
yt åelen hfåjnfnm cjjåof. Jlyfrj d yfcnjzott dhtvz gjljåyfz vsckm eét yt bvttn jcyjdfybz.
Jyf åjkmit yt ghbvtybvf r nfrbv cjdhtvtyysv htébccthfv, rfr Njl Ötqyc (≤Lfktrj yt hfq≥,
Far From Heaven) bkb Fktrcfylth Gtqy (≤J Ivblnt≥). Hfpevttncz, vtéle änbvb ctrnjhfvb
gj-ghtéytve cjöhfyzñncz hfpkbxbz, yt gjcktlytt bp rjnjhsö cjcnjbn d njv, xnj chtlyzz cnjbvjcnm cyznjuj yf cnelbb abkmvf ghbåkbéftncz r 60 vbkkbjyfv ljkkfhjd gkñc tot 30 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd, hfcöjletvsö yf ghjldbétybt nfrjuj abkmvf yf hsyjr b tuj ghjrfn, d nj dhtvz
rfr d vbht ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyj åñlétns yf ghjbpdjlcndj abkmvjd ujhfplj vtymit.
D: Jlyfrj d ndjhxtcrjv gkfyt änb hfpkbxbz cöjlzn yf ytn, yt nfr kb?
J: Lf, gjljåysq ghjwtcc bvttn vtcnj, yj z jcvtkñcm endthélfnm, xnj ghjitlibq ujl yjcbk ytcrjkmrj ytjåsxysq öfhfrnth. Rhegyst cnelbb gj cfvjq cdjtq ghbhjlt herjdjlcndeñncz rjvvthxtcrbvb cjjåhfétybzvb. Tckb njn bkb byjq ghjtrn bvttn äcntnbxtcreñ cnjhjye, cekzoeñ
rjvvthxtcreñ dsujle, d ytv nfrét jnrhsdftncz ghjcnjh lkz ndjhxtcrjuj cfvjdshfétybz d jåkfcnb htébccehs, frnthcrjq buhs, cwtyfhbz b lbfkjujd. B änj ghtrhfcyj. Jlyfrj rhegyst cnelbb,
crjhtt dctuj, åelen nhtåjdfnm ujhfplj åjkmitq jghtltktyyjcnb d jnyjitybb njuj, xnj chfåjnftn,
f xnj ytn.
Ds cghfibdfkb vtyz j cfvsö åjkmibö bpvtytybzö, bvtdibö vtcnj d gjcktlytt dhtvz. D rbyjntfnhfö gjrfpsdftncz wtksq hzl abkmvjd, ghjrfnjv rjnjhsö d djcmvbltcznst ujls bkb lfét d
yfxfkt ltdzyjcnsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz ybrnj djjåot yt cnfk ås pfybvfnmcz. Ghjbpjikb bpvtytybz b yf rbyjhsyrt, f nfrét d öfhfrntht dsöjlzobö yf ärhfy abkmvjd. Rfélsq ujl cnelbzvb
ghjbpdjlbncz jrjkj 250 abkmvjd, b tot 350 bkb jrjkj njuj öeljétcndtyysö fvthbrfycrbö b tdhjgtqcrbö ytpfdbcbvsö abkmvjd gjgflftn d ghjrfn. Rhjvt njuj, edtkbxbkjcm xbckj abkmvjd, cyznsö d eckjdbzö ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyjghjbpdjlcndf étyobyfvb-htébccthfvb, nfrbvb rfr Äkkbcjy
Äylthc, Ybrjkm Öjkjacbyth, Htåtrrf Vbkkth b Kbpf Xjkjltyrj. Djphjckj rjkbxtcndj rbyjghjbpdtltybq htébccthjd hfpysö hfc. Dctulf åskj rbyj, gjcdzotyyjt ébpyb fahjfvthbrfywtd, yj
jyj ljkujt dhtvz jcnfdfkjcm d ntyb. Ntgthm ét änjn éfyh gjkyjcnmñ yf dble, b d tuj cjplfybb exfcndeñn nfrbt kñlb, rfr Lébyf Ghbyc-Åkfqndel, Léjy Cbyuknjy b åhfnmz Öflkby. Tcnm rbytvfnjuhfabcns kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, nfrbt rfr Hjåthn
Hjlhbutc b Uhtujhb Yfdf. Ldf lyz njve yfpfl ghjikf vbhjdfz
ghtvmthf abkmvf fvthbrfycrjuj rbytvfnjuhfabcnf fpbfncrjuj
ghjbcöjéltybz Léfcnbyf Kbyf ≤Gjdtptn pfdnhf≥ (Better Luck
Tomorrow), gthdsq geåkbxysq gjrfp rjnjhjuj cjcnjzkcz yf rbyjatcnbdfkt ≤Cfylfyc≥.
Eét cfv afrn yfkbxbz e dfc gjljåyjuj lbfgfpjyf rbyjghjbpdtltybq lftn jghtltktyyjt ghtlcnfdktybt jå bvtdibö vtcnj ghtjåhfpjdfybzö. Änj – yt hzljdjt ljcnbétybt. Jyj bvttn jxtym åjkmijt pyfxtybt b d ytrjnjhjv cvsckt yföjlbncz yf cdjtq yfxfkmLétaahb Ubkvjh
yjq cnflbb. Yf ytpfdbcbvsq ctrnjh ghböjlbncz vtytt 10 ghjwty1
37
njd jåotuj jåütvf rfccjdsö cåjhjd. Ntv yt vtytt, änjn ctrnjh
ghbdytc d Ujkkbdel pfvtxfntkmyj nfkfynkbdsö kñltq – dtleobö frnthjd, nfrbö rfr Htyt Ptkkdtuth, Léekbfyyf Veh, Älhbty
Åhjelb b Ybrjkm Rblvfy b nfrbö htébccthjd, rfr Ötqyc, Cnbdty
Cjlthåthu, Rdtynby Nfhfynbyj b Ufc Dfy Cäyn. D yfcnjzott
dhtvz änb htébccths vjuen ltkfnm abkmvs, ult öjnzn b rjulf
öjnzn, rfr d cbcntvt rhegysö rbyjcnelbq, nfr b dyt tt, f rbyjatcnbdfkm ≤Cfylfyc≥ dj vyjujv zdkztncz ytjnütvktvjq
xfcnmñ jrfpfybz gjvjob d njv, xnjås ytpfdbcbvst abkmvs
yfikb cdjtuj phbntkz.
D: D xtv cjcnjbn pyfxbntkmyfz ghjåktvf, c rjnjhjq ghböjlbncz cnfkrbdfnmcz vjkjlsv rbytvfnjuhfabcnfv b rbyjbylecnhbb
d wtkjv?
J: Vjéyj crfpfnm, xnj rjulf ghjbpdjlbncz åjkmijt xbckj
abkmvjd, änj b öjhjij b gkjöj. R ytljcnfnrfv rbyjbylecnhbb
ctujlyziytuj lyz vjéyj jnytcnb gkjöjt cjcnjzybt cbcntvs rbyjghjrfnf, b z gjkfufñ, xnj jyj cnfytn tot åjkmitq ghjåktvjq
gj vtht edtkbxtybz xbckf dsgecrftvsö abkmvjd b lfkmytqitq
ltvjrhfnbpfwbb rbyjghjbpdjlcndf, rjulf cybvfnm abkmvs
åeltn dct ktuxt b ktuxt. D yfcnjzott dhtvz yt yeéys juhjvyst
htcehcs lkz njuj, xnjås cyznm njn bkb byjq abkmv, ghjbpdjlcndtyyjt rfxtcndj rjnjhjuj åskj ås yf ljkéyjv ehjdyt. D
ghjikjv dctulf yföjlbkbcm kñlb, cybvfdibt abkmvs pf 5000
ljkkfhjd CIF, yj bö åskj ytvyjuj. Ctujlyz c gjvjomñ öjhjitq kñåbntkmcrjq rbyjrfvths b ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ghjuhfvvs
jrjyxfntkmyjuj vjynféf abkmvf yf rjvgmñntht vjéyj cltkfnm
rbyjrfhnbye, bvtñoeñ ehjdtym ghjbpdjlcndtyyjuj rfxtcndf,
rjnjhsv jåkflfñn vyjubt gjkmpeñobtcz cghjcjv dtob.
Dnjhsv cthmtpysv ghtjåhfpjdfybtv cnfkj nj jåcnjzntkmcndj, xnj chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb yjczn ntgthm rjhgjhfnbdysq öfhfrnth. D yfcnjzott dhtvz gjxnb dct rhegyst cnelbb
Ujkkbdelf zdkzñncz xfcnmñ vyjujyfwbjyfkmysö rjhgjhfwbq
chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ds bvttnt ltkj
c rjvgfybzvb, ceotcndjdfybt rjnjhsö yt jåzpfntkmyj pfdbcbn
jn njuj, öjhjij kb jyb ghjbpdjlzn abkmvs d Ujkkbdelt. Ébpytcgjcjåyjcnm änbö rjvgfybq jcyjdsdftncz yf gjcnegktybb lheubö ljöjljd, gjkexftvsö jn ärcgkefnfwbb rfåtkmysö rfyfkjd
bkb jn rjvgfybq, dsgecrfñobö rybéyeñ b vepsrfkmyeñ ghjlerwbñ. D jghtltktyyjv cvsckt gjljåyjt hfpdbnbt cjåsnbq ghbdtkj r åjktt ibhjrbv ghtjåhfpjdfybzv, xtv ghtjåhfpjdfybz
d jåkfcnb ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyjghjbpdjlcndf.
D: B rfreñ ét pflfxe ghtlcnjbn htifnm d cdzpb c bvtdibvb
vtcnj ghtjåhfpjdfybzvb?
J: Pflfxf cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås yfqnb vtnjls, c gjvjomñ
rjnjhsö cnfylfhnyjt b yjczott jåobq öfhfrnth rbyjghjbpdtltybt, d jcyjdyjv ghjbpdjlbvjt lkz vfccjdjq felbnjhbb,
yt gjlfdkzkj ås njq jhbubyfkmyjcnb bkb njuj hfpyjjåhfpbz,
rjnjhjt dyjcbn d änj rbyjghjbpdtltybt ytpfdbcbvjt rbyj.
D: Ghjljkéfñn kb ubufyns ghjikjuj pfybvfnm dtleott gjkjétybt, bkb ét afrnbxtcrb yjdjt gjrjktybt rbytvfnjuhfabcnjd jrfpfkjcm dgthtlb?
J: Ndjhxtcrbt ubufyns ytlfdytuj ghjikjuj, ghtlcnfdbntkb gjrjktybz, ghbitlituj d rbyjghjbpdjlcndj d ctvbltcznsö ujlfö
ghjikjuj cnjktnbz, lj cbö gjh cjöhfyzñn juhjvyeñ cbke b dkbzybt – Rjggjks, Crjhctpt, Cgbkåthub. Jlyfrj bö ljvbybheñofz
hjkm yt yjcbn bcrkñxbntkmyjuj öfhfrnthf. Ctujlyz vs vjétv
ujdjhbnm j lheujv cjcnjzybb rbyjghjbpdjlcndf gj chfdytybñ
c ntv, rjnjhjt ceotcndjdfkj, rjulf hjckb nt kñlb. Ysytiytt
ärjyjvbxtcrjt gjkjétybt Ujkkbdelf pyfxbntkmyj jnkbxftncz
jn ärjyjvbxtcrjq cbnefwbb d ytv d gthbjl ctvbltcznsö ujljd
ghjikjuj dtrf, tckb ujdjhbnm j njv, rfr ctqxfc abyfycbheñncz
abkmvs b rfrbv jåhfpjv cjcnfdkztncz bö åñlétn. Pf gjcktlybt
ldf ujlf d htpekmnfnt ghjdtltybz rbyjatcnbdfkz ≤Cfylfyc≥
ghbjåhtkb bpdtcnyjcnm xtnsht htébccthf, d yfcnjzott dhtvz
ghbcnegfñobt r hfåjnt yfl abkmvfvb, åñlétn rjnjhsö cjcnfdkztn 100 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd CIF.
D: Cxbnftnt kb ds, xnj ysytiybq ärjyjvbxtcrbq cgfl åeltn
bvtnm euhjéfñobt gjcktlcndbz lkz ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyjghjbpdjlcndf?
J: Åjkmit yt åeltn bcnjxybrjd abyfycbhjdfybz, rjnjhst yf
ghjnzétybb 20 ktn hjcnf ajyljdjuj hsyrf gjvjufkb abyfycbhjdfnm rbyjghjbpdjlcndj, f bvtyyj juhjvyjuj jåütvf ghjlfé
yf byjcnhfyysö hsyrfö b gjllthérb d ajhvt dbltjghjlerwbb. Dshféfñncz jgfctybz, ghbxtv ytrjnjhst bp ybö dgjkyt
jghfdlfys, gj gjdjle njuj, xnj vjétn yt jrfpfnmcz d yfkbxbb
pyfxbntkmyjq xfcnb ghjlerwbb, rjnjhfz jcjåtyyj gjllthébdfkf jcyjdyst ytpfdbcbvst abkmvs.
D: Yt jnjåmtn kb änj jöjne e ljcnbuibö cjdthityyjktnbz vjkjlsö kñltq b ltdeitr cybvfnm rbyj?
J: Yt jnjåmtn. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj dvtcnj ghjbpdjlcndf ytpfdbcbvsö abkmvjd pf 5 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd, gjljåyst abkmvs,
djpvjéyj, ghbltncz cybvfnm pf 1 vbkkbjy ljkkfhjd. Ghfdlf
pltcm djpybrftn tot jlby djghjc: cevtñn kb änb gfhyb b ltdeirb ljåbnmcz njuj, xnjås bö abkmvs cvjnhtkb?
D: Djpybrftn joeotybt, xnj bpvtybkcz ltvjuhfabxtcrbq cjcnfd rbyjphbntktq. Ytn kb e dfc nfrjuj joeotybz?
J: Ujdjhzn, xnj rbyjphbntkm cnfyjdbncz cnfhit. Änj jpyfxftn,
xnj abkmvs åelen hfpyjjåhfpysvb b åjktt ckjéysvb d äcntnbxtcrjv jnyjitybb. Rhjvt njuj, vjéyj åskj ås ghtlgjkjébnm,
xnj ytcrjkmrj gjnthzñn cdjt ujcgjlcndeñott gjkjétybt
ifåkjyyst abkmvs, rjnjhst cybvfñn ytåjkmibt rfvgfybb gj
pfrfpe bpdtcnysö rhegysö cnelbq. Z yt djpmve yf ctåz cvtkjcnm
endthélfnm, xnj cnthtjnbgyst abkmvs bcxtpfñn. Ctqxfc bvttn
vtcnj ibhjrbq gjrfp abkmvjd, ltvjycnhbheñobö cbke b kjdrjcnm ltdeitr. Änb abkmvs ghtlyfpyfxtys ytgjchtlcndtyyj
lkz gjlhjcnrjd. Rhjvt njuj, cjplfdftvst gj pfrfpe rhegysö
cnelbq abkmvs c pfödfnsdfñobv cñétnjv, d rjnjhsö ghtjåkflfñn äktvtyn ltqcndbz b åscnhfz cvtyf cjåsnbq, rfr dctulf
pfybvfñn ghjxyjt gjkjétybt yf hsyrt, gjcrjkmre hfccxbnfys yf jghtltktyyjuj phbntkz. Ntv yt vtytt, z yt levfñ, xnj
ltvjuhfabxtcrbq cjcnfd rbyjphbntktq eöeliftncz. Yfjåjhjn,
gj-vjtve, jy cnfyjdbncz kexit.
D: Ntgthm d gjhzlrt gjldtltybz bnjujd yt vjukb ås ds jåhbcjdfnm gthcgtrnbds lfkmytqituj hfpdbnbz rbyjghjbpdjlcndf?
J: Vs tldf yfxbyftv gjybvfnm djpltqcndbt wbahjdjq rbytvfnjuhfabb b cjplfybz abkmvjd c gjvjomñ wbahjdsö ntöyjkjubq,
b vs vjétv jéblfnm pyfxbntkmyjuj ärcgthbvtynbhjdfybz b
cjplfybz hfpyjjåhfpysö cnbktq d dbpefkmyjq jåkfcnb. Jlyfrj,
gjlöjlz r dfitve djghjce j gthcgtrnbdfö åjktt ibhjrj, vjéyj
egjvzyenm j njv, xnj d vbht gjzdbkfcm nfrfz hfpyjdblyjcnm
ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyjghjbpdjlcndf, rjnjheñ ytkmpz yfpdfnm yb
≤öeljétcndtyysv abkmvjv≥, yb ≤cnelbqysv abkmvjv≥. Änf hfpyjdblyjcnm jnrhsdftn wtksq hzl djpvjéyjcntq lkz abkmvjd, d
rjnjhsö hfccrfpsdftncz bcnjhbz, b fdnjhcrbö abkmvjd, ghbxtv b
nt b lheubt jåtofñn åsnm hfpyjjåhfpysvb b åjufnsvb gj cjlthéfybñ.
