Кургузёнкова Ж.В. - Английский язык для психологов и не только

Ж.В. Кургузёнкова
Л.В. Кривошлыкова
М.В. Донская
PERSONALITY
highs and lows
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
для психологов и не только
Учебное пособие
2-е издание, стереотипное
Москва
Издательство «ФЛИНТА»
2016
1
УДК 811.111+159.9(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ-923
К93
Рецензент
д-р филол. наук, проф. кафедры английского языка факультета
иностранных языков Московского государственного областного
социально-гуманитарного института Л.Н. Лунькова
К93
Кургузёнкова Ж.В.
Personality: highs and lows. Английский язык для психологов
и не только [Электронный ресурс] : учеб. пособие /
Ж.В. Кургузенкова, Л.В. Кривошлыкова, М.В. Донская. —
2-е изд., стер. — М. : ФЛИНТА, 2016. — 104 с.
ISBN 978-5-9765-2257-2
Учебное пособие предназначается для студентов отделения
«Психология» с уровнем владения английским языком не ниже
уровня Intermediate и владеющих базовой терминологией, применяемой
в области психологии на русском языке. Тематика текстов,
выступающих в качестве основного информационного ресурса, весьма
разнообразна и современна: это проблемы добра и зла, смена пола,
язык тела, межличностные отношения, глобализация и др. Пособие
состоит из 10 уроков, включающих тексты из современных спе­
циализированных зарубежных изданий, все упражнения составлены
таким образом, чтобы расширить и идиоматизировать словарный запас
студентов-психологов, научить их вести беседу с опорой на базовый
тематический словарь.
Для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов-психологов,
социологов, управленцев, а также для работы по программе
«Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации».
УДК 811.111+159.9(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ-923
ISBN 978-5-9765-2257-2
© Кургузенкова Ж.В., Кривошлыкова Л.В.,
Донская М.В., 2016
©Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2016
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Предисловие .................................................................................................... 4
UNIT 1.
People and Relationships ................................................................ 6
UNIT 2.
Men and women. Spot the difference ........................................... 17
UNIT 3.
Taking on a New Lease of Life?! .................................................. 26
UNIT 4.
How to Recognize Depression ...................................................... 36
UNIT 5.
The Lucifer Effect ......................................................................... 46
UNIT 6.
Why Do People Lie? How to Recognize a Lie ............................. 55
UNIT 7.
Body language .............................................................................. 64
UNIT 8.
Generation Gap ............................................................................. 74
UNIT 9.
The Psychology of Globalization ................................................. 84
UNIT 10. Peace Psychology ......................................................................... 93
Литература ................................................................................................... 101
Использованные интернет-ресурсы .......................................................... 102
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Предисловие
Учебное пособие “Personality: highs and lows” предназначено, прежде всего, для студентов, обучающихся по направлению
подготовки «Психология». Данное пособие, разработанное
Ж.В. Кургузенковой, Л.В. Кривошлыковой и М.В. Донской, написано в соответствии с требованиями ФГОС ВПО к результатам освоения основных образовательных программ, а именно
направлено на формирование у студентов-психологов следующих компетенций: владение культурой научного мышления,
обобщением, анализом и синтезом фактов и теоретических положений, а также владение иностранным языком в объеме, необходимом для работы с профессиональной литературой; развитие
организационно-управленческих навыков в профессиональной
и социальной деятельности; освоение норм взаимодействия и
сотрудничества с учетом принципов толерантности и социальной мобильности.
Данное учебное пособие может быть также использовано
для проведения занятий по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)» со студентами, обучающимися по широкому спектру
гуманитарных специальностей (социология, связи с общественностью, зарубежное регионоведение, управление персоналом).
Несомненным достоинством данного учебного пособия является предложенный авторами корпус упражнений, направленных на развитие коммуникативных навыков студентов. Все
10 уроков включают список из двенадцати заданий, направленных, прежде всего, на расширение словарного запаса. Достижению поставленных задач способствуют предлагаемые авторами
аутентичные тексты из современных специализированных зарубежных изданий, затрагивающих актуальные проблемы современности: межличностных отношений, глобализации и т.д.
Тексты обусловили направленность всего корпуса упраж­
нений, а именно: 1) поиск соответствия между термином и его
определением; 2) поиск английских эквивалентов в тексте с
целью выделения основного вокабуляра прочитанной статьи;
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3) работа с основным вокабуляром путем заполнения пропусков
нужными лексическыми единицами; 4) поиск синонимов; 5) перевод с русского языка на английский с использованием основного вокабуляра; 6) воспроизведение ситуаций из текста, в которых фигурировал выделенный вокабуляр; 7) ответы на вопросы;
8) беседа в рамках заданных ситуаций; 9) написание эссе на заданную тему; 10) перевод устойчивых выражений, связанных
тематически с основной лексикой урока; 11) выполнение упражнения на закрепление изученных идиом; 12) пересказ текста.
Таким образом, учитывая тот факт, что одной из важнейших
проблем современной методики преподавания иностранного
языка является вопрос оптимизации процесса общения, считаем, что данное пособие развивает навыки работы с оригинальным текстом, и, как следствие, оказывает воздействие на эмоциональную сферу студента, стимулирует его мыслительную
деятельность, помогая сформировать коммуникативную компетенцию.
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UNIT 1
People and Relationships
Relationship is defined as a state of connectedness between
people. Although in today’s society with its crazy rhythm of
everyday life, when people tend to live in densely populated
megapolises, spending most of their time in the office and hardly
knowing their neighbor’s name, we still find ourselves in some kind
of a relationship — with friends, family, or colleagues.
Family relationships are the first people’s relationships to enter into.
Parents and relatives influence our emotional development by creating
a model that we are sometimes bound to follow all our life, often
subconsciously. People who have grown up in large happy families
usually feel more emotionally secure than those, whose parents had
gone through a divorce. For sure you know quite a few attractive and
successful women who remain single for some ‘mysterious’ reason.
They often turn out to be victims of their past. Deep inside they
cannot overcome the fear of being abandoned, that comes from their
childhood, when one or both of their parents left them or just did not
pay enough attention. A well-established young man can be scared of
a commitment in a relationship as his parents’ family model failed to
convince him that getting married makes one happy.
In daycare, at school, then in the office we spend a lot of time
among fellow students and coworkers. We learn to maintain business
relationships, to work in a team environment, then form smaller
groups of like-minded people and finally select some of them as our
friends.
What is a true friendship? How does it start? Are we destined to
become friends with certain people or can we actually plan whom to
be friends with?
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“Everybody’s friend is nobody’s”, said Arthur Schopenhauer.
Unlike a companionship based on belonging to the same team or
group, friendship is a very personal and selective type of people’s
relationships. It calls for trust, sincerity, and emotional bonds. It’s
not without reason that we call our friends our alter ego.
Sociologists believe that most of the people are looking for
similarity of views, social status, and interests when choosing
friends. No wonder that our friends are often people of the same
age, sex, and education. Another important factor is joint activity
and solidarity. This is the reason why many of us befriend their
colleagues and people who work in the same field.
Another underestimated common prerequisite for friendship is
geographical proximity. If our friends move out of town or overseas,
it is a very common reason why friendship falls apart. Maintaining a
long distance friendship is a challenge, and not many of us pass this
test.
Most people would agree that a friend is someone who would
always listen and understand. “Understanding” in this context
implies a lot of meanings — compassion, sympathy, and emotional
closeness. It’s a process when your friend deciphers your emotional
state, shares your feelings, identifies himself/herself with you.
“Friendship is like money, easier made than kept”, said Samuel
Butler. To maintain friendship we have to make an effort. Friendship
can be time-consuming and might require some sacrifice from our
part — staying up all night comforting a girlfriend after a hard
breakup, canceling you hairdresser’s appointment to babysit your
friends’ kids, or taking care of someone’s pets. But friendship
rewards us with a warm feeling of being there for someone, being
important, being part of someone’s life.
The number of single people is growing every day, making
modern psychologists question the need for a serious relationship
between men and women. People are getting more and more selfsufficient and don’t seem to need a life partner any longer. Now,
when successful career and professional self-realization have become
priority for fresh graduates, when taking maternity leave will take
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away your chances of ever catching up with your more successful
and commitment-free coworkers, most people tend to delay settling
down or even moving in with someone until their late thirties. And
by this time many of them are so much used to living independently,
that they find a mere thought of living with someone or considering
any kind of commitment repulsive. “I am not a marrying type. I am
missing the bride gene”, says Carrie Bradshow in the “Sex and the
City”, who has become a role model for many single women around
the world.
It’s a reality we have to acknowledge — people become more
and more alienated, introverted and scared of getting closer to each
other. Does it seem familiar? Each gender is trying to make contact
with the other side, but is becoming trapped and confused in the
process. Like a beast who has come too close to a hot-wired electric
fence, we’ve seen both men and women jump back and retreat from
the opposite sex, because they are afraid of risking the potential pain
of rejection. So they keep their distance.
However, psychological studies reveal that people who manage
to maintain healthy relationships really have more happiness and
less stress. There are simple ways to make relationships healthy,
even though each one is different... boyfriends, girlfriends, parents,
siblings, friends, colleagues, professors, roommates, and classmates.
Words and word combinations
●
dense
containing a lot of things or people close together
●
bound
feeling that you should do something because
you are expected to, or because it is morally right,
even if you do not really want to do it (be/feel
bound to do something)
●
subconscious
relating to thoughts or feelings that you have but
do not think about, or do not realize you have
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●
divorce
to take legal action to end your marriage. (If two
people agree to stop living together, but do not
legally end their marriage, they separate)
●
turn out
to be discovered to be something, have something
etc.
●
abandon
to leave someone when you should stay with them
and look after them
●
scared
frightened, or worried (scared of (doing)
something)
●
commitment
a duty or responsibility that you have accepted
●
convince
to make someone believe that something is true
●
destined
certain to do smth., or certain to happen
in the future (destined for, destined to do
something)
●
trust
a feeling of confidence in someone that shows you
believe they are honest, fair, and reliable
●
sincerity
an honest way of behaving that shows that you
really mean what you say or do
●
bonds
something that gives people or groups a reason to
love one another or feel they have a duty to one
another
●
befriend
to become the friend of someone and treat them in
a kind way
●
underestimate
to think that someone has less power or ability
than they really have
●
prerequisite
something that must exist or happen before
something else is possible
●
proximity
how near something is to another thing, especially
in distance or time
●
fall apart
if something such as an organization, agreement,
or relationship falls apart, it no longer continues
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●
compassion
a feeling of sympathy for someone who is in a bad
situation because you understand and care about
them
●
decipher
to succeed in understanding the meaning of
something written in a secret system of letters or
symbols called a code, to understand something
mysterious or confusing
●
maintain
to make something stay the same
●
consume
to use a supply of something such as time, energy,
or fuel
●
self-sufficient
able to provide everything that you need by
yourself, without help from other people
●
maternity leave
time before and after the birth of a baby when a
woman is allowed to be away from her job
●
repulsive
someone or something that is repulsive is so
unpleasant that you feel slightly ill when you see
them or think about them
●
alienate
to make someone feel that they do not belong in a
place or group
Word study
Exercise 1. Match the term and its definitions.
1
self-sufficient
a
unable to change a bad situation or way of
thinking
2
decipher
b
how near something is to another thing,
especially in distance or time
3
trapped
c
something that must exist or happen before
something else is possible
4
bound
d
able to provide everything that you need by
yourself, without help from other people
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5
retreat
e
to make someone feel that they do not
belong in a place or group
6
maintain
f
to understand something mysterious or
confusing
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prerequisite
g
a feeling of sympathy for someone who is
in a bad situation because you understand
and care about them
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compassion
h
feeling that you should do something
because you are expected to, or because it
is morally right, even if you do not really
want to do it
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alienate
i
to make something stay the same
10 proximity
j
to avoid a dangerous, unpleasant, or
embarrassing situation, especially by
moving away from it
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Exercise 2. Give English equivalents for:
густонаселенный мегаполис, начинать отношения, поддерживать отношения, отношения заканчиваются, быть обязанным что-либо делать, подсознательный, преодолеть страх,
страх родом из детства, уделять внимание кому-либо, твердо
стоящий на ногах, семейные обязанности, люди с одинаковыми взглядами / общими интересами, товарищеские отношения, избирательный, эмоциональная связь, совместная деятельность, заводить дружбу с кем-либо, прикладывать усилия,
трудоемкий, требовать жертв от кого-либо, выпускник, брать
декретный отпуск, лишать кого-либо возможности что-либо
сделать, соперничество между детьми (одних родителей) /
детская ревность.
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Exercise 3. Insert the missing words, using the active vocabulary
of the lesson.
1. Maybe ...... I wanted her to leave my house.
2. The soldiers ...... to the safety of the building.
3. His son was very shy and the crowded classroom could ......
the boy.
4. It’s so hard for me to ...... my current weight through exercise
and healthy eating.
5. It was so easy to ...... the look he gave her on hearing the
news.
6. We bought a new washing machine because it ...... less water
and electricity.
7. Ph.D. in psychology from Yale University is a ...... for the
job.
8. Their marriage is in danger of ...... .
9. She ...... her opponents’ skill in handling the news media, it
was a big mistake.
10. I am the only child, I have no ...... .
11. They did their best to strengthen the ...... with neighbouring
countries.
12. His mother ...... him when he was two years old.
13. She felt ...... to tell her that her son had been taking drugs.
Exercise 4. Find in the text synonyms for:
coherence, to be obliged to do sth, confident, to forsake, to be
afraid of sth, obligation, to persuade, colleague, aimed, fellowship,
frankness, intimate / close friend, resemblance, coincidence, to
undervalue, supposition, nearness, foreign, to involve, pity (2 syn.),
to understand, not to go to bed all night, to console, separation, to
annul, engagement, to look after, to remunerate, to come up (with),
to retard, to obtain a foothold (in), disgusting, to admit, to estrange,
to capture, embarrassed, to escape, to show.
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Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English, using the active
vocabulary of the lesson.
1. В густонаселенных мегаполисах стало трудно поддерживать отношения с друзьями, так как дружба уже является чемто трудоемким для многих людей. Это требует от людей жертв,
на которые они не готовы, поэтому отношения часто разваливаются.
2. Чтобы начать какие-либо отношения, от человека требуется преодолеть страх быть отвергнутым. Сделать это непросто,
так как у всех у нас есть различные опасения родом еще из нашего детства.
3. Подсознательно многие из нас стремятся завести дружбу с
людьми, обладающими схожими с нашими интересами.
4. Безусловно, товарищеские отношения легче всего возникают на базе какой-либо совместной деятельности. В этой ситуации нам даже не нужно прилагать специальных усилий для
создания особой эмоциональной связи между участниками процесса.
5. Порой выпускница какого-либо вуза боится сразу же брать
на себя семейные обязательства, рожать ребенка и уходить в декретный отпуск, так как это означает лишить себя возможности
быстро встать на ноги.
6. Молодые люди становятся все более избирательными в
отношении выбора спутника/спутницы жизни, так как они чувствуют себя обязанными следовать определенной модели поведения, принятой сейчас в обществе.
