CAVTnRIDGE
f,
I
T
f,
I
n
I
f,
T
n
Listening
GPS applications
Spaceelevators
Advantages
of a newpump
A guidedtour
Reading
Spaceelevators
Otis lifttechnology
Pile foundations
Describingtechnical
functionsand
applications
Explaininghowtechnology
works
Emphasising
technical
advantages
Simplifyingand illustrating
technicalexplanations
Wordsstemmingfrom use
allow, enable,permit, ensure,
prevent
Verbsto describemovement
Verbsand adjectives
to describe
advantages
Adverbsfor addingemphasis
Phrasesfor simplifying
and
rephrasing
Describingspecific
materials
materials
Categorising
SpeciÍyingand describing
properties
Discussingqualityissues
Listening
Commonmaterials
audit
An environmental
Categoriesof materials
tools
Specialised
made
made
of,
comprise,
of,
consist
watches
High-performance
from,mode out of
Reading
Propertiesof materials
Materialsrecycling
Phrasesfor describingrequirements
Regenerative
brakes
CompoundsoÍresistant
Kevlar
Adverbsof degree
Describingcomponent
shapesand features
Explainingand assessing
manufacturing
techniques
jointingand
Explaining
fixingtechniques
Describingpositionsof
assembledcomponents
Shapesand 3D features
Wordsto describemachining
Phrasesfor describingsuitability
Verbsand nounsto describejoints
and fixings
of position
Prepositions
Listening
A projectbriefing
Electricalplugsand sockets
Metalfabrication
UHP waterjetcutting
Optionsfor fixing
Clusterballooning
Reading
Cuttingoperations
Flowwaterjettechnology
Jointsand fixings
Theflyinggardenchair
Workingwithdrawings
Discussingdimensionsand
precision
Describingdesignphases
and procedures
Resolvingdesignproblems
Viewson technicaldrawings
Phrasesrelatedto scole
Phrasesrelatedto tolerance
length, width, thickness, etc.
Drawingtypesand versions
Verbsfor describingstagesof a
designprocess
Verbsand nounsfor describing
designproblems
Listening
A drawingquery
Scale
A floordesign
Designprocedures
Revisinga detail
Reading
Superflatfloors
Oueriesand instructions
Describingtypesof
technicalproblem
Assessingand interpreting
faults
Describingthe causesof
faults
Discussingrepairsand
maintenance
Verbsand adjectives
for describing Listening
A racingcar test session
technicalproblems
Testsessionproblems
Wordsfor describingfaultsand
Technical
help{ine
theirseverity
Tyrepressureproblems
Phrasesfor describingcertainty/
A maintenance
check
uncertainty
Reading
Adjectiveswith prefixesfor
Air TransatFlight236
describingtechnicalproblems
Verbsfor describingrepairsand
maintenance
Contents
t
ry
n
n
Discussing
technical
requirements
ideasand
Suggesting
solutions
Assessingfeasibility
Describingimprovements
and redesigns
Phrasesfor referringto issues
Phrasesfor referringto quantity
and extent
Phrasesfor suggesting
solutions
and alternatives
ldiomsto describefeasibility
Verbswithre...to describe
modifications
ldiomsto describeredesigning
Listening
Simulatorrequirements
and effects
Liftingoptions
Hole requirements
and forming
A projectbriefing
Reading
Mammothproblem
Describinghealthand
safetyprecautions
Emphasising
the
importanceof
precautions
Discussingregulations
and
standards
Workingwithwritten
instructions
and notices
Typesof industrialhazards
Typesof protectiveequipment
Phrasesfor emphasising
importance
Termsto describeregulations
Commonlanguageon safetynotices
Languagestylein written
instructions
Listening
A safetymeeting
Hazardanalysis
Liveline precautions
Safetytraining
Oral instructions
Reading
Livelinemaintenance
Helicoptersafetyon oil platforms
Describingautomated
systems
Referringto measurable
parameters
Discussingreadingsand
trends
Givingapproximatefigures
Wordsto describeautomated
systems
Wordsto describemeasurable
parameters
Wordsto describefluctuations
Wordsand phrasesfor
approximating
numbers
Listening
Intelligent
buildingsand automation
Monitoringand controlsystems
Electricitydemandand supply
problems
Pumpedstoragehydroelectricpower
Internalreviews
Reading
Industrialprocessmonitoring
Dynamicdemandcontrols
Explainingtestsand
experiments
Exchanging
viewson
predictionsand
theories
Comparingresultswith
expectations
Discussingcausesand
effects
Wordsto describetest types
Wordsand phrasesfor stating
assumptions
Wordsand phrasesfor agreeingand
disagreeing
Phrasesfor comparingexpectations
and results
Wordsfor linkingcausesand effects
Listening
Vehicledesignand testing
Water rockets
Air drop problems
Moon landings
Reading
A rocketcompetition
Chickencannon
Discussingperformance
and suitability
Describingphysicalforces
Discussingrelative
performance
Describingcapabilitiesand
limitations
Adjectives
for describingsuitability
and performance
Wordsto describetypes of forces
foctof criteria, criterion,
consideration
Wordsand phrasesto describe
degreesof difference
Wordsto describecapabilitiesand
limits
Listening
Windturbinetowers
Tallstructures
TCV world speed record
The storyof John Paul Stapp
Reading
Windturbinesfactfile
Solar towers
Transportalternatives
The Sonrc Wind tests
The rocketsled proposal
ffi
f,
T
f,
ITE
ET
n
Contents
,*ly ?"'
Describingtechnicalfunctions I
I
andapplicatíons
1
I
a ln pairs, think about two or three productsyou use
regularlyand discuss the followingquestions.
o
o
\r
What are the main functionsof the products? (Whatdo they do?)
What are their different applications? (What are they used for?)
What do you know about Global Positioning System (GPS) devices? ln
pairs, describe their main function, and give some examples of different
applications of GPS devices.
2a
)1.1 Paula, a design engineer for a CPS manufacturer, is discussing product
development with José, a senior manager new to the company. Listen to
the conversation and complete the following notes.
o the primaryapplication
of GPS
more creative features
(l )
Trackingsystemsfor (2)
Trackingsystemsfor (3)
(4)
not technicalinnovations
(6)
associatedapplications
o
(s)
alarms
buttons
the technology
Complete the following extracts from the discussion with words that come from use.
thot are reloted to
1 Then Aou've got associated applications, navigating...
for monitoring deliverg vehicles ...
2 ... traclsing sAstems Aou can
point of view, accuracg is no longer the main selling
3 . .. from the end-point. Most devices are accurate enough. The keg is to make them more
in use
Unit 1 Technotogy
I
3a
Match the GPS applications (1-6) to the descriptions (a-fl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
a
topographicalsurveyinggeotogical.
b
exploration \
\ c
ciüt engineering
avionicsequipment
d
maritimeapplications
e
f
GPs in cars and trucks
naügation and safet1rat sea
setting out positionsand levetsof new structures
mappingsurhce features
appticationsin miningand the oil industry
highwaynavigationand vehictetracking
air trafficcontrol,naügation and autopilotsystems
ln pairs, practise explaining the applications of GPS in Exercise 3a to a
colleague who has limited knowledge of the devices using the following
phrases.
usedfor -ing
4a
usedto
usefulfor
another/ a similar use
Complete the following extracts from the conversation by underlining the
correct words.
1 ... there's a setting on the CPS that allows/prevents it to detect the
movement...
2 ... an alarm sounds to warn gou, and allows/prevents the boat from drifting
unnoticed.
3 ... and enables/ensures that gou don't lose track of where gou were, which
then enables/ensures uou to turn round and come back to the same
point...
Match the words in Exercise 4a to the synonyms.
: makessure
2-
I
: permits 3
= SIoPS
Complete the following extract from the user's manual of a GPS device
using the verbs in Exercise 4a. Sometimes, more than one answer is
possible.
you to locate your precise
The core function of your GPS receiver is to (1)
geographicalposition. To (2) the device to function, it receives at least three
signals simultaneously from the GPS constellation - 30 dedicated satellites which
(3) extremely precise
receivers can function anywhere on earth. To (a) positioning and (5)
errors from occurring due to external factors, this device is
designed to receive four separate signals (see enhanced system accuracy on page 18).
In pairs, explain the main functions and applications of a product made
by your company or a product you know about. Student A, you are
an engineering manager; Student B, you are a new employee. Use the
language from this section and the phrases in the box. Swap roles and
practise again.
I see.5o ...
0K. In otherwords...
So vou mean...
Unit 1 Technology
in use
I
Exptaininghowtechnologyworks
6a
pairs, look at the picture and discuss the following questions.
ln
o
.
.
o
b
How do you think a space elevatorwould work?
What could it be used for?
What technicalchallengeswould it face?
How seriouslydo you think the conceptof space elevatorsis
being taken at present?
Read the following article and compare it to your answers in
Exercise 6a.
lN his 1979 novel,Ihe Fountainsof Paradise,ArthurC
Clarke wroteabout an elevatorconnecting the earth's
surfaceto space. Threedecades later,this sciencefictionconcept is preparingto take otf in the realworld.
NASA has launchedthe Space ElevatorChallenge,a
competitionwitha generousprizefund,and severalteams
and companiesare workingon seriousresearchprojects
aimedat winningit.
As its name suggests,a space elevatoris designedto
Íaise things intospace' Sate||ites,
componentsÍorspace
ships, supp|iesÍorastronautstn space stations,and
even astronautsthemselvesare examplesof payloads
thatcou|d be tÍansportedjntoorbitwithoutthe need
C
The answeris by using an incrediblystrongand
lightweight
cable, strongenoughto support its own
weightand a heavy|oad'The design oÍsuch a cab|eis
This would be attached to a base
stilllargelytheoretical.
stationon earthat one end and a satellitein geostationary
orbit(lixedabove a pointon the equator)at the other.Lift
vehicleswould then ascend and descend the cable,
powered by e|ectromagnetic
Íorceand control|ed
remotelv.
Match the verbs (l -9) from the text in Exercise 6b to the definitions (a-i).
1
2
connecting
raise
a
b
carried (objects, over a distance)
hotdsomethingfirmty/ bearits weight
3
transpoÉed
support
c
d
e
f
g
climb down
providedwith energy/ moved by a force
joining
h
i
ctimbup
tift / makesomething go up
4
5
6
7
8
9
7a
rockets.
ÍorexpIosiveand environmentaIly
unÍriend|y
However,the altitudeof orbitalspace - a colossal35,790
km above the earth- is a measureof the challengefacing
engineers.How could such a heightbe reached?
attached
ascend
descend
powered
controlled
driven / have movementdirected
fixed
Space Elevgfors
James, an engineer,
is giving a talk on
qble is signiícont.
space elevators.
o To (2) its own weighf, ond be securely (3) _________
o.!
Complete his notes
each end, cable would need phenomenal strenqth_to_weight ratio.
using the correct
_
. How could vehicles be (4) _
into
form of the verbs
cable?
. Self-containe4 sltergv source problemotic, due to
(l-7) in Exercise
weight (heavy fuel ol
6c.
(5)
batferies
required
c u to
tu \)/ _
_
vehic
V
enlcle.).
^)
L^
l\
I
r
r
\
c Two possible ways round problem:
_*:yt.l"r:,r,ry
-,r"l.
ut fechnique only ot research stage.
z , ' o l a rp o w e r . B u tw o u l d
otuffio*ty.
""ty
y:tt::!!:fblem,
t-1\
( // _
Unit 1 Technology
in use
as cor could bu ,ortrollJ
payloads unmonned.
Not
ft f"
Yllg_!. ,t:
,u,rotnly-tb-kq
.!
_-
I
8a
b
)t.Z tisten to part of James'talk and check your answers in Exercise 7a.
c
What kinds of word are missing from the notes? ln pairs, compare the
audioscript on page 86 with the notes in Exercise 7a.
Some space elevator designs propose an offshore base station. In pairs,
discuss how such a system might work using words in Exercise 6c. What
advantages might an offshore base have compared with a land base?
)t.3 James goes on to discuss offshore base stations. Listen to the talk and
answer the following questions.
] How wou|dan oÍfshorebase station be suooorted?
2 What would the functionof its anchors be?
3 How would payloadsreach the base station?
4 W h a t p r o b l e mw o u l da m o b i l eb a s e s t a t i o nh e l p t o p r e v e n t ?
5 What would the procedurebe if there was an alert?
9a
You are members of a space elevator research team designing a concept
for offshore base stations. ln pairs, analyse the notes below, which were
made during a briefing given by your manager. lmagine you are giving a
presentation. Begin by reading out the abbreviated notes in full.
*\..\ \ \ L\
.......
\ L\r
L r r r r r r I I r r.r=l-L-t
Ú f 3 o 3l3 e 0 Ü 0 0 o t t o | |J
- AN'HoR|NGa?w?uL6l0N l56uÚ6
oFF6HoR'ÉAsE6TA.t1oN
Anchoring
ayatom
ulindloadson Lablevrillbe huge.ulhatimplicaiions
for anchoring
slstom?
Éase
Willn?,od
lo bgmovodcontinuall1,
sometimes
urgentl1.
vrlhat
tomp
system
couldbe ussdto holdbassin position?
9a* in shallowwatgrnearcoasi,or deepwalerfurtheroffshorg?
óhoicewill
haveimpacton dosignoÍanchors1stem.
?ropulsion
ststem
\^lillWeight
oÍcab\e
allowbaseto bs movedb1ownProPollors?
Or more
powerful
5.í5t9m
for propulaion
andcontro|
noc.?o.g.ertern'powersource?
!n pairs, discuss the questions raised in the notes and think of some suitable
solutions for the anchoring system and the propulsion system. At this stage,
these should be overall concepts, not detailed designs. Remember to make
notes.
ln small groups, take turns to give a short talk using your notes to explain
how the systems work, in general terms. lmagine you are speaking to a small
group of colleagues, including your manager.
write two or three paragraphs to summarise your talk. These will be included
in your manager's longer report on offshore base stations.
Unit 1 Technologyin use
technicaladvantages
Emphasising
I
10
ln pairs, discuss the term technical advantage'
Give some examples of technology you are
familiar with.
77a
Read the first ParagraPh of some
promotional literature from Otis, a leading
elevator company. What is the Gen2" system?
OTISf,,ioJl
b tvtatctrthe words (l -6) from the text in
Exercisel l a to the sYnonYms(a-0'
1
2
3
4
5
6
conventional
eliminates
\
superior
\
\
energy-efficient
enhanced
reduces
a
b
c
d
e
f
At theheartof theGen2ruelevatorsystem
to
byandunique
be|t(deveIoped
is a Í|at
stronger
it
is
Yet
thick.
3mm
is
lt
Otis). lust
steelcables.lt lastsup
thanconventional
Andit hasenabled
to threetimeslonger.
The
theelevator'
re-invent
Otisto completely
eliminates
belttotally
flat,coated-steel
effectof conventional
themetal{o-metal
with
Coupled a smooth-surface
systems.
theresultis
sheave,
machine
crowned
andsuperior
quietoperation
exceptionally
Ílat
theÍ|exib|e
Furthermore,
ridecomfort.
energya morecompact,
beltenables
whichcanbecontained
machine,
eÍficient
This
inthehoistwaY.
enhancedtechnologY
and
reducesbuilding
costs,
operating
system
andfreesupvaluable
space.
decreases
better / the best
improved
standard,usual
gets rid of
has low energYconsumPtion
Completethe followingtext usingthe correct
form of the words (1-6) in Exercise I I b' You
will need to use some words more than once'
nar ,,0;;;;;;m
::p;ff:Y berts,
pu,.r'
inth.";ffi;,T#.
ilHlillililiuing
tliiltiügl;;:öm#
H,
Hli.űJ
Jff
.d;É,x
[J,üi
.uto*ti,u
jnl'iff{ljil'
rrvt.-t.,
tffi ,.?ffil
il ;1,.'n
?jJ;:ll'''
;*;-ff ilT
ffi ;;:í':fi
matntenance
personnel
for
sYstem
that1a)-
ih. *.d fr_
-
;.
ica
lTili,',liT;,:,,':lT
r
;:T*il i.# ;lnom
d
10
system. Discuss
In pairs, summarise the advantages of the flat belt
automation'
durability, wear, noise, space' cleanliness' efficiency'
maintenance and cost.
in use
Unit 1 TechnologY
I
72a
Complete the following tips on emphasising technical advantages using the
words in the box.
conventionatetiminated enhanced reduced superior
When describingtechnicaladvantages,it's usefulto emphasise...
a(l)-performance,comparedwiththeo|dermode|ofthesame
product.
bnegativeissuesthathavebeen(2)-,orcomp|ete|y
(3)_.
c special features that differentiatethe technology from (4)
sysrems.
dperformance|eve|sthatmakethetechno|ogy(5)-tothe
comDetition.
)t.l Stefan, an engineer, is briefing some sales colleagues on the advantages
of a new pump design. Listen to the briefing and match the tips (a-d) in
Exercise I 2a to the extracts (l -4).
ExtractI -
Extract2 -
Extract3 -
Extract4
Complete the following sentences from the briefing by underllning the correct
emphasising word.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
We've come up with a completelg/significantlg unique profile.
lt completelg/dramaticallg
reduces vibration.
Machines lilse these can never be entirelg/highlg free from vibration.
The new design runs dramaticallg/extremelA smoothlA.
Another advantage of the new profile is thot it's consideroblg/entirelg lighter.
So compared with our previous range, it's highlg/totallg efficient.
Trials so far suggest the design is completelg/exceptionallg durable.
We expect it to be entirelg/significantlg more reliable than rival units.
Match the words in Exercise 12c to the synonyms.
considenbly dnmatically entirely exceptionattyhighty totatty
I
-l-
:completely
2
-l-
: significantly
3 -l-:
13
extremely
You are Otis engineers back in the l85Os, when elevators were new.
ln pairs, prepare a short talk to brief your sales colleagues on the
advantages of elevators for lifting people and goods. Emphasise the
points below using the phrases and techniques from this section.
Remember that people at this time are sceptical about the technology.
Elevatorsare ...
safe - a reliablebraking systemeliminatesthe danger of a car falling
if a cable fails
o simple - they'recontrolledfrom the car and are very easy to operate
o
o
o
convenient- they'reeasier on the legs than the conventional
alternative (stairs)
valuable- they enhancethe value of land by allowingtaller buildings
on smaller areas
Unit 1 Technologyin use
11
technical
Simplifyíng
andil[ustrating
explanations
I
t4
a )r.l Richard,a structural engineer,often takes clients on guided tours
of their new buildingsduring construction.He is talking about explaining
technicalconceptsto non-specialists.Listen and answerthe following
questions.
technicalconcepts?
I WhatdoesRichardsay aboutexplaining
2 Whatdoeshe meanby dul/explanations?
3 What is beingpatronising?
b ln pairs, think of some tips on how to solve the followingprobtems.
I not being understood
2 beingpatronising
4 sounding
dull
3 explainingdifficultconcepts
C )r.o Richard is giving some advice about the problemsin Exercise l4b.
Listen and summarisehis ideas. Compare his tips with your suggestions.
15
d Richard has made notes for a
guided tour of a site. The project
is a skyscraperin the early
stagesof construction.During
the tour he explainsthe technical
terms to the non-specialistgroup.
ln pairs, discuss the following
terms and try to interpret them
using everydaylanguageto
rephrasethem.
SUBSTRUCTURE
Pi/e foundations
Bored
(in generaD
in situ concrete
Pre-cast
driven
pi/es
concrete
pi/es
Pi/e driver
7/e auger
Bentonite
)t.l Rictrarais givinga tour of a constructionsite. Listen and make notes
of his explanationsof the followingtechnicalterms. Compareyour ideas
with his.