∆
Åtctljdfk c Létaahb Ubkvjhjv Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth.
1
38
KBNTHFNEHF
YTCRJKMRJ PFHBCJDJR
CDTY ÅTHRTHNC
Jlybv bp yfbåjktt bynthtcysö vjvtynjd, rfcfñoböcz yfgbcfybz rhbnbxtcrbö cnfntq yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn, zdkztncz nj jåcnjzntkmcndj,
xnj dhtvz jn dhtvtyb vtyz ghbpsdfñn dyjdm gthtxbnfnm njuj bkb byjuj
rjyrhtnyjuj fdnjhf bkb gthtébnm rfrjt-kbåj cjåsnbt, b njulf z jåsxyj jåyfheébdfñ yt njkmrj, rfr bpvtybkbcm vjb drecs b crkjyyjcnb, yj
b xnj jåütrns vjtuj dybvfybz jnrfpsdfñncz jcnfdfnmcz ytbpvtyysvb,
rfr ås pfåfkmpfvbhjdfyysvb vevbzvb njuj, xnj z levfk hfymit. Cjdctv ytlfdyj änj yfukzlytqibv jåhfpjv gjlndthlbkjcm, rjulf vtyz gjghjcbkb lfnm jwtyre cjcnjzybz fvthbrfycrjq kbnthfnehs, drkñxfz öeljétcndtyyeñ kbnthfnehe b gjäpbñ, d yjdjv nsczxtktnbb d dblt rhfnrjuj åtukjuj jåpjhf.
elexb dtxyj gthtuheétyysv hfåjnjq b gjgsnfdibcm jåktuxbnm ctåt pflfxe, z cyfxfkf dyjdm jåhfnbkcz r äcct, rjnjhjt yfgbcfk åjktt ltcznb ktn yfpfl d ajhvt jåpjhf, yjczotuj
öfhfrnth hfplevbq, gjl yfpdfybtv “The Talent in the
Room”. Wtkm änjuj äcct åskf dtcmvf cöjétq c njq hfåjnjq, rjnjheñ vyt ghtlcnjzkj yfgbcfnm, f bvtyyj lfnm öfhfrnthbcnbre
jcyjdysv ntyltywbzv b nfkfynkbdsv kñlzv d vbht öeljétcndtyyjq kbnthfnehs. Z yfltzkcz bcgjkmpjdfnm, gj rhfqytq vtht, jcyjde b jåoeñ
ajhve åsditq cnhernehs. Eds, cnjbkj vyt ghbcnegbnm r xntybñ, rfr
z gjyzk, xnj änjve yt ceéltyj cåsnmcz. Nfr bkb byfxt, gjrf z cktlbk
pf ltqcndbtv, ghjbcöjlzobv yf gthtlytv gkfyt, n.t. ghjdjlbk fyfkbp njuj bkb byjuj gbcfntkz, r vjtve elbdktybñ, pflybq gkfy cnfk yterkjyyj cvtofnmcz.
D änjv hfyytv äcct, htibntkmyj jndthufz gjktvbxtcrbt endthéltybz
Yjhvfyf Vtqkthf, cjlthéfobtcz d tuj cjåcndtyyjq cnfnmt 1959 u., gjcdzotyyjq vjtve fyfkbpe, f nfrét gjlcnhtrfntkmcrbt gjkjétybz d cnfnmt
Njvfcf Dekaf “Stalking the Billion-Footed Beast: A Literary Manifesto for the
New Social Novel”, rjnjhfz åskf jgeåkbrjdfyf d éehyfkt ≤Öfhgthc≥ d
1989 u., z ghbitk r dsdjle j njv, xnj cjdhtvtyyfz fvthbrfycrfz öeljétcndtyyfz kbnthfnehf clfdfkf cdjb gjpbwbb. D eckjdbzö, rjulf dct åjkmit gbcfntktq jrfpsdfkbcm ytcgjcjåysvb yfqnb cdjt vtcnj d ghtnthgtditv rjhtyyst ghtjåhfpjdfybz gjcnvjlthybcncrjv äktrnhjyyjv jåotcndt, djpybrkj ibhjrjt ldbétybt d pfobne åjktt ghjcnjq rfhnbys vbhf.
Dvtcnj njuj xnjås ghbyznm ehåfybcnbxtcreñ byajhvfwbjyyeñ rekmnehe, hjvfybcns b fdnjhs rjhjnrbö hfccrfpjd jnlfdfkb ghtlgjxntybt dsåjhe ntv, cdzpfyysö c ébpymñ d ctkmcrjq vtcnyjcnb b ytåjkmibö ujhjlfö, ghbvtyzz r nhfrnjdrt änbö ntv vbybvfkbcncrbq bkb vfrcbvfkbcncrbq gjlöjls.
D änjv rjyntrcnt z, d xfcnyjcnb, hfccvfnhbdfk ndjhxtcndj Hfcctkkf
Åäyrcf, Hbxfhlf Ajhlf, Äyy Nfqkth, Äyy Åbnnb, Ebkmzvf Rtyytlb, Léjyf
Fglfqrf, Cñ Vbkkth b Léjqc Rähjk Jenc. Dct jyb zhrj b rhfcjxyj bpjåhféfkb hfpkbxyst cnjhjys fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb, yj, gj vjtve vytybñ,
ybrnj bp ybö yt pfnhfubdfk ntvs, rjnjheñ d nj dhtvz z cxbnfk ukfdyjq.
Hfpevttncz, åskb chtlb gbcfntktq b bcrkñxtybz d änjv gkfyt, f bvtyyj
Ljy Ltkbkkj, Njvfc Gbyxjy, Hjåthn Cnjey, Hbxfhl Gfeähc, Gjk Jcnth,
Å
1
39
Njyb Vjhhbcjy b Gjk Dtcn,
gbcfntkb, rjnjhst, rfr z cxbnfk, åjktt xenrj jnyjcbkbcm
d cdjtv ndjhxtcndt r ghjzdktybñ änbö ghtjåhfpjdfybq.
Jlyfrj, lfét ghbybvfz dj
dybvfybt egjvzyenst bcrkñxtybz, vjz jåofz jwtyrf cjcnjzybz fvthbrfycrjq öeljétcndtyyjq kbnthfnehs åskf clthéfyyj gtccbvbcnbxtcrjq.
ZPSR YJDJUJ GJRJKTYBZ
Z djcöboty b jåjlhty ntv jåcnjzntkmcndjv, xnj pf ltcznm
c kbiybv ktn gjckt gjzdktybz vjtuj äcct bvtkb vtcnj
cnjkm åjkmibt bpvtytybz, öjnz jyb ghjbpjikb yt gentv htdjkñwbjyyjuj åeynf, f crjhtt
gjcntgtyyj, ifu pf ifujv, gjchtlcndjv cldbujd b cvtotybq. Änj ckexbkjcm åkfujlfhz
njve, xnj vjkjlst nfkfyns jåhtkb phtkjcnm, cvzuxbkb cdjñ
ävjwbjyfkmyeñ jujktyyjcnm,
cnfkb åjktt lbcwbgkbybhjdfyysvb d gjcnvjlthybcncrjv
cvsckt änjuj ckjdf, f cnfhst
gbcfntkb dj vyjubö ckexfzö
ecnegbkb nt gjpbwbb, rjnjhst
pfybvfkb yf ghjnzétybb ljkubö ktn, b kbibkbcm bynthtcf
cj cnjhjys xbnfntkmcrjq felbnjhbb.
Cfvsv pyfxbntkmysv ghtjåhfpjdfybtv, gj-vjtve, cnfkj ljvbybheñott dkbzybt yjdjuj gjrjktybz bcrkñxbntkmyj äythubxysö gbcfntktq,
rjnjhst cjxtnfñn d cdjtv
ndjhxtcndt ibhjne gjåeéltybq c cjpdexyjcnmñ ägjöt
yfituj jåotuj döjéltybz d
vbh cdthöckjéyjq b vyjujzpsxyjq rekmnehs byajhvfwbjyyjuj dtrf. Gjéfkeq, yfbåjkmitq bpdtcnyjcnmñ chtlb
ybö gjkmpetncz yjdfnjh d kbnthfneht Léjyfnfy Ahäypty, hjvfy rjnjhjuj ≤Bcghfdktybz≥
(Corrections), ghtlcnfdkzñobq
cjåjq bcnjhbñ ldeö gjrjkt-
Hzl yjdsö kbw yf kbnthfnehyjq cwtyt Fvthbrb drkñxfñn d ctåz (d gthtlytv hzle, cktdf yfghfdj) Léjyfnfy Cfahfy Ajth,
Vbhf Yäqh, Léjyfnfy Ahäypty, Yäy Veyb; (d chtlytv hzle, cktdf yfghfdj) Fyf Vtytyltc, Fqkby Hjptywdtqu, Cbynbz Hjqkb,
Öävgnjy Cfqlp; (d pflytv hzle, cktdf yfghfdj) Ybr Htlbyu, Léjhlé Cbyuknjy, Ybk Gjkkfr, Läy Xfjy.
ybq ctvmb Kävåthnjd yf Chtlytv Pfgflt, d 2001 u. d ntxtybt vyjubö vtczwtd döjlbk d cgbcrb åtcnctkkthjd. Änjn fdnjh yfgjvybk cthmtpysv xbnfntkzv dctuj vbhf j njv, xnj
vjéyj cnhfybwe pf cnhfybwtq hfccrfpsdfnm öjhjieñ bcnjhbñ,
jnlfdfz ghb änjv ljkéyjt ahfuvtynfhyjq ckjéyjcnb ébpyb d
yfit dhtvz, rjnjhjt vjéyj jöfhfrnthbpjdfnm rfr njnfkmyeñ
gjcn-ägjöe.
D xbckj lheubö yföjlzoböcz d wtynht dybvfybz b dtcmvf edféftvsö gbcfntktq gjrjktybz Ahäyptyf, rjnjhsö yfcxbnsdftn-
cz xenm åjkmit 40, döjlbn b gkjljdbnsq fdnjh-äywbrkjgtlbcn
Hbxfhl Gfeähc. Gjckt cdjtuj ctlmvjuj hjvfyf ≤Ghjåbhfzcm d
ntvyjnt≥ (Plowing the Dark), gjcdzotyyjuj bpextybñ cenb dbhnefkmyjcnb bkb vybvjq htfkmyjcnb, gjkextyyjq d htpekmnfnt
wbahjdjuj vjltkbhjdfybz, Gfeähc d 2003 u. jgeåkbrjdfk ubufyncreñ ctvtqyeñ öhjybre ≤D ne gjhe, rjulf vs gtkb≥ (The
Time of Our Signing). Änj – bcnjhbz ctvmb, cjcnjzotq bp ghtlcnfdbntktq hfpysö hfc b yfwbjyfkmyjcntq, rjnjhst edktrfkbcm
vepsrjq, hfcjdjq gjkbnbrjq b ntjhtnbxtcrjq abpbrjq. Pfcke-
1
40
ébdftn egjvbyfybz b Létaahb Ñlébybltc, fdnjh ≤cnhfiyjuj≥ hjvfyf ≤Cfvjeåbqcndf ltdcndtyybw≥ (Virgin Suicides), cnfdituj rkfccbrjq änjuj éfyhf lkz wtkjuj gjrjktybz. D gjcktlytv hjvfyt Ñlébybltcf ≤Chtlybq gjk≥ (Middlesex), rjnjhsq
dsitk d 2002 ujle, nofntkmyj hfphfåjnfyyst gthbjls bpkjétybz cjåsnbq d bö öhjyjkjubxtcrjq gjcktljdfntkmyjcnb cjxtnfñncz c jgbcfybzvb leitdysö ver ljcnbufñotuj cjdthityyjktnbz nhfycctrcefkf. Lkz vyjubö vjkjlsö xbnfntktq Lädbl
Ajcnth Ejkkfc jcnftncz pyfvtyjcwtv yjdjuj cjcnjzybz yhfdcndtyyjuj hfcgflf b rekmnehyjq hfpjåotyyjcnb. Tuj jåütvysq
hjvfy ≤Åtcrjytxyfz buhf≥ (Infinite Jest), jgeåkbrjdfyysq d
1996 ujle, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jghtltktyyeñ dtöe d ndjhxtcndt gbcfntkz b bvttn lkz tuj xbnfntktq nfreñ ét wtyyjcnm, rjnjheñ ytcrjkmrj ltcznbktnbq njve yfpfl xbnfntkmcrfz felbnjhbz
ghblfdfkf ≤Hfleut ptvyjuj ghbnzétybz≥ (Gravity’s Rainbow)
Njvfcf Gbyxjyf, d nj dhtvz rfr åjktt gjplybt hfccrfps Ajcnthf d tuj rybut ≤Rjhjnrbt bynthdmñ c eéfcysvb kñlmvb≥ gjuheéfñn xbnfntkz d vbh xhtpdsxfqyj jlthébvsö kbxyjcntq.
Chtlb åjktt vjkjlsö nfkfynjd Hbr Velb, rjnjhsq gbitn cj
pyfybtv ltkf d hfpkbxysö éfyhfö – hfccrfp ≤Ltvjyjkjubz≥
(Demonology), hjvfy ≤Gehgehyfz Fvthbrf≥ (Purple America) b
vtvefhs ≤Xthyfz defkm≥ (The Black Veil), f nfrét Rjkcjy
Efqnötl, vjkjljq fahjfvthbrfycrbq hjvfybcn, rjnjhsq, djqlz
d kbnthfnehe dtcmvf ghbxelkbdsv hjvfyjv ≤Bynebnbdbcn≥
(Intuitionist) jå bycgtrnjht kbanjd, gjgjkybk hzls vfrcbvfkbcnjd, yfgbcfd ≤Lyb Léjyf Utyhb≥ (John Henry Days), jnkbxfñoeñcz ibhjrbv pfvsckjv cfnbhe yf cjdhtvtyyst hfcjdst
jnyjitybz, dcnegfñobt d ghjnbdjhtxbt c rekmnehjq dctghjybrfñotq htrkfvs. Ytcrjkmrj ktn yfpfl Lädbl Äuuthc ljåbkcz e
xbnfntktq juhjvyjuj ecgtöf cdjtq rybujq ≤Leithfplbhfñobq
nhel jitkjvbntkmyjuj utybz≥ (A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering
Genius), rjnjhfz ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cvtksq ubåhbl hjvfyf b
vtvefhjd b cjxtnftn bcgjdtlm b cdjåjlyjt kbnthfnehyjt gjdtcndjdfybt.
F.V. Öjevc, Léjfyyf Crjn b Ötkty LtDbnn, nhb étyobys,
gj cdjtve ndthljve eåtéltybñ gbieobt yt j ébpyb étyoby
d cdjtq ctvmt b ljvfiytv jxfut – cnfhst cnthtjnbgs ébdexb,
yt ecnegfñn cdjbv rjkktufv-veéxbyfv d bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnb b
ujnjdyjcnb gbcfnm d leöt dhtvtyb, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj yb
jlyf bp ybö yt ljåbkfcm gjgekzhyjcnb Äkbc Ctåjkl (≤Hjlyst
rjcnb≥, The Lovely Bones), Léäytn Abnx (≤Åtksq jktfylh≥,
White Oleander) bkb Äyy Gfhrth (≤Ujkjdjq dybp c gbhcf Rkfeptyf≥, The Dive From Clausen’s Pier). Bynthtcyj jnvtnbnm, xnj rfélfz bp dsitegjvzyensö nhtö étyoby gbitn hjvfy, d jcyjde
rjnjhjuj gjkjétyj leitdyjt gjnhzctybt xtkjdtrf d htpekmnfnt enhfns åkbprjuj.
Létaahb Ñlébybltc
VTÉYFWBJYFKMYFZ GTHCGTRNBDF
Lheubv pfckeébdfñobv egjvbyfybz zhrj dshfétyysv bpvtytybtv ntyltywbb d hfpdbnbb kbnthfnehs zdbkjcm jåhtntybt
tñ vtéyfwbjyfkmyjq gthcgtrnbds, ghbdytctybt d ytt vtéyfwbjyfkmyjuj cjlthéfybz b vtéyfwbjyfkmysö ntv. Hjlbdibqcz d Rbnft hjvfybcn b fdnjh hfccrfpjd Öf Wpbym d hjvfyt
≤Jéblfybt≥ (Waiting) b ytlfdyj jgeåkbrjdfyyjuj hjvfyf
≤Cevfcitlibq≥ (The Crazed) gjkjébk yfxfkj jnhfétybñ d fvthbrfycrjq kbnthfneht gthbjlf rekmnehyjq htdjkñwbb d Rbnft.