7. Если родители уделяют больше внимания одному из детей, то это часто приводит к возникновению детской ревности.
8. Все усилия матери были вознаграждены успехами ее детей и тем чувством сплоченности, которое царило в семье.
9. Порой малейший намек на женитьбу со стороны девушки приводит к тяжелому разрыву пары. Тогда многое зависит от
окружения. Именно друзья должны утешить ее, помочь вновь
обрести уверенность в себе.
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10. Если же человек вовремя не получил такую психологическую поддержку, в будущем он будет очень бояться новых отношений, будет с недоверием относиться к противоположному
полу.
Speaking practice
Exercise 6. Reproduce the situations from the text, in which the
words of exercises 2 and 4 are used.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1. Who creates a model that we are bound to follow all our
life?
2. According to the text, people who have grown up in large
happy families usually feel more emotionally secure. Do you
agree with this statement?
3. How do you understand the expression “a victim of his/her
past”?
4. What is the difference between companionship, friendship and
relationship?
5. Why is the number of single people growing every day
in densely populated megapolises? And what about small
provincial towns?
6. What do most of the people look for when choosing
friends?
7. Maintaining a long distance friendship is a challenge, isn’t it?
Why?
8. What is “understanding”?
9. What has become priority for fresh graduates? What about
you, what is your priority?
10. Are there any simple ways to make relationships healthy and
not to become alienated and introverted?
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Exercise 8. Discuss in the group the following problems.
1. Comment on Arthur Schopenhauer’s idea that “everybody’s
friend is nobody’s”.
2. “Friendship is like money, easier made than kept”, said Samuel
Butler. Do you agree with him?
3. Why has Carrie Bradshow become a role model for many single
women around the world? Are there any role models for you?
Exercise 9. Write an essay on the following topic:
There are simple ways to make relationships healthy.
For fun and profit
Exercise 10. Read the list of idioms and try to guess their meaning.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
Sociologist talk about nuclear and extended families. A nuclear
family is just parents and children. An extended family is a wider
network including grandparents, cousins, etc.
Close relatives are those like parents, children, brothers or
sisters. Distant relatives are people like second cousins [the children
of a cousin of your mother or father] or distant cousins.
Close/immediate family refers to people who are your nearest
blood relatives:
I don’t have much close/immediate family.
She’s a distant cousin of mine; she’s not a blood relative.
Close can also be used to mean that the relationship is a very
strong one:
We are a very close family, or We are a very close-knit family.
These adjectives also collocate with family:
loving, respectable, dysfunctional [unhappy, not working in a
healthy way].
15
Simon came from a respectable family, so Mary’s parents felt
happy about the marriage.
Someone’s late husband/wife is one who has died.
An estranged [formal] husband/wife is one who lives in a
different place and has a difficult relationship with their husband/
wife. They may be having a trial separation and may eventually
decide to get a divorce. In some cases it can be a bitter/
acrimonious divorce [full of anger, arguments and bad feeling].
A person’s ex-husband/ex-wife is a man/woman that she/he used
to be married to.
Children whose parents have separated or divorced are said to
come from a broken home. If their family is a strong, loving one it
can be called a stable home. If it is a poor one, not having the things
that are necessary for a pleasant life, such as enough money, food or
good living conditions, it can be called a deprived home.
A confirmed bachelor is a man who seems to have no intention
of ever marrying.
Exercise 11. Fill the gaps in this old man’s memories about his life
with words from the text.
I grew up in an (1) ............... family as my grandparents and
a couple of aunts and an uncle, who was a (2) ............... bachelor,
lived with us. We saw a lot of our (3) ............... relatives as well
as our close ones. I think that families tended to be much more
(4) ............... then — we talked to each other more and did things
together more. I’m sure there are far more (5) ............... families now
than there used to be — you know, where parents hardly spend any
time with their children, or with each other — and a lot of parents
who are divorced. My (6) ............... wife, who died two years ago,
used to say that it is not fair on children to let them grow up in (7)
............... homes.
Exercise 12. Speak on the text.
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UNIT 2
Men and women. Spot the difference
Have you ever heard a seemingly normal woman saying
something like, “I don’t know what I do to turn men off. I seem
to push them away. Maybe I’m too demanding, or not demanding
enough. Men are so confusing.”
And it could be that very same day that you hear a seemingly
normal man, unrelated to the first woman, complaining: “I don’t get
women. I must be doing something wrong. Women are so hard to
understand.”
When men and women get together, there are, in effect, two
worlds — his and hers. They have different values, priorities, and
habits. They play by different rules.
Scientists have come to accept that a few fundamental differences
between men and women are biological. It turns out that men’s and
women’s brains, for example, are not only different, but the way
we use them differs too. Women have larger connections and more
frequent interaction between their brain’s left and right hemispheres.
This accounts for women’s ability to have better verbal skills and
intuition. Men, on the other hand, have greater brain hemisphere
separation, which explains their skills for abstract reasoning and
visual-spatial intelligence. Poet Robert Bly describes women’s brains
as a “superhighway” of connection while men’s brains connections
are compared to a “little crooked country road.”
Different habits of men and women are explained by different roles
in the process of evolution. Although life conditions have changed,
both men and women tend to follow their biological programs.
Men tend to retain a firm sense of direction — they need to
trace the game, catch it, and find the way home, while women have
17
a better peripheral vision that helps them to see what’s happening
around the house, to spot an approaching danger, to notice changes
in the children’s behavior and appearance. Men’s brains are
programmed to hunting, which explains their narrow range of
vision, while women’s brains are able to decipher a wider range of
information.
When entering a room, men look for exits, estimating a possible
threat, and ways of escape, while women pay attention to the guests’
faces to find out who they are and how they feel. Men are able to
sort out information and archive it in their head. Women tend to
‘rewind’ the information over and over again. The only way to stop
thinking of the problems is to talk it over. When a woman shares her
problems with a man, she is not looking for solutions — she needs
someone to listen to her.
Men prefer strident noises, hard handshakes, and red color. They
are better at solving technical problems. Women have a sharper ear,
they use more words while talking, and are better at completing tasks
independently.
Based on these biologically explained differences, some
psychological distinctions between men and women can be
established:
— Men grasp a situation as a whole and think globally, while
women think locally, relying on details and nuances.
— Men are builders and creators. They take risks and
experiment, while women select the most valuable knowledge and
pass it over to the next generation.
— Men are more independent in their thoughts and actions, while
women are more willing to follow the ideas suggested by others.
— Women’s self-appraisal is lower than that of men. Women
tend to criticize themselves, while men are more satisfied with their
own performance.
— Men and women have different sources of satisfaction. For
men it’s career and prosperity, while women value family and kids.
— Men have a pronounced need to fulfill their goals, and women
rank relationships with others first.
18
— Men get sick twice as often as women, although women tend
to be more concerned about their health.
— Women endure pain and monotonous work better than men.
All the above gets even more confusing, if we take into account
that 15 to 20% of men happen to have a female type of brains, and
about 10% of women have a male type of brains, which means that
some percentage of men and women, no matter how small it seems,
are partially programmed to the behavior and way of thinking of the
opposite gender.
“Okay, I understand the problem”, you are saying to yourself,
but — “what’s the solution”? That depends on whether you are a
woman or a man.
From the day a person is born, gender is an easy way to
categorize people. When you are a member of one group, it’s easy
to spot differences rather than similarities in members of the other
group. However, men and women share more similarities than one
might think.
Words and word combinations
●
values
the principles and beliefs that influence the
behaviour and way of life of a particular group or
community
●
priorities
something important that must be done first or
needs more attention than anything else
●
visual
relating to things that you can see
●
spatial
relating to the size, shape, and position of things,
and the relation of objects to each other in space
●
intelligence
the ability to understand and think about things,
and to gain and use knowledge
●
crooked
not straight
19
●
to decipher
to succeed in understanding the meaning of
something written in a secret system of letters or
symbols called a code; to understand something
mysterious or confusing
●
estimate
to say what you think an amount or value will
be, either by guessing or by using available
information to calculate it
●
solution
a way to solve a problem or to deal with it
●
strident
a strident voice or sound is loud and unpleasant
●
grasp
to understand something
●
rank
to put someone or something into a position
according to their success, importance, size, etc.
●
endure
to suffer something difficult or unpleasant in a
patient way over a long period
Word study
Exercise 1. Match the term and its definition.
1
spatial
a
the principles and beliefs that influence the
behaviour and way of life of a particular
group or community
2
grasp
b
to suffer something difficult or unpleasant
in a patient way over a long period
3
endure
c
to say what you think an amount or value
will be, either by guessing or by using
available information to calculate it
4
intelligence
d
relating to the size, shape, and position of
things, and the relation of objects to each
other in space
5
visual
e
not straight
20
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6
values
f
to understand something
7
estimate
g
to put someone or something into a
position according to their success,
importance, size, etc.
8
rank
h
something important that must be done first
or needs more attention than anything else
9
priorities
i
the ability to understand and think about
things, and to gain and use knowledge
10 crooked
j
relating to things that you can see
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise 2. Give English equivalents for:
отталкивать кого-либо от себя, требовательный, играть по
разным правилам, оказаться, правое/левое полушарие мозга, речевые навыки, c одной стороны/с другой стороны, способность
к абстрактному мышлению, зрительно-пространственный, боковое зрение, узкий кругозор, угроза/угрожать, пути выхода из
ситуации, обращать внимание (на кого-л./что-л.), прокручивать
в голове одну и ту же мысль, поделиться проблемой с другом,
резкий шум, твердое рукопожатие, острый слух, разобраться в
ситуации, мыслить широко/узко, рисковать, передать следующему поколению, самооценка, терпеть боль, принимать во внимание, мужской/женский склад ума, противоположный пол.
Exercise 3. Insert the missing words, using the active vocabulary
of the lesson.
1. A young of Julia’s age was expected to show more ....... .
2. Traditional cultural ...... are attacked by developing world and
globalization.
21
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Being married was low on her list of ....... .
The message he got from her was hard to ....... .
Why do you find it difficult ...... the rules of the game?
It’s so difficult ...... the cost of your education.
What can’t be cured must ...... (a proverb).
His TV-channel is now ...... third among the world’s information
companies.
Exercise 4. Find in the text synonyms for:
to make sb lose interest in doing smth., perplexing, to understand,
merit, preference, custom, to be responsible for, coordination,
intellect, twisted, to incline to, to keep in mind, to notice, to make
out, vast, to judge, to clear up, to classify, to discuss, decision, to
fulfill a task, difference, to choose, useful, to be ready to do sth, to
propose, well-being, to esteem, evident, to rate, anxious, boring, to
confound, to label, resemblance.
Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English, using the active
vocabulary of the lesson.
1. В личной жизни Петр был очень требовательным человеком, что часто отталкивало от него женщин. Многие девушки вскоре понимали, что они «играют по разным правилам» и
предпочитали других партнеров.
2. Ученые доказали, что разница между мужчиной и женщиной может быть объяснена различиями в функционировании
их правого и левого полушария. Как следствие, у женщин лучше развиты речевые навыки, а у мужчин — способность к абстрактному мышлению.
3. Мужчины мыслят глобально, им легче не обращать внимания на какую-либо проблему, они сразу же видят пути выхода
из нее. В то время как женщины мыслят более узко, они сотни
раз «прокручивают» в голове одну и ту же информацию и по22
рой, чтобы урегулировать проблему, им нужно с кем-то ее обговорить.
4. Многовековые роли, которые мужчина и женщина играют
в обществе, обусловлены их биологическими «программами»:
мужчина должен уметь быстро разобраться в ситуации, защищать семью от угроз, должен уметь рисковать и быстро принимать решения. Женщина же должна уделять много внимание семье, легко переносить боль и страдания, делать все возможное,
чтобы сохранить семью и материальные блага, чтобы было что
передать следующему поколению.
5. Безусловно, ученые принимают во внимание тот факт,
что и у противоположного пола может быть мужской / женский
склад ума, это составляет порядка 30% населения.
Speaking practice
Exercise 6. Reproduce the situations from the text, in which the
words of exercises 2 and 4 are used.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Why do women think that men are confusing?
Do you agree that women are hard to understand?
Who has better verbal skills and intuition?
What are the reasons for different habits of men and women?
Can they be explained?
What are men’s and women’s brains programmed to?
What do men’s and women’s brains “do” with new
information?
Comment on the differences established in the text.
What do the studies prove?
Are there any similarities between men and women?
What traditional values and priorities do men and women
have? Are they the same in different countries?
23
Exercise 8. Discuss in the group the following problems:
1. What is the difference between men’s and women’s brains?
Give your examples.
2. Why does Robert Bly describe women’s brains as a
“superhighway”? What does he mean speaking about “little
crooked country road”?
3. What is “biological program”? Do you support the theory of
biological program?
Exercise 9. Write an essay on the following topic:
There are two different “planets”: a planet called “The Man” and
a planet called “The Woman”, their orbits never intersect.
For fun and profit
Exercise 10. Read the list of idioms and try to guess their meaning.
Human relationships: Good relationships
Idiom
Meaning
Example
be in someone’s good
books
that person is pleased
with you — possibly
only temporarily
I’m in the teacher’s
good books — I helped
her tidy the classroom.
get on like a house on get on extremely well
fire
with someone
Fortunately, we got
on like a house on fire
from the start.
keep/get/be/stay in
touch with someone
We must all keep in
touch after our course
is over.
keep/get/be/stay in
contact with someone
24
make it up to
someone
do something good
I’m sorry I forgot your
for someone you have birthday. I promise I’ll
done something bad to make it up to you.
in the past
take a shine to
like someone
I could see from her
immediately (informal) smile that she had
taken a shine to him.
have a soft spot for
feel a lot of affection
for one particular
person, often without
knowing why
Nick was a naughty
little boy, but I couldn’t
help having a soft spot
for him.
Exercise 11. Correct the mistakes in these idioms.
1. Susie has taken the shine to her new teacher.
2. Please stay into touch with me once you go home.
3. Nita’s boyfriend promised to make up it to her for forgetting
her birthday.
4. If you want to leave early, you’d better try and stay in the
boss’s good book.
Exercise 12. Speak on the text.
25
UNIT 3
Taking on a New Lease of Life?!
Melissa Reyenga was attracted to women, but married vicar
Henry to please her strict family. But then a shock revelation meant
they became a match made in heaven. Henry Reyenga appeared to
be the perfect husband — but, for his wife Melissa, there was always
something missing.
Shockingly, Melissa, 26, had secretly always fancied women, but
had never dared reveal her feelings because of her strict Christian
upbringing, naively hoping they’d go away.
But, despite having a family with Henry, Melissa’s marriage
never satisfied her — until Henry, 26, dropped a bombshell of his
own and revealed he’d always wanted to be a woman. Melissa was
stunned, but soon realised she fancied her husband more in dresses
than a dog collar.
Now, Melissa and Henry — who calls herself Haley and takes
female hormones — live as a lesbian couple, although Haley hasn’t
yet had a full sex change. And despite Haley being forced to quit the
church, the couple couldn’t be happier.
Melissa, a waitress, says: “I was amazed when Haley told me the
truth, but it allowed me to come clean. She’s far sexier as a woman.