I the substructure the.e*rt.-of.th.e.5tvract$re.5 pre-castpiles
6 to drivein (a pile)
be!p.w.9!,.q!^14....................
7 a piledriver
2 a pile foundation
8 a pileauger
3 to bore (a pile)
9 bentonite
4 in situ concrete
t2
Unit 1 Technologyin use
I
Listen again and compare Richard's explanations with the tips in Exercise
l4c. Which techniques did he use? Were they successful?
Complete the following table using the words in the box.
basicatty(x2) ca[[ effectivety essentially imagine other
picture refer sinrpk simply
Function
1 Simpti[ring
the language
Words/ Phrases
1n sinple terms/ put
2
3
4
whatwe
if you-
Simptifoing
the concept
Focusing
on technicalterms
lltustratingwith images
/ -
/ / whatwe/ if you
/ in -words
f-
to as
ln pairs, practise explaining the technical terms in Exercise l5a using the
simplified words and phrases in Exercise l5d.
t6
Read the textbook description of two types of pile foundation. Use the words
and phrases in Exercise l5d and the following notes to rephrase it.
From a structural perspective, pile foundations can be divided into
two categories: end-bearing piles and friction piles.
lmargirnewartev
End-bearing piles are driven or bored through soft ground in order at\á the sea|beL
to attain firm substrata below. The pile then transmits load vertically
Like statrráitg o\ to firm subsoil or bedrock. The soft ground surrounding the sides of
stilts i\ warfev
the pile is structurally redundant.
luaargile ar leg
a,|\), é\ Poo|
17
Friction piles counteract downward loads from the structure
through frictional resistance between the sides of the pile and the
surrounding ground, and do not therefore rely on firm substrata. In
some cases, the diameter of the concrete at the pile's base is widened
Like ar h4il i\
woo)t
by compaction, allowing the increased area to give the friction pile a
certain degree of end-bearing resistance.
You are showing a non-specialist visitor around your company and explaining
technical concepts using simplified language. In pairs, practise explaining a
product or type of technology that you are familiar with.
in use
Unit 1 Technology
13
I
UNIT 2
n
a
a
o
-
Describingspecific materiats
Categorising
materials
Specifoingand describing
properties
Discussingquatityr
issues
Describingspecificmateriats
ln pairs, discuss the benefits and problems of
recycling.Use the following examples and your own ideas.
breaking
up ships demol.ishing
buitdings recycling
electronicsscrapping
cars
2a
Read the following web page and complete the missing headings using the
words in the box.
Aluminium Copper Gtass Plastic Rubber 5tecl Timber
1ííE
c YcLABLE Li!ÁÍERl ALs
t
Sfeel
Scrap can be sortedeasilyusing magnetism.lf the metalis galvanised(coated
withzinc)the zinc is Íu||y
recyc|ab|e'
|Íit is stain|essstee|,othermeta|smixedwiththe iron,
such as chromiumand nickel,can also be recoveredand recycled.
rE
2 Soding is critical,as thereare key differencesbetweenthe clearand coloured
materialused in bottlesand Jars,and the high-gradematerialused in engineering
applications,which containstraces of metals.
y
3 Scarcitymakes recyc|ingespecia|lydesirab|e,and justiÍies
the cost of removinginsulation
Írome|ectricwires,which are a majorsource of scrap. Pure meta|can also be
recoveredfrom alloysderivedfrom it, notablybrass (whichalso containsquantitiesof zinc,
and oftenlead)and bronze(whichcontainstin).
t4 The cost of meltingdown existingmetalis significantly
cheaperthan the
process of electrolysis,
energy-intensive
which is requiredto extractnew metalfrom ore.
rE
Hardwoodand softwoodcan be reused,However,the frequentneed to
5 removeironmongeryand saw or planeoff damagededges,can make the processcostly.
y
Tyresare the primarysourceoÍrecyc|ab|e
6 materia|.
These can be reusedwho|e
in certainapplications.They can also be groundintocrumbs which havevarieduses.
y
7 An obstacleto recyclingis the need to son waste carefully.
Whilesome types
can be melteddown for reuse,manycannot,or resultin low-gradematerial.
y
a)
74
T
Unit 2 Materiatstechnology
I
Match the materials from the web page (l-8) in Exercise 2 to the
definitions (a-h).
1 stainlesssteet.,''a
2 zinc
I b
\c
3 iron
d
4 bronze
e
5 lead
f
6 hardwood
g
7 ore
h
8 softwood
a metalusedto makebrass,andin galvanisedcoatingson steel
metalin steel
the predominant
a \rpe of steelnot needinga protectivecoating,as it doesn'trust
a dense,poisonousmetal
rocksfromwhichmetalscanbe extracted
an a[[oymadefromcopperandtin
timberfrompinetrees
trees
timberfromdeciduous
Compfete the following sentences using from, with or of .
I Bronze containssignificantamounts o{ copper.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Calvanisedsteel is steel coated -zinc.
iron.
Steel is an alloy derivedalloys.
Pure metals can usuallybe recoveredother metals.
To producestainlesssteel, iron is mixed
chromiumand nickel.
Stainlesssteel containsquantities
metals,such as lead.
Glass tablewarecontainstraces ore, the costs can be high.
When new metal is extracted
ln pairs, ask and answer questions about different materials using the
following phrases.
3
a
lrina, an ecological adviser, is
talking to a group of engineers
on a training course about
environmentally friendly design.
ln pairs, discuss the ideas
from her slide and give some
examples.
)z.t Listen to an extract from the talk and compare your
ideas with what lrina says. What example does she use to
illustrate her main point?
)z.z lrina asks the engineers to do a simplified
environmental audit. Their task is to compare steel and
aluminium car bodywork from an ecological perspective.
Listen to Sophia and Pete, two of the engineers, discussing
the topic and make notes of their ideas.
ln pairs, do an environmental audit for the following
applications and materials. Use the words and phrases in
the box.
Application
wiresin vehicles
I electrical
2 externalwallsin houses
Materials
copperandaluminium
bricksand softwood
I think so / I'd say so I'm (not) sure
as far as I know ...
thats an importantconsideration that needsto be researched
coated derived mixed recovered recycled
-
Categorisingmaterials
What do you know about braking systems? In pairs, discuss the following
questions.
I
2
5a
Cenerallyspeaking,what do brakes do and how do they work?
What kinds of materialare used in brake pads and brake discs in different
vehicles?
Read the article on braking systems. In the title of the article, what do the
colours green and red refer to?
b
In pairs, answer the following questions.
I
2
3
4
Why do most braking systemswaste energy?
What are regenerativebraking systems,and how do they save energy?
What characteristicsare requiredof materialsused for the brakes on racingcars?
What is meant by heat soak, and why is it a problem in racingcars?
GREEN BrÜAKEs
- A RED HOT TOPIC IN MOTOR
RACING
As motor racing goes green,
Formula I is aiming to lead
automotive research in finding
hi-tech efficiency gains. One
of the keys to this ecological
drive is regenerative braking
(also known as kinetic energy
recovery), which
recovers
generated during
energy
deceíeration.and stores it as a
source of power for subsequent
acceleration.
materials, and discs made of
feÜous metal. The resulting
friction generates heat, which
is wasted. In performance cars,
this phenomenon is taken
to extremes, and due to the
high temperatures generated, The potential for recovering
brake discs are often made out energy also extends to the
of ceramics.
heat generated by engines
The carbon discsand pads used and exhaust systems. This
on Formula I cars generate area has also been discussed
so much heat that they glow as a oossible area for future
Regenerative brakes limit red hot. High temperatures exploitation in motor racing.
the energy loss inherent in are, in fact, necessary for the Heat recovery might offer the
traditional braking systems. In effective operation of carbon added benefit of reducing
most vehicles. conventional brakes. But there3 still plenty heat soak ítherma|absorption
pads of potential for recovering the by the chassisf as delicate
brakes
comprise
previouslymade from asbestos- kinetic energy, rather than alloy parts and sensitive nonbased composites, but now mere|y dissípating it ín the metallic materials, such as
polymers, are susceptible to
consisting of compounds*
form of heat.
heat damage.
of exotic.
non-hazardous
C
Match the materiats from the text (l-7)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
16
I
to the descriptions (a-g).
compounds1
a
exotic
\ U
\
\ g
ferrous
materialsthat are not metal
iron and steel
combinationsof materials
ceramics
al.Loy
non-metallic
polymers
mixture of metals
plastic materials
mineralstransformedby heat
rareor complex
d
e
f
g
Unit 2 Materialstechnology
I
ln pairs, take turns to describe an object using the words from Exercise 5c
and the phrases in the box. Ask your partner to guess what it is.
comprise
consistof
madefrom
madeof
madeout of
6 a You are going to give a talk on compositestechnologyat a construction
materialstrade fair. In part of the talk, you focus on reinforcedconcrete
as a well-knownexampleof a compositematerial. Prepare your talk using
words and phrasesfrom this section and the followingnotes.
hmpositematerials
(ammonetample:reinforcedconcrete(verywidelyusedcomposite)
Lement(derived
fron lime)
(qravelor crushed
ftgregate f:i:r:fgrrg"te(und)+clarseaggregate
Water + chemical additives (e.9.plasticiser to improve w1rk^bility)
kinforcement (steel barq fixed together withsteel tie wirQ
b
ln small groups, take turns to give your talk.
c
Margit, a sales engineer, is describing a
high-voltage cable. Before you listen, label
the cross-section with the parts (a-e).
a
b
c
d
e
insulation
wateroroof
membrane
outerjacket
armouredprotection
conductor
2
)z3 tisten to the descriptionand
check your answersin Exercise6c.
Match the parts of the cable (a-e) in
Exercise6c to the followingcategoriesof
materials (l -5). You will need to use some parts more than once.
I non-metallic at
4 non-ferrousmetal
2 metallic
5 polymer-based
3 ferrous metal Imagineyou are presentinga product or applianceyou knowwell to a
potential client. Describethe categoriesof material used to make the
different parts.
Unit 2 Materiatstechnology
t7
Specifyingand describingproperties
I
8a
In pairs, discuss what you know about the properties of Kevlar@and how it
is used.
b
Read the following extract from DuPont'"'s technical guide to Kevlar@.
Compare the information with your ideas from Exercise 8a.
\^/HATIS KEVLAR,@?
KEVLAB@is an orgarricfiber
DtrPontÍl'1
The
in the arornaiicpolyanridefanri{y.
properties
lunique
and distinctchemical
Co|-1pos|Llon
ot KEVLÁRe distingtrisn
tllan nlade
it Íromothercot-,rtllercia]'
Íibers'
KEVLAR@has a uniqueconrbination
nroduius,
toughness,
abrasion
of l'rrgh
resrstance
ar'crIlrernral
stabilty.lt r,vas
industrial
developedfor der-nanciing
applrcations.
arldadvanced-technology
rrany types of KEVLAR@are
Currently.
procluced
to rrreeT
a oroadrirngeof end
usesthatrequirestrong,ltghtwerght.
rraterials.
cltirable
CopyrightDuPontde Nemours
or its affitiates
Company
or trademarks
of E.I.duPontde Nemours
DuPont"andKevtar@
areregistered
trademarks
Find words in the text in Exercise 8b to match the following definitions.
foraghness : the opposite of fragility
1
: resistanceto damage caused by friction
2 3-:reS|Stancetoproblemscausedbytemperaturechange
4 -:
long-lasting
: the opposite of heavy
5 -
9a
Match the automotive parts (l -5) to the descriptions (a-e).
t drivebelts
2 brakepads
3 tyres
4 sealinggaskets
armour
5 butlet-resistant
a
b
c
d
e
sheetsinsertedbetweenpartsto preventgasor fluid leakage
pneumatic
in contactwiththe roadsurface
envelopes
systems
flexiblebandsusedin transmission
gunshots
protective
barriers
capableof resisting
padspressed
againstdiscsto inducedeceteration
Read the information from DuPont'uon the following page explaining some
of the automotive applications of Kevlar@.Complete the text using the
automotive parts in Exercise 9a.
18
Unit 2 Materiatstechnology
I
(1)haverncorporated
Car and trr-rck
Kevlar@intotheirconstruction
becauseit offers
allolvthernto lastloi'rgand stop the rrelricle
saÍe|y
and qrtietly.
n ru lr t lavi r( u r roa . oe h
r corlnu'
J<ur frrnco r l _v r p
u rl o
Kev|ar@providesan eÍÍectlrle'
1ightweight
(4)for r.'ehrcies
solutiorr
thatrequrre
protectionagains{ballisticattack.allowingcars
and lighttrucksto retainmost of theiroriginal
handiingcharacteristics.
l O rU lHOl 'g)l)iOl
!8,
T h e h r g h| n o d U I U aS n c ja b Í a S | o lrle s | S t a l l c o
ef
Kevlar@ help (2)
retaintheir or ginal
c,h:np
an.l lprrcrnn n\/Ar lhe tTlrllrgpt Ot
revolrrt,crrts
tlteuno througnoverlhe litespano{
a venrcte.
The frictiona|
Íorcesthat(3)are designed
t o e n d u r et a k el e s so f a t o l lo r rt l \ o s en ' d d ew r t i r
pulp.The enhancedthernralstability
Kerrlar@
and inherentabrasionresistanceof KevlariS
C h e r n r c .srtl a i l i i i ta\1 o l l r e !! a ' s l a D , l ' ir)e i o
make(5)
reinÍorced
with Keviar@pulp
strongancjdurable.The gaivaniccorrosion
resrstance
of Kevlar'@
also contributesto
irnprovediong ternrengrneperfonrance.
ln pairs, discuss why the properties of Kevlar@are especially important for
each application described in the text.
)Z.q Listen to a conversation about the properties of materials used in a
specific type of tool and answer the following questions.
1 Where does the conversationtake place?
2 What tool is being discussed?
3 Which materialscan be used for its differentoarts?
Complete the following extracts from the conversation using the properties
in Exercise 8c. Listen again and check your answers.
1
2
5
4
The handle mustn't be heavy.ldeallg, Aou wont it to be
Resistingfrictionis essential.The keg requirementisThe bur has to be built to last. Obviouslg, theg need to be verg
Heat builds up in the bur. You need o good degree of -
Match the words and phrases ( | -5) from Exercise | 0b to the synonyms
(a-e).
1 ideal.ty
2 obviously
3 the lastthingyouwant
4 the keyrequirement
5 a gooddegreeof
a
a iís clearthat
b for the bestresults
c the mostimportant
fuctor
d a lot ofl a hightevelof
e the worstsituation
You work for a manufacturer of
hand tools and have ;;;';;n*
a
investigate using alternative materials
- in your products. ln pui.., ."uá tr'"
notes and discuss the main properties
required of the materials used to make
the too|s.
.,-\
a! Joi're"s' hatmme's (tov rattls)
chisels)
ro)Ltau'rp
hatwrmets(fov uaatsorrvy
shart|.
harmwrev
the
at\A
heotA
harr"rmer
the
Co\siáev
a| Wooá Sarws(€ o v cta|tirrgwooá)
Satws
b) Harcksarws(fov craffirrg uaetatl)
Coqsiáev |he satwb|oA,e aúO,|v\e sarwhatr,táleo" €varrre.
Harprme's
Think of a product you know well.
ln pairs, discuss the materials used in it and what properties make the
materials suitable. Discuss whether alternative materials could be used.
Unit 2 Materiatstechnology
79
qualityissues
Discussing
I
72
In pairs, answerthe followingquestions.
whathi-tech,high-performance
I ln advertising,
situationsare oftenusedto promotewatches?
2 Whatmessagesare theyintendedto sendaboutthe
qualityof products?
watches
higher-quality
3 What qualityissuesdifferentiate
ones?
from lower-quality
4 What is the differencebetweendescribingsomethingas
and waterproon
water-resistant
13a
)ls touisa, a marketingexecutivefor a watch
manufacturer,is discussingmaterial selectionwith
Tom,one of her engineeringcolleagues.Listen to the
discussionand completethe four quality issues that are
mentionedin the meeting.
I
2
3
4
b
14a
resistance
-resistance
-resistance
-resistance
In pairs, discuss what is meant by each of the quality
issuesin Exercise13a.
)z.s tisten again and answerthe followingquestions.
I What pointdoes Tommakeaboutthe reasonsfor selectingmaterials?
steelto exemplifythe above
2 What does he say aboutsubmarine-grade
point?
of many
3 Whatproblemdoeshe describewithregardto the marketability
materials?
4 What hard commercialfact does Louisagive?
ln pairs, mark the followingstatementsTrue fI) or False (F)accordingto
the viewsexpressedin the conversation.Read the audioscripton page 87
and check your answers.
technically.
materialsare notthat suitable,
I Often,exotic-sounding
2 Peoplethinkthat a submarinesteelwatchmustbe tremendously
water-resistant.
good.
3 The corrosionresistanceof submarinesteelis exceptionally
steellooksfairlygood.
4 Submarine-grade
suitablefor watches.
5 Tomthinkssubmarinesteelis particularly
6 The firm has oftenused materialsthat are not adequatelydurable.
7 Often,the compositionsof good watchmaterialsare relativelycomplex.
8 Materialswith complicatednamesare prettygoodfor marketing.
20
I
E"
Unit 2 Materialstechnotogy
r
E-.C )z.O Listen to the followingphrasesfrom the conversationand undertinethe
stressed syllable. Practise saying the phrases.
I not patjeularlysuitable
4 tremendously
marketable
2 exceptionally
resistant
5 relativelycomplex
3 notat all suitable
6 notall thatgood
d Completethe followingtable usingthe words in the box.
cxrcÉia*y fairty insufficientty notadequatety not(alt)that
notpartí.culartypÍetty ntativety tetendousty
extremely
excepfiohrrlly
15
quite
not very
not enough
definitelynot
In pairs, discussthe key propertiesand differenttypes and grades of
the followingmaterials.Give examplesof the propertiesthat make each
material good or bad for watch-making,from a quality perspective.
Materials
steel glass atuminiumtitanium gotd ptastic copper rubber
Properties
water-resistant abrasion-resistant corrosion-resistant shock-resistant touqh
brittLe etastic durable heavy Lightweight thermaltystable
16
ln small groups,choose a well-knownconsumerproduct or applianceand
discuss it from a quality perspective.How suitable are the materials used?
How good is the product,comparedwith others sold by competitors?
Unit 2 Materialstechnology
27
Describing
component
shapes
andfeatures
I
t
What do you know about the electrical plugs and sockets used in different
countries?ln pairs, describe some specificdesigns.
2a
)lt Jan, a project managerfor a firm that manufactureselectricalplugs
and sockets, is briefing some of his engineeringcolleagues. Listen to the
briefingand summarisethe aim of the project.
fn pairs, discuss what is meant by profile of the pins and standard
configuration.
tu
)U Erin, an engineerwith the same company,is describingdifferent
electricalplug and socket formats during the briefing.Listen and matchthe
descriptions(l -6) to the pictures (a-fl.
e_
22
Unit 3 Componentsand assembties
I
d
Complete the following phrases from the descriptions using adjectives
based on the words in brackets.
1 ... there are c\vcviav pins for live and neutral. (circle)
2 .. . the earth slot's got a flat base with one side
over to form a
semi-circle.(round)
3 This one has
blades for live, neutral and earth... (rectangle)
4 ... it has a slot to receive the earth pin. (cylinderl
5 ... the pins are arranged in configuration. (line)
(triangle)
6 ... theg're laid out in -configuration
g )t.l Listen and underline the stressed syllable in each of the following
words.
redangle
cylinder
3
rectangular
cylindrical
triangle
line
triangular
linear
a
)S.l Listen to a longer description from the meeting. Which picture (a-0 in
Exercise 2c does Erin describe?
b
Complete the following extracts from the description using the correct form
of the words in the box.
flushwith groove ffie
pin recess ridge set back
V,ole
1 ... there's a circular slot at the top. It'sobviouslg a btind
, i7
doesn't go right through.
