avtomatizatsiya-tehnologicheskih-protsessov-kak-osnovnoe-napravlenie-v-povyshenii-proizvoditelnosti-truda

Актуальные проблемы авиации и космонавтики – 2020. Том 1
ɍȾɄ 65.011.56
ȺȼɌɈɆȺɌɂɁȺɐɂə ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɈȼ ɄȺɄ ɈɋɇɈȼɇɈȿ
ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɉɈȼɕɒȿɇɂɂ ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ ɌɊɍȾȺ
Ⱦ. ɋ. Ʌɨɨɫ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɇ. Ȼ. Ɍɪɨɮɢɦɨɜɚ
Ʉɟɦɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ, 650000, ɝ. Ʉɟɦɟɪɨɜɨ, ɭɥ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɚɹ, 6
E-mail: mitya.loos@mail.ru
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɩɭɬɺɦ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ,
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɥɟɣɲɚɹ
ɨɲɢɛɤɚ, ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ,
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ.
AUTOMATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES AS THE MAIN DIRECTION
IN INCREASING LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
D. S. Loos
Scientific supervisor – N. B. Trofimova
Kemerovo State University
6, Krasnaya Str., Kemerovo, 650000, Russian Federation
E-mail: mitya.loos@mail.ru
Automation of production is carried out in order to increase labor productivity by replacing
human labor with mechanized labor.
Automation, as a rule, requires a systematic approach to solving the problems it faces. The main
goals of automation are to improve product quality, increase labor productivity, remove people
from direct participation in the use of production tools, automate management, increase the
reliability and accuracy of production and reduce the processing of information data. In the rocket
and space industry, automation is of the greatest importance, since the slightest mistake made by a
person can lead to serious consequences.
Keywords: automation, labor productivity, technological processes, automated processes.
ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ
ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɞɬɢ ɜ ɧɨɝɭ ɫɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ
520
Секция «Автоматика и электроника»
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. Ɉɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ. ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ
ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɱɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɬɧɹ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯ ɫɢɥ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ:
1. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ,
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɬɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ;
2. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ- ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɟɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ;
3. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ- ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ:
- ɤɪɭɝɥɨɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
- ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ;
- ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɐɟɥɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ: Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
- ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ;
- ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ;
- ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɠɟ
ɞɚɜɧɨ. Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ – ɩɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ.
ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ [2].
ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɲɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
1) ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧ-ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɨɜ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ;
2) Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ;
3) Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɰɟɯɨɜ.
ȼ ɫɜɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɞ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ,
ɫɛɨɪɤɭ ɢ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɛɨɪɤɚ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ,
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɚ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɯɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɗȼɆ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ [1].
ɐɟɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ:
1) ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ:
- ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ;
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Актуальные проблемы авиации и космонавтики – 2020. Том 1
- ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ;
- ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɛɟɡ ɗȼɆ.
2) Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ:
- ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
3) ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ:
- ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ;
- ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ;
- ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ
ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɣ.
4) ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ:
- ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦ;
- ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ;
- ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ [3].
Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. Ʉ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ: ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɚɯ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ; ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɤɨɫɦɨɫ, ɩɨɠɚɪ,
ɧɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɟ); ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ; ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ʉ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ: ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ; ɪɨɫɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦ; ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ [3].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ,
ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ
ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɟ,
ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɇɨ ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ
1. Ʉɚɩɭɫɬɢɧ, ɇ. Ɇ. Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ:
ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɇ. Ɇ. Ʉɚɩɭɫɬɢɧɚ. – Ɇ.: ȼɵɫɲ. ɲɤ., 2004. – 417ɫ.
2. Ȼɪɸɯɚɧɨɜ, ȼ.ɇ. Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ȼ.ɇ. Ȼɪɸɯɚɧɨɜ. – Ɇ.: ȼɵɫɲɚɹ
ɲɤɨɥɚ, 2005. – 367ɫ.
3. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
/ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ. – Ɇ.: Ɏɨɪɭɦ, 2012. – 224ɫ.
© Ʌɨɨɫ Ⱦ. ɋ., 2020
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