Fvthbrfytw erhfbycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz Fcrjkml Vtkmybxer
d cdjtv ghjbpdtltybb ≤Gjcjk vthndtwjd≥ (Ambassador of the
Dead) lftn dshfpbntkmyjt jgbcfybt hfytt pfvfkxbdfdiböcz
eéfcjd Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, rjnjhst ghbikjcm gthtébnm
ldev ctvmzv fvthbrfywtd erhfbycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz. F
hjlbdibqcz d Cfhftdj bvvbuhfyn Fktrcfylh Ötvjy, fdnjh
cåjhybrf hfccrfpjd, jpfukfdktyyjuj ≤Djghjc Åheyj≥ (The
Question of Bruno), d cdjtv hjvfyt ≤Xtkjdtr ybjnrelf≥
(Nowhere Man) kfdbhetn vtéle ghjiksv b yfcnjzobv, hfccrfpsdfz j ébpyb vjkjljuj xtkjdtrf bp Cfhftdj, rjnjhsq ctqxfc
ébdtn d Xbrfuj. Xfyu-hft Kb d hjvfyt ≤Afkmibdfz ébpym≥
(A Gesture Life) njyrj b dshfpbntkmyj bpjåhféftn ébpym hjlbditujcz d Rjhtt zgjywf, rjnjhsq ébdtn d Fvthbrt b gsnftncz
jcdjåjlbnmcz jn ghbphfrjd cdjtuj pfgznyfyyjuj ghjikjuj.
Kfehtfn Gekbnwthjdcrjq ghtvbb Léöevgf Kföbhb, yfgbcfdibq
≤Njkrjdfntkz åjktpytq≥ (Interpreter of Maladies), b fdnjh ≤Enjgktyybrf≥ (Drown) Éeyj Lbfc jnyjczncz r njve hzle vjkjlsö
gbcfntktq, rjnjhst bcgjkmpeñn éfyh hfccrfpf lkz fyfkbpf
ckjéysö nhtybq, djpybrfñobö vtéle kñlmvb, ébdeobvb d
eckjdbzö hfpltktybz kñltq gj änybxtcrjve ghbpyfre. Gthdsq
bp ldeö – fvthbrfytw bylbqcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, f dnjhjq –
fvthbrfytw ljvbybrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz.
Fyfkjubxyjt gjåeéltybt, njkmrj dshfétyyjt c gjvjomñ
jåhfnyjq gthcgtrnbds, ghjcktébdftncz d nfrbö ghjbpdtltybzö, rfr hjvfy Fhnehf Abkkbgcf ≤Ghfuf≥ (Prague) b cnfdibq
åtcnctkkthjv hjvfy Léjyfnfyf Cfahfyf Ajthf ≤B dct cdtnbkjcm≥ (Everything Is Iluminated). Jåf fdnjhf jgbcsdfñn ébpym d
eckjdbzö lheujq rekmnehs c njxrb phtybz dsujlyjuj gjkjétybz
fvthbrfywtd, ébdeobö b gentitcndeñobö pf uhfybwtq. Tckb
Abkkbgc ghtkjvkztn yfi ytlfdybq rekmnehysq gthbjl gjchtlcndjv jgsnf uheggs fvthbrfycrbö ärcgfnhbfynjd, ébdeobö pf
heåtéjv, – yf cfvjv ltkt yt d Ghfut, f d Åelfgtint (cvtyf
bcnbyyjuj vtcnf ghtåsdfybz zdkztncz kbim kturjq ienrjq
Rjkcjy Efqnötl
Léöevgf Kföbhb
1
41
fdnjhf), – nj Ajth jgbcsdftn dcnhtxe vjkjljuj fvthbrfycrjuj gentitcndtyybrf (gj bvtyb Léjyfnfy Cfahfy Ajth) c ghjiksv cdjbö ghtlrjd d cjdhtvtyyjq Erhfbyt.
Änjn hzl ghjbpdtltybq dsltkztncz yf ajyt njuj, xnj jcnftncz ecnjqxbdjq ghttvcndtyyjcnmñ jcyjdyjuj yfghfdktybz fvthbrfycrjq kbnthfnehs. Hfpkbxyst dbls fvthbrfycrjuj htfkbpvf gj-ghtéytve ibhjrj ghtlcnfdktys d hfåjnfö nfrbö gbcfntktq, rfr Hbxfhl Ajhl, Ebkmzv Rtyytlb, Cñ Vbkkth, Ejhl
Léfcn, Fylht Lñåñ ÈÈÈ, Gbnth Vännöbccty b Abkbg Hjn. Tuj ytlfdyj jgeåkbrjdfyyfz nhbkjubz, drkñxfñofz d ctåz ≤Fvthbrfycreñ Gfcnjhfkm≥, ≤Z dsikf pfveé pf rjvveybcnf≥ b ≤Pfgznyfyyeñ htgenfwbñ≥ (American Pastoral, I Married a Communist b
The Human Stain), zdkztncz pyfxbntkmysv ljcnbétybtv kbnthfnehs gjcktlytuj ltcznbktnbz). Yt vtytt ≤htfkmyst≥, yj cnbkbcnbxtcrb åjktt nofntkmyj hfphfåjnfyyst dfhbfyns ghtlcnfdktys d ghjbpdtltybzö Fyyb Ghe b Rjhvfrf Vfrrfhnb, f nfrét
Léjyf Fglfqrf, Ebkmzvf Djkkväyf b lheubö gbcfntktq.
Vjéyj lj åtcrjytxyjcnb ghjljkéfnm gthtxbcktybt bvty.
Yf jghtltktyyjv änfgt ibhjrbt nbgjkjubb hfcgflfñncz, b
yfxbyftim jnvtxfnm ufkjxrjq tlbycndtyyst d cdjtv hjlt
nfkfyns: åjktt edthtyysö d ctåt cnbkbcnjd-ärcgthbvtynfnjhjd, nfrbö rfr Hjåthn Redth, Lädbl Vfrcjy, Vähb Hjåbcjy b
Léjhlé Cjylthc; ytjåsryjdtyysö hfccrfpxbrjd, cgjcjåysö
cjplfdfnm ghjbpdtltybz cfvjq hfpyjq yfghfdktyyjcnb, nfrbö
rfr Gjk Jcnth, Gjk Dtcn, Vfhr Ckerf, Ujdfhl Yjhvfy, Xfhkmp Åärcnth, Lfukfc Åjth, Léjyfnfy Lb, Fkkty Rehwdtqk, Äkfy
Kfqnväy, Vfqrk Xfåjy, Vfhuj Kbdcb, Vjhby Öfefhl, N. R. Åjqk
b Äyy Gänxtnn; dtljvsö ujkjcjv ñéfy, nfrbö rfr Gälétnn
Gfeäkk, Kmñbc Yjhlfy, Lébkk Vfrrjhrk, Äkbpfåtn Rjrc, Kb
Cvbn, Yäycb Ktvfyy, Åfhhb Öfyyf, Ljyyf Nfhnn b Äkkty Ubkrhfqcn. Jcjåj yeéyj jnvtnbnm Ybrjkcjyf Åtqrthf, rjnjhsq,
jgbcsdfz ltqcndbntkmyjcnm, rfr ås ghtlcnfdkztn tt gjl edtkbxbntkmysv cntrkjv. Änj åskj öfhfrnthyj lkz tuj ghjps, yfxbyfz c gthdjuj hjvfyf ≤Gjvtotybt gjl cwtyjq≥ (The Mezzanine)
b rjyxfz ytlfdyj jgeåkbrjdfyysv ≤Rjhjårjv cgbxtr≥ (A Box
of Matches), d rjnjhjv dct gjdtcndjdfybt hfpdjhfxbdftncz rfr
hfpvsiktybt xtkjdtrf chtlybö ktn hfyybv enhjv e rfvbyf.
Yt pfåsk kb z egjvzyenm rjuj-nj? Yfdthyzrf pfåsk egjvzyenm
bvtyf ltcznrjd, cjnty ljcnjqysö gbcfntktq. Kñåjq, rnj åthtncz pf cjcnfdktybt jåpjhf, ljkéty ébnm c änbv gjcnjzyyj
ghtcktleñobv dfc xedcndjv, xnj ds rjuj-nj pfåskb egjvzyenm.
DSHFPBNTKMYST CHTLCNDF GJÄPBB
Lkz gjänbxtcrjuj ndjhxtcndf nfrét öfhfrnthyj vyjujjåhfpbt
cgjcjåjd dshfétybz. Jlyfrj nj, xnj ghtlcnfdkztncz åjufncndjv b hfpyjjåhfpbtv d vbht öeljétcndtyyjq ghjps, vyjubvb gjänfvb, c rjnjhsvb vyt ljdtkjcm åtctljdfnm, djcghbybvftncz rfr hfpheibntkmyjt hfpltktybt kbnthfnehs yf jnltkmyst dhféltåyj jnyjczobtcz lheu r lheue vtkrbt nthhbnjhbb.
Ytcrjkmrj ktn yfpfl gjäns ltkbkbcm yf ldf jcyjdysö kfuthz
– ≤ajhvfkbcnjd≥ b cnjhjyybrjd hfpkbxysö dbljd ≤cdjåjlyjuj≥ cnböf. D yfcnjzott dhtvz gjkjétybt ytcrjkmrj bpvtybkjcm, b cenm yfåkñlfñotujcz vtéle gjänfvb hfcrjkf
cjcnjbn d njv, xnj jlyb bp ybö
gjkmpeñncz zpsrjv d rfxtcndt jncskrb r rjyrhtnysv ghtlvtnfv b zdktybzv, n.t. rfr erfÖf Wpbym
pfybt yf yfi jåsxysq vbh,
f lkz lheubö zpsr ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cfvjljdktñoeñ cathe.
Gjcktlybt drkñxfñn d ctåz nfreñ dtcmvf pfvtnyeñ kbxyjcnm,
rfr Léjy Fiåthb b tuj vyjujxbcktyysö gjcktljdfntktq, f nfrét gjänjd, yföjlzoböcz gjl dkbzybtv Léjhb Uhäv, rjnjhfz
rkfltn d jcyjde cdjbö dshfpbntkmysö ghbtvjd lbyfvbxtcrbq
ghjwtcc djcghbznbz. Åkbprj ghbvsrfñn r ybv gjäns ärcgthbvtynfkmyjq irjks L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E, drkñxfz Vfqrkf Gfkvthf, Xfhkmpf Åthycntqyf b Kby Ötlébyzy, rjnjhfz d cdjtq
lkbyyjq gjävt “Oxota” yfgbcfkf cktleñobt cnhjrb: ≤Bvtyyj
ghbywbg cdzpb, f yt ghbywbg ghbxbyyjcnb cgfcftn yfc jn gkjöjq åtcrjytxyjcnb / jöjnf pf ckjdjv yt zdkztncz ntymñ ckexfqyjcnb≥.
Gjäns, bcgjkmpeñobt zpsr crjhtt rfr jncskre r rjyrhtnysv ghtlvtnfv b zdktybzv, jåhfpeñn ytcrjkmrj yfghfdktybq.
Bvtñncz cnfhst yfcktlybrb vjlthybpvf, nfrbt rfr gjän-kfehtfn Hjåthn Gbycrbq, Ahäyr Åfqlfhn, Kebp Ukfr, Xfhkmp Cfqvbr
b C.R. Ebkmzvc.
Yfhzle c ybvb vs yföjlbv uhegge d jcyjdyjv vjkjlsö gjänjd, egjnhtåkzñobö åjktt cdjåjlysq zpsr, rjnjhsq cjlthébn vtymit bcnjhbxtcrb jåeckjdktyysö blbjv, drkñxfz Njvf
Cktz, Äkfyf Ifgbhj, Hjpfyye Ejhhty, Utqk Vfpeh b Ñptaf
Rjveyzre, c jlyjq cnjhjys, f c lheujq – gjänjd, bvtñobö
ujhfplj åjkmieñ crkjyyjcnm r ajhvfkbpve, nfrbö rfr Ebkmzv
Kjeufy, Lfyf Léjqz, Åhäl Ktqnöfepth, Ukby Vfrcdtkk, Ltåjhf
Uhtuth b Vähb Léj Cjknth.
Ujdjhz j lheubö uheggfö, erfétv yf gjänjd, rjnjhst d åjkmitq cntgtyb gjlxthrbdfñn kbxyjcnyjt yfxfkj cdjtuj gjänbxtcrjuj ndjhxtcndf, nfrbö rfr Vfhb Öje, Vfhr Ljenb b Ifhjy
Jklp; vzurbq b ckturf cñhhtfkbcnbxtcrbq gjän-kfehtfn Åbkkb
Rjkkbyc, b gjän gjétcnxt, jåkflfñobq ytcrjkmrj vhfxysv
ñvjhjv Cnbdty Ljåbyc. D åjktt jåibhyjv jåpjht vjéyj
åskj ås hfccrfpfnm j gjäpbb Njvfcf Kfrcf b Lädblf Ktvfyf, f
nfrét j zhrjv b cdjtjåhfpyjv cfvjdshfétybb cnfhsö, åjktt
ghbpyfyysö gjänjd, nfrbö rfr Älhbtyy Hbx, Hjåthn Åkfq,
Ljyfkl Öjkk, Njv Ufyy b Lädbl Athhb.
CTHMTPYSQ XBNFNTKM GJ-GHTÉYTVE ÉLTN YFCNJZOTQ KBNTHFNEHS
Gthtöjlz jn gjäpbb r vfcinfåyjq rfhnbyt vbhf kbnthfnehs,
vjéyj cvtkj endthélfnm, xnj cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrbt ghtjåhfpjdfybz jrfpfkb b ghjljkéfñn jrfpsdfnm cdjt djpltqcndbt
yf kbnthfnehysq ghjwtcc. D bplfntkmcrjv ltkt, gjljåyj dctv
lheubv jåkfcnzv, vepsre pfrfpsdfñn nt, e rjuj tcnm ltymub, b
yfåkñlfñobqcz d gjcktlytt dhtvz abyfycjdsq cgfl d cjxtnfybb c cjöhfyzñotqcz ntyltywbtq cjplfybz rjhgjhfnbdysö
rjyukjvthfnjd (rjnjhfz cjghjdjélftncz nhtåjdfybtv gjcktlybö j vfrcbvbpfwbb ≤bnjujdsö≥ ghbåsktq) jrfpsdftn lfdktybt
yf ghbyjczobt vfkst ghbåskb kbnthfnehyst ghjtrns. Fdnjhfv cnfyjdbncz dct nhelytt ljåbdfnmcz jgeåkbrjdfybz cdjbö
ghjbpdtltybq; htlfrnjhfv ghböjlbncz ujhfplj egjhytt hfåjnfnm lkz njuj, xnjås eujdjhbnm
cdjt yfxfkmcndj yf bplfybt
rybu, yt cekzobö åjkmijuj
jåütvf ghjlfé. Yt cåskbcm
lfdybt yfltéls, rjnjhst
kbnthfnjhs gbnfkb d nt dhtvtyf, rjulf bplfntkmcrjt ltkj
yföjlbkjcm d herfö ytpfdbcbvsö abhv. Gjxnb dct ytpfdbcbvst bplfntkmcndf bcxtpkb.
Fyyb Ghe
1
42
D nj ét dhtvz åehyj hfpdbdfñofzcz äktrnhjyyfz rekmnehf ghjljkéftn cdjt gjåtlyjt itcndbt. Ytcvjnhz yf nj,
xnj hfcödfkbdfdifzcz yf dct
kfls äktrnhjyyfz rybuf (gjhnfnbdyjt ghbcgjcjåktybt,
rjnjhjt, rfr gjkfufkb, dytctn
rjhtyyst bpvtytybz d ghjwtcc xntybz) nfr b yt ghbébkfcm, gj cenb ltkf, gjnthgtd
gjkysq ghjdfk b gjdcñle hfpheibd gkfys cgtwbfkbcnjd,
vfkj rnj cjvytdftncz d njv,
xnj d fcgtrns yfitq ébpyb,
cdzpfyyst c ghjwtccjv xntybz, dnjhufñncz dct åjktt
cjdhtvtyyst dbls hfpdktxtybq (dbltj, wbahjdst dbltjlbcrb b n.l.). B, rjytxyj ét,
vs cksibv gjcnjzyyst éfkjås yf nj, xnj kbnthfnehf gthtcnftn åsnm cthmtpyjq.