2 . .. there ore two plastic
, one on either side of the plug
casing, and theg slot into corresponding at each side of the
socket.lnaddition.thecentreofthesocketls-.Soratherthan
being
the front of the socket, on the same face, the circular area
that receives the plug /s from the surrounding casing ...
3 These covers onlg open when pressure is applied to both bg the two
- of the plug simultaneouslg.
4
C
!n pairs, describe the different plug and socket formats in the pictures in
Exercise 2c.
a
)l.s Andy and Karin, two electrical engineers, are evaluating a plug and
socket format in Exercise 2c. Listen to the conversation and make notes of
the advantages and disadvantages of the following features.
1 Plug slots into a recessin the socket:
Advantages
Disadvantages
2 Covers protect live and neutral slots:
Advantages
Disadvantages
b
ln pairs, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the plug and socket
formats in Exercise 2c. Use the following phrases from the conversation.
an advantage/disadvantage
of this formatis ... anotheradvantage/disadvantage
is ...
withthis systemis ... this (shapeformatfeature)
the problem
stops... from... -ing
this (shape/format/feature)
attows
it to ,/ hel.ps
it to / makesit easyto / makesit difficuttto ...
Unit 3 Components
and assemblies
23
n
Explaining
manufacturing
andassessing
techniques
5
ln pairs, think of some examples of machining operations that are often
used in manufacturing involving metalworking.
6a
)l.S Suan, a sales engineer with a metal fabrication company, is showing Mr
Barrett, a new customer, around their plant. Listen to the conversation
and mark the statements Ti'ue (T) or False (F).
I The company specialisesin sheet metal working.
2 The company does a lot of metal casting.
3 Metal bashing is a precisetechnicalterm for hammering.
4 Drills and milling machinesare alwaysnoisy.
5 Crinding is a processthat uses abrasives.
6 The press is used for shearingmetal.
Complete the following training material for graduate engineers using the
words in the box.
Dritting Flame-cuttingMitting Sawing Shearing
l'|fiilÜilGT||R
|l|GItGl|l|l0ut HnlÜ[I|0l|: cl|ITll|s0ptllll 0l|s
Key Íactorsin determiningthe most appropriatecuttingtechniqueare:materia|
characteristics(notablyhardness,and thermaland electricalproperties),
componentthickness,componentshape and complexity,requirededge quality,and \
productionvolume.Select cuttingoptionsbelow for a detailedanalysisof techniques.
Gunil8oPiloilS
(1)-:abrasivecutting,removingakeíoÍmateria|.|nc|udescuttingwithtoothedb|ades
and abrasivewheels. @
(2)-:useofpressureonsmooth-edgedb|adesforguillotiningandpunching@
(3)-:remova|ofmateria|acrosstheÍu||diameteroÍaho|e,orusinghole-sawsfor
kens. j!!il!*
cuttingcircumÍerentiar
(4)-:remova|ofsurfacelayerswithmu|tip|ecuttingwhee|passes@
(5)-:usingoxyfue|(oxygen+combustib|egas'oftenacety|ene).@
C Complete the following definitions using the words in the box.
abrasivewheel guitLotine hole-saw kerf
punch toothedblade
pq\ch
I A
makes holes by applyingpressureto shear the material.
2A-makesstraightcutsbyapp|yingpressuretoshearthe
material.
is the width of the saw cut.
3 A4 Ahas sharp edges for cuttingor milling.
has a hard, rough surfacefor cuttingor grinding.
5 A6A-cutsacircularoiecetoremoVeanintactcoreofmateria|.
24
I
Unit 3 Components
and assemblies
I
7
a
Read the following extract of promotional literature from a leading producer
of ultra-high-pressure(UHP) waterjet cutting machines. ln pairs, explain the
phrases in bold.
= Ffow
sucha popularcuttingoption?
\ A /hat makeswaterjets
jets
V V Water
requirefew secondaryoperations,
producenet-shapedparts with no heat-affectedzone,heatdistortion,
or mechanicalstressescausedby othercuttingmethods,
can cut with
a narrow kerí and can providebetterusageof raw materia|sinceparts
can be tightly nested.As a resultof the FlowMasterruPC controlsystem
and intuitiveoperation,waterjetsareextremelyeasyto use.Typically,
partsin
operatorscan be trainedin hoursand areproducinghigh-quality
hours.Additionally,
waterjets
virtually
cancut
any material,leaving
a satinsmoothedge.
)l.l fvan is talking to Mr Barrett about UHP waterjet cutting. Listen to the
conversation and match the phrases in the box to the extracts (1-4).
heat-affected
zone
mechanical
stresses narrowkerf
Extract I
Extract 2
parts
net-shaped
Extract3
Extract4
Complete the following extracts from the conversation by underlining the
correct phrases.
1 So theg are especiallg good when / not so good when gou have intricate
shapes.
2 Saw blades are obviouslg pertect when / useless when you're cutting curved
shdpes.
3 ... sawing is the ideal solution / not the best solution if gou want to avoid
altering the material.
4 ... it's ideal for / totallg unsuitable for metals.
8
In pairs, assess the different cutting techniques in terms of
o shape/size of cut
o material types/characteristics
.
phrases
Use the
in the box.
cut width/quality.
good for + -ing the ideal./perfect
ideaL/perfect/especiaU.y
solutionfor
not particutarlysuitable/ not so good if you need ...
not the best sotutionif you don't want ...
totalty unsuitabte/ useless
Cuttingtechniques
dril.l.ing
with a bit
dritLingwith a hole-saw
flame-cutting
grinding
gui[[otining
mil.Ling
punching
sawing
waterjetcutting
Shape/sizeof cut
angular bLindhol.es curved large sma[[ straight
thick thin throuqh
hotes
Material types/characteristics
ceramics metals plastics timber hard tough
brittte
Cut width/quality
heat-affected
zone narrowkerfs no kerf roughedges
smoothedges widekerfs
Unit 3 Components
and assemblies
25
Explainingjointing and fixingtechniques
I
9
In pairs, think of some examples of ways of joining materials together.
10a
)g.A pearo, a purchasing manager with a kitchen appliance manufacturer, is
talking to Alicia, a sales manager from one of their main suppliers. Listen to
the conversation and answer the following questions.
1 What objectivedoes Pedro describe regardinghis company'srelationship
with suppliers?
2 What is Alicia concernedabout?
3 How does he respond to her concerns?
Complete the following table using the words in the box.
adhesive ü'ott
ctip
Mechanicalfixings
bolf
C
rivet
screw weld
Non-mechanicalfixings
Label the photos (l-5) with the words in Exercise lOb.
l
welá
3_
Match the types of connection in the box to the following groups.
botting bonding connccting fixing gtuing joining riveting welding
1 corr\ectiqg
2 -
only.
26
: describes any kind of connection.
: describesmechanicalconnectionsonlv.
: describesnon-mechanicalconnections
Unit3 Components
andassemblies
T
l1
d
Complete the following questions using the words in the box.
eachother on onto to together
I
2
3
4
How can we fix these two componentsHow can we fix these two componentsto H o w c a n w e f i x t h i s c o m p o n e n t- ?
How can we fix this component
I-
?
?
this component?
b Complete the following training web page using the words in Exercise | | a.
a
il[ilUrA8IUB
ll|Bllcl|l|l|lÜtEURIÜII!
0l|:J0ll|Isll|l| rilIilBs
The most suitable method ot joÍning components depends on many tactots, whích
extend beyond the obvious íssue oÍ requírcd strength.
.
Wil|the .jointneed to be disconnectedin the Íuture?|Ía part is bo|ted(1), it can obvious|y
be removedat a |aterdate. |Ítwo componentsare bonded to (2)with strongadhesive,or
welded (3)then subsequentremovalwill clearlybe more difficult.@
.
What externalfactors might affectthe joint? Water or heat can weaken adhesivejoints.And no
matterhow tightlynuts are screwed (4)bolts, vibrationcan cause them to work loose
^.,^- +i-^
vvvr Lil rv.
.
4tllF
tllllliblr
each
How quality-sensitive
is the jointingtechnique?Componentsare rarelyjoined(5)other in idealconditions.lnadequatelytightenedfixings,improperlypreparedsurfaces,or flawed
welds are inevitable.How could such imperfectionsaffectthe jointnegatively?@
-
<'t
C In pairs, answer the following questions using the information on the web
page in Exercise 1I b.
I What are the main advantageand disadvantageof mechanicalfixings?
2 W h a t i s t h e m a i nd i s a d v a n t a go
e f n o n - m e c h a n i c jaol i n t i n g ?
3 What issues can negativelyaffectmechanicalfixings and non-mechanical
joints?
72
a
ln pairs, discuss the followingjointing techniques used in aircraft and say
how the parts are fixed together.
1
2
3
4
Early aircraft:timber frame / adhesiveor screws
Modern jet aircraft:alloy body panels / rivets
Aircraft cabins:seats/floor/bolts
Aircraftcockpit:windshield/fuselage/adhesive
b Your company has launched a competition for its engineers to build a
homemade model glider that is as cheap as possible to assemble. ln pairs,
discuss what types of materials and joints you could use.
Unit 3 Components
and assembties
27
nDescribingpositionsofassemb1edcomponents
13a
ln pairs, read the title of the article and suggest ways of making a garden
chair fly. Discuss any potential problems.
b
Read the article and match the questions (a-d) to the paragraphs (l -4).
a
b
c
d
How did the actual flight differfrom the one that was planned?
What incidentsoccurredjust beforeand just after the landing?
What is said about the modern equivalentof this type of activity?
What componentswere used to assemblethe flying machine?
CRAZYBUTTRUE:LARRYWALTERSANDTHEFLYINGGARDENCHAIR
I On July 2, L982, a Californian
truck driver named I-arry
\ü?'alterssat outside his house
on a garden chair.To say that
he was out to get some air
for
is an understatement,
projecting above him a cluster
of ropes was tiedto 42 heliumfi lled weather balloons. Anchor
ropes, situated underneath úe
chair, were fastened around
the bumper of his car, which
was positioned just below the
makeshift flying machine.
2 MrWalters intended to climb
gently to an altitude of a few
hundred feet, before drifting
slowly out of town and across
country. He then planned
to use an airgun to shoot
some balloons and descend
gradually to earü. But as the
helium gas contained within
the balloons warmed up in the
summer sun, it progressively
generated more lift. \ü7hen the
anchor ropes were released,
the self-assembly airship shot
up like a rocket. Too shocked
to reach for üe pistol inserted
in his pocket, the first-time
pilot held on for life. In iust
a few minutes, l-arry rWalters
was 16'000 feet above üe
ground, floating over the
city of l-ong Beach. A short
time later, there were furüer
complications; he suddenly
found himselfinside controlled
airspace, adjacent to Long
Beach Airport. The occupants
of passing Delta Airlines and
T$íA aircraft looked on at the
curious spectacle outside, as
wide-eyed as the garden chair
pilot hovering beside them.
Evenrually, after managing
to shoot some balloons, Mr
Walters descended safely to
earth despite an anchor rope,
which was still suspended
beneaú üe chair, getting
tangled with a power line
located alongside the landing
site (in someone's garden).
He was immediately arrested
by waiting police of6cers, and
was later fined for breaking
Federal aviation laws.
Today, cluster ballooning,
while still a fairly marginal
sport, is steadily starting to
gain in popularity.
C Answerthe questionsin ExerciseI 3b.
74
a Label the diagramsusingthe prepositionsin the box.
abor/e adjacent to alongside around below beneath beside
inside outside over underneath within
a
!
u
atbove
'!.
,ffi
a
28
U n i t 3 C o m p o n e n tasn da s s e m b l Í e s
"8.
I
complete the following sentences about the flying garden chair using the
prepositions in the box. Check your answers against the text in Exercise t 3b.
in
above around beneath within
the chair was a clusterof ropes' tied to 42
1 Projecting
helium-filledweather balloons.
the bumper of the car.
2 Anchor ropes were fastened
his pocket.
3 Larry Walters had an airgun inserted t h e b a l l o o n sw a r m e du p i n t h e s u n '
4 T h e h e l i u mc o n t a i n e d
the chair.
5 After takeoff,the anchor ropes remainedsuspendedcomplete the following descriptions of how the garden chair airship was
assembled by underlining the correct words.
I A quantityof helium gas was contained/suspendedinside each balloon.
2
A tube was inserted/projectedinside the openingsof the balloons,to inflate
them.
3 The balloonswere situated/suspendedover the chair,in a large cluster.
4 The chair was containedisuspended under the balloons by ropes.
5 Arm rests,contained/locatedbeside the pilot, at each side, helped to hold him
in place.
The landinggear,inserting/projectingbelow the seat, consisted,simply,of the
chair legs.
7 The pilot was positioned/projectedunderneaththe balloons,so his weight
was low down.
d
Wtrictr two other words have the same meaning as positioned?
contained
t5
fastened
inserted
Located
projected
situated
suspended
a In pairs,look at the photo and describehowyou think the cluster
balloonis assembledfrom the followingcomponents.
bags balloons helium nytonropes nylonstraps
pLasticcabte sand/water
batlast ties tape
paragtiding
harness
b )il Eva and Lenny, two engineers working for an extreme sports
equipment manufacturer,are discussing cluster ballooning.
Listen to the conversation and summarise what they say about
the following issues.
the advantageof tying
I a s s e m b l yt i m e
e a c h i n d i v i d u abl a l l o o n
2 how olastic cable ties are used
the problem of using a net
3 a tree structure
to containthe balloons
4 how water bags are used
In pairs, discuss ways of overcoming the problems mentioned in the
conversation. How could cluster ballooning be made more accessible to
a mass market? What other equipment/assembliescould be used?
and assembties
Unit 3 Components
UNIT 4
E
. Workingwith dnwings
o Discussing
dimensions
and
precision
o Describing
designphasesand
procedures
o Resolvingdesignproblems
rI
.n
fL
j$
r-.9Íl
I
lltt
l - r; r -
{;
ilil
.-f
-:StT.:
*
l l
e
a
p
NI
I
r+ lJ "
I
.6 tf,d*
.;
..1
r*'ii$*i*
ffiitrLn:
u-
fa
?
I
I
Workingwith drawings
ln pairs, discuss the different types of design information needed on a complex
engineering project, such as the construction of a large cruise ship. How many
different drawings do you think might be produced for such a project? How
would they be organised and categorised?
2a
)l.t loe, a technician at a shipyard, is talking to Linda, one of his engineering
colleagues in the design office. He is asking about some information which he
can't find on any of the drawings. Listen to the conversation and answer the
following questions.
I What area of the ship are they discussing?
2 What does the technicianneed to know?
Complete the following definitions using the types of drawing in the box.
cross-section elevation explodedüew
specification
p\art\
1 X
2 An 3 An together.
4 A5 A6 Adrawing.
1 A-
note
phn
schematic
gives a view of the whole deck, trom above.
gives a vlew of all the panels,from the front.
gives a deconstructedview of how the panels are fixed
gives a cutawayview of the joint betweentwo panels.
gives a simplifiedrepresentationof a networkof air ducts.
gives a brief descriptlonor a referenceto another related
gives detailedwrittentechnicaldescriptionsof the panels.
Which two types of drawing in Exercise 2b are examples of general
arrangement drawings, and which two are examples of detail drawings?
30
design
Unit 4 Engineering
.-j;t'
t"
-
b--
Read the followingtechnicalquestionsthat came up during the
shipbuildingproject and decide whichtype of drawingis requiredto answer
each question.
lHowmanypane|saretherealtogetheronthiswa|l?2 What profileare thesehollowbeams:rectangularor circular?
3 Whatare the positionsof all the floodlightsaroundthe deck perimeter?
4Howmanybranchescomeoffthemainsprink|ersupp|ypipe?of the fan unitfit together?
5 Howdo all the internalcomponents
3a
What is meant by scale on a drawing? ln pairs, o<plainhow a scale rule,
like the one shownin the picture,is used.
b
)u nfter receivingthe drawings for the panets,Joe is now discussing
some details with Pavel, a colleague. Listen to the conversation and answer
the followingquestions.
I What pieceof informationis not shownon the drawing?
2 What golden rale is mentioned?
Complete the following extracts from the conversation and explain what is
meant by each one.
I /s fhis drawing
scale?
2 lt's one five.
3 ... gou shouldn'tscale drawings...
4 ... it's actual size,on a --scale
drawing...
4
You are engineers on a proiect to design the metal
handrailthat will run around the perimeter of the
top, outdoor deck of a large cruise ship. !n pairs,
discuss what drawings you will need to produce for
manufacturingand installation with regard to the
followingissues:
o the typesof viewthat will be requiredand whateach
one will show
o the approximatescaleof differentdrawingsand views
o whatwritteninformationyou will needto providein
the specification.
5
You are going to provide design information to enable
a productionteam to manufacturea product or
applianceyou knowwell. Make a list of some of the
drawingsthat will be needed,notingwhat each one
willshow.
Unit 4 Engineeringdesign
Discussing
dimensionsand precision
6
d
ln pairs, discuss what is meant by precision and accuracg.
Read the technical advice web page and answer the following questions.
1 How is a superflatfloor differentfrom an ordinary concretefloor?
2 What accuracycan be achievedwith ordinary slabs, and with superflatslabs?
3 What problem is describedin high bay warehouses?
Floors:FAO
SuperÍlat
What is a superflatfloor?
process.
thesurface
is aninherent|y
imprecise
Foranordinary
Compacting
andfinishing
oÍWetconcrete
engineers
canonlyrealistically
expect
thesurface
to befinished
concrete
slabto belaidwithintolerance,
to plusorminus
superflat
concrete
floors
arefinished
to meetextremely
closetolerances,
5mm.Bycontrast,
'1mm
beingaccurate
towithin
across
theirupper
surface.
Where are superffatfloors used?
specified
inwarehouses
whereAutomated
FloorsurÍaces
withextreme|y
tighttoIerances
areÍrequent|y
problematic
Vehicles
floors
areespecially
inhighbaywarehouses,
whichuse
Guided
operate
Uneven
fork|ifts
reachoÍ30metres
ormore'
At sucha height,
s|ight
variations
inÍ|oor
automated
witha verticaI
|eveI
intheformoÍverticaI
ti|t,causing
inaccurate
manoeuvring
at high|evel'
|Íthese
areamp|ified
variations
tolerance
theycanleadtocollisions
withracking
elements,
orcauseitemsto be
areoutside
pa||ets.
Írom
dropped
ln pairs, discuss what is meant by tolerance in the context of dimensions and
precision.
d
Complete the following expressions from the web page which are used to
describe tolerances.
I tolerance(insidethe limits of a given tolerance)
2 -or-Smm(+/-5mm)
3 tolerance(closetolerance)
4-to|erance(notinsidethe|imitsofto|erance)
e
Complete the following sentences using the expressions in Exercise 6d.
The frame'stoo big for the opening.The opening'sthe right size,so the frame
mustbe
2 The total t o l e r a n c ei s I m m . T h e o e r m i s s i b l ev a r i a t i o ne i t h e rs i d e o f t h e i d e a l
is
The engineerspecified + / - 5mm for the slab finish,and we got it to
+ I - 2mm. So it's well
4 You can't finish concreteto + / - 0. I mm. There'sno wav vou can work to such
I
ln some situations, engineers describe tolerances using p/us or minus,
for example +/ - I mm, and in other situations as within, for example
within lmm.ln pairs, discuss the difference in meaning between these two
descriptions, giving examples of situations where each description might be
used.