This is the perfect solution for us.” Haley, who fancies both women
and men, adds: “I’d never guessed Melissa had a secret too! I just
wish I’d told her mine sooner.”
The pair, who both had stringent Christian upbringings, got
together in 2005 when they were 19. Melissa, from Minnesota, US,
says: “Henry was a good catch — but I didn’t fancy him. I’d fancied
girls from the age of 13, but being gay wasn’t acceptable in my
family.”
26
And although Henry fancied Melissa, he still longed to be
a woman. Haley says: “From an early age, I knew I wanted to be
a girl. I played with dolls and had lots of female friends. When
I was 11, I saw a transgender woman and realised that’s what I
wanted to be — but I also knew my family wouldn’t accept it.”
Despite their confusion, the couple married in July 2005. Melissa
says: “I pretended things were fine. The wedding night was awkward
as we were both virgins — and it just didn’t feel right.”
But the couple continued to bury their feelings and went on to
have three children, Maria, now five, Anastasia, now four, and Irena,
now two. Melissa says: “We got on brilliantly but, during sex, I’d
fantasise I was with a woman. I felt so guilty.”
Haley recalls that, as Henry, she struggled too. She says: “I hated
my male genitalia and wanted her body.”
Finally, in March 2010, Henry decided to tell his wife the truth,
saying: “I was so depressed — I couldn’t keep it in any more.”
The perfect opportunity arose when the pair watched a TV show
about transgender people. Melissa recalls: “Henry seemed to know a
lot about them and, when I asked why, he said: ‘I am one.’ I couldn’t
take it in. I cried, then he cried. He tried to reassure me he still loved
me, but it was overwhelming.”
Initially, Melissa was in denial and told her husband he should
work through his feelings. She admits: “I was worried what people
would think.” The pair even decided to try for another baby — and
Melissa fell pregnant with Francis, now one, in September 2010. But
Henry couldn’t cope with living a lie.
Melissa says: “I could see how unhappy he was, so I agreed he
could wear my make-up and clothes at home — although I didn’t
see him dressed up until three months later. He was wearing a skirt
with boots, but I didn’t freak out. We laughed — it felt comfortable.
After that, Henry wore women’s clothes at home and we shopped for
clothes together.”
After five months, Melissa — who’d stopped having sex with
Henry — realised she felt differently about her husband.
27
She admits: “As Henry acted more feminine, I found myself
fancying him and we started making love without intercourse — just
like I’d always fantasised. He wore lingerie, grew his hair and got
his ears pierced. I was excited.”
The pair then decided Henry should call herself Haley at home and
gently told their children. Melissa says: ‘We explained not everyone is
born in the right body. Being so young, they accepted it.’”
In September 2011, Melissa finally told Haley her own secret.
She says: “It was a huge thing for me to admit I’d always fancied
women, but Haley was just relieved I still fancied her.” Haley adds:
“Suddenly, I knew why our sex life had improved and how she’d
accepted me.”
In December, the pair started living as a lesbian couple but,
before Haley could “come out,” a parishioner became suspicious
of her longer hair and pierced ears and told the church, where he
was vicar. Haley says: “When I revealed the truth, I was told by the
church to change — or leave. It was heartbreaking, but I couldn’t
give up who I was.”
The couple then told their families the truth. Sadly, they haven’t
seen either side since. Melissa says: “We hope one day they’ll come
round — but, for now, we’re strong as a family.”
The pair have now moved to a new area, where they’ve made lots
of friends. And in April, Haley began taking hormones to develop
breasts, a higher-pitched voice and soften her facial hair. She says:
“’My breasts are already a size AA — I wear a bra.” Melissa adds:
“It’s so nice to see Haley happy in her body. We sometimes get
strange looks when we’re out, but most people treat us like a lesbian
couple.” Melissa adds: “We ask the kids to call Haley ‘Dee’ rather
than ‘Dad’ so she’s not outed in public, but they don’t mind.”
Last month, Haley began a hairdressing course. She says:
“Everyone’s so nice and, secretly, I’d always fancied it!”
Now Haley is planning to have an operation to create a vagina.
She says: “It’ll be such a relief and will improve our sex life.”
Melissa adds: “Everything will finally be right for both of us.
I can’t wait.”
28
Words and word combinations
●
appear
to make other people think that you are something
or feel something.
●
miss
to fail to notice or understand something
●
fancy
British informal to feel sexually attracted to
someone
●
dare
if you dare to do something, you are not afraid
to do it, even though it may be dangerous or
shocking or may cause trouble for you
●
reveal
to let something become known, for example
a secret or information that was previously not
known
●
upbringing
the way that parents look after their children and
teach them to behave
●
bombshell
an event or piece of news that is unexpected and
shocking
●
stun
to shock and surprise someone so much that they
cannot react immediately
●
dog collar
a white stiff round collar worn by priests in the
Christian church
●
quit
to leave a job or school permanently
●
solution
a way to solve a problem or to deal with a bad
situation
●
catch
informal old-fashioned someone who would be a
very suitable husband, wife, or partner
●
acceptable
considered by most people to be reasonable or to
be something that can be allowed
●
long
to want something very much
●
transgender
relating to transsexuals (a man who wants to
become a woman or a woman who wants to
become a man, or someone who has done this by
having an operation to change their sexual organs)
29
●
awkward
difficult to deal with and embarrassing
●
reassure
to make someone feel less worried about
something
●
overwhelming
much larger, stronger, more important etc than
anything else in a situation
●
denial
in psychology, a refusal to accept the unpleasant
truth about a situation or admit what you are
feeling
●
cope with sth
to deal successfully with a difficult situation or
job
●
freak out
to become or make you become so angry,
surprised, excited, or frightened that you cannot
control yourself
●
intercourse
the act of having sex, especially sex between a
man and woman in which the man puts his penis
inside the woman’s vagina.
●
lingerie
underwear and clothing to sleep in for women
●
parishioner
someone who lives in a particular parish and
regularly goes to church
●
come round
to change your opinion or decision because
someone has persuaded you to agree with them
Word study
Exercise 1. Match the term and its definition.
1
upbringing
a
an event or piece of news that is unexpected and shocking
2
parishioner
b
to change your opinion or decision because
someone has persuaded you to agree with
them
30
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3
come round
c
the way that parents look after their children and teach them to behave
4
stun
d
to feel sexually attracted to someone
5
overwhelming
e
to leave a job or school permanently
6
bombshell
f
someone who lives in a particular parish
and regularly goes to church
7
fancy
g
much larger, stronger, more important etc
than anything else in a situation
8
miss
h
to fail to notice or understand something
9
quit
i
a refusal to accept the unpleasant truth
about a situation or admit what you are
feeling
10 denial
j
to shock and surprise someone so much
that they cannot react immediately
Exercise 2. Give English equivalents for:
признаться в своих чувствах кому-либо, строгое воспитание
(2 вар.), ошеломить (2 вар.), сделать сенсационное заявление,
признаваться, говорить правду, решить проблему, выгодная партия для замужества (женитьбы), союз, заключенный на небесах,
похоронить свои чувства, не хотеть признавать очевидного, разобраться в своих чувствах, забеременеть, справиться с трудностями (проблемами), жить во лжи, раскрыться (о правде).
Exercise 3. Insert the missing words, using the active vocabulary
of the lesson.
1. My husband’s ...... was completely different from mine.
2. It was freezing outside, and Marcia ...... for a hot drink.
3. By the 1990s, it was becoming more ...... for women to work
in management.
4. The announcement of his resignation came as an absolute ....... .
31
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Mary refused ...... the contents of the document.
There was not much I could say ...... the poor girl.
I was not sure she’d ...... in the end.
On hearing the news Mr. Miles had the ...... desire to get up and
leave.
Lora wouldn’t ...... to argue with the boss, she is afraid to lose
her job.
The two leaders are working hard to find a peaceful ...... to the
conflict.
It was evident that she was still in ...... about her sister’s
death.
Samantha is sure that Steve ...... her.
All of them were ...... by the news.
Exercise 4. Find in the text synonyms for:
to worry, to come to light (2 syn.), painful, to solve a problem
(2 syn.), to wear, drop in, to go out on dates with smb., to yearn
(2 syn.); to abandon; be on good terms with sb, an opportunity
appeared, insurmountable, to believe, rigid (2 syn.), to stupefy, a
perfect match for sb.
Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English, using the active
vocabulary of the lesson.
1. Иногда очень трудно признаться в своих чувствах даже самому близкому человеку.
2. Порой строгое воспитание делает человека очень сдержанным и вынуждает прятать свои чувства от окружающих.
3. Когда премьер-министр объявил эту сенсационную новость, все были потрясены.
4. Эти молодые люди стали жить вместе после окончания
университета, через год девушка забеременела.
5. Супруги хорошо ладили между собой, однако им никак не
удавалось найти решения cвоих внутренних проблем.
32
6. Из-за этого признания пастор был вынужден покинуть
церковь.
7. Муж и жена пытались разобраться в своих чувствах и
справиться с психологическими трудностями семейной жизни.
8. Для обоих супругов было трудно жить во лжи, они мечтали изменить свою жизнь.
9. После долгих часов молчания и смятения, преступник, наконец, сознался и признал свою вину.
10. Ее решение потрясло всю семью, родственники были
ошеломлены и не хотели признавать очевидного.
Speaking practice
Exercise 6. Reproduce the situations from the text, in which the
words of exercises 2 and 4 are used.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Why has Melissa never dared to reveal her real feelings?
Was their family a happy one?
Why did a parishioner become suspicious of Henry?
Was it heartbreaking for him to leave the church? Why?
When was Henry forced to quit the church? Why?
What was the perfect solution for the couple?
Why did Melissa feel guilty?
How did the parents react to the new situation in the vicar’s
family?
Was it a wise decision to try for another baby?
When did Melissa realize that she felt differently about her
husband?
How did the pair explain all the changes to the children? What
was their reaction?
Why did they ask the kids to call Haley ‘Dee’?
What did Henry-Haley do to start a new life?
33
Exercise 8. Discuss in the group the following problems:
1. The pair even decided to try for another baby to solve their
inner problems. What do you think of such a way out?
2. Henry and Melissa haven’t seen either side since the day of
revelation, but they hope one day their relatives will come
round. What do you think about it?
3. Henry and Melissa asked the kids to call Haley ‘Dee’ rather
than ‘Dad’ so she’s not outed in public, but they didn’t mind.
The children didn’t mind because they were too young. What
would be their reaction in the future?
Exercise 9. Write an essay on the following topic:
Tolerance — a myth or reality?
For fun and profit
Exercise 10. Read the list of idioms and try to guess their
meaning.
There are many informal idioms which mean extremely
happy: I am thrilled to bits; I am/feel on top of the world; I am on
cloud nine; I’m over the moon; I’m in seventh heaven.
Other happiness idioms
Idiom
Meaning
Example
get a (real) kick out of very much enjoy doing I get a (real) kick out
something
something (informal)
of going for a run first
thing in the morning
before anyone else is
up.
34
do something for
kicks
do something because
it is exciting, usually
something dangerous
(informal)
Sandra is keen to
have a go at bungeejumping — just for
kicks.
jump for joy
be very happy
and excited about
something that has
happened
Rowena jumped for joy
when she heard that
she’d won first prize.
be floating/walking
on air
be very happy about
something good that
has happened
I’ve been walking on
air ever since Chris
and I started going out
together.
something makes
your day
something makes you
feel very happy
It’s great to hear from
you. It’s really made
my day.
Exercise 11. Combine the words in the box in order to make five
expressions meaning extremely happy. Use each word once only.
Bits cloud heaven in moon nine of on on over seventh the the
thrilled to top world
Exercise 12. Speak on the text.
35
UNIT 4
How to Recognize Depression
The normal ups and downs of life mean that everyone feels sad
or has “the blues” from time to time. But if emptiness and despair
have taken hold of your life and won’t go away, you may have
depression. Depression makes it tough to function and enjoy life like
you once did. Just getting through the day can be overwhelming. But
no matter how hopeless you feel, you can get better. Understanding
the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatment of depression is the first
step to overcoming the problem.
WHAT IS DEPRESSION?
Sadness or downswings in mood are normal reactions to life’s
struggles, setbacks, and disappointments. Many people use the word
“depression” to explain these kinds of feelings, but depression is
much more than just sadness.
Some people describe depression as “living in a black hole” or
having a feeling of impending doom. However, some depressed people
don’t feel sad at all — they may feel lifeless, empty, and apathetic, or
men in particular may even feel angry, aggressive, and restless.
Whatever the symptoms, depression is different from normal
sadness in that it engulfs your day-to-day life, interfering with
your ability to work, study, eat, sleep, and have fun. The feelings
of helplessness, hopelessness, and worthlessness are intense and
unrelenting, with little, if any, relief.
ARE YOU DEPRESSED?
If you identify with several of the following signs and symptoms,
and they just won’t go away, you may be suffering from clinical
depression.
36
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
you can’t sleep or you sleep too much
you can’t concentrate or find that previously easy tasks are
now difficult
you feel hopeless and helpless
you can’t control your negative thoughts, no matter how much
you try
you have lost your appetite or you can’t stop eating
you are much more irritable, short-tempered, or aggressive
than usual
you’re consuming more alcohol than normal or engaging in
other reckless behavior
you have thoughts that life is not worth living (seek help
immediately if this is the case)
DEPRESSION CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Some illnesses have a specific medical cause, making treatment
straightforward. If you have diabetes, you take insulin. If you
have appendicitis, you have surgery. Depression, however, is
more complicated. Depression is not just the result of a chemical
imbalance in the brain, and it’s not simply cured with medication.
Experts believe that depression is caused by a combination of
biological, psychological, and social factors. In other words, your
lifestyle choices, relationships, and coping skills matter just as
much — if not more so — than genetics. However, certain risk
factors make you more vulnerable to depression.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS FOR DEPRESSION
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Loneliness
Lack of social support
Recent stressful life experiences
Family history of depression
Marital or relationship problems
Financial strain
Early childhood trauma or abuse
Alcohol or drug abuse
37
●
●
Unemployment or underemployment
Health problems or chronic pain
THE CAUSE OF YOUR DEPRESSION HELPS
DETERMINE THE TREATMENT
Understanding the underlying cause of your depression may
help you overcome the problem. For example, if you are depressed
because of a dead end job, the best treatment might be finding a
more satisfying career, not taking an antidepressant. If you are new
to an area and feeling lonely and sad, finding new friends at work
or through a hobby will probably give you more of a mood boost
than going to therapy. In such cases, the depression is remedied by
changing the situation.
Just as the symptoms and causes of depression are different
in different people, so are the ways to feel better. What works for
one person might not work for another, and no one treatment is
appropriate in all cases. If you recognize the signs of depression
in yourself or a loved one, take some time to explore the many
treatment options. In most cases, the best approach involves a
combination of social support, lifestyle changes, emotional skills
building, and professional help.