C lheujq cnjhjys (ybrfr yt
jåjqnbcm åtp änjq ≤lheujq cnjhjys≥), gj-ghtéytve gbiencz, bplfñncz, ghjldbufñncz
yf hsyjr b xbnfñncz ljcnjqyst rybub, b nfrbt gjkmpeñobtcz juhjvyjq gjgekzhyjcnmñ åtcnctkkths, rfr ≤Bcghfdktybz≥ b ≤Hjlyst rjcnb≥ yfgjvbyfñn dctv, rnj pfybvftncz
rybéysv åbpytcjv, j njv,
xnj éféleobq öjhjibö
rybu cthmtpysq xbnfntkm yt
bcxtp. Tckb ctqxfc yfåkñlftncz dtcmvf pfvtnyfz ntyltywbz r ghtjåkflfybñ åjktt
zhrbö b bvtñobö åjkmieñ
ghbnzufntkmyjcnm hfpdktxtybq, vs, ntv yt vtytt, jnvtxftv yterkjyysq hjcn xbckf
rkeåjd kñåbntktq rybub b
lheubö jåütlbytybq xbnfntktq. Hbcrjdfyyj ltkfnm jghtltktyyst ghjuyjps. Tckb
yt cxbnfnm ghjhjxtcndf j
gjzdktybb rjkzcrb åtp kjiflb (fdnjvjåbkz), jyb dctulf jrfpsdfkbcm ghtedtkbxtyysvb.
∆
GHJABKM:
Gbcfntkmybwf Lébkk Vfrrjhrk
Fvthbrfycrbt gbcfntkb dctulf jåkflfkb xedcndjv vtcnf. D xfcnyjcnb, gbcfntkb c Ñuf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd – Ebkmzv Ajkryth, Ñljhf Etknb, Ntyytcb Ebkmzvc b hzl lheubö – öjhjij bpdtcnys
cdjbv evtybtv rhfcjxyj b njxyj bpjåhféfnm änjn eybrfkmysq htubjy.
Lébkk Vfrrjhrk ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jlye bp yfcktlybw änjq nhflbwbb, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj
d tt ndjhxtcndt yföjlbn jnhfétybt Yjdsq Ñu, xthtp rjnjhsq ghjöjlzn vtéle infnfvb crjhjcnyst fdnjcnhfls b d rjnjhjv ghbujhjlyst pjys b jåofz åscnhjntxyjcnm cnfkb ytjåhfnbvjq
htfkmyjcnmñ. Jlyfrj d cdjbö gznb hjvfyfö b ldeö cåjhybrfö hfccrfpjd Vfrrjhrk gjllthébdftn b hfpdbdftn ecnyeñ nhflbwbñ, rjnjhfz cnfkf gjxnb ytjnütvktvjq xfcnmñ ñéyjq – b ctkmcrjq
– rekmnehs. Jlyféls gbcfntkmybwf jöfhfrnthbpjdfkf cdjq cnbkm rfr ≤bcnjhbxtcrb ljcnjdthysq
vtnjl gjdtcndjdfybz d ajhvt åtcwtkmyjuj hfpujdjhf≥.
Ehjétyrf Ctdthyjq Rfhjkbys Vfrrjhrk dytpfgyj djikf d kbnthfnehe d 1984 u. d djphfcnt
26 ktn gjckt jrjyxfybz rjkktléf b extås d hfvrfö jlyjq bp ghjuhfvv gjlujnjdrb r ghjatccbb
kbnthfnjhf, yfgbcfd ldf hjvfyf “The Cheer Leader” b ≤7 bñkz≥ (July 7th), rjnjhst åskb jgeåkbrjdfys jlyjdhtvtyyj. Vfrrjhrk jrfpfkfcm jlybv bp ntö fdnjhjd ghjbpdtltybq öeljétcndtyyjq
kbnthfnehs, rjnjhsö jgtrfkj bplfntkmcndj ≤Fkujyrdby åerc≥, ytåjkmijt ytpfdbcbvjt bplfntkmcndj dscjrjghjatccbjyfkmyjq öeljétcndtyyjq, yfexyjq b ljrevtynfkmyjq kbnthfnehs, åfpbheñottcz d Xfgtk-Öbkk, Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf. Ctqxfc, rjulf bplfyj eét ctvm rybu Vfrrjhrk, jyf b
≤Fkujyrdby≥ eét vyjuj ktn gkjljndjhyj cjnhelybxfñn b ljdjkmys lheu lheujv.
Ndjhxtcndj Vfrrjhrk jnkbxftncz ytghbnzpfntkmysv ñvjhjv, yj d jcyjdt tt ghjbpdtltybq
ktébn åjhmåf xtkjdtrf pf ljcnjqyeñ ébpym. ≤Z gbie j kñlzö, rjnjhst gsnfñncz hfpjåhfnmcz
d ctåt, yfqnb cdjt vtcnj d jåotcndt b ljåbnmcz jn ytuj jghtltktyyjuj ehjdyz gjybvfybz, –
jlyféls ghbpyfkfcm gbcfntkmybwf. – Xfcnj z yfxbyfñ cdjt ghjbpdtltybt c rfrjq-kbåj bltb,
ghjcnj gjnjve, xnj jyf gjrfpfkfcm vyt cvtiyjq, yj gjnjv cnfhfñcm yfqnb ntvyeñ cnjhjye dctq
bcnjhbb≥. Jnlfdfz ljkéyjt tt evtkjve ñvjhbcnbxtcrjve gjlöjle b yfåkñlfntkmyjcnb, rjulf
htxm bltn j öfhfrntht gjdtltybz ñéfy, jlby bp rhbnbrjd pfvtnbk, xnj ≤jn änjuj tt dbltybt yt
cnfyjdbncz vtytt xtkjdtxysv. Jyf gjrfpsdftn ckfåjcnb cdjbö gthcjyfétq, yj ghb änjv djplthébdftncz jn htprbö ceéltybq bkb uheåsö dsgfljd≥.
Étyobys c Ñuf, jåhfps rjnjhsö Vfrrjhrk cjplftn d cdjbö hjvfyfö, nfrbö rfr ≤Rfhjkbyf
Vey≥ (Carolina Moon) b ≤Gj ljhjut d Dbhlébybñ≥ (Tending to Virginia), d ghjbpdtltybzö, yfbåjktt
eljdktndjhzñobö gbcfntkmybwe – cfvjuj hfpyjuj djphfcnf, jn gjlhjcnrjdjuj lj gjébkjuj. Nj,
rfr jyf cgktnftn d rkeåjr cjåsnbz bö ébpyb, gjpdjkztn ujdjhbnm j étkfybb fdnjhf jödfnbnm
ibhjrbq cgtrnh xtkjdtxtcrbö jnyjitybq b djcgtnm ytghthsdyjcnm ntxtybz ébpyb. Ytcvjnhz
yf nj, xnj Vfrrjhrk – rjhtyyfz ñéfyrf, d tt ndjhxtcndt jåceélfñncz eybdthcfkmyst ntvs.
Dthjznyj, bvtyyj gj änjq ghbxbyt tt rybub gthtdtltys xtv yf åjktt ltcznm zpsrjd.
Cåjhybr hfccrfpjd Vfrrjhrk, rjnjhfz ctqxfc ghtgjlftn gbcfntkmcrjt vfcnthcndj d Ufhdfhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt b Åtyybyunjycrjv rjkktlét, åsk jgeåkbrjdfy gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Hfås ghbdsxrb≥ (Creatures of Habit). Rfr pfvtnbk jlby bp jåjphtdfntktq, d änbö hfccrfpfö bpjåhféftncz,
≤rfrbv ljkéyj åsnm djpdhfotybt ljvjq, yj htlrj åsdftn – evbhjndjhzñobv, jåüzcyzñobv
b d dscitq cntgtyb étkfntkmysv cjåsnbtv≥.
∆
Cdty Åthrthnc zdkztncz fdnjhjv
itcnb rybu, drkñxfz ≤Äktubb Uentyåthuf: celmåf xntybz d äktrnhjyysq
dtr≥ (The Gutenberg Elegies: The
Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age)
b vtvefhjd ≤Vjb ytåtcyj ujkeåst
pfyznbz≥ (My Blue Sky Trades).
Lébkk Vfrrjhrk
1
43
Åtctlf c
Létqcjyjv Ägcntqyjv
Hfåjnfz d ntxtybt gjkedtrf htlfrnjhjv b bplfntktv, Létqcjy
Ägcntqy cjplfk änfkjy bplfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. D rfxtcndt jcyjdfntkz bplfntkmcndf ≤Äyrjh åerc≥ jy
cnfk gtxfnfnm d åevféyjv gthtgktnt rybub, cjlthéfobt kbnthfnehe cfvjuj dscjrjuj rfxtcndf, d gjhzlrt fkmnthyfnbds vfccjdjve hsyre njvjd d vzurjv gthtgktnt. Ägcntqy åsk htlfrnjhcrbv
lbhtrnjhjv bplfntkmcndf ≤Häyljv öfec≥; jlybv bp jcyjdfntktq
ghtcnbéyjuj kbnthfnehyjuj éehyfkf ≤Ymñ-Qjhr htdmñ ja åerc≥;
cjplfntktv ≤Åbåkbjntrb Fvthbrb≥, bvtñotq cdjtq wtkmñ ghjldbétybt yf hsyjr hjcrjiysö bplfybq rkfccbxtcrbö ghjbpdtltybq fvthbrfycrjq öeljétcndtyyjq, yfexyjq b ljrevtynfkmyjq kbnthfnehs, f nfrét gjäpbb. Ägcntqy cnfk gthdsv kfehtfnjv
Yfwbjyfkmyjq rybéyjq ghtvbb pf dslfñobtcz pfckeub gthtl
fvthbrfycrjq kbnthfnehjq d pyfr ghbpyfybz tuj hfåjns d ≤bpjåhtntybz yjdsö dbljd bplfybz b htlfrnbhjdfybz ghjbpdtltybq≥.
Djghjc: Åkfujghbznyjt kb ctqxfc dhtvz lkz bplfybz rybu d
Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö?
Jndtn: Bplfdftvst ctqxfc yfexyst, ljrevtynfkmyst b ghjxbt
rybub, yt jnyjczobtcz r rfntujhbb öeljétcndtyyjq kbnthfnehs, yt vtytt bynthtcys, xtv rybub, rjnjhst vs bplfdfkb
20 bkb 30 ktn yfpfl, f, djpvjéyj, lfét b bynthtcytq. Öjhjibt bcnjhbrb, drkñxfz ghjatccbjyfkjd b kñåbntktq d änjq
jåkfcnb, yfexbkbcm njve, rfr yflj hfpujdfhbdfnm c vfccjdsv
xbnfntktv, b bynthtc r gthdjrkfccyjq bcnjhbxtcrjq kbnthfneht cjjndtncndtyyj djphjc. Nj ét cfvjt jnyjcbncz r yfexyjq kbnthfneht. Hfåjnfñobt d änjq catht gbcfntkb nfrét yfexbkbcm
yföjlbnm jåobq zpsr c xbnfntkzvb, yt bvtñobvb ghjatccbjyfkmysö yfexysö pyfybq.
D jåkfcnb öeljétcndtyyjq kbnthfnehs ltkj jåcnjbn byfxt, b
pltcm, rfr z gjkfufñ, yföjlbn jnhfétybt jlyf bp ghjåktv, ghbceofz rekmnehfv ≤gthdjuj vbhf≥. Bp ysytiytuj gjrjktybz gbcfntktq yt dsikj vyjuj nfkfynjd vbhjdjuj rkfccf, f yf änj,
djpvjéyj, yfltzkbcm. Ytn ytljcnfnrf d bynthtcysö öeljétcndtyysö ghjbpdtltybzö, yj ytn b yt ghtldblbncz yjdsö Vtqkthjd, bkb Hjnjd, bkb Ötkkthjd, bkb Ljrnjhje, bkb LtKbkkj – gbcfntktq, ghjbpdtltybz rjnjhsö zdkzñncz jåzpfntkmysvb lkz
cthmtpysö xbnfntktq. Yt vjue crfpfnm, vjéyj kb jåüzcybnm änj
zdktybt ntv, xnj d ÖÖ dtrt dtkbcm jgecnjibntkmyst djqys.
Cfvsvb bynthtcysvb yjdsvb gbcfntkzvb zdkzñncz dsöjlws
bp Bylbb, Rbnfz, Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb b lfét Bckfylbb, b tcnm
dct jcyjdfybz gjkfufnm, xnj bp vyjétcndf kñltq kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj b fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, ghjébdfñobö ctqxfc d
Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, b dghtlm
åelen gjzdkznmcz bynthtcyst
nfkfyns. Rekmnehysq lbccjyfyc, c rjnjhsv ghböjlbncz
cnfkrbdfnmcz änbv kñlzv,
ljkéty lfnm bv åjufneñ gboe
lkz cjplfybz dslfñoböcz
ghjbpdtltybq öeljétcndtyyjq
kbnthfnehs.
Gjrf ét cjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj ljkz xbnfntktq d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö djphjckf, b
vyt dctulf ghbznyj cvjnhtnm,
Létqcjy Ägcntqy
rfr d ymñ-qjhrcrjq gjlptvrt vjkjlst kñlb cfvjuj hfpyjuj
änybxtcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz xbnfñn öjhjibt rybub.
D: Yf dfi dpukzl, rfrbt ghjåktvs bvtñncz ctujlyz d rybujbplfntkmcrjv ltkt b d kbnthfneht?
J: C lheujq cnjhjys, tcnm vyjuj ghbxby lkz åtcgjrjqcndf gj
gjdjle ysytiytuj cjcnjzybz bplfntkmcrjq jnhfckb, rjnjhfz
gthtébdftn jxtym cthmtpysq cnhernehysq rhbpbc, djpybribq
d htpekmnfnt xhtpvthyjq wtynhfkbpfwbb hjpybxyjuj hsyrf. D
jnkbxbt jn hsyrf kbnthfnehs ghjikjuj gjrjktybz, yf rjnjhjv
åskj ghtlcnfdktyj jn 4000 lj 5000 ytpfdbcbvsö rybujnjhujdwtd, yf ctujlyziytv hsyrt ujcgjlcndetn ytpyfxbntkmyjt xbckj hjpybxysö ctntdsö vfufpbyjd, nhtåeñobö åscnhjuj jåjhjnf
njdfhysö pfgfcjd c wtkmñ gjllthéfybz cdjtq ljhjujcnjzotq
ltzntkmyjcnb b ghjbpdjlzobö jnåjh cdjbö njdfhysö pfgfcjd d
wtynhfkbpjdfyyjv gjhzlrt. Änj htprj cjrhfoftn chjr ghtåsdfybz rybub yf ghbkfdrt, f, cktljdfntkmyj, b fccjhnbvtyn rybu,
bvtñoböcz d yfkbxbb lkz xbnfntktq.
D yfcnjzott dhtvz, d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, dthjznyj, yfcxbnsdftncz yt åjktt 50 bkb 60 ytpfdbcbvsö rybéysö vfufpbyjd c jåütvjv njdfhysö pfgfcjd d 100 000 bkb åjkmit yfbvtyjdfybq, xnj gjvjuftn jåüzcybnm ecgtö amazon.com. Jlyfrj,
rfr cnfkj bpdtcnyj, ltzntkmyjcnm gjljåysö njhujdwtd yt ghbyjcbn ghbåskb, b cj dhtvtytv jyb vjuen ghtrhfnbnm cdjt ceotcndjdfybt.
Bvtñofzcz ctnm gjcnfdobrjd, cyfåéfñobö rybufvb hjpybxyst rybéyst vfufpbys, zdyj ecnfhtkf b yf cnflbb gjcnfdrb
åeltn gjcntgtyyj pfvtyznmcz äktrnhjyysv hfcghtltktybtv
wbahjdsö afqkjd, hfcgtxfnfyysö b gthtgktntyysö d dblt rybu
d åevféyjq jåkjért åbåkbjntxyjuj rfxtcndf. Änb rhfqyt
hfpheibntkmyst ntöyjkjubb eét ceotcndeñn, yj d yfcnjzott
dhtvz yt vjuen yfqnb ghbvtytybt, gjcrjkmre änj cltkftn ytyeéysv nfrbt nhflbwbjyyst bplfntkmcrbt aeyrwbb rfr wtynhfkbpjdfyyjt gtxfnfybt, abpbxtcrjt öhfytybt b gjcnfdre njdfhysö pfgfcjd, jhufybpfwbñ nhflbwbjyyjuj cåsnf, lf b cfvbö
bplfntktq b njhujdwtd. Rjulf cj dhtvtytv cnfyen ghbvtyznmcz
gjljåyst ntöyjkjubb, änj ghbdtltn r njve, xnj dj dctv
vbht xbnfntkb gjkexfn ibhjrbq, ltitdsq b gjcnjzyysq ljcneg
r vbkkbjyfv yfbvtyjdfybq rybu yf vyjubö zpsrfö.
Cjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj ärjyjvbxtcrbq cgfl gjrf yt jrfpsdftn djpltqcndbz yf gthtxyb rybu, dsgecrftvsö bplfntkmcndfvb. Jlyfrj ghbåskb dj vyjubö bplfntkmcrbö rjyukjvthfnfö
cybpbkbcm, b, gj dctq dthjznyjcnb, gj-ghtéytve åelen evtymifnmcz. Nfr, yfghbvth, bplfntkmcrfz abhvf ≤Åthntkcvfyy≥
ghbcnegbkf r kbrdblfwbb ytrjnjhsö gjcnjzyysö pfnhfn gentv
jåütlbytybz jnltkmysö gjlhfpltktybq, yfvthtdfzcm ghb änjv
cjrhfnbnm yt njkmrj yfrkflyst hfcöjls, yj b xbckj bplfybq.
Vjhfkmyjt cjcnjzybt d änjq jnhfckb jcnfdkztn étkfnm kexituj. Jlyfrj jåyfltébdfñobv ghbpyfrjv pltcm zdkztncz
gjdctvtcnyjt gjzdktybt vfksö bplfntkmcnd, åjkmibycndj bp
rjnjhsö endthlbkj e ctåz dscjrbt kbnthfnehyst cnfylfhns.
Celz gj dctve, dhtvz bplfntkmcrbö rjyukjvthfnjd gjlöjlbn
r rjywe yfhzle c hjpybxysvb ctntdsvb rybéysvb vfufpbyfvb, d rjnjhsö ghjlféb rybu d jlbyfrjdsö vfufpbyfö pfgfplsdfñn yf ytcrjkmrj rdfhnfkjd.
Jlyfrj kñlb gj-ghtéytve åelen hfccrfpsdfnm bcnjhbb, rfr
hfccrfpsdfkb bö yf pfht ceotcndjdfybz xtkjdtxtcndf, f lheubt
kñlb åelen ghjljkéfnm bö xbnfnm. D cdzpb c änbv vjéyj ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj cnhernehysq rhbpbc, jödfnbdibq bplfntkmcreñ
jnhfckm, hfyj bkb gjplyj – nfr bkb byfxt – åeltn ghtjljkty.
Åtctljdfk c Létqcjyjv Ägcntqyjv Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth.
1
44
DBPEFKMYJT
BCRECCNDJ
CNBHFYBT UHFYBW
ÄKBYJH ÖFHNYB
Rjulf-nj vjéyj åskj ytcrjkmrbvb vtnrbvb ahfpfvb lfnm jåoeñ öfhfrnthbcnbre cjdhtvtyysv yfghfdktybzv d fvthbrfycrjv bcreccndt – d
jlyjv ckexft ujlbkfcm ahfpf: ≤fåcnhfrnyfz, ägfnféyfz ébdjgbcm≥, d
lheujv – ≤djpdhfn r ajhvt, jhyfvtynfwbb bkb fkktujhbxtcrjve bpjåhfétybñ≥. D yfcnjzott dhtvz ujhfplj nhelytt njxyj jghtltkbnm jcyjdyjt
yfghfdktybt c gjvjomñ ahfp, öjnz ås jnlfktyyj ghbåkbéfñoböcz r gjljåyjve ehjdyñ njxyjcnb. Xfcnbxyj änj jåüzcyztncz ntv, xnj bpvtybkjcm
bcreccndj, f jnxfcnb ntv, xnj bpvtybkcz vbh. Ntv yt vtytt, z gjkfufñ,
xnj bvttncz hzl jghtltktyysö ntyltywbq, öfhfrnthysö lkz bcreccndf ctujlyziytuj lyz. Xfcnj ljcnbxm jgnbvfkmyjuj gjybvfybz änbö ntyltywbq
elftncz gentv hfccvjnhtybz ndjhxtcndf jnltkmysö öeljéybrjd, yfbåjktt zhrj b njxyj ghtlcnfdkzñobö nj bkb byjt yfghfdktybt, b hfpvsiktybq j njv, yfcrjkmrj änb öeljéybrb hfcibhzñn yfit gjybvfybt b yfib
ltabybwbb bcreccndf.
lyfrj ghtélt, xtv vs cevttv cltkfnm änj, åskj ås wtktcjjåhfpysv dybvfntkmytt gjljqnb r cfvjve gjyznbñ ≤fvthbrfycrjt bcreccndj≥. Änf yf gthdsq dpukzl rféeofzcz
ghjcnjq rfntujhbz yf cfvjv ltkt zdkztncz yfvyjuj åjktt
ckjéyjq, xtv yfv rfétncz. Eåtéltyyjcnm d njv, xnj ceotcndetn nfrjt zdktybt, rfr ≤fvthbrfycrbq cnbkm≥ d ébdjgbcb bkb crekmgneht, rjnjhsq erfpsdftn yf yfkbxbt ytrjtq ceueåj ≤fvthbrfycrjq≥ öfhfrnthyjq jcjåtyyjcnb, åskj ytrjulf ytpsåktvsv gjcnekfnjv vjlthybcncrjuj bcreccndjdtltybz. Jlyfrj d yfcnjzott dhtvz gjyznbt ≤fvthbrfycrjt
bcreccndj≥ jnyñlm yt juhfybxbdftncz utjuhfabxtcrbvb hfvrfvb, yfwbjyfkmysv ghjbcöjéltybtv bkb njxrjq phtybz. Dvtcnj änjuj, cjxtnfybt
nfrbö afrnjhjd, rfr ukjåfkbpfwbz hsyrjd, kturjcnm vtéleyfhjlyjuj
jåotybz b rjxtdjq jåhfp ébpyb öeljéybrjd, rjnjhst xfcnj gthttpéfñn
bp jlyjq cnhfys d lheueñ, dytckj cdjq drkfl d bcreccndj, hfpvsd xtnrbt ghtlcnfdktybz j yfwbjyfkmyjq ghbyflktéyjcnb d änjv vbht. Lkz öeljéybrjd cnfkj jåsxyjq ghfrnbrjq yfpsdfnm vtcnjv cdjtuj ghjébdfybz
ytcrjkmrj cnhfy b jåüzdkznm ctåz fvthbrfywtv byjcnhfyyjuj ghjbcöjéltybz. Ytlfdyj z gjctnbkf dscnfdre, yf rjnjhjq åskb ghtlcnfdktys öeljéybrb dctuj vbhf. Nfv z dcnhtxfkfcm c öeljéybrfvb cfvsö hfpysö cnhfy
– jlby ghbtöfk c Reås, lheujq – bp Ybuthbb, nhtnbq – bp Rbnfz. Jlyfrj
gjpét z jåyfheébkf, xnj dct nhjt ghjébdfñn ctqxfc d Ymñ-Qjhrt dctuj
d ytcrjkmrbö vbkzö jn vjtuj ljvf.
Gjljåyfz gjldbéyjcnm zdkztncz dféysv äktvtynjv d kñåjv jåceéltybb ctujlyziytuj fvthbrfycrjuj bcreccndf. D cdtltybb yf ytn uhfybw vtéle yfhjlfvb, gj rhfqytq vtht, d jåkfcnb bcreccndf yföjlbn jnhfétybt
bcxtpyjdtybt b dctdjpvjéysö bysö uhfybw. Dhzl kb rnj-ybåelm dct tot
dshféftn åtcgjrjqcndj gj gjdjle eybrfkmysö öfhfrnthbcnbr ébdjgbcb b
crekmgnehs. Njxyj nfr ét, rfr öeljéybrb ctqxfc ≤ghsufñn≥ gj dctve ptvyjve ifhe, ckjdyj buhfñn d ≤rkfccbrb≥, jyb ghb cjplfybb cdjbö ghjbpdtltybq tot b åtpj dczrbö ecbkbq ≤gthtcrfrbdfñn≥ c jlyjuj ntöybxtcrjuj
chtlcndf yf lheujt, jlyjdhtvtyyj bcgjkmpez yt njkmrj
nhflbwbjyyst vfnthbfks, yj
b wbahjdeñ ntöyjkjubñ, ntf–
nhfkmyeñ bycnfkkzwbñ, ajnjuhfabb, gthajhvfyc, vepsre,
rbyjabkmvs b dbltj.
≤Jåotljcnegyjt bcreccndj≥ nfrét rjulf-nj jpyfxfkj
ecnfyjdre vfccbdysö crekmgneh yf jåotcndtyyjq gkjofÅtp yfpdfybz (The Cuddler)
Jajhn Léjyf Rfhhbyf
J
1
45
lb. Ntgthm ét jåotljcnegyjt
bcreccndj c nfrbv ét ecgtöjv vjétn gjzdkznmcz d Bynthytnt bkb ghtlcnfdkznm cjåjq exfcnbt ytåjkmibö uhegg kñltq, ghjébdfñobö d jlyjv hfqjyt, d hfåjnt yfl ghjtrnjv, rjnjhsq ghtlcnfdkztn
vtcnysq bynthtc. Yt vtymit
bpvtybkjcm b ghtéytt ghtlcnfdktybt j njv, xnj bcreccndj yt ljkéyj dsöjlbnm pf ghtltks cdjtq caths. D yfcnjzott dhtvz öeljéybrb drkñxfñn d cdjt ndjhxtcndj yfere,
gjkbnbre, htkbubñ, fhöbntrnehe b ärjkjubñ, f nfrét yfltñncz jrfpsdfnm cdjbv bcreccndjv dkbzybt, hfcghjcnhfyzñottcz lfktrj pf ghtltks
öeljétcndtyyjq ufkthtb.
HFCIBHTYYJT JGHTLTKTYBT BCRECCNDF
Yföjéltybt cdjtuj genb d
änjv yjdjv ≤ghtrhfcyjv≥ vbht bcreccndf nhtåetn jhbubyfkmyjcnb evf b ujnjdyjcnb
hfccnfnmcz c ghtldpznsvb ceéltybzvb. Änj zdcndetn bp kñåjuj jåpjhf ntö bkb bysö öeljéybrjd, ghjbpdtltybz rjnjhsö ctqxfc dspsdfñn cgjhs.
Jlybv bp cfvsö pyfvtybnsö ghtlcnfdbntktq vbhf
bcreccndf yf ctujlyziybq
ltym zdkztncz Vänmñ Åfhyb,
öeljéybr b rbytvfnjuhfabcn,
ndjhxtcndj rjnjhjuj cnfkj ntvjq jlyjq bp rhegytqibö htnhjcgtrnbdysö dscnfdjr d Veptt Ueuutyöfqvf d Ymñ-Qjhrt.
Åfhyb cjtlbyztn d ctåt rbytvfnjuhfabcnf b öeljéybrf-bycnfkkznjhf, ytcvjnhz yf nj,
xnj tuj bycnfkkzwbb d jcyjdyjv cjcnjzn bp ltrjhfwbq,
dpznsö cj cütvjxysö gkjofljr tuj cjåcndtyysö abkmvjd.
Tuj cfvjt rhegyjt b dslfñottcz ghjbpdtltybt ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq, cjcnjzobq bp gznb xfcntq ctvbxfcjdjq abkmv
gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Rhtvfcnth≥
(Cremaster). Ytcvjnhz yf
nj, xnj rfélfz tuj xfcnm gj
lkbyt b dbpefkmyjq jnltkrt
yfgjvbyftn öeljétcndtyysq
abkmv, bvtñncz ytrjnjhst
pyfxbntkmyst jnkbxbz vtéle ntv, xnj vjéyj edbltnm d
vtcnyjv rbyjntfnht, b abkmvfvb, rjnjhst Åfhyb ghtlkfuftn lkz ghjcvjnhf. Dj dctv
änjv jgect cjlthébncz kbim
12 cnhjr lbfkjuf, f cfv abkmv
yfgbxrfy lbrjdbyysvb gthcjyféfvb b ceotcndfvb, d rjnjhsö cvtibdfñncz gjk b dbls.
Egjvzyenst gznm xfcntq pfnhfubdfñn dct, jn nfywtdfkmysö
yjvthjd Åfcåb Åthrtkb d
Ujkkbdelt nhblwfnsö ujljd
ghjikjuj cnjktnbz lj eåbqws
Uähb Ubkvjhf b vfcjycrjuj
hbnefkf gjcdzotybz. Rbyjgjdtcndjdfybt jnkbxftncz rhfqytq ldecvscktyyjcnmñ,
b rhbnbrb hfcöjlzncz d tuj
njkrjdfybb.
Xnj ltkftn Åfhyb jlybv bp
ntö öeljéybrjd, djrheu rjnjhjuj ctujlyz hfpujhfñncz
cfvst éfhrbt cgjhs, nfr änj
Vännmñ Hbnxb (yfdthöe) ghbjåhtk bpdtcnyjcnm
rfr cjplfyyjq bv yf cjåcndtyyjv dtå-cfqnt
rjcvjkjubtq, nfr b cdjtq fåcnhfrnyjq,
xhtpdsxfqyj ckjéyjq yfcntyyjq ébdjgbcmñ b
cdjbvb yfgjkmysvb hfåjnfvb. Sea State One, 2001
ujl (ajnj dybpe),jnnbcr dscjrjq gtxfnb b rybuf
öeljéybrf (pltcm yt ghbdjlbncz); 16 ö 32 lñqvf,
nbhfé – 70 ärptvgkzhjd, wtyf 1200 ljkkfhjd
CIF. Jgeåkbrjdfyf bplfntkmcndjv ≤Fhnbcnc
cgtqc≥ d 2001 ujle. Nbhfé yfgtxfnfy nbgjuhfabtq
≤Ne gfkvp ghtcc≥, Ymñ-Qjhr. C hfphtitybz änjuj
öeljéybrf b ≤Fylhtf Hjpty Ufkkthb≥, Ymñ-Qjhr.
(Cktdf dybpe) Iföpbz
Cbrfylth b tt ahtcrf Chaman,
gjrhsnfz nrfymñ, d Ufkthtt
≤Abkbg Vjhhbc≥ Veptz
fvthbrfycrjuj bcreccndf
Ebnyb. (Cghfdf) Plfybt
c ytzcysvb jxthnfybzvb
(The Blur Building) – ndjhtybt
fhöbntrnjhjd Äkbpfåtn
Lbkkth b Hbrfhlj Crjablbj
lkz ≤Cdbcc Ärcgj 2002≥ – yf
cfvjv ltkt ghtlcnfdkztn
cjåjq gjldtityyeñ
gkfnajhve, jrenfyyeñ dtxysv
jåkfrjv bcreccndtyyjuj
nevfyf.
tuj vtnjl jhufybxyjuj cvtitybz gjgekzhyjq rekmnehs, cjåcndtyyjq afynfpbb, fccjwbfwbq bp
jåkfcnb dscjrjuj bcreccndf b fhöbntrnehs b gjhfpbntkmyjq jåhfpyjcnb b ghtdytctybt dctuj änjuj d ytrbq ckjéysq b cnhjubq rbytvfnjuhfabxtcrbq vbh, rjnjhsq d jlbyfrjdjq cntgtyb eåtlbntkty cfv gj ctåt b nhelty lkz gjybvfybz. Ghjbpdtltybz Åfhyb vjéyj b lfét yeéyj cvjnhtnm ytcrjkmrj hfp. Dj dhtvz änbö ghjcvjnhjd ds åeltnt dct kexit gjybvfnm, rfr cgktnftncz d tlbyjt
wtkjt nofntkmyj b bcrecyj gjljåhfyyfz cjdjregyjcnm tuj cjåcndtyysö cbvdjkjd.
Cthbfk Åfhyb ≤Rhtvfcnth≥ lftn yfv rkñx r njve, rfr vjéyj cjxtnfnm bpjåhfpbntkmyjt bcreccndj c rbytvfnjuhfajv lkz cjplfybz xtuj-nj nfrjuj, xnj zdkztncz rhfqyt lfktrbv jn yfibö ghbdsxysö jéblfybq d jnyjitybb änbö ldeö dbljd bcreccndf. Ytxnj gjljåyjt ghjbcöjlbn b d cjtlbytybb
bcreccndf c fhöbntrnehjq, xnj bvttn vtcnj d ndjhxtcndt Äkbpfåtn Lbkkth b Hbrfhlj Crjablbj.