32
Unit 4 Engineering
design
I
7a
)q.i f\4ei,a structural engineer, is talking to Lewis, a project manager, about
the floor specification for a manufacturing plant that is currently at design
stage. Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions.
I
2
5
4
5
What has the client requestedwith regard to the floor slab?
What are free movementfloors and defined movementfloors?
What issue does the engineerdiscuss regardingquality?
W h a t o p t i o n i s d i s c u s s e di n v o l v i n gg r i n d i n g ?
What can be done to the reinforcementto permit grinding?
Complete the following table using the words in the text in Exercise 6b and
audioscript 4.3 on page 89.
1
2
3
4
5
Nameof dimension
Whafsthe-?
wiá|h
Whaís11]g
?
What'sthe-?
What's11gthickrress?
What'sthe-?
Largedimension
Is it -?
Is it -?
Smat[dimension
Is 11high
Is it -?
Is it [ow?
7
Is i1 a\eep 7
Is it short?
Is it nanow?
Is it thin?
Is it shallow?
Mei has done a revised drawing for the floor slab. Read the extract from her
email about the new design and complete the message using the correct form
of the words in Exercise 7b.
To: Lewis Rosas
Subiect:
Bevised floor slab drawing
P|easefind attacheda reviseddrawingÍorthe Í|oors|ab,now reconfiguredÍordefinedmovement.
wiáe
(as specifiedby the c|ient)
|n orderto accommodateguidedvehicIes1 08Omm(1)
WepropoSeastandard(2)-of1280mmforeachsuperf|at|ane.At14.5m,the
(3)-ofthe|ongest|aneonthenetworkiswithinthemaximumslabrunthatcanbecast
in a singleconcretepour,thus avoidingconstructionjointson straightruns.On curved sections,a
recommendations.
standard8.5m turningradiusis used,as per the guidedvehiclemanufacturer's
|norderto a||owfor the eventua|ity
of futuregrinding,we have |ocatedthe top |ayeroÍreinÍorcement
has not, however,been
1Ommdeeper below the slab surface.This additional(4)added to the overallslab (5)
, which remains275mm.The reinforcingbars also remain
- many of which need
in I2mm diameter.As a result,the levelsof wall-mountedprocess installations
precise
(6)
above finishedfloor level are unaffected.
to be fixedat a
-
8
Which two words in the email relate to circles? What aspects of a circle do
they describe?
W
The manufacturing plant in Exercise 7 will
be built from a steel frame. The vertical
elements of the frame will be Universal
Columns (UCs). Look at the section of a UC.
ln pairs, describe the different dimensions
that define a UC profile by explaining what
the letters on the section refer to.
flanges
TI
Unit 4 Engineering design
33
Describingdesignphasesand procedures
9
!n pairs, discuss what is meant by a design process.lnengineering,what are
the stages in the developmentof designs?
10
a The followingextracts from emails relate to a projectto build an indoor ski
complexin Australia, using artificial snow.The messageswere circulatedby
an engineerto membersof the design team, and to a specialistcontractor.
Read the emailsand, in pairs,answerthe followingquestions.Note that the
emails are not in the correct order.
I Whatare all the emailsabout?
2 Whatdifferenttypesof documents
are mentioned?
We now have a fullset of workingdrawingsfor
the main ski lift(attached).
These incorporate
some amendmentsrequestedby the client,
which have now been approved.Hard
to the re|evant
copies have been Íoruvarded
contractors'premises,for fabrication.
.
It
I
i
;
..
P|easefind attacheda fu||set oÍpre|iminary
II
drawings,as submittedto the clientfor
approva|/ comments.These are Íorinformation
,
only at this stage.
o
Attachedare a few roughsketchessetting
out the overalllayoutof the ski complex.At
this point,these are initialideas based on
the client'ssuggestionsand the approximate
dimensionsspecifiedin the design brief.I look
forwardto any feedback by the end oÍthis
week.
b
||
l|
I attacha summaryof our meetingwith the
clientlast Tuesday.lt outlinesideas expressed
OVthe client'smarketingteam, and describes
what an experienceat the ski complex should
be like,from a visitor'spointoÍview.We'||be
Soingthroughthese notes at the prolectkickoÍÍmeetingnextThursday,to c|arifythe design
brieÍ,so p|easeÍormulate
any queriesbeÍore
then.
"
Please note that dwg 18A is currentlybeing
revised,to resolveproblemsencountered
duringassemblyof the ski lift.BevisionB will
be circulatednext week. Untilthe amended
drawingis issued,pleasetreatdwg 18A as
superseded.lf you requirespecificdetails
urgently,please contact me, and I will arrange
Íora suitab|esketch to be issued'
II
Put the emails in the correct sequence.
l_2_3_4_5
C Complete the following definitions using the types of drawing in the box.
designbrief
pretiminary
drawing sketch workingdrawing
lA-isaroughdrawingofinitia|ideas,a|sousedwhenproduction
problems requireengineersto amend design details and issue them to the
workforceimmediately.
2A-isawrittenSummaryintendedtospecifydesignobjectives.
3A-isanapproveddrawingusedformanufacturingorinsta||ation
There is often a need to revisethese drawingsto resolveproductionproblems.
In this case,amended versionsare issued to supercedethe previousones.
4A-isadetai|eddrawingthatco||eaguesandconsu|tantsare
invitedto approve if they accept them, or commenton if they wish to request
any changes.
34
design
Unit 4 Engineering
I
Ll
d
Find synonyms for the following words in the definitions in Exercise I Oc.
5 give feedback | 1 accept I aQ?vo\le
6 rePlace/uPdatel2 a m e n dl 7 statel3 approximatel8 solvel4 circulatel-
e
In pairs, suggest what needs to be done next in each of the following
situations.
1 They'vefound a problem with drawing63 on site.The detail we'vespecified
doesn'twork.
2 I'vedone a preliminarydesign for the duct layout,but the client hasn't seen
it yet.
3 I'vegot a feelingthe drawingthey have on site isn't the latest one.
4 We'vejust reviseddrawing 14. The changesare going to affectthree
different contractors.
5 This is the client'swritten design brief. How shall we kick off the design
work?
a
Leo is the ski complex proiect manager. With design
work about to begin, he is meeting senior engineers
from the design teams to discuss design coordination.
ln pairs, exp|ain the items on the meeting agenda and
suggest what kinds of issue might be discussed.
b )tl Listen to three extracts from the meeting and
match each extract (l-3) to an agenda item (a-c).
l_
c
2_
Australian Ski complex - Design
Coordination Meeting Agendj
Tuesday 8th May
ConÍerenceroom 9.30am - í 1.00am
To: RN, LG, SB, CW, Sft
ltem
a
Design interface(mechanical.
etectrical)
b
Design and inÍormationÍ|owprocedure
(structural'mechanical, electrical)
c
Inter-teamcommunicationÍorma|and informa|
3_
}l'l Listen again and make notes about the problem.
discussed in the meeting. ln pairs, discuss some
possible solutions to the problems.
d }s.s Listen to Leo summarising the solutions that
have been agreed in the meeting. What has been decided
regarding the following Points?
The decisionthat the senior engineerin each team must make, regarding
drawings
2 The circulationprocedurethat will be used for each drawing
3 The role of the M&E coordinatorin relationto the senior engineersand the
projectmanager
4 The arrangementthat will make informalcommunicationeasier
I
e
ln pairs, discuss how the design procedures discussed in the meeting will
work in the following situations.
I lssuingthe first draft of a specialisedhydraulichose drawingfor the ski lift
2 Designingan electricalsupply systemfor some water-coolingequipment
3 Revisingthe connectiondetails betweensome ski-liftmachineryand its
concretefoundation
design
Unit 4 Engineering
35
Resotvingdesignproblems
f
72
In pairs, discuss problems that can arise when different drawings that
make up a design are not properly coordinated.
13
d The following records are from the indoor ski complex project. They show
correspondence between the design team and construction team. Read
through the texts quickly and answer the following questions.
I What is the general subjectof the correspondence?
2 What is meant by querg and instruction?
5 Some queries refer to earlier conversations.Suggestwhy these have been
followedup in writing.
4 What is meant by dwg and dims?
coNTRAcToR,s
QUERYNo.8ó7
ENGINEER'SINSTRUCTION
Followingour telephoneconversotiontodoy,we
note thotthere is o discreponcybetweendwgs ZóE
ond78E, which indicoteconÍ|icting
dimensionsfor
thewidthof the roofopening.Pleoseclorifywhich
dimensionis correct.
We confirmthe correctdimensionis on dwg 7óE.
Pleosedisregordthe dims on dwg Z8E.
coNTRACToR,sQUERYNo. 8ó8
ENGINEER'SINSTRUCTION
As discussedthismorningon site,we confirmthere Pleosework to ottochedsketchS33.
is o closh betweenthe proposedcoble hoy (dwg
Revisionof dwg E5ó to fo||ow.
E5ó} ond oir<onditioning
duciwork(nowinsto||ed
o s p e r d w g M l I 8 ) i n t h ec e i l i n gv o i d o t G r i d D l 4 .
Pleoseodviseon on olternotive
coble route.
coNTRAcToR'sQUERYNo.8ó9
ENGINEER'SINSTRUCTION
A noteon dwg 1 1A specifiesblock boltsot the
Pleoseprovide furtherdetoi|soÍthe HSFG bo|tsyou
bose of the ski liftcoble support.Thiscontrodicts
the ore proposing.
specificotion,
which stotesthotoll iointsto comprise
High StrengthFrictionGrip bolts.We proposeusing
HSFG fixingsot thislocotion.
CONTRACTOR'S
QUERYNo. 870
ENGINEER'SINSTRUCTION
Furtherto Query 8ó9, the proposedHSFG bo|tsore Approved.
os per thosespecifiedfor oll otherboltediointson
the ski liftsupports.Our intentionis to use o single
boltspec to focilitoteossembly.
Read the correspondence in detail. Write the query numbers in Exercise
1 3a next to the descriptions (l -5). You will need to refer to some queries
more than once.
36
l
2
3
An insta||ation
that won't fit, aS componentsare in each other's way 8é,8
A responsefrom the engineerasking for more information
Oueries that suggesta solution,which will requirethe engineer'sapproval
4
Requeststo the engineerto instructthe contractoror make somethingclear.
5
Separate documentsreferringto details that don't correspondwith each
other
Unit 4 Engineering
design
T
{
C Complete the following pairs of sentences using the verbs in the box.
advise ctarifo ctash propose request
.
I The componentsare in each other'sway. : The componentsmore information.
2 Please ask for more information.: Please
a solution?
3 Can I suggesta solutionto the problem? : Can | 4 Please instructthe supplierto send the parts to this address. : Please
the supplier.
any
5 Any conflictingdetails must be queried. : You must conflictingdetails.
4
a
In pairs, look at the following plan and sections from a drawing on the ski
complex project, showing steelwork details on part of a ski lift. Examine
how the rectangular plate is bolted to the T profile below it. Can you
find the discrepancy between the details, and the clash preventing the
connection from being assembled?
ooo
oo
ooo
Section A-A
Section B-B
Chen, a technician, is explaining the problem in Exercise 14ato Ron, an
engineer. Complete the conversation using the words in the box.
alternative as per ctarifo clash confirm contradicts djtc'€e'afiey propose
Chen: There3 o (1) áiscvePartrc/ between these detai3 that gou might be
oble to (2) straight awag. On the plan of this plate, it
shows eight bolts. But on section A, here, there are no bolts shown in the
middle,Sotherewouldonlybesix,whichobviousla(3)-the
plan. But as Aou can see, this plate's going to be bolted to a T profile.
So we couldn't put a row of bolts down the middle, because theA'd
(4) with the flange running along the middle of the T. So I'd
just going for two rows of bolts. The (6)
(5) would be to redesign the T section, which would obviouslg be a bigger
job.
Ron:
Yes. Let's go for two rows of bolts, (7) -
Chen: OK fine. Will gou send an email to (8) -
the sections.
that?
)o.g tisten to the conversation and check your answers to Exercise l4b.
How does the explanation compare with your description of the problem?
Write an email from Ron to Chen, confirming the revision agreed in the
discussion above.
Unit 4 Engineering
design
37
rt! t I a
Describing
typesof technicalproblem
I
1
In pairs, discuss the technical challenges of endurance car races like the
Le Mans 24 Hours sports car race.
2a
)S.t Sanino, an engineer with a sports car racing team, is giving a talk
to some of his team's sponsors at a test session. Listen to the talk and
answer the following questions.
1 What saying emphasisesthe importanceof reliability?
2 What expressionrefersto things that can cause failures?
3 What expressiondescribesdamage caused by normal use?
)s.t ln the talk, Sabino names five engineering enemies. Complete the
following list. Listen again and check your answers.
: high temperatures
I h: loads from expandinggases or liquids
2 p3v-:continuoushigh-frequencymovementorshaking
: sudden impacts
4 s: damage to surfaces caused by friction
5 aln pairs, suggest which engineering enemies in Exercise 2b can be the most
problematic for each of the following car parts.
I chassis
2 engine
3 gearbox and clutch
3a
7
ö
J
wrngs
coolingsystem
nutsand bolts
)s.z tisten to Sabino talking about some technical problems the team have
had at the test and mark the following statements True (T) or False (F).
I
2
3
4
5
6
38
4 suspension
5 brakes
6 tyres
Some liquid was lost from a pipe.
A car lost all its coolant with the engine still running.
A car's engine stopped on the circuit.
Some tyres were damaged.
A wheel nut fell off a car on the circuit.
A car's suspensionwas broken.
Unit 5 Breakingpoint
:
I
b Complete the following extracts from the talk using the worCs in the box.
bend blochng cnck jam snap
the airflow to the radiators.
1 ... gou don't wdnt ongthing
2 ... theg had a wheel nut , it wouldn't turn.
the suspension or
3 ... he didn't hit the barriers and it completelg.
4 ... it didn't the tub - the chassis.
C Complete more extracts from the talk using the correct form of a verb in
box 1 and a word in box 2.
7
blow ctog cut leak run wear rvo'r*
2
toose up out
loose on a radiator pipe, which resulted in coolant
1 ... a y1u1 wovbe)\
liauid of coolant.
2 ... he switched off before the sAstem had 3 ... the engine
on one of the corners.
with dirt.
4 ... the openings in the side pods alwags
5 The tAres weren't close to
6 ... the radiator problem didn't cause the engine to -
d
)s.z tisten again and check your answers to Exercises 3b and 3c.
e
Read the following comments made by race team technicians.Complete the
following sentences using the correct form of words in Exercises 3b and 3c.
I There'ssmoke and flames pouring out of the engine.;1'5 blow\ qP
2 There'sa pool of oil under the car. Something's
.
3 This cylinderhead bolt won't loosen.lt's 4Theairfi|ter'sfu||ofdirt.|t'scomp|ete|y-.
5 This wing support'sbeen movingabout. The bolts have 6 Something'sstoppingthe oil flow The pipe might be
7 Are you sure that pushrod'sstraight? lt looks as if it's
8We'||needtochangethesebrakepads.They'renear|y-.
9 There'shardly any fuel left in the car. In another lap, we'll
.
Read the technical facts about the ltalian motor racing circuit, Monza,
and summarise how the track is different from most others.
ln pairs, discuss the technical problems that racing cars could
have at Monza as a result of the factors described in the text.
Parabolica
t
StarVFinish
Thecircuitis characterised
Thismeans
thecars'engines
bylongslraights
andchicanes.
percentage
mostother
Íorover75%ofthe|ap,
a higher
than
circuits.
areatÍu||
thrott|e
heavier-than-average
Thetrackrequires
braking
overa givenlap,asthecarsrepeatedly
íastesl
Íor
theslowchicanes.
dece|erate
attheendofsomeoftheworld's
straights
forfastlaps.
Thechicanes
kerbs.
Riding
overthese
hardis crucial
arelinedbyrugged
Thismeans
loweÍ
downÍorce'
The|ong
straights
require
sma||
wings
Íorminimum
drag.
griponcorners
resulting
overbumps.
inlower
andunder
braking,
andlessstability
Themainhigh-speed
2 andfurabolica
areall rightturns.
corners
Lesmol, Lesmo
Parts
bytrees,
which
means
leaves
canbeblown
oflhecircuit
aresunounded
ontothetrack.
?
Chicane
Rettifilio
l"
Lesmo2
lr
rl
.
a ',-1
{f}
Chicane Della Roggia
Unit 5 Breakingpoint
39
fautts
Assessingandinterpretíng
r
5
á
|n pairs, discuss a technical problem you've experienced with a device,
equipment or vehicle. Describe the fault, and how you tried to solve the
problem.
Read the training notes for telephone helpline
staff working for a manufacturer of mining
plant. ln pairs, discuss what each point means.
?'ob /em-so /ving check/is t
/
User s observattons.'
- nature oí fau/t
- circumstances
of fau/t
- externa/ foctors
2
Process of e/imination
/dentiív the íai/ure
Determine
action and urqency
3
4
6a
)S,l fUr Rooney, an engineer at a quarry firm, is talking to Al, a helpline
consultant, about a technical problem with a diesel engine. Listen to the
conversation and answer the following questions.
I
2
3
4
5
6
What does the warning messagesay?
What externalfactor is discussedas a possiblecause?
Why is this possiblecause eliminated?
ln what circumstancesdoes the fault occur?
What does the consultantidentifyas the most likelycause?
What action is required,and how urgent is it?
Match the words in the box to their synonyms in the sentences (l-7).
defect defective fut
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
There's a problem.
fautty intermittentty major minor property systematicalty
latqlt
I-
Perhapssomething
in thefuelinjection
systemis wrong.lt'sa seriousproblem.
lt'sa slightproblem.ls it workingcorrectly?
The problemonlyoccursfrom time to time.
The problemdoesn'toccureverytime.-
I
C Al made the following notes about three engine problems. Match the faults
(l -3) to the possiblecauses(a-c).
I Siartormotoraometimos
vrorKs,
somo'times
doesn'i.
ongineis í 1earsold.
2 Dietribution
boltfailed.tngineblevr.
be|t replracYó
recently almostnew
7 Nswengine.
Runsfqr 2o mina,ihcniemp.gaugoalwals
goesintored,and enginecultout(safe\override)
40
point
Unit5 Breaking
problem.
a holing a1s'tem
Fan?ulaterpump?
b O\ectrica\
conlaclproblom
l-ooseconncction?
c Manufacturing
dcÍYcil
lncorrYclfitting?Noi wear
I
d In pairs, describethe problemsin Exercise6c usingthe followingphrases.
a fuuttypart a suddenproblem a systematicproblem an installatión prgblem
an intermittentproblem causedby wearand tear Ifs / It was ...
It's / It was probably...
Perhapsifs / it was ...
Thisis / wasa ...
e
Complete the following table using the phrases in the box from the
conversation.
I doubtifs
it can,tbe it couldbe it mightbe it:mtstáe it soundslike iÍs
be
1 Iís certain|.y
7 it t^l'^st
2 Iís probab|.y
/3 I t s p o s s i b L/ y- /
not/ 4 Ifs probabl.y
5 Iís certainlynot/ -
7
-
a probtemwith...
f
)S,l Complete the following extracts from the conversation using phrases in
Exercise 2e. Listen again and check your answers.
1 Obvioustg, it mqsf be some sort of defect in the fuel iniection sAstem.
2 So a software problem.
3 ... magbe
a defective sensor.
4 Presumablg, angthing too serious.
5 water, then, if the fuel went in directlg from a deliverg.