HOW FAMILY AND FRIENDS CAN HELP THE DEPRESSED
PERSON
The most important thing anyone can do for the depressed person
is to help him or her get an appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
This may involve encouraging the individual to stay with treatment
until symptoms begin to abate (several weeks), or to seek different
treatment if no improvement occurs. On occasion, it may require
making an appointment and accompanying the depressed person
to the doctor. It may also mean monitoring whether the depressed
person is taking medication.
The depressed person should be encouraged to obey the doctor’s
orders about the use of alcoholic products while on medication. The
second most important thing is to offer emotional support. This
involves understanding, patience, affection, and encouragement.
38
Engage the depressed person in conversation and listen
carefully. Do not disparage feelings expressed, but point out
realities and offer hope. Do not ignore remarks about suicide.
Report them to the depressed person’s therapist. Invite the
depressed person for walks, outings, to the movies, and other
activities. Be gently insistent if your invitation is refused.
Encourage participation in some activities that once gave pleasure,
such as hobbies, sports, religious or cultural activities, but do not
push the depressed person to undertake too much too soon. The
depressed person needs diversion and company, but too many
demands can increase feelings of failure.
Do not accuse the depressed person of faking illness or of
laziness, or expect him or her “to snap out of it.” Eventually, with
treatment, most depressed people do get better. Keep that in mind,
and keep reassuring the depressed person that, with time and help,
he or she will feel better.
Words and word combinations
●
ups and downs
variety of situations and experiences that are
sometimes good and sometimes bad
●
the blues
a feeling of sadness and loss
●
despair
the feeling that a situation is so bad that nothing
you can do will change it
●
downswing
a reduction in economic or business activity
●
impending
an impending event or situation, especially an
unpleasant one, is one that will happen very soon
●
doom
a bad event, usually death, destruction, or
complete failure, that will happen in the future
and cannot be avoided
●
engulf
if a thought or emotion engulfs you, it controls
your thoughts or feelings
39
●
unrelenting
used about bad or extreme things that continue to
happen or exist without ever becoming easier to
deal with
●
irritable
likely to become easily annoyed or impatient
●
short-tempered
someone who is short-tempered becomes angry
very easily
●
reckless
not thinking about the possible bad effects of
your actions; She showed a reckless disregard for
her own safety.
●
abuse
cruel, violent, or unfair treatment, especially of
someone who does not have the power to prevent it
●
dead end job
a job that provides you with no chance of getting
a better job
●
abate
to gradually become less serious or extreme; The
fighting shows no sign of abating.
●
disparage
to say unpleasant things about someone or
something that show you have no respect for
them
●
diversion
something that is intended to take someone’s
attention away from something that you do not
want them to concentrate on or notice
●
snap out of it
to make an effort to stop being unhappy or upset
Word study
Exercise 1. Match the term and its definition.
1
irritable
a
not thinking about the possible bad effects
of your actions
2
abuse
b
to say unpleasant things about someone or
something that show you have no respect
for them
40
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3
reckless
c
variety of situations and experiences that
are sometimes good and sometimes bad
4
unrelenting
d
likely to become easily annoyed or
impatient
5
downswing
e
cruel, violent, or unfair treatment,
especially of someone who does not have
the power to prevent it
6
disparage
f
a feeling of sadness and loss
7
ups and downs
g
to gradually become less serious or
extreme
8
diversion
h
a reduction in economic or business
activity
9
abate
i
something that is intended to take
someone’s attention away from something
that you do not want them to concentrate
on or notice
10 the blues
j
used about bad or extreme things that
continue to happen or exist without ever
becoming easier to deal with
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise 2. Give еnglish equivalents for:
превратности судьбы, быть в плохом настроении (хандрить), преодолеть проблему, перепады настроения, потерпеть
неудачу, обреченность, напряженная / неослабевающая борьба,
почувствовать облегчение, дисбаланс в мозгу, навыки преодоления трудностей, восприимчивый к болезням, употребление
наркотиков, алкогольная зависимость, насилие в отношении
детей, безработица / частичная безработица, истинная причина,
бесперспективная работа, улучшение настроения, отступать (о
болезни), назначать встречу, проходить курс лечения, следовать
41
предписаниям врача, принимать лекарства, брать на себя слишком много, мнимое заболевание, избавиться от привычки.
Exercise 3. Insert the missing words, using the active vocabulary
of the lesson.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
...... she phoned to the hospital.
Mary was depressed, we couldn’t just tell her ...... .
Physical ...... was too common in that family.
He was clever enough to predict ...... for any country that did
not act immediately.
They were ...... by the feeling of panic.
The fund has had its share of ...... , but now it is doing well.
She was unaware of the ...... disaster.
Sam had “......” from time to time, but we couldn’t control his
negative thoughts.
His ...... caused a depression, but unemployment rate gave him
no chance to change his life.
Health problems and chronic pain made him ...... and
aggressive.
Exercise 4. Find in the text synonyms for:
vacuum, desperation, get control over sb / sth, hard, insurmountable, cure / to cure, inanimate, indifferent, nervous, to absorb,
good-for-nothing, strong, lacking self-control (2 syn.), irresponsible,
direct, complex, matrimonial, stress, injury, suitable, to study, to
support, to look for, to happen, sometimes, to demand, to supervise,
love, to humiliate, to pay attention to sth, to let sb know, walk,
persistent, entertainment, to convince.
Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English, using the active
vocabulary of the lesson.
1. Порой превратности судьбы нас приводят в плохое настроение, мы страдаем перепадами настроениями, если не уда42
ется быстро преодолеть проблему. Если мы часто терпим неудачи, то возникает чувство обреченности от напряженной борьбы
за успех, который так долго не приходит.
2. Порой может наступить некоторый дисбаланс в мозгу от
отсутствия навыка преодоления трудностей. Однако, если вовремя не обрести внутреннюю гармонию и если не удается почувствовать облегчение, то человек становится очень уязвимым,
восприимчивым к болезням, со временем у него могут возникнуть более серьезные проблемы, такие как: алкогольная или
наркотическая зависимости.
3. Социальные проблемы часто приводят к трудностям в
семейной жизни, к насилию в отношении детей. Безработица
порой является истинной причиной депрессии. Бесперспективная работа также не способствует улучшению настроения.
Однако, если вовремя начать курс лечения, следовать предписаниям врача, регулярно принимать лекарства, то болезнь отступит.
4. Один совет окружающим: не надо считать, что депрессия — это мнимое заболевание, не стоит брать на себя слишком
много и утверждать, что от этого заболевания можно избавиться, как от дурной привычки.
Speaking practice
Exercise 6. Reproduce the situations from the text, in which the
words of exercises 2 and 4 are used.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1. What do the normal ups and downs of life mean?
2. What is the first step to overcoming any problem according to
the text? Do you agree with the author?
3. Do all depressed people feel sad and helpless?
43
4. What symptoms are typical for the so-called “normal
sadness”?
5. Why is it so important to seek help immediately if one has
thoughts that life is not worth living?
6. What do experts say about factors which cause depression?
7. Is it possible to remedy the depression by changing the
situation? Why or why not?
8. What is the best approach to treatment appropriate in all cases
of clinical depression?
9. What “emotional support” is? Is it really important?
10. What should we keep in mind dealing with any depressed
person?
Exercise 8. Discuss in the group the following problems:
1. Are “sadness” and “downswing” synonyms for depression? If
not, explain the difference.
2. How can you identify clinical depression? List and comment
on the main signs and symptoms.
3. Depression is just the result of a chemical imbalance in the
brain, isn’t it?
4. Read the list of causes and risk factors for depression. Can you
add anything else?
Exercise 9. Write an essay on the following topic:
My best way of treating a depressed person.
For fun and profit
Exercise 10. Read the list of idioms and try to guess their
meaning.
44
FEELING SAD AND UPSET
Dear Good Life,
My grandmother died six months ago and I’ve felt desperately sad
and deeply depressed ever since. Is this normal for a 26-year-old?
David Reed
Dear Good Life,
I felt a great sadness when I had to say goodbye to my friends at
the end of our three years in university. The farewell party was such
a sad occasion. What can I do? My life feels empty without them.
Jo Hart
Dear Good Life,
I was bitterly disappointed recently when a friend let me
down badly. How can I express my disappointment to her without
appearing silly or childish? I’m not very good at showing my feelings.
Yolanda Reed
Dear Good Life,
I failed an exam recently and it was a huge disappointment to
me. Now I’m feeling increasingly anxious that I’ll fail the next one.
In fact I’m worried sick. What should I do?
David Wright
Exercise 11. How many words meaning very or extremely can you
remember from the previous texts? Use them instead of very or
extremely in these sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I was very disappointed. (give two answers)
Jess is a very emotional individual.
She felt extremely sad.
Her childhood was extremely happy.
I was extremely worried.
She felt very depressed.
Exercise 12. Speak on the text.
45
UNIT 5
The Lucifer Effect
Philip George Zimbardo (born March 23, 1933) is a psychologist
and a professor emeritus at Stanford University. He is president of
the Heroic Imagination Project. He is known for his Stanford prison
study and authorship of various introductory psychology books and
textbooks for college students, including The Lucifer Effect and The
Time Paradox.
Zimbardo was born in New York City on March 23, 1933,
from a family of Sicilian immigrants. He completed his BA with
a triple major in psychology, sociology, and anthropology from
Brooklyn College in 1954, where he graduated summa cum laude.
He completed his M.S. (1955) and Ph.D (1959) in psychology from
Yale University, where Neal E. Miller was his advisor. He taught at
Yale from 1959 to 1960. From 1960 to 1967, he was a professor of
psychology at New York University. From 1967 to 1968, he taught
at Columbia University. He joined the faculty at Stanford University
in 1968.
The Lucifer Effect, by Philip Zimbardo, gets its title from
the metamorphosis of Lucifer into Satan. According to the Old
Testament of the Bible, Lucifer was once God’s favorite angel
until he challenged God’s authority and was cast into Hell with all
the other fallen angels. Thus Zimbardo derives this title to explain
how good people turn evil. Zimbardo’s main assumption on why
good people do awful things is due to situational influences and
power given from authority (see Prison Study for situational
influence experiment). The Lucifer Effect was written in response
to his findings in the Stanford Prison Experiment. Zimbardo feels
that personality characteristics could play a role in how violent
46
or submissive actions are manifested. In the book, Zimbardo
conveys a message that humans cannot be defined as “good” or
“evil” because we have the ability to act as both especially at the
hand of the situation. Taken from The Lucifer Effect, Zimbardo
reveals, “Good people can be induced, seduced, and initiated into
behaving in evil ways. They can also be led to act in irrational,
stupid, self-destructive, antisocial, and mindless ways when they
are immersed in “total situations” that impact human nature in
ways that challenge our sense of the stability and consistency
of individual personality, of character, and of morality.” He also
notes that we as humans wish to believe in unchanging goodness
of people and our power to resist situational and external pressures
and temptations. In chapter 12, Investigating Social Dynamics:
Power, Conformity, and Obedience, Zimbardo discusses that peer
pressure, the desire to be “cool”, the fear of rejection, and simply
being a part of a group are the focal points to acting preposterous
to your character. In The Journal of the American Medical
Association, Zimbardo’s situational perspective received support
from other social situational experiments that demonstrated the
same idea and concept. Almost ten years prior to the Stanford
Prison Experiment (1972), Stanley Milgram conducted research
on obedient behavior in 1965 that embraced situational forces.
Milgram had “teachers” that delivered mock electric shocks to
the “learner” for every wrong answer that was given in a multiple
choice test. The teachers however did not know that the electric
shocks weren’t real but still continued to deliver them to the
learner. At the end of the experiment, 65% of men ages 20—
50 complied fully up to the very last voltage. In the same room as
the “teacher” there was a “confederate” that always kept tabs on
the teacher and if they were delivering the shocks to each wrong
answer. In the beginning of the study, participants signed a waver
that clearly explained the ability to opt-out of the experiment
and not deliver the shocks. But with the surprising result rate
of teachers who did continue to shock the learners, there was a
situational force. The situational force that influenced the teachers
47
to continue was the voice of the confederate egging them on by
phrases such as, “I advise you to continue with this experiment”
or “I am telling you to continue delivering the shocks” and the
one that caught most teachers was “You must continue with the
shocks.” Although the teachers knew that they could leave the
experiment at any point in time, they still continued when they
felt uncomfortable because of the confederate’s voice demanding
to proceed. Both Milgram and Zimbardo’s experiment tested
situational forces on an individual. Both results concluded that
irrational behavior compared to one’s character is plausible for
any human because we have both tendencies in our nature.
Words and word combinations
the Old
Testament
the first part of the Christian Bible (about the time
before Jesus Christ was born)
●
challenge
to question whether something is true, accurate,
or legal
●
cast
to throw someone or something somewhere
●
derive
to have something as an origin (derive from)
●
assumption
something that you consider likely to be true
even though no one has told you directly or even
though you have no proof
●
violent
involving the use of physical force, with the
deliberate intention of causing damage to property
or injury or death to people
●
submissive
willing to do what other people tell you to do
without arguing
●
induce
to cause something, especially a mental or
physical change
●
48
●
seduce
to persuade someone to do something by making
it seem easy or exciting
●
initiate into
to introduce someone to a skill, subject, or activity
and teach them about something
immersed in
something
if you are immersed in something, you spend most
of your time doing it or thinking about it
●
temptation
a strong feeling of wanting to have or to do
something, especially something that is bad for
you (temptation to do something)
●
conformity
behaviour that is acceptable because it is similar
to the behaviour of everyone else
●
obedience
the practice of doing what someone tells you to
do, or of obeying a law or rule
●
rejection
the feeling that someone does not love or want
you
●
focal
of major importance
●
preposterous
extremely unreasonable or silly
●
obedient
doing what a person, law, or rule says that you
must do
●
mock
not real but intended to look or seem real
●
comply
to obey a rule or law, or to do what someone asks
you to do
●
confederate
someone who works with you to achieve
something, often something secret or illegal
●
tab
a part that sticks out of something and that you
can pull in order to make something happen
●
egg on
to encourage someone to do something that they
should not do
●
plausible
likely to be true
●
49
Word study
Exercise 1. Match the term and its definition.
1
violent
a
behaviour that is acceptable because it is
similar to the behaviour of everyone else
2
plausible
b
willing to do what other people tell you to
do without arguing
3
mock
c
to question whether something is true, accurate, or legal
4
conformity
d
likely to be true
5
submissive
e
not real but intended to look or seem real
6
challenge
f
involving the use of physical force, with
the deliberate intention of causing damage
to property or injury or death to people
7
preposterous
g
of major importance
8
focal
h
a strong feeling of wanting to have or to do
something, especially something that is bad
for you
9
temptation
i
the feeling that someone does not love or
want you
j
extremely unreasonable or silly
10 rejection
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise 2. Give English equivalents for:
почетный профессор, окончить с отличием, получить степень бакалавра психологии, получить степень магистра линг50
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вистики, защитить диссертацию по социологии в каком-либо
университете, научный руководитель, проводить исследование по какой-либо теме, гипотеза, это исследование охватывает широкий круг вопросов, получать свое название от..., вести
свое происхождение от ..., в ответ на ваше письмо, передавать
сообщение, давление со стороны членов своего круга (в особенности, сверстников, одноклассников, однокурсников, одногруппников), следить за кем-либо, подстрекать к неповиновению.