1
46
Ghjatccbjyfkmyst fhöbntrnjhs, jlbyfrjdj öjhjij jhbtynbheñobtcz b d vbht bcreccndf, Lbkkth b Crjablbj cjplfñn
hfåjns, rjnjhst pfcnfdkzñn pflfnmcz djghjcjv, xnj ét nfrjt
fhöbntrnehf b rfrjdj tt yfpyfxtybt d vbht. Bö yfbåjktt bpdtcnyjq hfåjnjq zdkztncz gkzéysq ljvbr, ghjtrn rjnjhjuj ghbyzkb, yj cfv ljvbr nfr b yt gjcnhjbkb. Jy åsk cghjtrnbhjdfy
hflb dblf, jnrhsdfñotujcz bp tuj tlbycndtyyjuj jryf. Vfrtn
änjuj yt bvtñotuj lheubö jrjy ljvbrf bvttn nfrjq bpubå, xnj
egjvzyensq dbl ytljcnegty lj ntö gjh, gjrf yt ghjqltim xthtp
bynthmth, d rjnjhjv rfr ås vtéle ghjxbv hfcgjkjétys dct
jcyjdyst rjvgjytyns jåsxyjuj ljvf. Jlyfrj jcyjdysv äktvtynjv lfyyjuj cnhjtybz zdkztncz åjkmijt cntrkzyyjt jryj d
lfkmytv rjywt gjvtotybz, rjnjhjt, rfr änj yb cnhfyyj, jrfpsdftncz cdjtuj hjlf xfitq Uhffkz, rjnjhjq ghfrnbxtcrb ytkmpz
pfdkfltnm. Rfr njkmrj gjctnbntkb ghjöjlzn xthtp ljvbr, xnjås
ljåhfnmcz lj ljkujélfyyjuj dblf, jyb jåyfheébdfñn, xnj jy
d jcyjdyjv pfujhjéty dbltjcbcntvjq, rjnjhfz gjrfpsdftn tuj
pfgbcfyysq dfhbfyn. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, änjn ljvbr zdkztncz rfr
aeyrwbjyfkmysv plfybtv, nfr b ghjbpdtltybtv rjywtgnefkmyjuj bcreccndf, rjnjhjt ghtlkfuftn yfv pflfnm ctåt djghjc j
njv, rfr vs djcghbybvftv htfkmyjcnm.
Rhjvt njuj, Lbkkth b Crjablbj pfybvfñncz bpextybtv njuj, rfr yfi jgsn djcghbznbz ghjcnhfycndf vtyztncz d htpekmnfnt yfåkñltybz pf yfvb. Änj ghjljkétybt bö hfytt ghjzdktyyjuj bynthtcf r njve, rfr jryf cjplfñn yjdjt joeotybt ghjphfxyjcnb d vjlthybcncrjq fhöbntrneht. Jlby gjljåysq ghjtrn
cdzpfy c lbpfqyjv bynthmthf
htcnjhfyf, d rjnjhjv gjcnfdbkb rfvths yfåkñltybz, yfghfdktyyst yf cblzobö d åfht
gjctnbntktq. Pfntv bö bpjåhfétybz gthtlfñncz yf vjybnjhs, dblbvst pf ghtltkfvb htcnjhfyf ghjöjébvb yf ekbwt. D
htpekmnfnt, änf hfåjnf gjkyjcnmñ gthtdjhfxbdftn jåsxyst
cdzpb vtéle yfåkñlfntkzvb
b yfåkñlftvsvb, dyjdm bpvtyzz djcghbznbt yfvb yfituj
jnyjitybz r vbhe.
BCRECCNDJ RFR ÉBPYM
Gjljåyst hfåjns hfcibhzñn
jghtltktybt bcreccndf, cnfdz
tuj d jlby hzl c fhöbntrnehjq.
Fyfkjubxysv jåhfpjv lheubt
öeljéybrb gthtyjczn cdjñ ltzntkmyjcnm d jåkfcnb bcreccndf
yf rjhgjhfnbdyst vjltkb jhufybpfwbb. Bvtyyj nfreñ cnhfntubñ bpåhfkf lkz ctåz Léekbz Ith, rjnjhfz pfybvftncz
ntvjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b dkflttn rjvgfybtq ≤Ctrmñhbnb åfq
Léekbz≥. Cjplfdfz cdjb hfåjns d ufkthtzö b lheubö bycnbnenfö, jyf åthtn yf dhtvz jåjheljdfybt rjvgfybq, pfybvfñoböcz jåtcgtxtybtv åtpjgfcyjcnb – rfvths yfåkñltybz,
rjynhjkbheñobt ecnhjqcndf, fggfhfnehe, gjpdjkzñoeñ gthtlfdfnm gj cbcntvt dyenhtyytq cdzpb cjjåotybz, ecgjrfbdfñobt
gjctnbntktq, b hfåjxbt cnjks, pf rjnjhsvb cblzn kñlb, jltnst
d hjpjdeñ eybajhve tt rfvgfybb. D wtkzö jåtcgtxtybz åtpjgfcyjcnb yf jnrhsnbb ije d ≤Fylhtf Hjpty ufkthb≥ d Ymñ-Qjhrt, Ith fhtyljdfkf dthnjktns cktétybz lkz rbyjcütvrb gjctnbntktq, döjlzobö d äne ufkthtñ b dsöjlzobö bp ytt, b ltvjycnhbhjdfkf jncyznst bpjåhfétybz yf ecnfyjdktyysö d gjvtotybb ufkthtb vjybnjhfö. Gjljåyst bycnfkkzwbb gfhjlbheñn b d
nj ét dhtvz gjlhsdfñn ceotcndeñott d yfit dhtvz ljdthbt
r ntöyjkjubb, ghbpdfyyjq jåtcgtxbdfnm yfv joeotybt kbxyjq
b jåotcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb.
Gjljåyst öeljéybrb ghblfñn yjdjt pdexfybt lfdytq vtxnt
fdfyufhlbcnjd j cnbhfybb uhfyb vtéle bcreccndjv b ébpymñ.
D jghtltktyyjv cvsckt d bö ndjhxtcndt bcreccndj cnfyjdbncz
ébpymñ. Vyjubt öeljéybrb, hfåjnfñobt ctujlyz d jåkfcnb
jåotljcnegyjuj bcreccndf, cnfhfñncz ghtdhfnbnm ébntktq njuj
hfqjyf, d rjnjhjv gjzdzncz ghjbpdtltybz änbö öeljéybrjd,
d frnbdysö exfcnybrjd cdjtuj ndjhxtcndf.
1
47
Öeljéybwf Lé. Vjhufy Gmñtnn cjplfkf jcjåtyyj ghbdktrfntkmysq jåhfptw gjljåyjuj gjlöjlf lkz ghjdjlbditujcz d
2002 u. atcnbdfkz ≤Cgjktnj≥ d Xfhkmcnjyt, Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf.
Tt ghjbpdtltybt yfpsdfkjcm ≤Yfljvyjt ghjbpdjlcndj≥ (Cottage Industry), b d jghtltktyyjv cvsckt jyj ltqcndbntkmyj zdkzkjcm nfrjdsv. D jlyjv bp hfqjyjd, ult hfytt ghjébdfkb fahjfvthbrfyws, Gmñtnn pfyzkf jåbnsq ljcrfvb ljv, bp rjnjhjuj eét åskb dsctktys ébkmws d cdzpb c ghtlcnjzotq htrjycnherwbtq änjuj ébkjuj rdfhnfkf. Öeljéybwf ghtdhfnbkf egjvzyenjt gjdblfditt dbls cnhjtybt d ytåjkmieñ idtqyeñ afåhbre. Hfåjnfz c vtcnysvb nrfxböfvb, idtzvb b rhfcbkmobwfvb, Gmñtnn cjplfkf fccjhnbvtyn ntrcnbkmysö nrfytq b ghtlvtnjd jltéls, cjtlbyzdibö d ctåt jnyjczobtcz r ghjikjve
äktvtyns jltéls, rjnjheñ yjcbkb gkfynfnjhs b hfås Ñéyjq
Rfhjkbys lj Uhfélfycrjq djqys.
Yf gthbjl hfåjns änjq dscnfdrb, evtkmws, hfåjnfñobt c
änjq bpjåhtnfntkmyjq öeljéybwtq, ghtjåhfpjdfkb cnfhsq ljv
b cjplfkb d ytv rjyathtyw-pfks, cnelbñ lbpfqyf, ytåjkmijt
idtqyjt fntkmt, nrfwrbq wtö b gjvtotybt, d rjnjhjv gjctnbntkb vjukb ltkfnm pfrfps yf hfpkbxyst ghtlvtns jltéls.
Gmñtnn öjntkf ljytcnb lj gjctnbntktq dscnfdrb b ytrjnjhjt
gjkbnbxtcrjt cjlthéfybt. Tt öeljétcndtyyjt ghjbpdtltybt d
dblt idtqyjq afåhbrb ckeébkj bv yfgjvbyfybtv j cehjdjq
bcnjhbb Xfhkmcnjyf. Jyj nfrét ghtlcnfdkzkj cjåjq jåhfpwjdjt vfkjt ghtlghbznbt, rjnjhjt vjukb ås cjplfnm b ébntkb
änjuj hfqjyf. Rhjvt njuj, egjvzyenjt öeljétcndtyyjt ghjbpdtltybt lfkj djpvjéyjcnm öeljéybrfv b hzljdsv gjctnbntkzv gjujdjhbnm j djpltqcndbb ghjwtccf htrjycnherwbb ébksö
rdfhnfkjd änjuj ujhjlf yf yfbåjktt ezpdbvst ckjb ujhjlcrjuj yfctktybz. ≤Öeljétcndtyyfz≥ xfcnm lfyyjuj ghjtrnf drkñxfkf d ctåz cjplfybt ghbxelkbdsö rjcnñvjd b vjåbkbpfwbñ
ecbkbq recnfhtq Xfhkmcnjyf.
DBHNEFKMYFZ CATHF
Fvthbrfycrjt bcreccndj gjlxbyztn cdjtve ujcgjlcnde b dbhnefkmyeñ cathe, gjcrjkmre öeljéybrb cjplfñn ghjbpdtltybz,
j rjnjhsö vjéyj gjkexbnm ghtlcnfdktybt njkmrj d Bynthytnt. Jlybv bp yfbåjktt jhbubyfkmysö öeljéybrjd nfrjuj hjlf
zdkztncz Vännmñ Hbnxb, rjnjhsq bpjåhtk wtkeñ rjcvjkjubñ,
ghtlcnfdktyyeñ b ytcrjkmrj pfufljxyj jåüzcyztveñ yf tuj
cfqnt dj Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb. Jcyjdfyysq yf vbafö j cjplfybb vbhf d pfgflyjq rekmneht b ghbvtyzz cdjtuj
hjlf bynthfrnbdyeñ buhjdeñ ntöyjkjubñ Bynthytnf, Hbnxb ghblevfk ctvthsö ytåjébntktq c ytrjnjhsvb gjdhtéltybzvb,
Lé. Vjhufy Gmñänn djpdhfnbkf r ébpyb jlyj bp gecneñobö
plfybq d Xfhkmcnjyt, infn Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf, cdjbv cjwbfkmyj
jcvscktyysv ghjbpdtltybtv bcreccndf ≤Yfljvyjt
ghjbpdjlcndj≥ (Cottage Industry).
rjnjhst ghtlcnfdkzñn hfpkbxyst xfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjuj vjpuf.
Cåhjityyst c ytåtc jyb gflfñn yf Ptvkñ b hfpåbdfñncz yf
ctuvtyns yf nthhbnjhbb ctvb rjynbytynjd. Änb ahfuvtynfhyst
ceotcndf cjtlbyzñncz dvtcnt b gjcnjzyyj jåhfpeñn yjdst cjxtnfybz, cjplfdfz ntv cfvsv gjxnb åtcrjytxyeñ cjdjregyjcnm
djpvjéysö gjdtcndjdfybq, c rjnjhsvb vjuen pyfrjvbnmcz
gjkmpjdfntkb Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb.
Ntv dhtvtytv lkz ntö, rnj ghtlgjxbnfñn, xnjås bö bcreccndj öjnz ås jlyjq yjujq cnjzkj d ≤htfkmyjv≥ vbht, Hbnxb nfrét
gthtdjlbn cdjb gjdtcndjdfybz d fåcnhfrnyst ébdjgbcyst
gjkjnyf, rjnjhst hfpvtofñncz yf cntyfö, gjnjkrfö b gjke ufkthtq. D rjytxyjv cxtnt, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj gjdtcndjdfybz
Hbnxb, djpvjéyj, b yt gjllfñncz gjybvfybñ dj dctö jnyjitybzö, jy, ytcjvytyyj, djcghjbpdtk fkktujhbñ ndjhxtcndf,
djcgtdfñoeñ hjkm öeljéybrf rfr yjdfnjhf, d djjåhfétybb
rjnjhjuj hjélfñncz yjdst vbhs.
Rhjvt njuj, öeljéybrb cjxtnfñn d cdjtv ndjhxtcndt wbahjdeñ ntöyjkjubñ c åjktt nhflbwbjyysvb ntöybxtcrbvb chtlcndfvb. Jlybv bp yfbåjktt zhrbö ghbvthjd gjljåyjuj cjxtnfybz
zdkzñncz hfåjns hjlbditqcz d Gfrbcnfyt b åfpbheñotqcz d
Ymñ-Qjhrt öeljéybws Cföföpbb Cbrfylth, rjnjhfz exbkfcm nhflbwbjyyjq ntöybrt vbybfnñhs. Yfbåjkmitq gjgekzhyjcnmñ
gjkmpeñncz ytéyst frdfhtkb änjq öeljéybws, d rjnjhsö d afynfcnbxtcrjq vfytht ghbxelkbdj cjtlbyzñncz d tlbyjt wtkjt
hfpkbxyst cnjhjys byleccrbö b bckfvcrbö jåhfpjd étyoby.
Jlyfrj dj dhtvz cdjtuj ghjébdfybz d Ntöfct, jyf cjplfkf
wbahjdeñ ≤rfhnbye≥, d rjnjhjq bpjåhfétyyst yf gjdthöyjcnb
ytåjkmijuj ghjtrwbjyyjuj ajyfhz ahfuvtynfhyst jåhfps,
ntrcns b cbvdjks, gjxthgyenst bp fpbfncrbö b pfgflysö öeljétcndtyysö nhflbwbq, vtlktyyj bcxtpfñn b gjzdkzñncz dyjdm.
Änjn ghjwtcc gjpdjkztn tq cjplfnm yfukzlysq jåhfp gjcnjzyyj
b åscnhj vtyzñotujcz öfhfrnthf kbxyjcnb, jåhfp, rjnjhsq nfr
åkbpjr, gthtébn b gjyzn yf cjåcndtyyjv jgsnt öeljéybrfvbävbuhfynfvb d cjdhtvtyyjv, gjldthétyyjv ghjwtcce ukjåfkbpfwbb vbht bcreccndf.
JÅSXYJT C YTJÅSXYSV
Bp dctuj änjuj bccktljdfybz yjdsö chtlcnd, vtnjljd b vfnthbfkjd, ghbvtyztvsö d bcreccndt, djdct yt cktletn, xnj öeljéybrb jnrfpfkbcm jn tuj nhflbwbjyysö gentq. Tot jlyf cjdhtvtyyfz ntyltywbz cjcnjbn d gththfåjnrt ghjdthtyysö dtrfvb öeljétcndtyysö nhflbwbq. Pltcm cöjlzofz yf ytn uhfybwf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq hfpltkbntkmyeñ kbybñ vtéle ghjiksv b yfcnjzobv. Jnrfpsdfzcm jn ädjkñwbjyyjq ntjhbb bcnjhbb bcreccndf, gjljåyst öeljéybrb hfphfåfnsdftn nhflbwbb, rjnjhst
eét lfdyj åskb jåüzdktys
ecnfhtdibvb.
Nfr, yfghbvth, Ejknjy
Ajhl cjplftn rfhnbys ghbhjls, d rjnjhsö ghbcencndetn
xhtpvthysq htfkbpv b bpscrfyyjcnm yfnehfkbcnbxtcrbö bkkñcnhfwbq akjhs b afeys öeljéybrf ÖÈÖ dtrf Léjyf Létqvcf
La Historia Me Absalvera, 1999
ujl AP 1, wdtnyfz uhfdñhf,
Jlñåjyf. Jlyfrj Ajhl ghblfbcgjkytyyfz Ejknjyjv Ajhljv
tn cdjbv rfhnbyfv ytjåsxysq
frdfnbynjq b ceöjq bukjq
yf cfnbybhjdfyyjq åevfut
öfhfrnth – ddjlbn d ybö ñvj≤Cjvvthctn≥; 44 ö 30 lñqvjd,
hbcnbxtcrbt gjlhjåyjcnb, rjnjPKE 4619.