6 a faultg fuel pre-heater.
a
In pairs, analyse the problem described below. Underline the words in the box
that describe it.
major minor sudden systematic intermittent
The problem
Thedriverof a dumptruck,whichoperatesin a quarryhas noticedthat the
truck'sdieselengineis slightlydownon power.The problemhas become
progressively
worseoverseveralweeks.Apart fromthe powerloss,the
engineis performing
consistently,
withno misfiringand no overheating.
The
degreeof powerloss remainsconstantthroughouta givenperiodof use,
from startingthe engineto turningit off. No increasein fuelconsumption
has beennoted.
Read the notesand assessthe possible
causes of the problem in Exercise7a using
the words in Exercises6d and 6e.
?ossiblecdffies0f the engineProblern
. wdterin thefuel supply
' a lubricationProblen
' a cloggedfuel filter
, a blockagein the exhduitll;tem
o d cornPres,i\nle^Kfr1m the piston
qlinders
Unit 5 Breakingpoint
47
I
DescribÍng
the causesof faults
8
Look at the following strategies for preventing and dealing with technical
problems in aviation.ln pairs, discusswhat is meant by the following
terms and how they are used by engineersand pilots.
I
2
9
checklists
standard procedures
3 back-upinstallations
4 p l a n n e dm a i n t e n a n c e
a Read the articleon the right and
answer the followingquestions.
I Howdid the problemstart?
2 Whatwerethe initial,unseen
consequences?
3 Whatwerethe subsequent
conseouences?
b
Complete the sequence of
events that followed the
fuel leak on the Airbus
A330 usingthe
extracts (a-d).
Ül:]B rrre flightdata recorder
registeredan abnormalincrease
in fuel consumption.At this
stage.howeve[ this slight
anomalywas insufficientto
cause warning lightsto come
on to aleft the crew to anv
imminentdanger.
ilS:ll n warning message
came up. alertingthe crew
to an ímba|ancebeNveenthe
amountof fuel in each wing
tank. Initially.
the problemwas
thought to be an instrument
malfunction.But furtheranalysis
bv the crew revealedthat the
"We have a problem"
Thetruestoryof AirTnnsat Ftight236.
tT,h.
chain of events began during routine maintenance
I work on an Air Transat Airbus A330. An incorrect
hydraulic pipe was fitted to the right-hand engine. The
component was oversized, leaving inadequate clearance
with an adiacent fuel line. Subsequently, the two pipes
rubbed together, causing the fuel line to wear progressively.
The problem went undetected, until the night of August
24,2001, at 35,000 feet above the Atlantic. !(rith Flight
236 en route from Toronto to Lisbon, carrying 30ó
people, the fuel line ruptured, resulting in a major leak.
Less úan two hours later, the aircraft was completely out
of fuel, gliding silently through the night sky . . .
amount of fuel remainingin
the right tank was significantly
below the planned quantity.
05:tl5 ,qsa precaution.the crew
decided to diveftto the nearest
airport- the Lajesmilitaryairbase
in the Ázores.
ÜE:dE rruc 2 FAILappeareo,
and the leftengine cut out.
Having completelyrun out of
fuel,and with both engines
now down, the AirbusA330
was gliding.descendingat
2.000 feet oer minute.
An alarm sounded, a red masterwarning lit up
and the messageENG I FAILcame up on the
screen.Secondslatet the right engine flamedout
due to insufficientfuel.
b During a routineinstrumentcheck,the crew
noticeda disproportionate
amount of oil had
been used by each engine. Oil pressureand
temperaturereadingsfor each engine were also
irregular,but the levelswere found to be within
acceotableoarameters.
a
42
I
Unit 5 Breakingpoint
116:ll ÜE:lE, witrr the airportin
sight,the landinggearwas
lowered manually.The pilot
then performeda seriesof
spectacuíar
z|9za9manoeuvres
to slow the plane down as
much as possible.The aircraft
touched down on the runway
at 370 km/h - exceedingthe
standardapproachspeed
by over 100 km/h.The pilot
applied emergencybraking.
causingseveraltyresto blow
out and catch fire.But the plane
stopped safely.well before the
end of the runway.
As the aircraftwas now powerlessand potentially
uncontrollable,an emergencyram air turbine
was deployedautomaticallyto generateback-up
electricalpower for the fly-by-wire
controlsand
instruments.Howevel with the main hydraulics
shut down. the flapsand spoilersused to slow the
plane beforeand afterlanding were inoperable.
The co-pilotcalculatedthe plane could remain
airbornefor 15-20 minutes.and that l-ajesairbase
was an estimated20 minutesaway.
The crew decided to takeaction to correctthe
anomaly,opening a cross-feedvalve to transfer
fuel from the lefttank to the riqht tank.
T
C
Make opposites of the following words using the prefixes in the box.
ab- dis- im-
I
2
3
4
5
6
d
in- (xa) ir-
correct
undersized
adequate
detected
normal
sufficient
irrcowecf
mat- over7
I
9
l0
ll
unproportionate
regular
balance
function
operable
Complete the following sentences using the words in Exercise 9c. Sometimes
more than one word is possible.
lThetemperaturegaugeWasfau|ty.That'swhyitwasgivingreadings.
2 The shaft was thinner than it should have been, so its strengthwas
3 The poweroutputfromthe motorvaries.We don't understandwhy it's
4 The bolt's
. lt's too big to fit into the hole.
5 Themachine'snotworkingasitshou|d.There'ssomekindof-.
o
8
0
The braking force on both front wheels should be the same.There shouldn'tbe
an_.
ThefaultWas-.Noneofthemaintenancetechnicianshadnoticed
it.
The control panel isn't working,so you can't control the machine.lt's totally
a )S.l Julia, an aircraftservicetechnician,is phoningAlan, a colleague,about
a problem with the tyres on a plane. Listen to the conversationand mark the
statementsTrue O) or False (F).
I Thetyrepressures
on the blockbeingdiscussedare OK.
2 Thereis too littleair insidesomeof the tyres.
3 The tyre pressuresare the sameacrossthe aircraft.
4 The degreeof wearacrossall the tyresis the same.
Complete the following sentences using words in Exercise 9c
to make true sentences about the conversation.
I Thetyrepressures
on the blockbeingdiscussedare-.
2 Thereis
air pressureinsidesomeof the tyres.
3 Thetyrepressures
on that blockare
to the restof the aircraft.
The wearrate is acrossall the tvres.
ln pairs, discussthe possible causes of
insufficienttyre pressure in general,and
the specificproblem Julia describesin
Exercise 10a, and say why each general
cause you discussedis likely or unlikely
in this case.
I
Discussingrepairsand maintenance
tta
In pairs, discuss the difference between repairs and maintenance and
declde whether the following words relate to repairs, maintenance or both.
broken ctogged defective fautty worn
b
72a
!n pairs, compare car maintenance with aircraft maintenance.Which
aspects are quite similar and which are very different?
Match the content sections (l -10) of an aircraft service manual to the
descriptions (a-j).
Contents
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
l0
b
Openingand dismantlingaccesspanels
Toppingup, drainingand replacing
coolantsand lubricants
Replacingfilters
Safely isolatingelectricalcomponents
Safely disconnectingand reconnecting
electrical components
Mechanicalconnectionsto be checkeÜ
tightenedat each service
Parts susceptibleto wear/damage,to be
examinedat eachservice
Sensitivedevicesto be adiustedat each
service
Informationon non-serviceableparts /
sealedunits
Tableofcomponentlife spans
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
a
b
c
d
e
Switchingoff the power supply
Making sure certain parts haven'tworked
loose
Changingparts that can become clogged
A d d i n ga n d c h a n g i n gf l u i d s
Equipmentthat needs to be set up precisely
maintenanee
Takingparts off and refittingthem without
danger
h Componentsthat can't be repairedon site
i Detailsof how long parts are designedto
last
j Making sure parts are still in good condition
g
Match the verbs (l-lO) from Exercise l2a to the definitions (a-j).
1
2
adjust
drain
3
4
disconnect
dismantle
5
6
7
8
examine
replace
reconnect
service
9 tighten
10 top up
44
nrl
LEJ
Unit 5 Breakingpoint
carryout plannedmaintenance
part
changean otdor damaged
checkcarefutty
emptya tiquid
e addmoreftuidto fitt a tankto the recommended
level
f set up carefully
by makingsma[[
changes
components
Í1 takeapartassembted
h apptythe correcttorque,for exampte
to loosebotts
i
establish
a connection
again
j
removeor isolatefroma circuitor network
a
b
c
d
13a
)s.s n service technician is examining some machinery and talking to
a colleague. What does he say about each point on the maintenance
checklist?
ervance
l4aínt
ClwcL|tst
1
2
3
t+
5
Caalp.nttawL
Caalp"wt
canlítían
Caa|n,wt
fi,Ltcrcanlítían
BLal,owenr/da,rrr,qe
BLala aLr,gnruwt
)s.S tisten again. Do you think the technicians are working on an aircraft
or on an industrial machine?
c
74a
ln pairs, discuss what maintenance needs to be carried out on the
machinery in Exercise | 3a, describing the operations step by step.
You work for IPS, a producer of industrial packaging machinery.As a
member of the global service team your role is to travel abroad dealing
with serious technical problems at your clients' plants. Read the following
email from a plant in Helsinki and summarise the problem.
To Chris McLean
SubjeclF orkliftdamaoe to lPSl5 Helsinki
truck has hit
Fo||owing
our phone conversationthis morningI confirmthat a Íork|ift
our lPSl5 unit.The impacthas made a largeholein the mainpanelon the side
oÍthe machine.our technicianwho is trainedto carryout routineadjustments
on the machinehas made an externalvlsualinspection.He has advised me that
the mechanismsfor adjustingthe precisealignmentof the cuttingblades have
been damaged.Liquidlubricantis also leakingout fromunderthe machineand a
cracklingsound can be heardinsidethe unitwhen it is switchedon - presumably
resu|tingÍrome|ectrica|
damage.
due to ear1hing/short-circuiting
by your serviceteam'
I conÍirmmy requestfor intervention
ln pairs, describe the sequence of steps you'll need to
take to carry out repairs when you arrive in Finland,
using the notes to help you.
75
Think back to some repairs or maintenance you did,
or had done for you, in the past, for example on a
car, bike or domestic appliance. In pairs, explain what
servicing or repairs were required, and the main steps
involved in carrying them out.
lPs ls HelsihLi
e i\tev\arl )totuatge
e ol/ garrfs
r elec|ricarl srapgly: our/ o€ €
r ltabvicai\t: i\ ,/ oqt
r extevrrarl gartrels
e atligruaert oP craftitg
e test
e \ew Pavfs
bla/res
Unit 5 Breakingpoint
45
UNIT 6
a
a
a
E
Discussing
technicat
requirements
Suggesting
ideasandsolutions
Assessingfeasibitity
Describing
improvements
and
redesigns
90
,-t
Discussing
technicalreguirements
What is needs analgsis? ln pairs, discuss why the following factors are
important in needs analysis, giving examples of products and installations.
budget capacity dimensions tayout looks performance
regutations timesca[e
2a
)O.t Clauaia, an engineel is asking Kevin and Dave, the managers of a fun
park, about their requirements for a proposed space module simulator called
Mars Lander. Listen to the conversation and note the three main areas
Claudia asks about.
)tf How do Ctaudia and Kevin focus on specific subiects? Complete the
following phrases from the conversation using the words in the box. Listen
again and check your answers.
concernedregard regardingregards terms
1
2
3
4
5
to the capacitA,...
... with
... in
of the number of people ...
... as far as size is ... And os the graphics ...
. . .t h e s c h e d u l e. . .
Write questions using the following prompts and the phrases in Exercise 2b.
I dimensions: what / overall size / module? \,ith vqgotv)'fo fhe /,ir^,rerrsiorrs,
what| is the overatll size o| |he wroáqle7
2 materials: what I bodywork I made of?
3 s c h e d u l ew
: h e n/ w o r k s f a r t ?
4 power:what / maxiirum output I needI be?
5 heat resistance:what sort / temperature/ paint / need / withstand?
6 tolerance:what level/ precision/ you want us / work to?
46
T
Unit 6 Technicaldevelopment
I
I
a )O.Z Claudia goes on to ask about the physical effects the simulator needs
to produce. Listen to the conversation and make notes on the following
points.
I
2
3
Possiblevariationin simulatormovement
Extent of physical effects required
Best way to assess physical effects
)O.Z tisten again and exptain what is meant by the words and phrases
in bold.
1
2
3
4
5
... to what extent do gou wont the experience to be phgsical?
The degree to which it moves can be varied ...
... tfb obviouslg difficult to quantifg something like this ...
The onlg wag to determine what's right is to actuallg sit in a simulator ...
... gou con ossess the possibilities.
Following the meeting, Claudia writes an email to update Rod, an
engineering colleague. Read the extract and choose a word or phrase from
Exercise 3b that means the same as the words in bold. Sometimes more
than one answer is possible.
To: Rod Nelson
Subiect:
Mars Lander
Inorderto (]) Í.ndout about the simu|ator's
we |ookedat the
dynamiccapabilities,
typesoÍeffectthe simu|ator
shou|dproduce'and (2)the amount thesephysica|
issueswerediscussed:
effectsshou|dbe Íe|tby passengers'SpeciÍical|y'
theÍol|owing
- (3)How severely shouldthe modulegeneratevibration,
to simulateenginethrust?
- How muchbuffetingshouldbe simulated?Thatis, (4)how severely the module
generatesjolting,due to supposedatmospheric
turbulence.
- (5)How much willpassengersbe exposedto constantlinearGJorce,to simulate
deceleration?
|norderto (6)work out the magnitudeoÍtheaboveparameters,
it was decidedthat
the prototype
willbe equippedwithvariablecontrols.Thiswillenabletheclientto
(7)eva|uatedifferent
|eve|soÍseveritythroughtria|sinsidethe simu|ator'
-a-t
4
I
,rSSeSS
2_
3
4
You are consulting engineers preparlng to work with a space agency to
design an unmanned landing module. The module, which will carry scientific
equipment, is intended to detach from a space ship orbiting Mars and
land on the planet. At this stage, this is all you know about the project. In
pairs, prepare a list of the main questions you will need to ask at the needs
analysis meeting using the following ideas.
. type of scientificequipment
o size/weightof equipment
o solidity/fragility
of equipment
o surfaceconditionsat landingsite
Unit 6 Technicaldevelopment
47
Suggestingideas and solutions
In pairs, discuss the following questions about creative thinking.
o What are the most effectiveways of coming up with ideas and finding
ingenioussolutionsto technicalproblems?
o What do you think of brainstorming- generatinglots of ideas randomly
in a group session, without analysis initiatty,then subiecting each idea to
analysisand criticismas a second phase?
o What do you think of evaluatingideas progressively- continuallysubjecting
them to analysisand criticism?
o When creativethinking is requiredto solve problems,what are the pros and
cons of working individually,in small groups,or in large groups?
)
6
a
Read the newspaper articte and answer the following questions.
I How is the statue being made,and what is it being made from?
2 What is Rick Gilliam'srole?
3 What will the statue be placed on in its final positionin front of the
museum?
4 What technicalproblem did they have to solve?
T
tTh"
new statue outside the
I Museum of Natural History
has been a mammoth project,
literally. The soon-to-becompleted
sculpture portrays a life'sized
woolly mammoth, carved from a
sing|e block oÍsandstone. Initially,
one aspect of the project had
engineers baífled. Rick Gilliam,
the engineer overseeing the
logistics, admitted that he and his
colleagues had fried their brains
trying to figure out how the
36-tonne monster could be
lowered onto the stone plinth that
will support it.
'We knew that we could put slings
under the base of the statue,
and pick it up with a crane,' he
explained, and that transporting
it from the stonemason's vard
on a lowJoader wouldn't be a problem.
'The problem is placing it
on the flat plinth
prevent
you
that supports it. How do
getting
the crane's slings from
trapped
between the base and the plinth, so that
48
Unit 6 Technicat
devetopment
they can be withdrawn? We couldn't think
of an easy way to do it.' The creative
answer eventuatly came, not from the
engineers, but from the stonemasons, who
had affectionately been nicknamed the
'cavemen'.
b
Rick is talking to Gabriella, an engineering colleague,about the problem of
placing the statue. Before you listen, explain what is meant by the following
terms and try to guess what the three possible solutions are.
bar dritt friction a grab(onthe endof a cranejib)
horizontal lifting eyes resin verticat
C )O.g Listen to the conversation and summarise the ideas. How do their ideas
compare with yours? Why is each suggestion rejected?
d
Complete the following suggestions from the conversation using the words in
the box.
about atternatively another coutd couldn't don't not
\ot
Whg
Well,
We
Or, What
I suppose
of the crane jib.
Whg
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
g
come up with a wag of hooking onto the side of the statue?
we drill into it, horizontallg ...?
fill all the holes, couldn't we?
, we could mal:e sure the holes were out of sight.
drilling into the top, verticallg?
option would be to use some sort of grab, on the end
we ask them?
You are engineers working on the mammoth statue project, with the following
technical requirements. ln pairs, discuss possible solutions to the problem of
placing the statue on the plinth using the phrases in the box.
Alternatively Anotheroptionwouldbe ...
Couldn'twe ...
W h a ta b o u t . . .?
W h yd o n ' tw e . . . ?
W h yn o t . . . ?
We could ...
No holes, s|o|s ov gvoTves w.otybe cut ih |he s|at|qe. fl|l o€ i|s sh'€aces mhs! vematih iht,rc|.
NT sP,rcevS l,q,rYbe le€t belweeh the qtláevsiáe o* |he star|ue,s {lar| barse au/ the +lat
h||ev J[av|a16eo€ |he glirr|h. Íhe two sh'Paces mus| be le{t i\ áivec| co\t,rc| with earch
olhev.
o ÍÁe startqe u,rl^s|lrot be srabjec|eá |o shocks. Sra/áe\ ),vols, evelt oQ ar €ew u.rillimetves,
atve oht o* |he qqes+io\ giverr |he *vargility oP the sch|PtqY€/ especiatlly art its covhevs at\á
e)tgeS, which cort\be ),ov,tage), eatSily.
, A'ly accessovy eqrriguaerr|u,ratybe raseá, withitt the liprits o€ tech'ricarl possibi|it7 atrrá
rearsotlrrble cost
l
,
The stonemasons suggested a solution to the statue problem. Read their idea
on page 99 and compare it with your solution. What external factors could
cause some problems with their idea? How could these be solved?
Unit 6 Technicaldevetopment
49
Assessingfeasibitity
8
a
In pairs, dscuss what is meant by feasibilitg.
b
Look at the flow chart and, in pairs, discuss how budgets and schedules
affect the technical feasibility of design, development and manufacturing
solutions.
Size of budget
A bigger/smallerbudget often means ...
L e n g t ho f s c h e d u l e
A longer/shorterscheduleoften means ...
9a
Technícal
feasibitity
design.
... more/lesssophisticated/innovative
lity/efticiency.
... higher/lowerquality/reliabi
)s.l vit toa an engineerfrom a German
companythat makesand installsindustrial
gantry cranes,is phoningRaiesh,the
constructionmanagerof a manufacturing
plant currentlybeingbuilt near New Delhi,
lndia. They are discussingthe gantry crane
due to be installed at the plant. Listen to
the conversationand answerthe following
questions.
I Whyare holesneededin the concretewalls?
2 What are core drilled holes and what are
preformedholes?
ln this context,what is meant by plag?
What impact will the lack of play around the bolts have (on the
construction)?
5 Apart from technicalquestions,what two issueswill determinethe most
feasibleway of formingthe holes?
3
4
ln pairs, compare core drilling and preforming with regard to the following
feasibility issues. Which technique is most suitable for the situation in
Exercise 9a?