Exercise 3. Insert the missing words, using the active vocabulary
of the lesson.
1. ...... to go to the fancy dress party was so great, but Flora stayed
at home.
2. Each year they stage a ...... battle to entertain tourists.
3. The coach demands total ...... from the team.
4. Patriotism is ...... theme of the show.
5. Lora ...... into a world of luxury and hypocrisy.
6. Mrs. Smith was a meek and ...... woman.
7. The boys stood in a little group disciplined and ....... .
8. She’d never have stolen the ring if he hadn’t ....... .
9. The idea of sending this letter is ....... .
10. We hoped our work would ...... at least any changes in the
project.
11. If you don’t ...... you could face a penalty of £200.
12. Lots of teenagers experience failure and ...... at school.
Exercise 4. Find in the text synonyms for:
to question, to throw, ill-boding, timid, to cause sth, to tempt,
to begin, absurd, silly (2 syn.), to be absorbed, influence, attraction,
similarity, submission, absurd, to contain, sham, accomplice, to
hesitate, to avoid, to incite (to), probable.
51
Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English, using the active
vocabulary of the lesson.
1. Несмотря ни на что, ему удалось устоять перед соблазном.
2. Ее сумочка была сделана из искусственной крокодиловой
кожи.
3. Он требовал слепой покорности от своих подчиненных.
4. Главной темой совещания стал рост цен на жилье.
5. Кто стал для вас первым человеком, посвятившим вас в
тайны музыки и театра?
6. Она была робкой и покорной женщиной, что порой приводило ее мужа в ярость.
7. Он все время подстрекал класс к неповиновению.
8. Это роскошное платье выглядит нелепо в данных обстоятельствах.
9. Страх быть отвергнутым сообществом может спровоцировать у подростков несвойственное им поведение. Давление
со стороны одноклассников — также одна из самых вероятных
причин к изменению в поведении школьников.
10. Я не осмеливаюсь ставить под сомнение разумность этого шага в качестве временной меры.
Speaking practice
Exercise 6. Reproduce the situations from the text, in which the
words of exercises 2 and 4 are used.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What do you know about Philip George Zimbardo?
What fact does the Lucifer Effect get its title from?
What is Zimbardo’s main assumption?
What can influence human behavior?
52
5. What are the focal points to acting preposterous to your
character?
6. What other psychological research did Zimbardo conduct?
How could it influence his further works?
7. What other research on human behavior do you know? How
would you interprete their results?
8. What conclusion can we reach on reading Zimbardo`s works?
Exercise 8. Discuss in the group the following problems:
1. Other famous psychologists and their researches.
2. The impact of psychological studies on our life.
Exercise 9. Write an essay on the following topic:
Any human being is a combination of good and evil.
For fun and profit
Exercise 10. Read the list of idioms and try to guess their
meaning.
FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS
There is mounting [growing] anger over the new tax, along with
widespread condemnation of it [a lot of people in many different
places have condemned it]. It has especially aroused feelings of
resentment among professional people.
I lost my temper and was seething with anger when she called
me an idiot. [I suddenly became very angry]
Divorce is a highly emotional experience for all those involved.
It’s hard not to give a pure emotional response. The emotional
involvement of both parties is intense, and the emotional impact on
children is huge [these are rather formal collocations].
53
Jack was an emotional wreck [informal: in a bad emotional
state] after his girlfriend finished with him.
Exercise 11. Improve the style of these e-mails by replacing the
underlined words with collocations from the previous texts.
1. Dear James,
I have to tell you that there is general condemnation and growing
anger over the news that the company pension scheme is to be closed
down. The issue has brought out strong feelings among the staff.
I am personally becoming more and more anxious that the situation
might get out of control, and ask you to act immediately.
With best wishes,
Joanne Withers
Staff representative
2. Dear Joanne,
I too am full of anger over this pension question. I tried to show
my disappointment over it to the Board, but they simply dismissed
the issue and that just made me extremely angry. I feel very let
down. I shall continue to do what I can.
Yours sincerely,
James Horgan (Resource Manager)
Exercise 12. Speak on the text.
54
UNIT 6
Why Do People Lie? How to Recognize a Lie
Being lied to is no fun, especially if you had no idea that you
were being lied to. The fact of the matter is that not everyone is
going to tell you the truth. If you pay close attention to a person’s
body language and the details of what they are saying, you can
recognize a lie. Once you become really good at, you may end up
uncovering more truth than you can handle!
BODY LANGUAGE AND LYING
One of the telltale signs when someone is lying is where they are
looking. The eyes can give an inexperienced liar away. We all know
that when someone isn’t looking you in the eye when they are telling
you something, they are probably lying. Since this is such common
knowledge, some “good liars” will stare directly in your eyes when
telling a lie. If you feel that they are staring you down, this may also
mean that they are lying.
If you don’t know someone well it is easier for him or her to
lie to you, because you might not know his or her nervous habits.
Anything like twitching, tapping, fidgeting, shaking, and any
otherwise nervous-like movements could signal that they are lying
to you.
Maybe they are just nervous, but the question is, why.
Nervous habits or sudden changes of physical behaviour can
signal dishonesty.
Sometimes people will sweat, clinch their jaws tight, scratch,
or pace. Any sudden change in their physical behavior could sig55
nal dishonesty. A change in the pitch of their voice or slower
or faster speech than usual can indicate that they are hiding
something.
The physical change is the easiest way to recognize a lie, but
there are still other ways to find out if someone is telling the truth or
not.
DETAILS, DETAILS
Listen carefully. Often when people are lying they leave out
details. Ask for them. Asking questions is the best way to investigate.
Pay close attention to what they say and try to determine whether or
not everything adds up. Inconsistencies mean that all or part of what
they are telling you is not true.
The best way to find out if they are lying is to accept their story,
and remember the details of what they told you for a few days. Then,
go ask them to tell you the story again. You may be surprised at how
the story changes, or that they “forgot” to add a certain detail that
conveniently ties their story together.
OTHER SIGNS OF DISHONESTY
“Don’t you trust me?” Haven’t we all heard that one?
Answering questions with a question, changing the subject, and
otherwise avoiding giving you a straight answer is a sure sign
that they are hiding something. If they refuse to answer, or if they
use stalling tactics like, “what do you mean” when your question
is clear, they are trying to think of a quick lie to satisfy your
curiosity.
Extreme defensiveness clearly means that they don’t want you to
know something.
Hopefully, there aren’t too many “good liars” out there, and these
tips will help you to recognize when someone is lying. It might take
time for you to learn how to detect lies, but you will get the hang of
it eventually.
56
Words and word combinations
telltale signs of
something
obvious signs that it exists or it has happened
●
stare
to look at someone or something very directly for
a long time
●
twitch
to make a sudden short movement
●
tap
to touch someone or something gently and to
move them slightly, or to make a soft knocking
sound
●
fidget
to keep making small quick movements with parts
of your body because you are bored, nervous, or
impatient
●
sweat
to produce liquid on the surface of your skin when
you are hot, nervous, or ill
●
clinch
to manage to win or achieve something by doing
one final thing that makes it certain (clinch a
victory/game/deal)
●
jaw
the lower part of your face that includes your chin
and your bottom teeth
●
scratch
to pull your nails along your skin, especially
because you have an itch that makes you want to
do this
●
pace
to walk with regular steps around a small area,
because you are worried, nervous, or impatient
●
pitch
the high or low quality of a sound
●
add up
if a set of facts does not add up, you do not
believe it is correct because it does not match
other information that you already have
●
get the hang of
to learn a skill or activity
●
57
Word study
Exercise 1. Match the term and its definition.
1
scratch
a
to produce liquid on the surface of your
skin when you are hot, nervous, or ill
2
pitch
b
if a set of facts does not add up, you do
not believe it is correct because it does not
match other information that you already
have
3
sweat
c
to keep making small quick movements
with parts of your body because you are
bored, nervous, or impatient
4
stare
d
to pull your nails along your skin,
especially because you have an itch that
makes you want to do this
5
tap
e
to walk with regular steps around a small
area, because you are worried, nervous, or
impatient
6
fidget
f
the lower part of your face that includes
your chin and your bottom teeth
7
clinch
g
to look at someone or something very
directly for a long time
8
jaw
h
the high or low quality of a sound
9
add up
i
to manage to win or achieve something by
doing one final thing that makes it certain
j
to touch someone or something gently and
to move them slightly, or to make a soft
knocking sound
10 pace
1
2
3
4
5
6
58
7
8
9
10
Exercise 2. Give English equivalents for:
уделять пристальное внимание кому-л. / чему-л., быть способным к чему-л., выдавать секрет, смотреть в глаза, общеизвестный факт, смутить кого-л. взглядом, дергаться, проявлять
нетерпение / беспокойство, нервозные движения, стиснуть челюсти, чесаться, высота (тона), узнать правду, опускать детали,
стыковаться (о фактах), «связывать» историю в единое целое,
тянуть время (оттягивать неизбежное), удовлетворять чье-л.
любопытство, защитное / оборонительное поведение, «набить
руку» (наловчиться).
Exercise 3. Insert the missing words, using the active vocabulary
of the lesson.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
As an actor he was trained to lower the ...... of his voice.
He suffered a broken ...... in the accident.
Sam asked me to ...... another code into the computer.
I was sure there was something about the case that just
didn’t ...... .
She was ...... restlessly around the office as she talked to
me.
She noticed that one of the curtains ...... slightly.
Skiing is not very tiring, once you ...... it.
James lifted his head and ...... at her.
She could feel the palms of her hands ...... .
They knew that Tom would ...... the victory.
Exercise 4. Find in the text synonyms for:
to identify, to finish, to disclose, to cope with sth, gossip,
unpracticed, to gaze, to knock, falsity, to perspire, to walk up and
down, to analyze, to define, contradictoriness, easily, utmost, advice,
to reveal, in the end.
59
Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English, using the active
vocabulary of the lesson.
1. Общеизвестен тот факт, что немногие люди способны
стать «образцовыми лжецами». Для этого нужно обладать многими психологическими качествами, а также нужно уделять пристальное внимание «технологиям» вранья. Профессиональным
лжецам, чтобы не выдать своих секретов, необходимо многое
уметь, а именно: не просто смотреть в глаза собеседника, а быть
готовым к его/ее твердому взгляду и не смутиться. Также важно
уметь контролировать такие нервозные движения, как: дергание,
стискивание челюстей, почесывание, смена тональности голоса.
2. Понятно, что если вы хотите узнать правду и зададитесь такой целью, то вы сможете добиться того, что лжец начнет проявлять
беспокойство, станет опускать детали, факты в его рассказе перестанут «стыковываться», и вся история потеряет свою целостность.
3. Даже если лжец «тянет время» и не спешит удовлетворять
ваше любопытство, наберитесь терпения: используя наши простые советы, в конце концов, вы сможете его «распознать», несмотря на все его оборонительное поведение.
4. Если вы приложите усилия, то сможете идентифицировать признаки нечестности собеседника, и, в конце концов, так
наловчитесь в этом процессе, что сможете даже давать советы
«неопытным» людям.
Speaking practice
Exercise 6. Reproduce the situations from the text, in which the
words of exercise 2 and 4 are used.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1. Is it possible to recognize a lie?
2. Why is it important to pay close attention to a person’s body
language during a conversation?
60
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3. What can give an inexperienced liar away?
4. What the so-called nervous habits do you know? What do they
mean?
5. And what about sudden changes of physical behavior? Do
they signal anything?
6. According to the text, details are very important? Why? Give
your own examples.
7. What is the best way to find out if the person is lying?
8. Is a refuse to answer a sure sign that one is hiding something?
9. What does extreme defensiveness clearly mean?
Exercise 8. Discuss in the group the following problems:
1. Are there any “good liars” among your friends? Are you “an
inexperienced” or “a good” liar?
2. Do you know any other ways to recognize a lie?
3. You’ve learnt many ways of how to detect lies. What is the
most effective one?
Exercise 9. Write an essay on the following topic:
White lie: pros and cons.
For fun and profit
Exercise 10. Read the list of idioms and try to guess their
meaning.
Human relationships: Difficult relationships
Idiom
Meaning
be at loggerheads (of disagree strongly with
two people or groups) each other
61
Example
The council and
local residents are at
loggerheads over the
plans for a new car park.
be (talking) at crosspurposes (of two
people or groups)
not understand each
other because they
are trying to do or say
different things
We’re talking at
cross-purposes. I was
referring to my brother
and you’re talking
about my father.
have it in for someone be determined to
criticise or harm
someone
I can’t understand
why he has it in for
me — I’ve never done
anything to harm him.
have it out with
someone
talk to someone about
something they have
done in order to solve
the problem
I can’t take Ben’s
selfishness any
longer — I’m going to
have it out with him
this evening.
rub someone up the
wrong way
irritate someone
She seems to always
rub her boss up the
wrong way.
two-time someone
have a romantic or
sexual relationship
with two people at the
same time
She refused to believe
he was two-timing her
until she saw him with
another girl.
keep someone/
something at bay
prevent someone/
something from
coming near or
harming you
So far this year, I’ve
managed to keep the
flu at bay.
keep yourself to
yourself
Prefer to be on your
own and avoid talking
with or doing things
with other people
Judy seems nice. But
she keeps herself to
herself, so I don’t know
much about her.
Exercise 11. Choose the correct answer.
1. The neighbour’s pet rat is supposed to be friendly, but I’d
rather ...
a) not keep in touch with him
b) keep him at bay
62
2. The union and management have been ... ever since management
proposed issuing new contracts.
a) at loggerheads
b) at cross-purposes
3. If you feel so strongly that he is wrong, wouldn’t it be better
to ... ?
a) have it in for him
b) have it out with him
4. Her habit of finishing every sentence of mine really ... .
a) rubs me up the wrong way
b) makes it up to me
5. Why don’t you ... with my aunt when you go to New York?
a) get on like a house on fire
b) get in touch
Exercise 12. Speak on the text.
63
UNIT 7
Body language
Before one starts learning this interesting and thrilling issue, he/
she should get rid of such prejudices, like nearly all people have,
for example: the idea that all women are chatter-boxes, or that men
refrain from touching other people. Now it is high time to come
up to one of the most mysterious languages in the world — body
language.
First of all let’s speak about gestures of domination for men.
Imagine the situation: a man — employer interviews a woman that
applies for the job, he is constantly bending brows and even doesn’t
look at his applicant, making the lady think she won’t get this
position; but in a couple of hours he will phone her and inform that
she is accepted. What is the secret? Why do people sometimes try to
mislead their interlocutors by wrong gestures and body movements?
The good knowing of body language will save you from mistakes
and misunderstandings. Sometimes the interlocutor wants to secure
himself from offences or even worse disappointments in this way.
PERSONAL SPACE AND BODY POSITION
When a man places himself in the room, he wants to show his
dominating position, that is why he occupies more space when he
stands or sits; sometimes he sits, spreading out his legs. During the
conversation he fidgets and changes the body position more often
than a woman does. Also he usually prefers to stay distantly from
the interlocutor, so that to observe and control the situation; while
listening he prefers to recline. When he talks and stands, he prefers
to come closer to a speaker, sometimes penetrating into personal
space and confirming his predominating position.