1
48
hst ghtdhfofñn änb rfhnbys d cfnbhbxtcrbt fkktujhbb bvgthcrjq dkfcnb. D cthbb rfhnby, dscnfdktyysö d ≤Gjk Rfpvby ufkthb≥ d Ymñ-Qjhrt, yf jlyjq bp ybö bpjåhfétyf jåtpmzyf, lthéfofz d kfgt cnhfybws lytdybrf bccktljdfntkz b jlyjdhtvtyyj
rehzofz rfkmzy. Yf lheujq rfhnbyt lftncz öeljétcndtyysq jåhfp ubufyncrjuj crdjhwf, ujnjdzotujcz ghjukjnbnm åjktt vtkreñ gnbwe.
Léjy Rthhby ghjltksdftn fyfkjubxyeñ jgthfwbñ c nhflbwbjyysvb éfyhfvb jåyfétyyjq yfnehs b gjhnhtnf. Tuj nofntkmyj yfgbcfyyst vfckzysvb rhfcrfvb rfhnbys gfhjlbheñn
cnbkm ctdthyjuj htytccfycf Öª b ÖªÈ dtrjd b hfyybt öjhjij
bpdtcnyst nhflbwbb vfymthbpvf. Jlyfrj b pltcm cjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj yf änbö rfhnbyfö xnj-nj yt nfr. Rthhby yfvthtyyj ljgecrftn bcrfétybz ntkf bkb xthn kbwf b pfcnfdkztn cdjbö
gthcjyfétq cvjnhtnm dzksv, åtphfpkbxysv dpukzljv, rjnjhsq
crjhtt yfgjvbyftn dshfétybt kbwf cjdhtvtyysö vfytrtyobw,
f yt rfhnbys cnfhsö vfcnthjd. D htpekmnfnt, d cjpyfybb phbntkz ghjbcöjlbn jlyjdhtvtyyjt cvtitybt cnfhjuj c yjdsv, xnj
pfneitdsdftn hfpkbxbz vtéle bcnjhbxtcrbv b cjdhtvtyysv
djcghbznbtv jåhfpf.
ECNHFYTYBT UHFYBW
Bp änjuj rjhjnrjuj jåpjhf ljkéyj åsnm zcyj, xnj cjdhtvtyyjt
bcreccndj gjldthétyj bpvtytybñ ajhvs b kbrdblfwbb uhfybw.
Tckb xnj-nj b jåütlbyztn yfcnjzobt ukeåjrj jnkbxyst lheu jn
lheuf ntyltywbb, nfr änj ytétkfybt åsnm cdzpfyysvb rfrbv-kbåj ghjcnsv jghtltktybtv ≤bcreccndf≥. Gjljåyjt hfpdbnbt cjåsnbq pyfvtyetn cjåjq åtcghtwtltynysq jnöjl jn cnfhsö gjyznbq jå bcreccndt, d rjnjhsö ltkfkcz frwtyn yf tuj jnltktybt jn
ébpyb b ghbceotq tve ntyltywbb hfpdbnbz b bpvtytybz d
cjjndtncndbb c lbrnetvsvb bpyenhb ghfdbkfvb. D yfcnjzott
dhtvz bpvtytybz d bcreccndt d hfdyjq cntgtyb pfdbczn jn njuj,
xnj ghjbcöjlbn dyt tuj b dyenhb ytuj.
Cktljdfntkmyj, d ägjöe ecnhfytybz uhfybw pflfxf rhbnbrb
cnfyjdbncz ckjéytt b bynthtcytq. Ntgthm eét ytdjpvjéyj
gbcfnm j cjdhtvtyyjv bcreccndt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö rfr j
ytrjtv hzlt ajhvfkmysö cjåsnbq bkb rfr jå egjhzljxtyyjq
cvtyt jlyjuj ldbétybz lheubv. Dvtcnj änjuj, bcreccndj cnfyjdbncz cgjcjåjv abkmnhjdfybz hfpyjjåhfpyjq b ghjnbdjhtxbdjq byajhvfwbb, rjnjhfz jåheibdftncz yf yfc cj dctö cnjhjy.
Gjkmpeñottcz cdjåjljq pfbvcndjdfybz öeljétcndtyysö chtlcnd
bp rféljq jnhfckb pyfybq, rféljq öeljétcndtyyjq nhflbwbb b
rféljuj cgjcjåf tuj gthtlfxb
cjdhtvtyyjt bcreccndj jrfpsdftncz nfrbv ét ckjéysv, dspsdfñobv b nhtåjdfntkmysv d byntkktrnefkmyjv jnyjitybb, rfr
b gjhjlbdibq tuj vbh.
∆
Äkbyjh Öfhnyb – bcreccndjdtl, cnfnmb
rjnjhjq gtxfnfñncz d hfpysö bplfybzö
gj dctve vbhe, htlfrnjh éehyfkf ≤Fhn
by Fvthbrf≥, fdnjh rybub ≤Htifñott
eckjdbt: Fvthbrfycrfz rekmnehf yf
hfcgenmt b gjcnvjlthybpv≥.
GHJABKM:
Öeljéybr
Njv Ahblvfy
Rjhjårf bp-gjl djpleiyjq rereheps. Ujhcnrf peåjxbcnjr. Cnbhfkmysq gjhjijr. Recjxrb cföfhf. Djn njkmrj ytrjnjhst bp vfnthbfkjd, rjnjhst åkbprb cthlwe öeljéybrf b crekmgnjhf Njvf
Ahblvfyf, jcnhjevbt b bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnm rjnjhjuj cgjcjåcndjdfkb bpvtytybñ ghtlcnfdktybz j cjdhtvtyyjv bcreccndt.
Ghbvtyzz eét bcgjkmpjdfyyeñ étdfntkmyeñ htpbyre, wdtnyst gtyjgkfcnjdst cnfrfyxbrb, åevféyst cjkjvbyrb b lheubt
jåsxyst dtob d rfxtcndt cdjbö vfnthbfkjd, 37-ktnybq Ahblvfy cnfk yjdsv nfkfynjv, gjkmpeñobvcz gjgekzhyjcnmñ d
Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö b pf heåtéjv. Tuj ndjhtybz åthen cdjt
yfxfkj d irjkt gjg-fhnf Äylb Ejhöjkf b vbybvfkbpvt, yj
ytbpvtyyj åsdfñn cnjkm bcrecyj cltkfys, xnj dsukzlzn bcrkñxbntkmyj bynthtcyj.
≤Z cnfhfñcm ghtdhfnbnm änb vfnthbfks d jåütrns, ghtlyfpyfxtybt lkz cjpthwfybz b hfpvsiktybz, c ntv, xnjås cltkfnm
bö htaktrnbdysvb, n.t. gjcnjzyyj djpdhfofñobvbcz r cfvbv
ctåt, – ujdjhbn öeljéybr j cdjtv ndjhxtcndt. – Gentv ghbvtytybz njuj bkb byjuj ghjwtccf bkb yföjéltybz kjubrb, rjnjhfz
gj-yjdjve jghtltkztn bö, vyt d ytrjnjhjv hjlt elftncz bp
pyfrjvsö ghtlvtnjd cltkfnm bö ytpyfrjvsvb≥.
Crktbdfqnt d jghtltktyyjv gjhzlrt jlby ltcznjr peåjxbcnjr pf lheubv, gjzcyztn öeljéybr, b htpekmnfn – yfpjdbnt tuj
cjpdtplbtv bkb cytébyrjq (Ahblvfy ghtlgjxtk jcnfdbnm änj
ghjbpdtltybt, pfrjyxtyyjt d 1995 u., åtp yfpdfybz) – vjétn
jrfpfnmcz cjdthityyj äatvthysv. Wtksq hzl gjcnfdktyysö
lheu yf lheuf gtyjgkfcnjdsö ifhbrjd dspsdftn joeotybt
gjuheétybz d yjdeñ, xeéleñ dfv ajhve. Nfåktnrt fcgbhbyf
vjéyj ghblfnm rjynehs rfvtb c fdnjgjhnhtnjv. ≤Vfnthbfks
vjuen åsnm cfvsvb jåsxysvb, – pfvtnbk jlby jåjphtdfntkm, –
yj ghjatccbz öeljéybrf dctulf eybrfkmyf≥.
Ehjétytw Ctyn-Kebcf, Vbccehb, Ahblvfy d rjkktlét exbkcz bkkñcnhfnbdyjq uhfabrt, f d fcgbhfyneht – crekmgneht. Tuj
gthdst gthcjyfkmyst dscnfdrb åskb jhufybpjdfys d 1991 u. d
Xbrfuj b Ymñ-Qjhrt. Ghjbpdtltybz Ahblvfyf dscnfdkzñncz d
veptzö Étytds, Kjyljyf, Cnjrujkmvf,
Hbvf, Njrbj b Vbkfyf, f nfrét d hfpkbxysö ujhjlf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd.
Jlby bp rhbnbrjd cktleñobv jåhfpjv öfhfrnthbpetn hfåjns Ahblvfyf:
≤Jåsxyjt ghtdhfoftncz d ytjåsxyjt,
rjyrhtnyjt gthtöjlbn d fåcnhfrnyjt,
ghjcnjnf bpjåkbxftn ckjéyjcnm, b pyfrjvjt cnfyjdbncz ytpyfrjvsv. Cfvjt
pfvtxfntkmyjt pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj
dct änj ltkftncz åtp ghtntypbq, kbim c
vfkjq njkbrjq yfcnjqxbdjcnb b edthtyyjcnb. Gjljåysq gjlöjl hfcgjkfuftn
r djcghbznbñ b gjybvfybñ, gjcrjkmre
dfv ybxtuj yt gsnfñncz yfdzpfnm≥. ∆
Åtp yfpdfybz (Untitled), ndjhtybt, cjplfyyjtd 1995 ujle
öeljéybrjv Njvjv Ahblvfyjv, cltkfyj bp peåjxbcnjr b
bvttn hfpvths 26 ö 30 ö 23 lñqvf.
1
49
Åtctlf c
Ränb Öjkåhbx
Ränb Öjkåhbx dcgjvbyftn j njv, rfr, gjctofz veptb cdjtuj hjlyjuj ujhjlf Ymñ-Qjhrf, jyf dgthdst edbltkf rfhnbys fåcnhfrnyjuj ärcghtccbjybcnf Létrcjyf Gjkkjrf. Ghtjåhfpeñofz cbkf
tuj gjkjnty ghjbpdtkf yf ltdjxre-gjlhjcnrf cnjkm juhjvyjt dgtxfnktybt, xnj bcreccndj yfdctulf cnfkj tt cfvsv cnhfcnysv
edktxtybtv. D yfcnjzott dhtvz Öjkåhbx pfybvftn ljkéyjcnm
lbhtrnjhf ≤Ejrth fhn ctynth≥ d Vbyytfgjkbct, Vbyytcjnf,
zdkzñotujcz jlybv bp gthtljdsö rekmnehysö exhtéltybq Fvthbrb.
Djghjc: Xnj ds cxbnftnt cfvsv dféysv cjåsnbtv bkb yfghfdktybtv d dfitq hfåjnt pf änjn gthbjl?
Jndtn: Rjulf d 1991 u. z cnfkf lbhtrnjhjv veptz, nj gjvbvj
dctuj ghjxtuj, ghtélt dctuj, gjcnfhfkfcm jghtltkbnm cdjb
pflfxb yf änjq ljkéyjcnb b kexit hfpjåhfnmcz d hfåjnt lheubö
fyfkjubxysö exhtéltybq. D nj dhtvz rfr d bö pflfxb döjlbkj
ghjdtltybt cthmtpysö yfexysö bccktljdfybq d jhufybpfwbb jhbubyfkmysö dscnfdjr b bvtñott åjkmijt pyfxtybt gjgjkytybt
bö gjcnjzyysö rjkktrwbq, kbim jxtym ytvyjubt bp änbö bycnbnenjd, tckb nfrjt djjåot ckexfkjcm, egjvbyfkb j ntö, lkz rjuj vs
hfåjnftv. C ujlfvb vyjubt jhufybpfwbb dj dct åjkmitq cntgtyb
cnfkb ghjdjlbnm cdjñ hfåjne d ldeö yfghfdktybzö. Vs gj-ghtéytve cjöhfyztv cthmtpyeñ ghbdthétyyjcnm bcreccnde, yj ghb
änjv yfåkñlftncz jghtltktyysq gjdjhjn r njve, xnjås eltkznm
åjkmit dybvfybz ghfrnbre – öeljéybre – b, xnj tot dféytt, dct
åjkmitve gjybvfybñ hfpyjjåhfpbz njq felbnjhbb, lkz rjnjhjq
vs hfåjnftv. Gjänjve lkz vtyz jcyjdysv cjåsnbtv pf gjcktlytt ltcznbktnbt cnfkj frwtynbhjdfybt dybvfybz d yfitq hfåjnt
yf njv, xnjås wtynhfkmyjt vtcnj d ytq jndjlbkjcm kñlzv.
≤Ejrth fhn ctynth≥ eltkztn ntgthm gjdsityyjt dybvfybt kñlzv, rjnjhsv vs hfymit yt jxtym öjhjij ckeébkb. Jy hfcgföyek gthtl ybvb cdjb ldthb. Änj d gthdeñ jxthtlm jnyjcbncz r
gjlhjcnrfv. Z cfvf gjvyñ, xnj, rjulf åskf cjdctv ñyjq, ghtjåhféfñofz cbkf bcreccndf bpvtybkf vjt vsiktybt b hfcibhbkf vjq rheujpjh. Gjcrjkmre z bcgsnfkf nfrjt cfvf, z gjlevfkf
j njv, xnj z jåzpfyf ghbjåofnm gjlhjcnrjd r bcreccnde, exbnm bö
wtyyjcnzv, rjnjhst jyb vjuen gjcnbxm d rekmnehysö exhtéltybzö. Dtlm gjlhjcnrb gjcnegfñn nfr ét, rfr öeljéybrb. Jyb ≤hfcrfxbdfñn kjlre≥, jyb pflfñn ytcnfylfhnyst djghjcs, b bö gjnhtåyjcnb åhjcfñn dspjd ceotcndeñotve gjkjétybñ ltk.
Jlybv bp lheubö rhegyjvfcinfåysö bpvtytybq d änjq jåkfcnb zdkztncz ghbpyfybt njuj afrnf, xnj yb jlby xtkjdtr, yb jlyj
exhtéltybt yt bvttn vjyjgjkbb yf ärcgthnyst pyfybz, xnj ybrnj, gjéfkeq, yt vjétn åsnm cgtwbfkbcnjv d jåkfcnb dctö rekmneh vbhf. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, cnhtvktybt vepttd r njve, xnjås
cnfnm ltqcndbntkmyj jåotcndtyysvb bkb uhfélfycrbvb bycnbnenfvb, cjghjdjélftncz bö cnhtvktybtv r hfcibhtybñ yfituj
cjåcndtyyjuj gjybvfybz jåkfcnb bpåhfyyjq yfvb ghjatccbb b
yfibö ärcgthnysö pyfybq, f nfrét ajhvbheñobö bö wtyyjcntq.
D: Ljdjlbkjcm kb dfv pf gjcktlybt 10 ktn yfåkñlfnm hjcn
vfcinfåjd ndjhxtcrjuj bkb öeljétcndtyyjuj dkbzybz pfheåtéyjuj bcreccndf?
J: Åtpeckjdyj. Yfif hfåjnf d ≤Ejrth fhn ctynth≥ kexit dctuj
gjllftncz jåüzcytybñ c gjvjomñ cktleñobö nhtö rjhjnrbö
öfhfrnthbcnbr: cjcnjzofz bp vyjubö lbcwbgkby, vyjujjåhfpyfz b ukjåfkmyfz. ≤Cjcnjzofz bp vyjubö lbcwbgkby≥ jpyfxftn,
xnj d pfkfö yfituj veptz ghtlcnfdktys yt njkmrj dbpefkmyst
bcreccndf, yj b bcgjkybntkmcrjt bcreccndj, gthajhvfyc, rbyj/
dbltj b media-art, bcreccndj, bcgjkmpeñott cjdthityyj yjdst
dshfpbntkmyst chtlcndf, yfghbvth, äktrnhjyyst. Öfhfrnthbcnbrf ≤hfpyjjåhfpyfz≥ ghbcencndetn dj dctv, xnj gjrfpsdftncz
d tuj ghjtrwbjyyjv pfkt, yf tuj cwtyt b d tuj ufkthtzö. Vs
djcghbybvftv yjdst ceéltybz j cnfhsö rekmnehfö b afrnfö vfnthbfkmyjq rekmnehs lhtdytuj xtkjdtrf. Kñåjt cjdhtvtyyjt
exhtéltybt d cdzpb c ntv, xnj jyj bvttn ltkj c ébdsvb öeljéybrfvb, yt vjétn bpåtéfnm hfpkbxbz gjlöjljd r öeljétcndtyyjve ndjhxtcnde, tckb jyb bcöjlzn bp Bjufyytcåehuf, Cnfvåekf
bkb Ifyöfz. Yt vjétn jyj b jnrfpfnmcz jn njuj, xnj cdzpsdftn
yfc c änbvb ujhjlfvb d gjybvfybb bcreccndf.