ü:
fr
cost
precision ümescate
)O.S Viftor and Rajesh are assessing the most suitable method of forming
the holes in the walls. Listen to the conversation and compare their
answers with yours.
)o.l tisten again and answer the following questions.
I What are the advantages of using preformed holes in terms of cost and
timescale?
2 What's the main disadvantageof core drillingthe holes?
3 What tolerance can easily be achieved with preformed holes?
4 What tolerance is required for the holes on this project?
5 What's the risk of using preformed holes?
6 What key feasibility issue does Rajesh identify?
50
Unit 6 Íechnicaldevetopment
I
e
Complete the following expressions from the conversation using the words in
the box and indicate the degree of feasibility each expression describes.
borderline dcad forever teg painstaking peanuts perfectl.ystretching.tatt way
1
2
3
4
AeaA
it,tlbe
2g5g
it'ttcostit'llbequitea-job
it's-feasible
it
5 it's achievable, but it's do
it
6 there's no can
Aou
-l
it's 8 if's o -order
9 it'lltake 10 it'll cost an arm and a f
@-e @l
Ú
tr
!
tr
!!
!l
!!
!!
!
D
!
!
trtr
!!
tr
!
tr
!
tr
feasible but
challenging
o
o
completety
unfeasible
@
perfectly
feasible
!
!
!
!
!
How feasible do you thing the following suggestions are? Label ttrem @ Q
or @ according to the key in Exercise 9e.
1 The machineparts are tricky to paint with brushes,or to spray.Why don't we
dip them in paint?
2 The steel bar is lOOmm in diameter.Couldn'tit be cut by hand, using a
hacksaw?
3 Silver'sa good conductor.Why don't we use it for wiring, instead of copper?
4 Insteadof puttinglead ballastin the heliumballoonbasket,why don't we use
water containers?
5 They'veused the wrong type of fuel in the engine.I'd suggest stripping the
whole thing down and cleaningit by hand.
6 They produce6,000 units per day and normallydo a qualitycheckon l0loof
them. Couldn'tthey checkeverysingleproduct?
g
10
ln pairs, give an appropriate response to the suggestions in Exercise 9f
using the expressions in Exercise 9e.
In pairs, discuss the feasibility of the following solutions to the problem of
forming accurately positioned holes through the plant walls in New Delhi.
Student A, you are Viktor; Student B, you are Rajesh. Discuss technical
issues, cost and timescale, and rank the solutions in order of feasibility.
I
2
3
4
ls a diamond drill really needed to go through reinforcedconcrete?Surely you
can drill into concretewith an ordinarv hammer-actiondrill? Wouldn'tthat
reducethe cost?
Couldn'tthey make the preformedholes wider than required,so there'sextra
tolerance?Then, once the bolts are fixed, the space around them could be
filled with cement.
Why not drill the holes in the steel beams on site, instead of pre-drilling
them? Then they could be positionedto suit the locationof the preformed
holes in the wall. That way,it wouldn'tmatter if the holes in the walls were
slightlyout of position.
Insteadof boltingthrough the concrete,what about adding extra steel
columnsthat run down the walls? The beams could then be supportedon
these,and no holes would be requiredthroughthe concrete.
Unit 6 Technicaldevelopment
51
Describingimprovements
and redesigns
Look at the slide from an engineers'trainingcourse,TotalTechnical
lmprovemenÚ.|n pairs, suggestexamplesof technica|improvementsto
illustrate each one. Are there other points that could be added to the list?
t2
it Look at the slide from a design meetingat a computerprinter
manufacturer.ln pairs, suggestways that the followingprinter factors
might be improvedin some of the areas on the list.
cables/connections
case ink/toner
cartridges papeÍ poweÍ software
Pccolble
oneoe Íor improvemonÜ
I Aesthetics
2 User interfoce
3 Reliobility
4 Gonsumobles
5 Outpur quolity ond speed
ó MoinÍenonce
7 Monufocturing
I Environmentql impocr
'LO.O
ft4".t", a manager at the printer manufacturer, is briefing the design
team on key requirements for the redesign of a printer. Listen to the start of
the meeting. Which two areas on the slide in Exercise l2a are discussed?
)O.O tisten again and answer the following questions.
I Should the layoutand componentsof the new printer differ much from the
existingdesign? Why (not)?
2 How many times has the existingmodel been improvedin the past?
3 What considerationis behind the decisionon how differentthe new software
s h o u l db e ?
4 To what extent should the new software system differ from the existing one?
Look at the following verbs from the discussion and find three examples
where re- means again. Match the other three verbs to the definitions in
the box.
improveoverall improvethe details stay(thesame)
I
2
52
redesign áesiqrr arqarirr
reinvent
Unit 6 Technicaldevelopment
3 refine
4 revamp
5 rethink
6 remain
)O.O Complete the following expressions from the discussion using the
words in the box. Listen and check your answers.
Achil.tes back dnwingboard ground heel improvement
leap quantum rcinvant room scntch up whct
veirrve\f
wheel
1
the
2 designing the whole thing from the
4 the
5
for
to the
6 make a
1 designing the sgstem from
Match the expressions (l -5) in Exercise l2e to the definitions (a-0.
a waste time re-creatingsomethingthat has already been created I
b the biggestweakness
c start again becausethe first plan failed
d make huge progressIe design from the beginning
job
potential
for
f
doing a better
Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the expressions
in Exercise l2e.
1 Unfortunately,we had to scrap the conceptand start again.
We hará |o qo barclr |o |he ztvarwir,rq
boav)..
2 This problem is the product'smost serious shortcoming.
3 There'sno point redesigningwhat alreadyworks perfectlywell.
4
lt's a totally new design - we started from the very beginning.
5 The new design is so much better - it's a transformation
6
.3a
I
I think there'sdefinitelya possibilityto do better in this area.
!n pairs, discuss how computer pointing devices have improved since the
first mouse was invented. Use the language from this section and the
words in the box.
batt buttons first mechanicalmouse optical mouse optical sensors
refinedmechanicalmouse sensitivesurfuce touchpad wheel wiretess
You have been asked by a computer hardware manufacturer to think of
some functional improvements and technical solutions for pointing devices.
ln pairs, discuss your ideas.
íQrEffi
Present your ideas in Exercise I 3b to another pair.
Unit 6 Technicaldevelopment
53
UNIT 7
Describingheatthandsafety
precautions
Emphasising
the importance
of
precautions
Discussing
regulations
and
standards
Workingwith written
instructions
andnotices
Describing
healthandsafety
n
precautions
tl
Some engineering or industrial activities are especially dangerous. ln pairs,
think of more examples to add to the following list.
o
e
2a
M a n u f a c t u r i n gp r o c e s s e su s i n gd a n g e r o u sc h e m i c a l s
C a s t i n ga n d w e l d i n gi n v o l v i n gh i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s
ln pairs, discuss what is meant
by the items on the Health and
Safety meeting agenda.
b
)l,t Rosana, the assistant
manager at a Dorian Food
Processing plant, is chairing
the weekly Health and Safety
meeting. Listen to four extracts
from the meeting and match
each extract (a-d) to an
agenda item (l -7).
a_
c_
Dorian Food Processing
Health & Safety Meeting Agenda
Wednesday ló April, Conference Room, 2.00pm - 4.0C
To:
Chair:
I
2
3
4
5
ó
7
RM, MA, DB, SM, BP, LJ
Rosana Martinez
Hazardoussubstances& Personal ProtectiveEquipment
Harmful gases/fumes6 asphyxiation hazards
Fire/Explosionhazards
Machinery: guards and safetydevices
Access ways, guardrailsand emergencyexits
ElectricaIinstallations
Noise hazards
)l.t Listen again and match the words from the meeting (l -8) to the
definitions (a-h).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
54
L
confinedspaces
C0, detector
exposure
irritant
toxic
corrosive
flammable
naked flames/sparks
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
burnsthe skin
contact (with a danger)
sourcesof ignition
small areaswithoutventitation
measurescarbondioxide
poisonous
causesskin to react
catches fire easily
Unit 7 Procedures
and precautions
Which four types of PPE shownin the photos are mentionedat the
meeting?
In pairs, discussthe hazardsin the followingsituationsand the precautions
that should be taken.
I Workinginsidea containerwithlimitedair circulation
2 Cleaningmetalusingacidthatcan burnthe skinand whichgivesofffumes
3 Usinga grinderto cut througha steelplate
4 Applyingpaintthat cancausepainfulrasheson the hands
3a
Stephanie,Dorian's senior safety officer,is attendinga meetingon
standard procedurefor some engineeringwork that will be carried out at
severalof Dorian's plants around the world. Before the meetingshe made
notes. Read her notes and answerthe followingquestions.
I What is meant by hazard
Hazardanafusts
& safesptenoft^rorL.
analgsis?
2 What is anotherwayto saysafe
}peratÍsn:
t4aínten'a,we,
tagraínsíhs
sAstem of work?
ínva|,víltg
weaíng(ufthary-ar,etgb'w)
3 Whattype of work is goingto be
kcat isnlInterínn
carriedout, and where?
a( enptgsíks(apprar
4 What is meantby accessto
3n dínrwter
r,|5n daep),
at battans
silos?
f[aínsa|etgíssws:ilcussta sihsforr.,orters
5 Whatare the specifichazards
relatingto confinedspacesin
& quípwnt' Can!íwd,
spoa hnzards
thissituation?
b
.'G-,
U
b )l: Stephanieis discussingsome of the hazardswith Ben, one of Dorian's
engineering managers. Listen to the conversation and note the hazards
that they mention.
I Access hazards:
2 Confinedspacehazards:
C )lf Listen again and answerthe followingquestions.
I What safetyprecautionsare discussed?
2 Whichprecautionmightmakeone of the hazardsworse,and how?
In pairs, discuss suitable health and safety precautionsand PPE for
the following operations on an existing steel petrol storage tank at a
processingplant. StudentA, you are a safety officer;Student B, you are an
engineeringmanager.Use the phrases in the box. Swap roles and practise
again.
a An openingneedsto be cut throughthe wall.
o A newsteeloutletpipemustthenbe weldedontothe opening.
a The existingpaint mustthen be removedfrom the externalsurfaceof the
tank,by shot-blasting.
The tank mustthen be repainted.
Themaindanger/hazard
is .
Anotherdanger/hazard
is ...
There's
a riskof... -ing
They'tL
haveto takecarethat ...
haveto be (very)caretul...
They'l.t
Tobe safe,they'tl.needto ...
Unit 7 Proceduresand precautions
55
Emphasising
the importance
of precautions
a Dorian Food Processingis currentlystandardisingsafety proceduresat
its plants around the world. Read the followingextract from the contents
page of the company'snew safety documentationand answerthe following
questions.
I Whatis meantby LV and HV electricalmaintenance
operations?
mightbe carriedout in a factory?
2 Whatkindsof electricalmaintenance
LV &HV ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE OPEMTIONS
Part I Identifying and designating Restricted Areas
(switchboards, transÍormerstations, areas with
exposed conductors)
Part 2 Authorising maintenance
- The role of the Electrical Supervisor
- Procedures for issuing Permits to Work
Part 3 Isolatingand energisingcircuits
- Lock-Out Procedure
- Temporary Warning Notices on switchboards
)l.l tisten to Stephanieexplainingthe safety proceduresto Lin, the plant
managerin Beijing.What is meant by the followingphrases?
I restrictedareas
2 a permitto work
3 the electricalsupervisor
4 the lock-outprocedure
)l.l Completethe followingextracts from the conversationby underlining
the phrases that give the strongestemphasis.Listen to the conversation
again and check your answers.
1 Restrictedareas are places wherea serious danger is present.So it's
essentialthat theseshould be kept locked at oll times / all the time.
2 Under no circumstancesshould angone / Nobodg should under ang
circumstancesbe able to access them ...
3 ... it's importantthat permits are issued each time / everg single time
someoneenters...
4 And it's crucial thot there'sjust one / just a single keg to eoch restricted
area.
5 Then,whiletheg'reworking,it's vital / ittsadvisable that theg keep the keg
on them...
ll,
lli
Which of the followingphrasesgive more emphasisthan rt3 important,and
whichgive less?
3 it's preferable
I it'scrucial
4 it'svital
2 it'sessential
56
I
Unit 7 Proceduresand precautions
I
Rewritethe followingprecautionsusingthe phrases in the box to add emphasis.
atatFtirrrcs everysingte iís crucial iís essential iís ütat
undernocircumstances
I Thefire exitshouldalwaysbe keptclear.
Íhe s'e exi| shorrla\be kept clearr at| arlltrt.les.
2 lt'simportantto testthatthe circuitis isolated.
3 You should reset the alarm routinelywhen you start the system.
4
lt's a good idea to check that the cable is not damaged.
materialsin
It'srecommended
thatyou shouldonlystorenon-flammable
thiszone.
6
Nobody should enter the restrictedarea without permission.
are tight.
the system,makesureall the connections
7 Beforepressurising
In pairs, discuss the following basic precautions for working on electrical circuits.
During work:
Before starting:
o lsolate circuitat switchboard o Tightenconnectionsfully
o Don't damage insulation
o Testcircuit- no current
6
d
To finish:
o Check no loose wires
o Testcircuit
Read the following extract from an electricity company newsletter. What
procedure does the article describe?
power
A helicopterhoversbetweenthe toweringpylonsof an extra-high-voltage
line.In a cradle,suspendedseveralmetresbelowthe aircraft,standtwo line
threadedhot suits.Justa few feetaway
men,shroudedin hooded,stainless-steel
is a live electriccable,fizzingwith 400,000volts.One of the men,holdinga
shortmetalwand,reachesout towardsthe cable.Pockersizedlightningbolts
arc throughthe air.Theret no discernibleelectricshock,,iusta slighttingling
A lead is thenclippedto the live cable to maintainan electrical
sensation.
The line men are now on, and
connectionwith the cradleand helicopter.
work on the live powerline can begin.
maintenance
In pairs, discuss the main precautions you think should be taken during
live line maintenance work by helicopter with regard to the following hazards.
I
2
3
Collisionsand snagging(gettingcaught/trapped)
Hazards from electrocutionand heat
Mechanicalfailure(helicopterand equipment)
)l.l frisaof, an electrical engineer, is describing live line maintenance by
helicopter for a TV documentary. What precautions does he describe for
each of the three types of hazard in Exercise 6c?
ln pairs, think of an operation you are familiar with that requires safety
precautions. Student A, you are a safety officer; explain the precautions to
a new employee. Student B, you are a new employee. Swap roles and
practise again.
Unit 7 Proceduresand
tl
ll
ll
Discussingregulationsandstandards
8
ln pairs, discuss what is meant by regulations and standards, Íor
example safetg regulations and design standards. Give some examples of
organisationsand departmentsin your countryand lnternationalbodies
that produce these kinds of rules.
9a
Offshore oil platformsare coveredby extensivesafety regulationsand
design standards.ln pairs, discuss the main hazardsthat oil platform
workers face and suggestsome safety precautionsthat need to be taken.
)7.5 lsobel, a Health and Safety specialist,is speakingto newlyrecruited
oil platform technicianson a training course.Listen to the introductionto
her talk and answer the followingquestlons.
I Whatkindsof regulation
willthe coursedealwith?
2 Whatexamplesdoesthe trainergive?
3 Whatimportantpointis emphasised?
Completethe followingextract from lsobel's talk by underliningthe correct
words.
Thefocus of the course will be on Aour personal (1)legislation / obligations in
terms of looking after Aour own safetg,and the safetg of others.Thatmeons
we'llbe focusingon specificsafetg regulations.For instance,we'llbe lookingat
personalprotectiveequipmentthat's (2)compulsorg/ prohibited. Or activities
that are (3)compulsorg/ prohibited in certain oreos,such as smoking.The
majoritgof the obligationswe'lldeal with are legal (4)requirements/ permits.
In other words,theg're(5)permitted / stipulated bg law as part of healthand
safetg (6)legislation / obligation. lf gou (7)contravene/ complg with these
kinds of regulations,it'snot the same as turningup for work late, or merelg
breachingAour contractof emplogmentin some wag.If someonefails to
(8)contravene/ complg with healthand safetg regs, theg'rebreakingthe law.
It'sas simple as thot. Ih sure Aou'reall aware of that, but it is an important
point to emphasise.
It
tr
Completethe followinggroups of synonymsusingthe words in bold in
Exercise9c.
l i||ega|
/ banned/ forbidden7 pvohbi|eá
2 allowed/ authorised
I3 adhereto / conformto / 4 stated I (regulations)
5 break(thelaw)/ breach(regulations)
Ipersonal
6 laws/ regulations
I -/
legal-/
7 obligatoryI -
58
I
Unit 7 Proceduresand precautions
I
)
a
Read the extract from a guide to safety in the offshore oil industry.
Complete the text using the words you wrote in Exercise 9d.
The helicopterflightsthat ferrypersonnelto and fromthe platformare subjectto
specific safety (r) legislartiorr. The proceduresand standardsthat are
(z) to the followingareas:
by this regulationsrelate,principally,
o Helicoptersea crashevacuationtraining.Coursesare G) personnel
for all
o Designand safe operationof oil platformhelidecks
o S p e c i a l i s e dp i l o tt r a i n í n g .
F o rN o r t hS e a o i l p l a t f o r m tsh a tf a l l w i t h i nU K ( + )- ,
o p e r a t i o nm
s ust
of BritishHealthand Safety
the legal(6)G) regulations,and CivilAviationAuthorityrules.They must also satisfythe
laid down by the U K Healthand Safety
additionalspecific() Executiveand the OffshoreIndustryAdvisoryCommittee,HelicopterLiaison
Group (OIAC-HLG).
b
Read the following notes on the design requirements for helidecks on
oil platforms. ln pairs, discuss the possible reasons for these design
standards.
'
I
T;:H s }:yí."*ffi
;;::l.r:*
oPlarvges|
helicogter
7
f,q7voach/tal.eolP vohtes: ar{iarcerrt stvqclqves
he|iáecL - ho t,ill stvhctqves
below level oP
j
Pevir,retev gvofec-Fiorr (fo pveve\f peysohhel fvoua *arllirrg):harta\raril
|hart car't be loweveá ov hovieorrtarlrtel - \o $xeA hartávai|s
4
Eqrei7u.rerrt|o co7e with bará wearthe' / poovy!foi|i1':
larrráirrg lights arrrá arrrchor goirrts
geviuaetev
.)
Imagine you are training new engineers in your workplace (or a workplace
you know). ln pairs, explain the main requirements of some regulations or
standards that are relevant to your industry using the following points.
.
o
o
o
key legal requirements
the kinds of operationthat must comply with regulations
practices/proceduresthat are permitted
practices/proceduresthat are prohibited
Unit 7 Proceduresand precautions
59
Workingwith wrÍtteninstructionsand notices
I
12
Think of situations where written notices and instructions are used in
industry. In pairs, discuss the following questions.
1 What differentkinds of informationdo they communicate?
2 What are the characteristicsof effectivenoticesand instructions?
13a
The following warning notices are from a guillotine for sheet metal and a
precision weighing device in a manufacturing plant. ln pairs, discuss whether
each notice warns of a problem that could injure workers, damage the
machine. or both.
DANGER
IMPORTANT CAUTION
b
guillotine
Na ar*r-*rti*"b|"
parts inside.
opening pan€ |
invaIidatesguaÍantee.
El€ctüut|on
dskt
ln ercnt of firc usa
co2 Üt|ngubhaB onlt|.
Do not u$ watal
a
/5\
b
blade before
cleaning
c
WARNING
Taka orc whcn
|lftlng mach|n€ .