64
ARM MOVEMENTS
Men’s arm movements are usually more brisk and angular; they
keep their fingers together, or, on the contrary, point their fingers to
an opponent. Men’s facial gestures are more reserved and express
less warmth.
Women’s gestures are lighter and more flexible. During the
conversation women bend to a speaker, while men bend the head
to the side. All these signs show the positive atmosphere of the
conversation, but if the situation is negative, a man is likely to look
more steadily at the interlocutor, and a woman will remove her eyes.
SPEECH AND INTONATION OF MEN AND WOMEN
According to the researches made, monologues are more typical
for men. Moreover, men prefer using strict and direct formulations,
they are less talkative then women, they will hardly use such elegant
phrases like “it would be extremely kind of you”, “it was incredible”,
“we have spent unforgettable evening” and so on. They hardly ever
use the phrases like “I hope” or “I feel like”. Such phrases like
“always”, “never”, “nobody”, “everybody”, “all” are more common
for male lexicon. Men would rather not raise intonation at the end of
the phrase. Even their requests look more like commands. Men use
slang expressions and strong language oftener, than the weaker sex.
Their sounds are more loud and brisk, but more monotonous, than
sounds in female speech.
HOW WE ACT
Men rarely pay compliments, but joke more; women, on the
contrary, make compliments to the interlocutor, but will hardly
joke. Men adore speaking about their achievements and successes.
Women are not fond of speaking much about their abilities, and this
behavior can be frequently treated by man as a lack or even absence
of talents. Men are more skeptical. Women bear spite longer and
burst into tears oftener, if they are offended; men, on the contrary,
begin to shout and raise their voice. In the course of debates a
woman would appellate to her past experience, while a man would
65
keep his mind on present problem. After the quarrel women usually
apologize, though they don’t concede, but simply regret about the
quarrel. Women are more sensitive than men, and can be easily hurt
by rude and impolite words. Men face difficulties, while speaking
about their inner feelings.
All above-listed facts lead roots from difference in process
of girls’/boys’ upbringing. Problem in communication is nothing
more but typical behavior for the representatives of this or that sex.
Considering this, one may avoid quarrels and unpleasant situations
in the future.
Words and word combinations
●
prejudice
an unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially the
feeling of not liking a particular group of people
●
chatter-box
someone who talks a lot
●
refrain from
to stop yourself from doing something
●
applicant
someone who applies for something, such as a
job or a loan of money
●
interlocutor
someone who you are having a conversation with
●
fidget
to keep making small quick movements with
parts of your body because you are bored,
nervous, or impatient
●
recline
to lie or lean in a comfortable position with your
back supported by something
●
brisk
moving or acting quickly
●
angular
an angular part of your body is not covered by
much flesh so that you can see the shape of the
bones
●
flexible
able to make changes or deal with a situation that
is changing
66
●
spite
a feeling of wanting to upset someone or cause
problems for them, especially because you think
something is unfair
●
roots (plural)
the origins or background of something
Word study
Exercise 1. Match the term and its definition.
1
spite
a
moving or acting quickly
2
flexible
b
the origins or background of something
3
brisk
c
to lie or lean in a comfortable position with
your back supported by something
4
fidget
d
a feeling of wanting to upset someone
or cause problems for them, especially
because you think something is unfair
5
roots
e
someone who applies for something, such
as a job or a loan of money
6
prejudice
f
to stop yourself from doing something
7
applicant
g
someone who you are having a
conversation with
8
refrain from
h
able to make changes or deal with a
situation that is changing
9
interlocutor
i
an unreasonable opinion or feeling,
especially the feeling of not liking a
particular group of people
j
to keep making small quick movements
with parts of your body because you are
bored, nervous, or impatient
10 recline
1
2
3
4
5
6
67
7
8
9
10
Exercise 2. Give English equivalents for:
избавиться от чего-л., предубеждение, удержать себя от
чего-л., наниматься на работу, собеседник, вытянуть ноги, облокотиться, главенствующая роль, личное пространство, отрывистое движение, мимика, отводить глаза, проводить исследование, бранные слова, делать комплимент, наоборот, таить обиду,
расплакаться, повышать голос, апеллировать к своему прошлому, сосредоточить свое внимание на чем-л., чувствительный/
разумный, сталкиваться с трудностями, внутренние чувства,
выше упомянутые факты, иметь корни, воспитывать ребенка /
воспитание.
Exercise 3. Insert the missing words, using the active vocabulary
of the lesson.
1. He ...... in the arm-chair ready for a long but not pleasant
conversation.
2. Teachers should use more ...... approach to teenagers.
3. What are the historical roots of this long-term conflict?
4. We liked the idea of going for a ...... walk in the park.
5. All the ...... were notified by telephone and e-mail.
6. It took decades to overcome ...... against women in politics.
7. She realized at once that a tall man with an ...... face was the
so called Mr. D.
8. Please ...... from smoking in this area.
9. He usually preferred to control the situation and to stay distantly
from the ..... .
10. It’s not true that all women are ...... .
Exercise 4. Find in the text synonyms for:
exciting, windbag, enigmatic, to frown, candidate, to deceive,
disagreement, to save sb from sth, insult, vexation, main, to worry,
remotely, to supervise, to enter into, awkward, to indicate, secretive,
68
to gaze at, exacting, glib, demand, success, altercation, to yield,
rough, disagreeable.
Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English, using the active
vocabulary of the lesson.
1. Мужчинам следует избавиться от предубеждения, что
все женщины — болтушки. Порой женщинам, действительно,
трудно удержаться от разговора с кем-либо на интересующую
ее тему. Мужчине следует быть терпимым к этой особенности
женской психики, не следует повышать голос или использовать
бранные слова, чтобы прекратить затянувшуюся беседу, так как
женщина, если ее прервать, может расплакаться или затаить
обиду. В то время как, если она обговорит проблему до конца,
то, возможно, в ходе обсуждения вопроса будет найдено его решение.
2. Мы не оспариваем главенствующую роль мужчины в современном обществе. Однако, если мы затрагиваем эту проблему, проводя соответствующие психологические исследования,
то мы сталкиваемся с рядом интересных фактов. Многие причины различий в мужском и женском статусе в обществе вытекают не только из-за разницы в воспитании, но из-за разницы в
психологии.
3. Разница в мужской и женской психологии выражается и в
разном поведении. Мужчины и женщины по-разному ведут себя
во время интервью, когда они нанимаются на работу. Они совершенно по-разному реагируют на реплики собеседника. Они
даже отличаются по своим манерам передвижения. Мужчины
любят вытянуть ноги, сидя, или облокотиться, стоя. Мужчинам
присущи более отрывистые движения, но менее выразительная
мимика, они реже отводят глаза от собеседника. Мужчины и
женщины совершенно по-разному реагируют на попытки нарушить их личное пространство.
4. При построении отношений следует учитывать особенности представителей каждого пола. Не нужно требовать
69
от мужчин, чтобы они часто делали комплименты. Женщины более чувствительны, они все время апеллируют к своему
прошлому опыту, в то время как мужчины более разумны и в
большей степени сосредоточены на текущих проблемах, чем
на воспоминаниях о прошлом, пусть и очень приятных. Все
вышеупомянутые факты говорят о том, что, если с уважением
относиться к чувствам всех, то можно достичь гармонии в отношениях.
Speaking practice
Exercise 6. Reproduce the situations from the text, in which the
words of exercise 2 and 4 are used.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1. What prejudices should one get rid of before reading the
text?
2. Why are gestures of domination so important for men? Do
they use them to secure themselves?
3. In what way does a mаn show his dominating position in the
room? How does he confirm his predominating position during a conversation?
4. What is so special about women’s gestures?
5. During the conversation a mаn looks steadily at the interlocutor. Is the atmosphere of the conversation positive or negative?
6. What conversational formulations are typical for women?
What about men?
7. Men use slang expressions and strong language oftener, than
the weaker sex, do they?
8. What do men treat as a lack or absence of talents? Why?
9. Who usually apologizes after the quarrel?
70
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Exercise 8. Discuss in the group the following problems:
1. Body language is considered to be one of the most mysterious
languages in the world.
2. Do you agree that it is possible to mislead our interlocutors by
wrong gestures and body movements?
3. What can save people from mistakes and misunderstandings?
4. Are there any situations in everyday life when men prefer not
to face difficulties? Give some examples.
5. What helps people of different status, age and sex to avoid
quarrels and unpleasant situations?
Exercise 9. Write an essay on the following topic:
А man / a woman of my dream.
For fun and profit
Exercise 10. Read the list of idioms and try to guess their
meaning.
Friendship
Collocation
Example
Comment
make friends
When you go to
university you will make
a lot of new friends.
NOT find friends (a
common student error)
strike up a
friendship
Jack struck up a
friendship with a girl he
met on holiday.
= start a friendship
form / develop a
friendship
Juliet formed a lasting
NOT make a friendship
friendship with the boy
she sat next to at primary
school.
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cement/spoil a
friendship
Spending several weeks cement = strengthen
on holiday together has
spoil = have a bad effect
cemented their friendship. on
a friendship
grows
We were at school
together, but our
friendship grew after
we’d left school.
close / special
friends
mutual friends
I’m glad that our children mutual friends = friends
are such close friends,
that you share with
aren’t you?
someone else
a casual
acquaintance
I don’t know Rod
well. We’re just casual
acquaintance.
grow = get stronger
= someone you know a
little
have good
Anna and Marie have a
relationship with very good relationship.
someone
They love doing things
together.
NOT have a relation/
relations with
keep in contact /
touch
opposite — lose contact/
touch
We must keep in contact
when the course ends.
Exercise 11. Look at the scheme. Choose an appropriate word to
complete each sentence.
1. Kay is quite a shy person and finds it hard to ...............
friends.
2. Do Paul and Sophie ............... a good relationship?
3. Sam is always ............... up friendships with people he meets
on trains and planes.
4. I hope their disagreement over the bill won’t ............... their
friendship.
5. It’s amazing, when you meet someone new, how often you find
that you have some ............... friends.
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6. Apparently, people .............. most of their closest friendships
when they are young.
7. I wouldn’t call Graham a close friend, more a casual ............... .
8. We didn’t really like each other at first, but our friendship ............... as we got to know each other better.
Exercise 12. Speak on the text.
73
UNIT 8
Generation Gap
The generational gap is a term popularized in Western countries
during the 1960s referring to differences between people of younger
generations and their elders, especially between children and their
parents.
Generation gaps make sense: if you’re about 50 years apart in
age, you’re bound to see the world a little differently.
It all started in the 1960s, the decade of revolutionary change
that reshaped the Western world’s attitudes about war, sex, religion
and civil rights. The societal upheaval of the 1960s was ignited
and fueled almost exclusively by the young. “Don’t trust anyone
over 30,” was the motto of the hippie counterculture. It represented
a clear sign that a serious ideological rift had formed between the
Baby Boomer kids and their Depression-era parents. Social scientists
gave it a name: the generation gap.
Generation gaps form when two age groups begin to see the
world from significantly different perspectives. Generation gaps
existed long before the 1960s — in the early 19th century, political
scientist Alexis de Tocqueville commented, “Among democratic
nations, each generation is a new people.” But they tend to emerge
with greater frequency as the rate of societal change increases
[source: Howe and Strauss]. For example, in the 1800s, chances
were that your father’s world looked a lot like your own. In the 21st
century, even a short span of 20 years can bring radical changes in
technology (and the way we use it), moral and religious beliefs, and
attitudes about education, work, friends and family life.
Here is a list of the current generations:
●
Veterans (born 1922—1945)
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Baby Boomers (born 1946—1964)
●
Generation X (born 1965—1980)
●
Generation Y (born 1981—2000) [source: Hammill].
Different generations not only have their own distinct
worldview, but their own way of working and preferred methods
of communication (veterans appreciate a phone call; Generation
Y won’t respond to anything but a text). Business managers have
their hands full trying to negotiate the psycho-social quirks of four
different generations. In the next section, we’ll look at how the
characteristics of each generation play out in the workplace.
●
GENERATION GAPS IN THE WORKPLACE
There are four distinct generations in the workplace, each with
its own world view and its own work ethic. Some are fiercely loyal
to the company, while others just want a steady paycheck. Here
is a quick breakdown of each generation’s attitude toward work,
management style and preferred methods of communication:
●
Veterans (born 1922—1945). When it comes to work, the
company comes first. The veteran believes in starting at the bottom,
paying dues, and working your way up through experience and
seniority. The best education is on-the-job training. The veteran’s
management style is firm and direct, and he or she prefers face-toface or phone communication.
●
Baby Boomers (born 1946—1964). Baby boomers have a
strong work ethic, though they may not be as loyal to one company.
They believe strongly in education, but that on-the-job experience
trumps a fancy college degree. When it comes to management,
boomers are all about meetings; employees should feel part of a team
and consider annual progress reports a great source of feedback.
Boomers are available by phone 24/7. They always check and leave
voicemail messages, check e-mail a couple times a day and always
respond by the end of the day (it’s only polite).
●
Generation X (born 1965—1980). Education and creativity
count for something with Generation X; you shouldn’t have to start
at the bottom if you have fresh ideas. Generation Xers have never
75
understood why they should care about company “traditions.” They
work hard for the company, but wouldn’t hesitate to switch jobs if
a better offer comes along. Work-life balance is important to them.
Generation Xers believe that people will produce the best results if
they’re given the freedom to be creative. They like explaining the
reasoning behind their decisions; this motivates employees in a way
that they can understand. When it comes to communication, e-mail
is king.
●
Generation Y (born 1981—2000). Generation Y members
believe they have some great ideas (at least that’s what they’ve been
told), so they just want to do their thing and the results will follow.
They like their workplaces just fine — until they get bored. Working
from home is as good as the office as long as work gets done.
Management is a snap — everyone simply checks in with the online
project management tool and updates his or her status. Texting is
best if you want to get in touch with a Generation Y member. These
people may never check voicemails or leave them — in fact, they’re
perfectly OK with never meeting a colleague in person.
In the ideal intergenerational workplace, every team member
brings the best qualities of his or her generation to increase overall
productivity, improve creativity and boost morale. While it’s too
much to expect generation gaps to close overnight, there are some
proven managerial techniques for building bridges across the
generational divide.
One general rule for bridging generation gaps in the workplace
is to drop the old rules altogether. Older workers especially need
to forget about the established rules of communications that were
seemingly written in stone: “Always return a phone call.” “Always
send a thank you note.” “Always be available for the boss.”
Don’t be offended when a co-worker breaks one of these “rules,”
because chances are he or she didn’t know the rule existed [source:
D’Adonno].
Along those same lines, get over the idea of fairness. A lot of
older workers complain that the younger generations are coddled and
haven’t “paid their dues.” Fairness is not as important as building
76
successful workplace relationships in which everybody does his or
her job better [source: Bloomberg Business week].