D: Bvtñncz kb e dfibö rjkktu tot rfrbt-kbåj wtyyst bltb?
J: D ntxtybt ljkubö ktn vyjubt bp yfc gj ceotcnde yt pyfkb,
xnj ltkfnm c ≤nhflbwbjyysvb≥ ghjbpdtltybzvb. Ntgthm ghbikj gjybvfybt njuj, xnj lfét cfvjt cjdhtvtyyjt ghjbpdtltybt bvttn fdnjåbjuhfabxtcrbt, utjuhfabxtcrbt b rekmnehyst
rjhyb. Ctqxfc eét ytn nfrjuj xedcndf, xnj nhflbwbz – änj jlyj,
f cjdhtvtyyfz ghfrnbrf – cjdctv lheujt.
D: Gj-ghtéytve kb pfybvfñn ujcgjlcndeñott gjkjétybt vfcnthf ghjikjuj bkb njy pflftn yjdjt gjrjktybt öeljéybrjd?
J: Dctulf åelen dtkbrbt vfcnthf, b yflj hfljdfnmcz änjve. Jlyfrj ctqxfc vs ghböjlbv r gjybvfybñ njuj, xnj dj dctv vbht
ujhfplj åjkmit dtkbrbö vfcnthjd, xtv yfv rfpfkjcm d ghjikjv. Djn gjxtve bvtyyj ntgthm kñlb cnfkb ibht cvjnhtnm
yf vbh bcreccndf b gthtcnfkb pfvsrfnmcz d ntö äcntnbxtcrbö
hfvrfö, rjnjhst bv ghtlgbcsdfñn.
D: Xnj zdkztncz ctujlyz cfvjq åjkmijq ghjåktvjq?
J: Ärjyjvbxtcrfz ytcnfåbkmyjcnm. Jyf jrfpsdftn juhjvyjt
djpltqcndbt yf yfie cdjåjle dsåjhf. Z pfzdbkf vjtve cjdtne
lbhtrnjhjd j njv, xnj rfrjq ås dsåjh vs yb ltkfkb d eckjdbzö
ysytiytuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj rkbvfnf, vs ljkéys ltkfnm tuj c
yfvthtybtv cjöhfybnm cdjåjle yjdfnjhcndf, cdjåjle ljcnegf
r bcreccnde b cjplfybz yjdsö vjltktq gjybvfybz. Z yt cxbnfñ,
xnj vs vjétv gjpdjkbnm ctåt jnrfpfnmcz jn änjq cdjåjls gjl
ghtlkjujv jncencndbz ltytu, lfét tckb jncencndbt ltytu edtkbxbdftn hbcrb, rjnjhst yfv ytjåöjlbvj åhfnm yf ctåz.
Jlyf bp cfvsö åjkmibö ghjåktv rekmnehysö exhtéltybq pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj jyb yt ghbkfufñn ljcnfnjxysö ecbkbq lkz
njuj, xnjås cnfnm gjkyjwtyysvb, xedcndeñobvb cdjñ uhfélfycreñ jndtncndtyyjcnm gfhnythfvb d ébpyb ntö kñltq, rjnjhsv
jyb ghbpdfys ckeébnm.
D: Rfr, gj dfitve vytybñ, bpvtybncz d ndjhxtcrjv gkfyt jåkfcnm bcreccndf d åkbéfqibt 10 ktn?
J: Z gjkfufñ, xnj xthtp 10 ktn d bcreccndt gjzdzncz yjdst
ajhvs. Jyb jåütlbyzn rbyj, bcgjkybntktq b wbahjdeñ dctktyyeñ. Bycnbnens gj nhflbwbb b, djpvjéyj, lfét hflb eljåcndf
crkjyys hfpåbdfnm lbcwbgkbys yf jnltkmyst jåkfcnb. E yfc
tcnm jåkfcnm ajnjuhfabb, jåkfcnm ébdjgbcb b crekmgnehs, jåkfcnm hbcjdfybz b, vjétn åsnm,
jåkfcnm rbyj. D yfcnjzott
dhtvz öeljéybrb pfybvfñncz
ecnhfytybtv änbö uhfybw. ∆
Åtctljdfk c Ränb Öjkåhbx Vfqrk Lé.
Åäylkth.
1
50
Ränb Öjkåhbx
ÅBÅKBJU HFABZ
Rybub
Allen, Michael.
Contemporary U.S. Cinema.
New York: Longman/Pearson
Education, 2003.
Gioia, Dana.
Can Poetry Matter? Essays on
Poetry and American Culture.
St. Paul, MN: Graywolf Press,
2002.
Bigsby, Christopher.
Contemporary American Playwrights. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2000.
Grosenick, Uta and Reimschneider, Burkhard, eds.
Art at the Turn of the Millennium. New York: Taschen
America, 1999.
Birkerts, Sven P.
American Energies: Essays on
Literature. New York: Random
House, 1994.
Gussow, Mel.
Edward Albee: A Singular
Journey. New York: Simon &
Schuster, 1999.
Bogdanov, Vladimir, ed.
All Music Guide to Rock: The
Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop
and Soul. San Francisco, CA:
Backbeat Books, 2002.
Hasse, John E., ed.
Jazz: The First Century. New
York: Morrow/Avon, 2000.
Cohen, Selma J., ed.
International Encyclopedia
of Dance; A Project of Dance
Perspectives. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1998.
Cowen, Tyler.
Creative Destruction: How
Globalization Is Changing the
World’s Cultures. Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press,
2002.
Croce, Arlene.
Writing in the Dark: Dancing in
“The New Yorker.” New York:
Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000.
Davis, Peter G.
The American Opera Singer:
The Lives and Adventures of
America’s Great Singers in Opera
and Concert, From 1825 to the
Present. New York: Doubleday,
1999.
Epstein, Jason.
Book Business; Publishing:
Past, Present, and Future. New
York: Norton, 2002.
Larsen, Lars Bang.
Art Now. New York: Taschen
America, 2001.
Lihs, Harriet L.
Appreciating Dance: A Guide to
the World’s Liveliest Art. 3d ed.
Hightstown, NJ: Princeton Book,
2002.
Heartney, Eleanor.
Postmodernism. New York:
Cambridge University Press,
2001.
Lucie-Smith, Edward.
Art Today. New York: Phaidon
Press, 1999.
Smith, Tim.
The NPR Curious Listener’s
Guide to Classical Music. New
York: Berkley Publishing Group,
2002.
Lyman, Rick.
Watching Movies: The Biggest
Names in Cinema Talk About the
Films That Matter Most.
New York: Time Books, 2003.
Struble, John Warthen.
The History of American
Classical Music: MacDowell
Through Minimalism.
New York: Facts on File, 1994.
Mallon, Thomas.
In Fact: Essays on Writers and
Writing. New York: Knopf, 2001.
Teachout, Terry.
A Terry Teachout Reader. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press
[forthcoming].
McCarthy, Kevin F. et al.
The Performing Arts in a New
Era. Santa Monica, CA: Rand
Corporation, 2001. Supported
by the Pew Charitable Trust.
http://www.pewtrusts.com/pdf/
cul_rand.pdf
Jenkins, Jeffrey E., ed.
The Best Plays of 2001-2002.
New York: Limelight Editions,
2003.
Katz, Ephraim; Klein, Fred; and
Nolen, Ronald Dean.
The Film Encyclopedia. 4th ed.
New York: HarperCollins, 2001.
Lane, Anthony.
Nobody’s Perfect: Selected
Writings From “The New
Yorker.” New York: Knopf, 2002.
Romanowski, Patricia and
George-Warren, Holly, eds.
The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia
of Rock and Roll: Revised and
Updated for the 21st Century.
New York: Simon & Schuster,
2001.
Miller, Laura, ed.
The Salon.com Reader’s Guide
to Contemporary Authors. New
York: Penguin, 2000.
Pells, Richard.
From Modernism to the Movies:
The Globalization of American
Culture in the 20th Century. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press
[forthcoming].
Rich, Frank L.
Hot Seat: Theater Criticism for
the New York Times, 19801993. New York: Random
House, 1998.
1
51
Vendler, Helen H., ed.
Poems, Poets, Poetry: An
Introduction and Anthology. New
York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002.
Ward, Geoffrey C. et al.
Jazz: A History of America’s
Music. New York: Knopf, 2000.
Cfqns Bynthytnf
Alvin Ailey American Dance
Theater
http://www.alvinailey.org/
American Association of
Museums
http://www.aam-us.org/
American Ballet Theatre
http://www.abt.org/
American Conservatory Theater
http://act-sf.org/index.cfm?s_
id=&pid=hom
ArtsJournal.com: The Daily
Digest of Arts, Culture and
Ideas
http://www.artsjournal.com/
New York Review of Books
http://www.nybooks.com/
Opera America
http://www.operaamerica.org/
Artslynx
http://www.artslynx.org/
balletcompanies.com
http://www.balletcompanies.com/
Billboard
http://www.billboard.com/
Poets and Writers
http://www.pw.org/
Publishers Weekly
http://publishersweekly.reviews
news.com/
Robert Moses’ Kin
http://www.robertmoseskin.org/
Dance/USA
http://www.danceusa.org/
American Symphony Orchestra
League
http://www.symphony.org/
Houston Grand Opera
http://www.houstongrand
opera.org/
Sundance Institute
http://institute.sundance.org/
jsps/site.jsp?resource=pag_ex_
home
American Theater Web
http://www.americantheater
web.com/
Internet Movie Database
http://us.imdb.com/
Theatre Communications Group
http://www.tcg.org/
Andante
http://www.andante.com/
Motion Picture Association of
America (MPAA)
http://www.mpaa.org/
Walker Art Institute
http://www.walkerart.org/
Art and Culture
http://www.ArtandCulture.com/
National Endowment for the Arts
http://www.nea.gov/
Art Museum Network
http://www.amn.org/
New York City Ballet
http://www.nycballet.com/
nycballet/homepage.asp
Whitney Museum of American
Art
http://www.whitney.org/
New York Public Library for the
Performing Arts
http://www.nypl.org/research/lpa/
lpa.html
1
52
KBWF
B JHUFYBPFWBB, GHTLJCNFDBDIBT AJNJUHFABB
Jåkjérf: Vfhnb Cjk, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Rfhjkfqyf åäkktq≥;
4, ≤Fccjibäqntl ghtcc (FG)≥/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥; 7, FG/≤Efql Ejhkl
ajnje≥; 9, (cktdf) © Nfcbr Lhfufy, (d wtynht) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥,
(cghfdf) Kbylf Öähhbc; 10, Lfybäkkm Gmthh, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz
≤Nfywtdfkmyjq uheggs Vfhrf Vjhhbcf≥; 10-11, (cktdf) Ajnj Äylétks
Cnthkbyu, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Gfcbabr yjhleäcn åäkktq≥, (d wtynht)
FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥, (cghfdf) Åfhhb IfkävÍ phototails.net;
13, © Kjbc Uhbyabkl; 14, (ddthöe cghfdf) Ajnj H.Lé. Vmñyf, c kñåtpyjuj
hfphtitybz ≤Bcgjkybntkmcrjq uheggs Léj Uelf≥, (d cthtlbyt) Ajnj
Gjkf Rjkybrf, (dybpe, cktdf yfghfdj) C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Åäkktq
Bcgfybrj≥, FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥, Vfhnb Cjk, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz
≤Rbnfqcrjq nfywtdfkmyjq nheggs Kbkb Xfq≥, Ajnj © Åjå Ijvkth, 2002,
c hfphtitybz ≤Cfy-Öjct åäkktq≥, Cbkbrjyjdfz ljkbyf; 15, (cktdf) Cfhf
Rhekdbx/≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥, (cghfdf) Äylhtf Vjöby/≤Ymñ-Qjhr Nfqvc≥;
16, Vännb Cjk, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz hjlcndtyybrjd Hjåthnf Vjptcf;
17, © Vfrc Ejklväy, 1976; 19, Jktu Ybrbiby/≤Ymñc vtqrthp/≥ ≤Utnnb
bvälébp≥; 20, FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥; 21, (cktdf b ddthöe cghfdf) FG/
≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥, (d cthtlbyt cghfdf) Qjöfy Äkåthp, 1998, (dybpe
cghfdf) © ≤Htqnthc ymñc vblbf, byrjhgjhtntl≥/≤RJHÅBC≥; 22, (cktdf)
Åhñc Ukbrfc © 2003 ≤Utnnb bvälébp≥, (cghfdf) C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz
Ghtcc-ltgfhnfvtynf Kjc-Fyétktccrjuj abkfhvjybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf;
23, Léekbäy Åhjfl, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Cjyb vñpbr≥;
24, C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Ömñcnjy Uhfyl-Jgthf≥; 25 (yfdthöe) Vfhbccf
Hjn/≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥, (dybpe) Ajnj Léjyf Abnwléthfkmlf;
26, (yfdthöe) Ajnj Yjhvfyf Lébyf Hjq; fabif yf ldthb Cthbyj Rjqyf,
(dybpe cktdf) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥, (dybpe cghfdf) © Vböfk Läybtk,
2000; 27, (ddthöe cktdf) © Léjfy Vfhrec, (d cthtlbyt) Cfhf Rhekdbx/
≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥, (cktdf dybpe) Rjywtgwbz b pfvsctk: ≤Äkfqhäy Vähab
Uheg kbvbntl≥, (cghfdf dybpe) Cfhf Rhekdbx/≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥;
28, (cktdf) © Vfqrk Hjvfyjc, (cghfdf) Ybrjkm Åtylébdtyj/≤Ymñ-Qjhr
nfqvc≥; 29, © Léjfy Vhrec; 32, © Åfhåfhf Hbc, 2003; 33, (yfdthöe) © 2002
≤Ymñ Kfqy Ghjlfriyp byrjhgjhtqntl≥, (dybpe) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥;
34, © 1998 ≤Vbhfvfrc abkvp≥/≤Eybdthcfk gbrxthp≥ – c cjöhfytybtv dctö
ghfd; 35, (yfdthöe) © 2003 ≤Vbhfvfrc abkvp≥ – c cjöhfytybtv dctö ghfd,
(dybpe) Rtdby Vfpeh © WireImage.com; 36 (cktdf) Ajnj Cnbdf Uhfybwf/
WireImage.com, (cghfdf) © 2002 ≤Ymñ Kfqy Ghjlfriyp, byrjhgjhtqntl≥;
37, C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz Rbyjatcnbdfkz ≤Cfylfyc≥; 40, Létqcjy
Ivbln; 41, (yfdthöe) Ajnj Vfqrkf Kädfqyf, (dybpe cktdf) Ajnj
Rfhty Zvefxb, (dybpe cghfdf) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥; 42, (cktdf)
≤Vbhbäv Åthrkb Ajnjuhfab≥, (cghfdf) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥;
43, ≤Vbhbäv Åthrkb Ajnjuhfab≥; 44, Léjy Yjhltkk/≤Rhbcxty cfqtyc
vjybnjh≥; 45, C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz öeljéybrf b Ufkthtb Nfrf Bibb;
46, (yfdthöe) Ajnj Njlf Äåthkt, ≤Däybnb aäqh≥, atdhfkm 2000 u., (dybpe)
C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz Åhtynf Cbrrtvs, Ymñ-Qjhr Cbnb; 46-47, Ajnj
Åbkkf Jhrfnnf, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Fhnbcnc Cgtqc kbvbntl≥;
47, Ajnj Åbnf Eblvthf; 48, (cktdf) Ajnj Léjyf Vfrebkmzvcf; (cghfdf)
C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz Ufkthtb Gjkf Rfpvbyf b öeljéybrf; 49, Jhty
Ckjh, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Abxth byrjhgjhtqntl≥, Ymñ-Qjhr;
50, C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz Öeljétcndtyyjuj wtynhf Ejrthf.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
BUREAU
OF
INTERNATIONAL
INFORMATION
PROGRAMS
http://usinfo.state.gov