Hmk crane to rcd
llÍt|ng GyCr on|y.
Moistu re-sen s itive
device. Store in a
dry place.
o
e
Look at the first word in each sign and answer the following questions.
1 Which word is only used to warn of a risk of injuryto people?
2 W h i c h w o r d i s o n l v used to warn of a risk of damage to equipment?
t4
d
The following extracts are from the instruction manuals of three of the
machines in Exercise | 3a. In pairs, answer the questions (l -6).
b
In the event of a fire water extinguishers
should not be used on this machine as it
contains electrical circuits, and can therefore
cause electrocution. Only a carbon dioxide
extinguisher should be used.
I Why is it unsafeto put water on the machine?
2 What type of fire extinguisheris recommended?
Care should be taken when cleaning below
the guillotine blade as there is a danger that
the blade may descend. Before cleaning, the
control lever should always be set in the Blade
Locked position. Protective gloves should be
worn during cleaning as the sump below the
blade may contain sharp metal off-cuts.
60
and precautions
Unit 7 Procedures
I When lifting this machine, it is essential
I' that only the two lifting eyes marked in
red should be used. No other parts of
the frame are load-bearing and must not,
therefore, be used as anchor points.
What is the purpose of the items marked
in red on the machine?
W h a t c o u l d h a p p e ni f t h e m a c h i n ew a s
lifted by other parts of the frame?
Why is it important o lockthe guillotine
blade?
What other danger is there,and what
o r e c a u t i o ns h o u l db e t a k e na s a r e s u l t ?
b )l.O Petrus,an engineerfrom a machinemanufacturer,is giving
instructionsabout the machinesin Exercise l4a to a client.As you listen,
follow the written texts (a-c) and identifyas many differencesas you can
betweenthe spoken instructionsand the written instructions.Use the
followingideas.
1 grammaticaldifferences
2 use of contractions
3 differencesin wordsused
a Read the followingspoken explanationsof the operatingprecautionsfor an
industrial blower.Rephrasethem as written instructions,makingchanges
based on the differences between spoken and written language style you
identifiedin Exercise l4b.
You shouldn'tp|aceobjectsin ÍrontoÍtheair in|et.And you shou|dkeepthe in|etgri||efree
Íromobstructions,
|Íthere'sdamageto the in|etgri||e,
and c|eanit regu|ar|y.
stopthe b|ower
immediately.
Foreignbodiesenteringthe ductcan causeseriousharm,becausethe unit
partsrevolvingat speed,so it'shighlysusceptibleto damage.
containsprecision-engineered
obiecfs shorela\hot be plotce), irr Qvorrto* the arivirrlet
BeÍoreyou startthe b|ower'it's importantto ensurethatthe e}terna|Ventsat the end oÍ
the air-intake
ductare open.Whenyou openthevents,Íu||y
extendthe adjustinghand|e.
Thenwhenyou closethem,turnthe handleand allowit to returnundertheforceof the
spring.Don'tpushthe handle,becausethatcan strainthe springmechanism,and result
in damage.
Ee€ove starvtihq |he b|oweÍ,,..
Think of some safety or operatingprecautionsyou are familiar with for a
machineor processyou know.Write one or two paragraphsof instructions,
explainingthe main precautionsthat should be taken.
!n pairs, explain the safety or operatingprecautionsfor the machlneor
process using your instructionsas a guide.
Unit 7 Procedures
andprecautions
61
lI
Describing
automated
systems
ln pairs, discuss the differencebetweenan automatedand a manual system.
What do you think a Building ManagementSystem (BMS) does in intelligent
buildings?Suggestsome operationsthat can be monitoredand controlled
automaticallyby the BMS in large buildingssuch as offices.
2a
)s.t Roland, a mechanicaland electricalservices(MeE) engineer,is talking
to Saskia, an architect,about the design of a new building.Listen to the
conversationand answerthe followingquestions.
Whatis a keycharacteristic
of the clientcompany?
Howwillthischaracteristic
affectthe buildingdesign?
What do you think is meantby presencedetectors?
Whatdoes Rolandsayaboutdesignoptionsand howdoeshe describeoption
one?
I
2
3
4
)sz Rolana gives some examplesof sensors and controls.Listen to the next
part of the conversationand tick the points he mentions.
I controlling
the electriclightinginsidethe building
!
controllingthe amount of solar radiationenteringthe building
controllingthe air flowingin and out throughthe windowsof the building
controllingthe flow of warm and cool air aroundthe interiorof the building
2
3
4
Match the words in the box to the synonyms (l -5).
detect dettctor pick up reading regutate set off trigger
I
2
3
4
5
62
sensor/ áetec|ov
measurement
Icontrol(adjust)I sense/ I
activate | -
|
Unit 8 Monitoringand controt
!
!
!
Completethe followingextractsfrom the conversationby underliningthe
correct words.
1 Notjust the usual sAstemsthat activate/detectthe lights ...
2 We could use presencedetectorsto pick up/controlother sgstems...
3 ... a presencedetector sets off/sensesthot evergone'sleft a meetingroom -..
4 ... a temperaturesensorpicks up a positive detector/reading...
5 ... the sensor detects/regulatessunlight,and senses/trigges the blinds ...
6 ... thosesensorsset off/sensea circulationsAstem...
-l
... we'd use presencedetectorsand heat sensorsto deted/regulate as mang
sAstemsas possible?
In pairs, describe the followingautomatedsystemsusingthe words in
Exercise2d.
parameter
system
sensor
I presencedetector movement
lights
fire alarm
2 smokedetector
smoke
roomtemperature electricconvectorheater
3 thermostat
weightof a person intruderalarm
4 pressureplate
la
)g.l RolanA and Saskia go on to discuss an alternative control system in the
building. Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions.
I What assumptionis the idea based on?
2 What design approach might be taken with regard to controls?
3 What is the advantageof this approach?
You are in the MörE design team for the new bui|ding project and have
received the following email from the project engineer asking for your input.
Read the email and, in pairs, discuss what the engineer wants you to do.
a
To: LaurenHarvey
Subject:
Presencedetectors
Could you look intothe practicalitiesof using presencedetectorsfor controllingthe
|ightsin differentpafts of the building?We'|l probab|yhave a mixtureoÍdetectorcontrolledsystemsand manualswitches.The questionis, which Wpe of controldo
we want to have in each location? (Please see my list below.)A critical issue will be
setting the switch-offdelay in differentlocations, i.e. how long the lights remainon
afterthe last movement is detected. On my last prolect,we had a lot of complaints
fromthe c|ientabout the |ightsgoing ofÍwhi|epeop|ewere sti||in rooms.So can
you thinkabout differenttimerdelaysfor differentlocationsin the building?
Main locations:open-planoffices,individualoffices,meetingrooms,corridors,
store rooms
T,,
I
Prepare notes for a short talk to brief the proiect engineerusing your ideas
from Exercise3b. Student A, you are an MörE engineer.Brief the project
engineeron your ideas. Student B, you are the project engineer.Listen to
the briefingand ask questionsabout specificdetails.Swap roles and practise
again.
Unit 8 Monitoringand control
63
parameters
Referringto measurabte
ln pairs, think of monitoring and control systems that are widely used around
the home. Discuss how the following parameters are measured and/or
controlled in these common domestic appliances.
Parameters:temperature pressure time actions/movement
Appliances: boilers heatingsystems refrigerators washingmachines
5a
Match the sensor or measuring system (l -5) to the industrial applications
(a-e).
1 pressure
measurement
a
2 temperature
measurement b
c
3 flowmeasurement
d
4 levelmeasurement
e
5 processrecorders
b
6a
monitoring the speed of water trave[tingatong a suppty pipe
measuringthe [eve[of heat generatedby an exothermicreaction
monitoringthe numberof cans movingalong a conveyorbelt
monitoringthe amountof ethanolcontainedin a storagetank
checking the force exerted by steam inside a vessel
In pairs, think of other uses for the kinds of sensor and measuring equipment
in Exercise 5a.
)s.l Jochem and Katerina, two process engineers at a chemicals plant, are
discussing the monitoring and control systems that will be needed for a new
production line. Listen to three extracts from their discussion and answer the
following questions.
What problem is discussed?
What mechanicalsafety precautionis proposed?
What issue is discussed?
What three parametersrelatedto consumptionare important?
To calculatethe parameters,what does consumptionneed to be
c o n t i n u o u s l ym e a s u r e da g a i n s t ?
Extract 3 f What issue is discussed?
g Which two measurementsneed to be taken?
h W h a t o p t i m u mv a l u e n e e d st o b e d e t e r m i n e d ?
Extract I a
b
Extract 2 c
d
e
b
Match the words ( I - I O) from the discussion to the definitions (a-j).
1 input
64
2
3
4
5
output
optimum
differentiat
consumption
6
7
8
9
10
cumulative
rate
cycle
frequency
timesca[e
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
the best / the most effective/efficient
how often somethinghappens
used
the amountof supplies,ffuel
the total quantityso fur
a specifiedperiod
a value often expressedwith per,for exampleunits per hour
the exit value,for exampleat the end of a process
the entry vatue,for exampteat the start of a process
the gap betweentwo values
attthe stepsin a process,from start to finish
Unit 8 Monitoringand control
The following specification was written following the conversation. Complete
the text using the words in Exercise 5b.
Vessel Bl: Sensor and Measuring System Requirements
Two pressure sensors: one located inside the vessel, and a second situated
on the pipe running downstream,to enable any pressure (l) ái$Pevet|iarl
to be detected.
. Data will be recorded as a
A flow meter to monitor gas (2)
(3) figure (total usage), and as flow (4) , in
flow
against the
litres per second. Note: Software will be configured to log
(5)-ofasystemclock,inordertopinpointpeakflowperiods
occurring between the start and finish ofa given reaction (6) -,
with which they occur.
and to assess the (7)
Two temperaturesensors: one at the entry point of the vessel, to measure
(8)-temperature,andasecondattheoutletpointtomonitor
(9)-temperature.Note;Preciseregulationoftheentry
reaction
temperaturewill be key to obtaining (10)
performance.
7a
You and your partner are process engineers working with Jochem and
Katerina at the chemical plant. You need to assess the sensors and
measuring equipment required for the steam production facility. ln pairs,
discuss the requirements using the information in the diagram. Make notes
of your ideas.
Steamout
(litres/sec)
oC
bar
V
V
Water
Lev. oC
Waterin
(litres/sec)
oc
Gas burner
or
P r o p a n ei n
(litres/sec)
b In pairs, discuss what parameterscan be determinedfor the installationof a
heatingcycle using your ideas from Exercise7a. You should assumethat all
the measurementswill be recordedagainst a timescale.
Unit 8 Monitoringand control
65
Discussingreadingsand trends
tl ln
o
lÍ|pairs,
discuss the
tacf,orsthat
fne factors
tnat cause ma|ns
mains elecfr|c|ty
electricity consumpr|on
consumption to vary.
IJd|Ís'ulscuss
b )g.S Helen, an electrical engineer at a power station, is giving a talk to a
group of visiting investors. Listen to the talk and note the five factors that
influence electricity consumption.
I
3_
z
4
5
C Complete the following extracts from the talk using the correct form of the
words in the box.
decreasefatl increase rise
1 During periods of verg cold or verg hot weother,demand irtcvearses
The-indemandisobviousluduetomilIionsofelectricradiators
coming on ...
2 ... a keg factor which or demand, is whether or
not it's light or dark ...
3 ... on cold, dark, winter evenings,the
in demand is significant ...
4 Cenerollg, demand
during the week, when factories and offices
are operational ...
5 So demand -at
the weekend.
6 There can be a sudden
when people rush to switch kettles on,
or heat up snocks in microwaves, and then a sudden
shortlg
afterwards.
ll
)S.O Listen to the next part of Helen's talk and answer the following
questions.
1 Why does the company often have significantspare generatingcapacity?
2 What ideal situationdoes Helen describe?
3 Why is this ideal situationdifficultto achieve?
Match the words ( | -8) from the talk to the definitions (a-h).
lt
1
2
3
4
ll
5
6
7
8
continuous
fl.uctuations \
peaksand troughs \
peak demand
range
band of fl.uctuation
bLips
continual
a
b
.
d
e
f
g
h
maximumpowerrequirementat a given time
amountbetweenan upperand lowerlimit
withoutinterruption
high points and low points on a graphcurve
regular and repetitive
momentaryrises fottowedby a futt
changes,movementsin general
zone of up-and-downmovement
Look at the graph showing electricity demand
fluctuations over a week in the UK. Find parts or
patterns on the graph described by the words in
Exercise 8e and analyse the fluctuations. How do
they compare with Helen's explanation?
:
=
o
Day ofthe week {November)
Daily peak demand 8pm
66
Unit 8 Monitoringand control
9
it Read the document on energy saving aimed at industrial plant and facility
managers. Complete the text using the words in Exercise 8e.
Dynomicdemondcontrolsystems
con be fittedto electricol
opplioncesthotoperote
o n d u l yc y c l e s i, e . o p p l i o n c etsh o ts t o r tu p , r u nf o r o t i m e ,s h u td o w no g o i n ,o n d t h e n
remoinon stondbyfor o whilebeforerepeotingthe somecycle.Heotingond refrigerotion
unttsore commonexomplesof power-hungry
ihqtoperoteon thisstort-run-stopequipment
w o i tb o s i s .
Dynomicsystems
exploitthefoctthotdutycycleopplioncesdo notrequire
(l ) cotifihqohspower.Thepurposeof the systems
is to help smoothpowerdemondfor
the benefitof electricutilities.
To ochievethis,theydeloythe stort-up
of theopplionces
theycontrolduringperiodsof(2)-'However,on|yminorodiustmentsore
modeto timingos, generolly,
theopplioncesconcernedcon only be heldon siondbyfor
shortperiodsos ihey needto runon o (3)bosis.Butthisstillbenefits
electric
uti|itiesosithe|pstoovoidproblemotic,momentory(4)-onthedemond
curve.
Dynomiccontrolswork by detecting
slight(5)
in thefrequencyof ihe moins
ACsupp|y.A|thoughthisvorieson|ywithinoVerynorrow(ó)-,smo||drops
in frequencyindícote
thotpowerstotionturbinesore workingcIoseto fu||copocity.The
dynomiccontrolsysiemcon therefore
holdtheopplionceon stondbyfor o shorttimeuntir
m o i n sf r e q u e n ciyn c r e o s eosg o i n .
b
Read the text again and answer the following questions.
I
2
3
4
5
10a
What is meant by dutg cgcle?
What problem is dynamiccontroldesignedto avoid?
What sensor input do dynamiccontrolsrely on to allow them to function?
What does the sensor input in (3) indicatewith regard to power stations?
To what extent do dynamicsystemsmodifyduty cycles?
Read the extract from the talk and, in pairs, discuss the foilowing
questions.
... electrical charge is extremelg difficult to store in large amounts, Aou con't
just charge up huge batteries. So we use an innovative technique to store up
power potential during off-peak periods.
I Why do you think this is such a major issue for power stations?
2 Can you suggestwhat innovativetechniqueis used to solve the problem?
)g,l Helen goes on to describe the solution to the problem. Listen to the
talk and make notes on pumped storage.
Prepare a short talk on the operation of a pumped storage hydroelectric
power station for visitors to the power generation company. Use your
notes from Exercise lOb and the words in the box. Student A, you are an
electrical engineer; Student B, you are a visitor on a tour of the plant. ln
pairs, give your talk and ask and answer questions. Swap roles and practise
again.
graüty
high level.
low [eve[
mountain
pumps
reservoir turbines
Unit 8 Monitoringand control
67
tI
I
Giving approximatefigures
17
a
Read the email extract and answer the following questions.
I
2
3
W h o d o y o u t h i n k s e n t t h e e m a i l ?W h a t i s t h e i r r o l e w i t h i nt h e c o m p a n y ?
What type of reviewis the companygoing to undertake?
What is the obiectiveof the review?
To: GerryKlein
Subject:Internalreview
Dear colleagues,
As you know,we are preparingto undertakea comprehensiveinterna|reviewoÍthe company'S
your engineering
organisatlonand facilities.A key area of this reviewwill be to assess how efficiently
expertiseis being uti|ised.I wou|demphasisethat the aim oÍthis assessmentis not to questionyour
professionalcompetence.On the contrary,I and the company'snew shareholdersrecognisethe high
degreeoÍtechnica|expertisewithinthe organisation.our intentionis to work towardsoptimisingthis
valuableresourceby identifyingthe demands on your time that are largelyunproductive(suchas
administrative
tasks)in orderto allowyour skillsto be used more productively.
b The following extract is from a questionnaire used in the review which was
sent to staff in the company's design department. Read the questionnaire
and match each question (l-3) to points (a-c).
I
I
Approximately what percentage oÍ your time do you spend on the types of task
be|ow? For each question, the sum of va|ues given for A + B should equal íoo%.
'y"
1 A
D o i n g t e c h n i c a l t a s k s t h a t u s e m y e n g i n e e r i n gs k i l l s e x t e n s i v e l y
B
D o i n g m o d e r a t e l y t e c h n i c a l t a s k s t h a t a l e s s q u a l i f i e dc o l l e a g u e c o u l d d o - %
2
A
B
D o i n g [ e c h n i c a l t a s k s t h a t a d d v a l u e [ e . 9 . d e s i g n r n g ,p r o b l e m - s o l v i n g-]
D o i n g t a s k s t h a t d o n o t a d d v a l u e [ e . 9 . a d m i n i s t r a t i o n )- " / "
3
A
B
D o i n g t a s k s t h a t a r e p u r e l yt e c h n i c a l - %
D o i n q t a s k s t h a t r e l a t e t o t e c h n i c a l o r q a n i z a t i o na n d d e c i s i o n - m a k i n q- %
a The extent of technicalrole versus managementrole
b The degree of commercialexploitationof technicalskills
c The degree of applicationof expertiseand experience
C )g,S Eleanor and Gerry two design engineers, are talking about the
questionnaire. Listen and write approximate values, to the nearest l0o/o,for
Gerry's answers to the questions.
d
Complete the following sentences using the words or phrases in the box.
Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
tattparFq$í€
offthe top of myhead
roughty somewhere
in the regionof
nowherenear
prettymuch
I They asked for a baillparvk'qrt^"' for setting up the new system'
2 I'vegot the figures in my computer,but I couldn'ttell you
finished,there'sjust the tidying up to do.
3 The work is
the estimateat E2m over budget.
4 The actual cost of the stadiumwas 5 | think it'll take
two weeks to completethe report.
6 T h e d e v e l o p m e nw
t illcost
$ 10m.
68
I
Unit 8 Monitoringand control
%
I
In pairs, ask and answerthe questionsfrom the questionnairein Exercise I I b
usingthe phrases in Exercise I I d. Note down your partner's answers.
1,2 a
I
A-o/o
B-o/o
2
A-o/o
B-o/o
3
A-o/o
B-o/o
)a.g Rs part of the company'sinternatreview,an assessmentis being made
of the hardwareand softwarethat make up the firm's ComputerAided Design
(CAD)system.Dan, a design engineer,is talking to Beatrice,his manager,
about the state of the system.Listen and mark the followingstatementsTiue
CI)or False (F).
I Most of the screensare too small.
2 Engineers
spenda lot of timeworkingon screen.
3 Largenumbersof drawingsare printedat theiroffice.
Find words and phrases in audioscript8.9 on page 93 to match the following
definitions(l -5).
I approximately
/
2 muchmorethan/
(two thirds)
3 at least/
4 most/
5 almost zero /
Complete the following replies to express the figures in approximate terms
using the words in Exercises | 1d and l2b. Sometimes more than one answer
is possible.