In the end, building a solid bridge requires that both sides meet
each other halfway. If the older worker prefers phone calls and the
younger workers texts, then compromise over e-mail. If the Boomer
loves daily meetings and the Gen Yer likes to work from home three
days a week, then sign up for Web conferencing. When everybody
gets something he or she wants, everybody wins.
Words and word combinations
●
upheaval
a sudden or violent change, especially one that
affects people’s lives
●
ignite
to make something start to burn
●
fuel
to make something increase or become worse,
especially something unpleasant
●
motto
a short statement that expresses something such
as a principle or an aim, often used as a statement
of belief by an organization or individual
●
rift
a disagreement between two people or group
(shrift between)
●
emerge
to come out of something or out from behind
something
●
span
the amount of time that something lasts
●
quirk
a strange or annoying habit; something strange
that happens for reasons that you do not know or
understand
●
seniority
a greater length of time that someone has been
working for a particular company
●
loyal
willing to support, work for, or be a friend to
someone, even in difficult times
77
●
trump
to win or to succeed, for example in sports or
business, because you have an advantage that
your opponent does not have
●
switch jobs
change jobs
●
snap
a simple card game in which players put down
cards in piles and try to be the first to shout ‘snap’
when there are two cards that are the same
●
overall
considering something as a whole, rather than its
details or the different aspects of it
●
boost
to help something to increase, improve, or
become more successful
●
offend
to make someone upset and angry by doing or
saying something
●
coddle
to treat someone in a way that gives them
too much protection from harm or difficult
experiences
Word study
Exercise 1. Match the term and its definition.
1
ignite
a
considering something as a whole, rather
than its details or the different aspects of it
2
span
b
a disagreement between two people or
group
3
trump
c
to come out of something or out from
behind something
4
overall
d
to make something start to burn
5
upheaval
e
the amount of time that something lasts
6
coddle
f
to help something to increase, improve,
or become more successful
78
7
loyal
g
to treat someone in a way that gives them
too much protection from harm or difficult
experiences
8
rift
h
to win or to succeed, for example in
sports or business, because you have an
advantage that your opponent does not
have
9
boost
i
willing to support, work for, or be a friend
to someone, even in difficult times
10 emerge
j
a sudden or violent change, especially one
that affects people’s lives
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise 2. Give English equivalents for:
иметь смысл, иметь ..... лет разницы в возрасте, переворот,
контркультура хиппи, отрезок времени, вносить кардинальные
изменения, мировоззрение, хлопот полон рот, обернуться / повернуться (о событии), стабильная зарплата, начать с самых низов, быть вынужденным тяжело работать, обучение без отрыва
от работы, иметь значение, сменить место работы, легкая прибыльная работа, связаться с кем-либо (по телефону и т.д.), увеличивать общую производительность труда, поднимать боевой
дух, отбросить старые правила, установить новые правила, нарушать незыблемое правило, свыкнуться с мыслью о чем-либо.
Exercise 3. Insert the missing words, using the active vocabulary
of the lesson.
1. Lora avoided saying anything that might ...... her colleagues.
2. We are all ...... supporters of the monarchy.
3. After a few weeks, the caterpillar ...... from its cocoon.
79
4. People’s fear of earth quake was ...... by the media.
5. Mary has gone through a period of emotional ...... after her
father’s illness.
6. Don’t worry, be happy! That was his ...... !
7. Mr. Smith has got the position of a senior manager with ......
responsibility for the project.
8. The fire was ...... by a spark from an electrical fault.
9. The attempt to ...... the PM’s popularity was not a success.
10. According to the statistics, highly qualified young women
don’t hesitate to ...... if a better offer comes along.
Exercise 4. Find in the text synonyms for:
to direct, ten years, to change, public, to inflame, to foment,
slogan, split, to appear, to intensify, individual, to answer,
idiosyncrasy, energetically, devoted, analysis, to surpass, fashionable,
accessible, worry about sth, to occur, to prompt, to annoy, to register,
to renew, instantly, difference, to be vexed, to cocker, to enlist.
Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English, using the active
vocabulary of the lesson.
1. Контркультура хиппи внесла кардинальные изменения в
жизнь западного общества. Небольшой отрезок времени в несколько лет стал настоящим переворотом в общественном сознании и привел к изменению мировоззрения многих людей.
2. Говорить о единстве взглядов на жизнь, имеет смысл,
только если у людей небольшая разница в возрасте.
3. Последние события в этой фирме обернулись тем, что весь
административный аппарат занят только тем, что пытается урегулировать последствия кризисной ситуации.
4. Если вы начали с самых низов в какой-либо компании,
много лет упорно работали, обучались без отрыва от производства, то вы вправе рассчитывать на стабильную зарплату и хороший социальный пакет.
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5. Начальник отдела, не задумываясь, сменил место работы,
когда ему предложили легкое и прибыльное дело.
6. Для меня имеет огромное значение возможность связаться
с человеком в любое время суток.
7. Порой очень трудно свыкнуться с мыслью, что теперь
остается очень мало незыблемых правил поведения на работе.
Старые правила были отброшены, а новые иногда еще не до
конца установлены.
8. Иногда, чтобы увеличить общую производительность труда, босс занимался поднятием боевого духа коллектива.
9. Не имеет смысла ожидать, что одними переговорами можно незамедлительно решить проблему разницы поколений, на
это требуется множество усилий всего коллектива. А неправильные шаги могут только разжечь конфликт и привести к дальнейшему расколу отдела. Однако если набраться терпения, то результат может превзойти все ожидания.
10. В случае если работник слишком «опекаем» начальством
долгое время, то потом в кризисной ситуации ему будет трудно
принять какое-либо самостоятельное решение.
Speaking practice
Exercise 6. Reproduce the situations from the text, in which the
words of exercises 2 and 4 are used.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1. What does the term “generation gap” mean? It is a modern
phenomenon, isn’t it?
2. In what case does generation gap make sense?
3. When were the Western world’s attitudes to all the spheres of
life reshaped? Why did it happen?
4. What is the motto of the hippie counterculture? What does it
mean?
81
5.
6.
7.
8.
When do generation gaps form?
What is so special about the 21st century?
What are the key differences between the current generations?
Do you agree with the author that managers and employers
must use some proven managerial techniques for building
bridges across the generations in the workplace?
Exercise 8. Discuss in the group the following problems:
1. What do you know about Alexis de Tocqueville? What did he
say about differences between people of younger generations
and their elders?
2. Hippie counterculture: pros and cons.
3. Make a list of general rules for bridging generation gaps in the
workplace.
Exercise 9. Write an essay on the following topic:
My recipe of bridging generation gaps.
For fun and profit
Exercise 10. Read the list of idioms and try to guess their
meaning.
Animals describing people
These idioms are based on compound nouns related to animals.
A person who...
is...
is a dark horse
someone who is clever or skilful in a way
that no one knew or expected
is a lone wolf
someone who does not mix socially with
other people
82
is a cold fish
someone who is not very friendly and
does not show their feelings
is/acts as a guinea pig
someone who acts as a subject in an
experiment or trial of something
is a party animal
someone who loves parties and
socialising
would love to be a fly on the
wall
someone who would love to be present to
see an important private or secret event
Exercise 11. Which idiom from the table can be used to describe...
1. ... a person who has hidden or unexpressed skills or talents that
no one know about?
2. ... a person who loves parties?
3. ... a person who is the subject of an experiment or trial of
something new?
4. ... a person who is not very friendly?
Exercise 12. Speak on the text.
83
UNIT 9
The Psychology of Globalization
The influence of globalization on psychological functioning is
examined. First, descriptions of how globalization is occurring in
various world regions are presented.
Then the psychological consequences of globalization are
described, with a focus on identity issues. Specifically, it is argued
that most people worldwide now develop a bicultural identity that
combines their local identity with an identity linked to the global
culture; that identity confusion may be increasing among young
people in non-Western cultures as a result of globalization; that
some people join self-selected cultures to maintain an identity that
is separate from the global culture; and that a period of emerging
adulthood increasingly extends identity explorations beyond
adolescence, through the mid- to late twenties.
Globalization has existed for many centuries as a process
by which cultures influence one another and become more alike
through trade, immigration, and the exchange of information
and ideas. However, in recent decades, the degree and intensity
of the connections among different cultures and different world
regions have accelerated dramatically because of advances in
telecommunications and a rapid increase in economic and financial
interdependence worldwide. For example, exports as a proportion
of world gross domestic product grew from 8% in 1950 to 26% by
1998 (“The Battle in Seattle”, 1999), and international travel has
increased by 700% since 1960 (Held, 1998). Consequently, in recent
years, globalization has become one of the most widely used terms
to describe the current state of the world.
84
Globalization encompasses a wide range of issues and
phenomena. In the proliferation of recent books on the topic, the
focus has been mainly on economics (e.g., Friedman, 2000; Gray,
1998), but books on globalization have also addressed issues such
as the influence of globalization on urban life (e.g., Sassen, 1998)
and on cultural practices (e.g., Appadurai, 2000; Giddens, 2000;
Tomlinson, 1999).
However, psychology’s contribution to an understanding of
globalization has been mostly indirect. Psychological theory and
research on acculturation, identity, and other topics have implications
for the effects of globalization, but thus far these implications have
not been thoroughly described.
In this article, we discuss how globalization influences
psychological functioning. We argue that globalization has its
primary psychological influence on issues of identity. Our focus is
on issues related to adolescence, because adolescents have a pivotal
role in the process of globalization (Dasen, 2000; Schlegel, 2001).
Unlike children, adolescents have enough maturity and autonomy
to pursue information and experiences outside the confines of their
families. Unlike adults, they are not yet committed to a definite
way of life and have not yet developed ingrained habits of belief
and behavior; they are more open to what is new and unusual.
They tend to have more interest than either children or adults in
global media-recorded music, movies, television, the Internet–
and, to a considerable extent, global media are the leading edge
of globalization (Schlegel, 2001), the foot in the door that opens
the way for other changes in beliefs and behavior. According to a
1998 United Nations Human Development Report (United Nations
Development Programme, 1998), market researchers now try to
sell to “global teens” because urban adolescents worldwide follow
similar consumption patterns and have similar preferences for
“global brands” of music, videos, T-shirts, soft drinks, and so on.
Adolescents are also viewed by adults in some cultures as being
especially vulnerable to the allurements of the global culture, and
adolescent problems such as substance use and premarital pregnancy
85
are sometimes blamed by adults on the intrusion of Western values
through globalization (Nsamenang, 2002; Stevenson & Zusho, 2002;
Welti, 2002).
The focus on adolescence highlights the identity issues that are
of key importance in the psychology of globalization, given that
identity issues have long been regarded as central to adolescent
development. Although globalization has intensified dramatically in
recent years, the world is a long way from being one homogeneous
global culture. In many ways, the gaps in technology and lifestyle
between rich and poor countries and between rural and urban areas
within countries have persisted or even grown.
Words and word combinations
●
adolescence
the period of your life when you change from
being a child to being a young adult
●
encompass
to include a lot of people or things
●
proliferation
a sudden increase in number or amount
●
implications
a possible effect or result; have implications for
smb./smth.
●
pivotal
extremely important and affecting how something
develops
●
maturity
the qualities and behaviour that you would expect
of a sensible adult
●
pursue
to try to achieve something
●
ingrained
an ingrained attitude, belief, or habit has existed
for a long time and cannot easily be changed
●
consumption
the use of something such as fuel or energy, or
the amount that people use
●
vulnerable
someone who is vulnerable is weak or easy to
hurt physically or mentally
86
●
homogeneous
consisting of things that are very similar or all of
the same type
Word study
Exercise 1. Match the term and its definition.
1
pivotal
a
the period of your life when you change
from being a child to being a young adult
2
consumption
b
the qualities and behaviour that you would
expect of a sensible adult
3
pursue
c
extremely important and affecting how
something develops
4
adolescence
d
a sudden increase in number or amount
5
vulnerable
e
to include a lot of people or things
6
encompass
f
the use of something such as fuel or
energy, or the amount that people use
7
homogeneous
g
to try to achieve something
8
maturity
h
a possible effect or result
9
implications
i
consisting of things that are very similar or
all of the same type
10 proliferation
j
weak or easy to hurt physically or mentally
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise 2. Give English equivalents for:
национальные особенности, личность, являющийся результатом слияния двух культур, раннее взросление, подросток /
87
подростковый возраст, значительно расширяться (о контактах),
взаимозависимость, валовый внутренний продукт, распространение идей, заниматься вопросом, городской / сельский, вносить вклад во что-л., иметь последствия для кого-л. / чего-л.,
взрослый человек / зрелость, черпать информацию / опыт, в
пределах / за пределами чего-л., сформироваться (о привычке),
укоренившаяся привычка, в большей степени, быть в авангарде
чего-л., зацепка (первый шаг), модель потребления, употребление наркотиков, добрачная беременность, быть крайне важным
для кого-л. / чего-л.
Exercise 3. Insert the missing words, using the active vocabulary
of the lesson.
1. Last week the candidate debates ...... a range of subjects.
2. The government was determined to reduce the US’s total
water ...... .
3. The local authorities must help the most ...... groups in our
society.
4. We were working together to ...... a common goal. It was not
so easy.
5. Jane spent most of her ...... in an orphan’s asylum.
6. What was the most ...... moment in the history of the Roman
Empire?
7. The Cold War caused the ...... of weapons of mass
destruction.
8. He hasn’t got the ...... to adopt a child and be a father.
Exercise 4. Find in the text synonyms for:
to originate, outcome, all over the world, to unite (2 syn.),
native, universal, mess, to choose, detached, to appear, to prolong,
investigation, similar, ten years, level, progress, quick, to comprise,
secondary, adaptation of the person to the social environment,
dispute (about / against), properly, essential (2 syn.), independence,
88
to be devoted to sth, certain, susceptible, temptation, interference,
to emphasize, to consider, to deepen, considerably, invariable, to
remain.
Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English, using the active
vocabulary of the lesson.
1. Национальные особенности личности формируются в
результате воспитания ребенка в условиях уважения к культурному наследию своей страны. В наши дни значительно расширились контакты между странами. Следовательно, увеличилась
взаимозависимость между разными культурами. Идея глобализации распространяется очень быстро не только среди городского, но даже среди сельского населения.
2. Многие ученые-психологи занимаются вопросами «раннего взросления» современных подростков, и какие последствия
имеет глобализация для молодежи и зрелых людей. Безусловно, взрослым людям свойственна зрелость суждений, и они, в
большей степени, психологически защищены в условиях глобализации, так как они уже имеют ряд укоренившихся привычек и
взглядов, от которых они уже не собираются избавляться.
3. В то время, как молодежь только формирует свои взгляды, они черпают информацию везде, в том числе за пределами
только своего национально-культурного пространства. В данном
случае средства массовой информации вносят свой огромный
вклад в формирование определенной модели «потребления»
этой информации.
4. Безусловно, интернет находится в авангарде трансляции
любой информации, для молодежи крайне важно быть осведомленным в достаточной мере обо всем, что происходит нового в
мире.
5. Не секрет, что информация некоторых сайтов имеет крайне негативные последствия для психики молодежи, и в самых
крайних случаях ведет к пропаганде насилия, алкоголизма, употребления наркотиков.
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6. В ряде стран даже запрещен доступ на сайты, содержащие
пропаганду добрачных связей. Конечно, кто-то скажет, что попытка запретить доступ к части глобальной сети — это только
первый шаг на пути нарушения «свободы слова». Однако здесь
стоит иметь в виду, что детская психика наиболее восприимчива
к подобной информации, и только специалисты способны регулировать эти вопросы.
Speaking practice
Exercise 6. Reproduce the situations from the text, in which the
words of exercise 2 and 4 are used.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1. What globalization is? What is the origin of the word?
2. Have you ever heard of bicultural identity? What is the
difference between cultural and bicultural identity? If any.
3. What key values of non-Western cultures do you know?
4. Why have the degree and intensity of the connections among
different cultures and different world regions accelerated
dramatically? When did it happen?
5. What is psychology’s contribution to understanding of
globalization?
6. Why does the author focus on issues related to adolescence? Is
he right?
7. Who tends to have more interest in global media?
8. What do adults think about adolescents?
9. What are the issues of key importance in the psychology of
globalization?
Exercise 8. Discuss in the group the following problems:
1. It is highlighted in the text that globalization has become one
of the most widely used terms to describe the current state of
the world. Do you agree with this statement?
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2. According to the text, globalization has its primary
psychological influence on issues of identity. What does it
mean? Give some examples.
3. What do you know about United Nations Development Programme?
4. Can we say that the world is not a long way from being one
homogeneous global culture? Why or why not?
5. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
6. Premarital pregnancy as a destabilizing factor for young
couples.
Exercise 9. Write an essay on the following topic:
Homogeneous global culture: myth or reality?
For fun and profit
Exercise 10. Read the list of idioms and try to guess their
meaning.
People: Behavior: verb + noun collocations
Collocation
Example
Comment
play a joke/trick
The children played a
joke on the teacher by
hiding under their desks
before she came into the
classroom.
NOT make a joke/trick
take a joke
Fortunately, the teacher
could take a joke and
didn’t punish them.
= didn’t mind a joke
being played on her
swallow your
pride
Jane swallowed her pride = she did it even though it
and admitted that she was was embarrassing for her
wrong.
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throw a tantrum
The child threw a tantrum = behaved in a very
when I wouldn’t buy him uncontrolled manner
any sweets.
lose your patience Finally I lost my patience = lost my temper, became
and shouted at her.
angry
come to terms
with
Nick has found it hard to
come to terms with her
illness.
reveal your true
character
Jack’s failure to support opposite = conceal/hide
her has certainly revealed
his true character.
= accept something
psychologically
Exercise 11. Complete B’s remarks to these conversations so that
they mean more or less the same as A’s, using collocations from
the table.
1. A: Bob’s found it hard to accept psychologically the fact that
he’s now divorced.
B: Yes, he’s found it hard ............................... with his new
situation.
2. A: Kevin’s problem is he can’t laugh when people play jokes
on him.
B: No, it’s true. He just can’t ............................... , can he?
3. A: Well, Sara’s behaviour last night certainly showed the truth
about her.
B: Yes, it certainly ................................ .
4. A: Sam started screaming and stamping his feet when I tried
to put him to bed.
B: Well, two-year-olds often ................................ .
Exercise 12. Speak on the text.
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UNIT 10
Peace Psychology
American Psychological Association (APA) Division 48 has
sponsored development of the first college textbook on peace
psychology (all proceeds are donated to the division). “Peace,
Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century”
edited by D. Christie, R. Wagner, and D. Winter (2001) is now
available from Prentice Hall. The book is a 426 page paperback,
very attractively packaged. If you teach at the college level, this
may be the perfect text for your peace psychology or conflict and
violence course. Knowing that an excellent text is available, some of
you may now want to develop the first peace psychology course for
your college.
Psychologists have been interested in psychological aspects of
war and peace since the beginning of modern psychology. Early
in the twentieth century, William James challenged the overly
simplistic and misguided view that war was an inevitable result of
human nature (James, 1910). He also cautioned about the allure of
the military in the military-industrial-university complex. Military
service emphasizes duty, conformity, loyalty, and cohesion, virtues
that are likely to attract well meaning conscripts unless suitable civic
substitutes are found. It seems appropriate that Morton Deutsch
(1995) referred to William James as the first peace psychologist in an
article that appeared in the first issue of Peace and Conflict: Journal
of Peace Psychology.
Peace psychology as a distinct area of psychology did not begin
to emerge clearly until the latter half of the twentieth century, when
the United States and Soviet Union were locked in a nuclear arms
race that had compelling psychological features and threatened the
93
survival of humankind. The nuclear threat peaked in the mid1980s,
igniting a counter-reaction by a generation of psychologists
who began to identify themselves as peace psychologists. These
psychologists were trained in traditional areas of psychology,
typically, social, developmental, cognitive, clinical, and counseling
psychology, and they were eager to apply concepts and theories that
held the promise of preventing a nuclear conflagration.
Two events helped to establish the legitimacy and value of peace
psychology. In 1986, Ralph K. White published an important volume
on “Psychology and the Prevention of Nuclear War” which helped
identify some of the content of peace psychology. The destructive
consequences of mutual enemy images was focal in the book and
approaches to peace emphasized tension reduction strategies. In
1990, institutional support was forthcoming when the American
Psychological Association recognized a new division, the Division
of Peace Psychology (Division 48).
As the Soviet Union began to unravel, leaving only one
superpower in the world that could claim economic and military
supremacy, the threat of nuclear war seemed greatly diminished,
at least from the perspective of scholars in the United States.
Nonetheless, the Cold War left in place institutions and professional
affiliations that supported research and practice aimed at the
reduction of violence and the promotion of peace. The general
contours that would form the content of peace psychology were
becoming clear as peace psychologists turned their scholarly
tools toward an examination of the psychological dimensions of
the continuing and ubiquitous problems of peace, conflict, and
violence.
We share with our international colleagues a broad vision
of peace psychology, covering a wide range of topics such as
ethnic conflict, family violence, hate crimes, militarism, conflict
management, social justice, nonviolent approaches to peace, and
peace education. Peacemaking and structural peacebuilding offer a
roadmap for peace psychologists who are dedicated to theory and
practices that promote peace with social justice.
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Words and word combinations
●
available
able to be obtained, taken, or used
●
misguided
a misguided idea or action is based on judgments
or opinions that are wrong
●
caution
to tell someone about a danger or problem that
they need to know about or avoid
●
conformity
behaviour that is acceptable because it is similar
to the behaviour of everyone else
●
cohesion
a situation in which people or things combine
well to form a unit
●
virtue
a good quality or habit that a person has,
especially a moral one such as honesty or loyalty
●
conscript
someone who has been made to join the armed
forces
●
arms race
competition between countries to increase the
number or power of their weapons of war
●
compelling
interesting or exciting enough to keep your
attention completely; a compelling story
●
ignite
to start a fight or argument
●
conflagration
a very large fire that causes a lot of damage; a
situation in which there is a lot of violence or
destruction
●
focal
of major importance
●
unravel
if a process or project unravels, it begins to fail
●
affiliation
connection with an organization, especially a
political or religious one
●
dimension
(usually plural) the degree to which a situation is
difficult or serious
●
ubiquitous
present everywhere
●
roadmap
a plan or set of instructions that makes it easier
for someone to do something
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Word study
Exercise 1. Match the term and its definition.
1
conscript
a
to tell someone about a danger or problem
that they need to know about or avoid
2
cohesion
b
a good quality or habit that a person has,
especially a moral one such as honesty or
loyalty
3
conflagration
c
behaviour that is acceptable because it is
similar to the behaviour of everyone else
4
roadmap
d
connection with an organization, especially
a political or religious one
5
virtue
e
a very large fire that causes a lot of
damage; a situation in which there is a lot
of violence or destruction
6
caution
f
someone who has been made to join the
armed forces
7
affiliation
g
if a process or project unravels, it begins
to fail
8
unravel
h
something based on judgments or opinions
that are wrong
9
conformity
i
a plan or set of instructions that makes it
easier for someone to do something
10 misguided
j
a situation in which people or things
combine well to form a unit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise 2. Give English equivalents for:
выручка (доход), ложное мнение, призывник / призывать на
военную службу, гражданский / военный, заместитель, вторая
96
половина двадцатого века, сцепиться (в схватке), гонка вооружений, угроза / угрожать, достичь максимума (вершины), вызвать
ответную реакцию, применять теорию на практике, быть перспективным (многообещающим) для кого-л. / чего-л., разрушительные последствия, общий враг, ослабление напряженности,
слабеть (рушиться), преступление на почве ненависти (расовой, религиозной), урегулирование конфликта, миротворчество /
укрепление мира, дорожная карта.
Exercise 3. Insert the missing words, using the active vocabulary
of the lesson.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He has got the best ...... equipment for the new factory.
Membership is open to anyone, regardless of political ...... .
Race discrimination was the ...... theme of the film.
Patience was not one of Jane’s ...... .
It is clear that the common threat of war produces ...... in a
community.
6. The doctors ...... that the drug is not so effective.
7. She sees herself as an individualist in a culture of ...... .
8. The ...... of this problem are immense.
9. He was sure that this episode has ...... a serious conflict in the
department.
10. There were worries that the peace process was beginning
to ...... .
Exercise 4. Find in the text synonyms for:
department, to give a present, accessible, to dispute, unavoidable,
to warn against sb / sth, attraction, to underline, coordination, devotion / devoted, solidarity, advantage, appropriate, separate, to appear,
irresistible, mankind, to inflame, to be enthusiastic about doing
sth, conflict, to determine, central, approaching, omnipresent, to
stimulate.
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Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English, using the active
vocabulary of the lesson.
1. Вторая половина XX в. была ознаменована расцветом гонки вооружений между США и СССР. Две страны «сцепились»
в непримиримой схватке, в которой должны были участвовать
все: от гражданских до военных.
2. Угрозы одной стороны сразу же вызывали ответную реакцию другой. За многие десятилетия сформировалась целая идеология ведения борьбы, разрабатывалось множество технологий,
которые тут же применялись на практике. Целым поколениям
стало казаться, что борьба с «общим врагом» — это перспективное направление их жизнедеятельности.
3. Безусловно, это имело крайне разрушительные последствия для сознания целых поколений. Военная служба, создание
и торговля новым оружием, доходы от продажи которого стали
мощным фактором влияния в мировой политике.
4. Сейчас существует ложное мнение, что раньше призывники также «с неудовольствием» относились к призыву в армию.
Однако это не всегда было так, достаточно вспомнить тот факт,
что ведущие политики многих стран вышли из военной среды.
5. Когда эта борьба достигла апогея, всем стало понятно, что
«железный занавес» рушится и что ослабление напряженности
уже неизбежно. Урегулирование конфликтов не всегда шло мирным путем, было множество преступлений на почве ненависти,
однако лидеры всех стран разработали дорожные карты, направленные на укрепление мира.
Exercise 6. Reproduce the situations from the text, in which the
words of exercise 2 and 4 are used.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1. Why has APA sponsored development of the first college
textbook on peace psychology?
2. What does military service emphasize?
98
3. Who is the first peace psychologist?
4. What threatened the survival of humankind the latter half of
the twentieth century?
5. What events helped to establish the legitimacy and value of
peace psychology?
6. In what way has the Cold War influenced the development of
peace psychology?
7. What topics does peace psychology cover?
8. What four main currents in peace psychology does the author
highlight in the text?
Exercise 8. Discuss in the group the following problems:
1. Do you think that war is an inevitable result of human
nature?
2. Do you agree that now there is only one superpower in the
world that could claim economic and military supremacy?
Why?
3. Traditional areas of psychology: social, developmental,
cognitive, clinical and counseling psychology.
Exercise 9. Write an essay on the following topic:
The present and the future of peace psychology.
For fun and profit
Exercise 10. Read the list of idioms and try to guess their
meaning.
TRYING TO SOLVE A PROBLEM
Ray needed a bookcase. He had been making do (1) with planks of
wood on bricks, but he wanted something nicer now. His sister, Sandy,
99
suggested buying a self-assembly bookcase where the pieces came in
a flat pack for him to put together himself. Ray knew he wasn’t very
good at that sort of thing, but he decided to give it a shot/whirt (2).
When he opened the pack, it all looked very confusing, but he was
determined to get to grips with (3) it. After a couple of hours, he had
something that looked a bit like a bookcase but was rather wobbly. To
be on the safe side (4), he asked Sandy to check it for him. “There’s
something not quite right about this,” she said. “I think we’d better get
to the bottom of (5) it before you put your books on it.”
1 — managing with something that isn’t as good as you would like;
2 — give something a try (informal); 3 — make an effort to understand
or to deal with a problem or situation; 4 — to protect himself even
though it might not be necessary; 5 — try to discover the truth.
Exercise 11. Match each idiom on the left with its definition on
the right.
1) tie up loose ends
understand and deal with
something;
2) come to light
try something;
3) give something a shot
find an easy solution;
4) get to grips with something
just in case;
5) make do
finish off final little tasks;
6) to be on the safe side
uncover the truth;
7) wave a magic wand
manage with something of
worse quality;
8) get to the bottom of
something
be discovered.
Exercise 12. Speak on the text.
100
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Литература
1. Федорова Л.М., Никитаев С.Н. Английский язык для психологов. —
М., 2004.
2. Донченко Е.Н. Английский язык для психологов и социологов. — Ростов н/Д., 2002.
3. Коваленко П.И. Английский язык для психологов. — Ростов н/Д.,
2000.
4. Muller A.M. Alexithymic features depressive symptoms. — Central
Michigan University, 2004.
5. Loveland J.M. Cognitive ability. — The University of Tennessee, 2004.
6. Lima L. Personality and motivational characteristics of the successful
mentor. — University of South Florida, 2004.
7. Spielberger Ch.D., Starr L.M. Curiosity and Exploratory Behavior. —
University of South Florida, 1992.
8. Tammy Hugh. CLOSER. 21—27 july 2012. P. 12—13.
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Использованные интернет-ресурсы
http://peoplerelationships.syl.com
http://people.howstuffworks.com/culture-traditions/generation-gaps/generation-gap1.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_gap
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo
http://www.orgsites.com/ca/rusellonline/_pgg1.php3
http://peoplerelationships.syl.com/bodylanguage
http://www.toptipspot.com/tips/people/howto/recognize-a-lie.php
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12369500
www.jeffreyarnett.com/
http://www.peace.ca/peacepsychology.htm
http://www.helpguide.org/articles/depression/depression-signs-and-symptoms.
htm
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Учебное издание
Кургузёнкова Жанна Вячеславовна
Кривошлыкова Людмила Владимировна
Донская Марьяна Владимировна
PERSONALITY
highs and lows
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
для психологов и не только
Учебное пособие
Подписано в печать 28.09.2015.
Электронное издание для распространения через Интернет.
ООО «ФЛИНТА», 117342, г. Москва, ул. Бутлерова, д. 17-Б, комн. 324.
Тел./ факс: (495)334-82-65; тел. (495)336-03-11.
E-mail: flinta@mail.ru; WebSite: www.flinta.ru
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ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК
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