A goü,
(at |east 5 years)
l How o|d is this equipment?
five years o|d.
percentage
2 What
of the PCs need changing?all of them. (95o/o)
3 How many of the computersare up to spec?
all of them. (1Oo/o)
4 How many of the staff use the CAD system?
half of them. (55o/o)
5Howmuchwou|dthenewprinterscost?-$2'000.($3'l20)
6Howmuchdoesanadapter|ikethiscost?-($z;
7 How long would a full system take to install?
5 days. (4-6 days)
(95o/o)
8 Can most of our clients read these files? Yes,
of them.
13
You are setting up a small company of consulting engineers employing seven
members of staff - five engineers and two assistants. You need to rent
an office, equip it with a computer network with CAD system and admin
software, and buy other basic office equipment. !n pairs, discuss some
ballpark figures relating to the following questions.
o
o
.
.
What computerequipmentwill be requiredand how much will it cost to buy?
What other items of furniture/equipment
will be needed,and how much will
this cost?
How much floor space will be requiredin the open-planoffice?
How long will it take to set up the office- installthe furnitureand equipment?
Unit 8 Monitoringand control
69
-
Explaining
testsandexperiments
In pairs, discuss the following tests and experiments and their main
advantages and disadvantages.
computer models and simulations 2 reduced-scaletesting
I
2
3 full-scaletesting
a ln pairs, suggesthow the followingdevelopmenttools could be used for
aerodynamictesting.
o Computational
o field testing
FluidDynamics(CFD)
o a windtunnelequippedwitha rollingroad
)S.t Rn internationalteam of researchersare collaboratingon the design
of an experimentalenergy-efficientvehicle.They are discussingthe tools
availablefor developingthe vehicle'saerodynamicdesign. Listen to the
conversationand answerthe followingquestions.
I
2
3
4
5
Whatoptionsare availablefor windtunneltestingin termsof scale?
Whyare rollingroadsusefulin windtunnelswhentestingvehicles?
Whatissuewilldeterminewhetheror not a rollingroadis necessary?
Whatpointis madeaboutthe reliability
of CFD and windtunneldata?
What problemis mentionedwith regardto outdoortesting?
)g.t tisten again and completethe followingextractsfrom the conversation
using the words and phrases in the box.
Theacidtest back-to-back
testing in thefietd mock-up
triatrun tried-and-testedvalidate vfttnt
70
1
2
3
4
... the testswouldobviouslgDe virtt^al , based on a computermodel.
... go into a wind tunnel,with a scale model,or a full-size
... tf's notjust about data gothering.Youalso have to
the data.
The
onlg comes whengou trA out a full-scaleprototApein real
outside,with
conditions.We need to make sure that evergthingis a full-scale
5
... with changeable weather, it's not easA to do -
Unit 9 Theoryand practice
out
I
Match the words and phrases in Exercise 2c to the definitions (a-h).
a
a 3D model simulatingshape and size,but without internalcomponents
uaoclc-tep
b provento be reliablethroughrealuse/ trials
c outdoors.in a realsituation
not physical
d describessomething
simulatedby software,
workse a crucialtrialto provewhetheror not something
f trialsto comparetwodifferent
in the sameconditions
solutions,
g provetheoretica|conceptsbytestingtheminrea|ityh a practicaltest of somethingnewor unknownto discoverits effectiveness
Complete the aerodynamic design development plan of the energy-efficient
vehicle using stages (a-e).
a Test model in wind tunnel to validate data from scale tests
b Carry out back-to-backtests in wind tunnel with mock-ups
c Build full-sizeworking prototype
d Select best design,based on data from wind tunnel tests
e Narrow down design options to three,based on computerdata
Aerodynamic design development plan
I Experiment
usingCFD software
2
3
4
5
6
1
I
9
l0
il
3
Produce reduced-scalemock-upsof designsand test in wind tunnel
Buildfirstfull-scale
mock-up
Producetwo reviseddesignsto improveon full-scalemock-up
Select best design, based on data from tests
Carryout fieldtestswithtrial runsoutside
You are membersof a technologicalresearchteam similar to the one
in Exercise2b. You have been asked to design a test programmefor an
experimentalsystemfor air-droppingcargo. Read the brief and, in pairs,
discuss the types of test requiredand their sequence.
Design brief
The system allows relativelyfragilecargo to be air-droppedfrom planes
into remote locations on the ground.lt comprises a parachute,attached
to a cylindricalcontainer two metres long with a diameter of 1.5 metres.
The container is surrounded by a deformable protective structure.
The aims of testing are to develop the designs of:
a) the parachute
b) the protective structure,in order to minimisethe impact to carto
inside the container.
The number of tests must be maximisedwithin a limited budget.As
tests involving real drops from aircraft are costly, these must be kept to
a minimum.
Unit 9 Theoryand practice
77
Exchanging
viewson predictionsandtheories
I
4
a tn pairs, answerthe
followingquestions.
I Whatkindsof cargois
sometimesdroppedfrom
aircraft,and why?
2 What are the advantages
and disadvantages
of
air-drops?
Read the following predictions of how a container air-dropped with
parachutes might behave while falling, and on hitting the ground. Complete
the predictions by underlining the words you think are correct.
I
The longer the containeris in the air, the more its horizontalspeed will
decrease/increase.
2 Compared with a low-altitudedrop, the verticalspeed of a high-altitudedrop
will be lower/higher.
3 In terms of damage to the container,a high vertical/horizontalimpact speed
is potentiallyworse.
4 A very low-altitudedrop will most likelycause the containerto slide/roll
along the ground.
)g: Arnaud and Jenna, two engineers, are talking at the start of an airdrop research project. Which predictions in Exercise 4b do they agree on,
and which do they disagree on? How do their ideas compare with yours?
5a
Rephrase the words in brackets to complete the following extracts from the
conversation.
lSo'-(intheory)'thehorizontalspeedwillkeepdecreasing...
(assume)the drop altitude's verg low, ...
2 So,
(sure) o low vertical speed is the critical factor.
3 ... (presume), if the groundspeed's quite high, there's a
4 Because,
danger the container will roll ...
(argue),rolling is the worst problem, ...
5 So,
Rephrase the words in bold in the following sentences using the words in
Exercise 5a.
I I suppose there'llalwaysbe a certainamount of groundspeed.
2 lf we assume the containerwill roll, we'll need to protect it accordingly.
3 Accordlng to the hypothesis, groundspeedwill almost alwaysbe positive.
4 You could say that it's inevitablethe containerwill roll and bouncealong.
5 I'm convinced that high verticalspeed is less problematicthan high
groundspeed.
72
Unit 9 Theoryand practice
I
c
In pairs, decide whether the following words and phrases are used to agree
or disagree. can you think of other phrases for agreeing and disagreeing?
Absolutely I'm not convinced I'm not so sure Not necessarily
Of course True
d
Look at the diagram and, in pairs, discuss the following questions.
Dropaltitude
Aircraftspeedandd'irection
Windspeedanddirection
speedof contajner
Vert'icaI
{{-
I
2
3
4
5
6
a
of container
Airspeed
of container
Groundspeed
What is the differencebetweenairspeedand groundspeed?How do
wind speed and wind directionresult in a differencebetweenan aircraft's
airspeedand its groundsPeed?
lf an aircraft'sgroundspeedand airspeedare the same, what must the wind
speed be?
In theory,an aircraftcan fly with a groundspeedof zero in certainextreme
conditions.what would these conditionsbe, with regard to wind speed and
the aircraft'sdirection relative to the wind?
To minimisethe horizontalgroundspeedof an air-droppedcontaineron
landing,what should the aircraft'sdirectionbe, relativeto the wind?
lf severalair-dropsare carried out from the same altitudewith different
wind speeds,how will higherwind speeds affectthe groundspeedof the
containeron landing?
tn pairs, discuss which of the following options you think is preferable and
why.
I a low-leveldrop with low verticalspeed and high horizontalspeed
2 a high-leveldrop with high verticalspeed and low horizontalspeed
In pairs, discuss how the design of the container used for dropping cargo
would be different for each of the two options in Exercise 6a. For each
situation, consider how the container could be built to cushion the type
of impact. In particular, think about the shape of the container and the
protective structure around it.
Unit 9 Theoryand Practice
73
-
Comparingresultswith expectations
7a
ln pairs, discuss the difference between expectations and results.
Cive an example relating to research and development (R&D) in
engineering.
Manfred Haug, an aeronautical engineer, is describing his early
rocket experiments. Read the description and explain what is
meant by the expressions in bold.
Relging on trial and error isn't olwags the best wag to improve
technologg, but I found it was an effective waA to develop roclsets.
Especiallg as rocket science was unfamiliar territorg for me. I was on
a steep learning cule, hence the numerous explosions.
Read more of the description. What kinds of rocket did they build
and how do you think they worked?
I should sag that this had nothing to do with NASA, and happened
a long wag from Cape Canaveral. lt was just me and a few friends
on a windswept football field near Homburg. But the plastic bottle
water rockets we built and launched went through an impressive R&.D
progromme, bearing in mind we were onlg 12 gears old!
!l
8a
)g.S tisten to an interview with Manfred about building and
launching water rockets and answer the following questions.
I How full were the bottles?
2 What coincidencewas helpful?
3 How powerful was the rocket?
4 What problem occurred?
Read the following extracts from the interview. What is meant by the words
in bold?
lt
1 ... we expected it would shoot up reasonablg fast .
2 ... we didn't anticipate just how powerful it would be.
3 lt totallg exceeded our expectations.
9a
In pairs, discuss two or three solutions to the problem experienced with the
rocket, based on basic materials and simple assembly techniques. For each
potential solution, explain how you would expect the rocket to perform and
why, describing potential problems for each solution.
)g.q Vanfred goes on to describe how he and his friends solved the
problem. Listen to the description and summarise the solution, explaining
why it was effective. How does the solution compare with your ideas in
Exercise 9a?
)g.q Usten again and complete the following phrases from the description.
I (as expected)
lt didn't go exactlg
2 (extremelywell)
lt worked
74
Unit 9 Theoryand practice
t0a
tn pairs, discuss possibleways of makingthe water rocket more powerfulto
allow it to attain higher altitudes.The basis of the design should be the
sameandyoumayon|yusebasicmaterials.Foreachsolution,explainthe
followingpoints.
o Why you wouldexpectthe rocketto be moreeffective
. Any potentialProblems
the
)g.S tisten to Manfred describinghow the rocket was developedand
their
and
made
improvements
the
on
notes
Make
tests.
results of further
consequences.How do the solutionscomparewith your ideas from
Exercise lOa?
Read the followingphrasesthat Manfred uses.complete the definitionsby
underliningthe correct words.
: what happenedin theory/prcllCe
1 as it turnedout
: what happenedin theory/practice
hoppened
actuallg
what
2
: it was less/morethan we thought
pressure
the
underestimated
we
3
: it was less/more than we thought
4 we overestimatedthe strength
: they'readequate/inadequate
5 plastic bottlesore hardlgup to theiob
: it was a theoretical/practicallesson
6 I learnedthe hard wag.
ln pairs, discussthe followingquestions.
of buildingthingswhenyouwereyounger
o Did you haveanyexperiences
or
whichdidn'tturnout as you'dexpected?what did you underestlmate
What lessonsdid you learnthe hard way?
overestimate?
in helping
weremostbeneficial
whatexperiences
o when youwereyounger,
you learn?
principles
did
youto improveyourtechnicalskills?what technical
1t
Amateur rocket scientistshave producedwater rockets capable of reaching
altitudes of severalhundredmetres in competitions.In pairs, think of initial
ideas for a suitable designwhich complieswith the followingcompetitionrules'
Water Rocket GomPetition
{f Rockets must be assembled entirelyfrom
consumer Products Purchasedfrom
supermarkets or DIY stores. For safety
reasons, no glass or metalliccomponents
are permitted.
{f Flocketswill be pressurised, and anchored
duringpressurisationusing a compressor
and launch pad providedby the organisers
Jf Release of the rocket will be triggered by
competitors, from a distance, by rope' at
the moment deemed appropriate by the
competitor,based on a reading on the
pressure gauge of the comPnessor.
Unit 9 Theoryand Practice
75
Discussingcausesand effects
In pairs, discuss the difference between cause and effect in each of the
following situations.
1 a vehicletyre overheating
2 a n e l e c t r i c acl i r c u i to v e r l o a d i n g
3 a s h i p ' sh u l l c o r r o d i n g
t3a
Read the title of the article in Exercise I 3b and explain what you think it
means.
b
Read the article and answer the following questions.
I What are chickencannonsdesignedto do?
2 Why was a chickencannon used for a train test?
3 What were the effectsof the test?
CHIGKEI{
CAlIl{ol{GOOFMAKESTECHEGGHEADS
IOOKLIKETURKEYS
jet
\f,/nen new aircraft are developed,
Y Y engines and cockpit windshields are
tested to simulate bird strikes (mid-air
collisions with birds), which can result in
damage. The tests are carried out using
special compressed-air cannons that fire
dead chickens. On one occasion such a
gun was lent, by an aeronautical company,
to some engineers developing a new train.
Bird strikes were a potential danger, owing
to the train's high speed. Having received
instructions in how to use the cannon,
the train designers bought an oven-ready
chicken from a local supermarket, and
subsequently fired it at their prototype.
l,
|Í
lt
The effects were devastating. As a result of
the impact, a hole was smashed, not just
through the windshield, but also through
the back of the driver's compartment. It
was hard to believe a chicken had caused
so much destruction. Consequently,the
engineers contacted their aeronautical
colleagues to enquire if the problem might
be due to an issue with the gun, some sort of
fault that could have caused it to exceed its
normal firing power. No malfunctions were
found. However, it was later discovered
that the unexpected damage had occurred
because of a temperature issue.
The text in Exercise I 3b is an urban legend (or urban myth) - a commonly
told story that is said to be true, but which is not. Can you guess what
temperature issue caused the unexpected effects?
d
Complete the following sentences using the words and phrases in the box.
becauseof (x2) caused consequentlydueto owingto rtsuttin resultof
I Bird strikes 62n vesqlt i\
damage to aircraft.
2BirdstrikesWereapotentia|prob|emforthetrain,-l
Iits speed.
5 During the test, the train was severelydamaged as a the impact.
4 The damage occurred
a problem relatingto temperature.
5Theimpactofthechicken-ittoenterthetrain.
6Theengineersthoughtthegunwasfau|ty,so-theyca||edtheir
colleagues.
76
I
Unit 9 Theoryand practice
e
Read the following engineering urban legends and complete the
descriptions of causes and effects using the correct form of the words
and phrases in Exercise I 3d. Sometimes more than one word or phrase is
possible.
1 Apparently,the biggestchallengein space explorationwas developinga pen
for astronautsto use in orbit as ordinary ballpointpens don't work in space,
becatuse oP / Arl.elo / ow\t\glo the fact that there's no gravity. So
this problem,there were teams of researchersworkingfor
years,trying to find a solution.Eventually,someone came up with the idea
o f u s i n ga p e n c i l .
2 When they designedthe foundationsof the library on the universitycampus,
they forgot to allow for the weightof the books on the shelves,which
the buildingto start sinking.So , half of the
floors have had to be left empty,without books, to keep the weight down.
3 Did you hear about that Olympic-sizedswimmingpool that was built?
They got the lengthwrong,
the tiles.They forgot to take
into accountthe thickness,which
the pool measuringa few
mi||imetrestooShort.So-,itcan'tbeusedforswimming
comoetitions.
14a
One popular topic for urban legends is the suggestion that the moon
landings didn't really take place and were filmed on Earth. ln pairs, discuss
the following questions.
.
o
o
.
In photos taken of astronautson the moon, why are no stars visible in the
sky?
In film footage,why is the flag planted on the surfaceof the moon seen
m o v i n gs l i g h t l y ?
Why do photos of astronauts'footprintsappear to be on a wet surfaceand
not in dry dust?
W h y i s n o b l a s t c r a t e rc a u s e db y e n g i n et h r u s td u r i n gt h e l a n d i n gv i s i b l e
b e l o wt h e m o d u l e ?
)g.S Caroline and Renato, two colleagues at an engineering firm, are
talking about the moon landings during a coffee break. Listen to the
conversation and compare
what they say with your
ideas from Exercise 14a.
C
ln pairs, discuss any urban
legends you have heard
relating to engineering
and technology. Use the
following ideas to help you.
o
.
o
o
unbelievabld
e e s i g nf a u l t s
bizarre incidents
involvingcars
r u m o u r sa b o u t a m a z i n g
experimentaltechnology
b a d w o r k m a n s h i pb y
=
plumbers
builders,
and
electricians
'G';;-.=
jf-=*"::H
Unit 9 Theoryand practice
.i.
UNIT 10
E
performance
Discussing
and
suitabitity
Describingphysicalforces
Discussingrelativeperformance
Describing
capabilities
and
limitations
a
o
a
Discussingperformance
and suítability
I
1a
ln pairs, answer the following questions about wind turbines.
1 W h a t f u n c t i o nd o w i n d t u r b i n e sp e r f o r m ?
2 W h a t a r e t h e m a i n a d v a n t a g e sa n d d i s a d v a n t a g eos f w i n d t u r b i n e s ?
3 What types of locationare most suitablefor wind farms?
b
ln pairs, discuss the functions and technical characteristics of the following
wind turbine components.
btades
2a
tower
qenerator
)tO.t Vit e, Loreta and Hanif, engineers at a wind turbine constructor,are
discussing performance and suitability issues relating to offshore wind
turbines. Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions.
I W h i c hw l n d t u r b i n ec o m p o n e n td o t h e e n g i n e e r sd i s c u s s ?
2 W h a t i s t h e b i g p r o b l e mw i t h o f f s h o r ei n s t a l l a t i o n s ?
3 W h i c h t w o t y p e so f c o n s t r u c t i o nm a t e r i a la r e b e i n gc o m p a r e d ?
4 Why are coastaldefencesmentioned?
5 W h a t p o i n t d o e s H a n i fm a k e a b o u t r e g u l a rm a i n t e n a n c e ?
6 What comparisonneeds to be made with regard to lifespan?
b
Match the words (l -6) from the discussion to the definitions (a-0.
1
2
C
a
3
4
appropriate/suitabte
consistent/retiable
cost-effective/economical
effective
b
c
d
the right sotutionfor a particularsituation
good enoughfor the intendedfunction
performsa functionwe[.
worksquicktyand well
5
6
efficient
sufficient/adequate
e
f
makesthe most of resources,isn't wasteful
doesn'tbreakdown,atwaysperformsin the sameway
Make the following words negative by adding the prefixes in- or un-.
l
adequate
i\4áeqr^at!e
2 appropriate
3 consistent
4 economical
5 effective
78
U n i t 1 0 P u s h i n gt h e b o u n d a r i e s
6
7
8
9
eflicient
reliable
sufficient
suitable
d
3a
)tO.t tisten again. What issues do Mike, Loreta and Hanif agree and
disagreeon?
The followinginformationis from the web site of Sigma Power,a firm
that advises corporate and governmentclients on wind enerS/ proiects.
Completethe text usingthe words in Exercise2c.
E
E
E
E
IE
I
The fact that wind turbinesconsumeno fuel and waste very littleenergyis clearlya fundamental
are they? Key figures
advantage.But just fiev7 e$$crerrt
Clearly,wind turbinesneed to be locatedon relativelywindy sitesin orderto function.Froma
?
what kindsoí geographical Iocationarethe mostmeteorologicaI
standpoint,
Turbinesare generallyplacedat the tops of tall towers,where wind speedsare highel thus
. What otherpositioningfactors influenceperformance?
makingthem more
Windturbinesrare|yÍunctioncontinuous|y,duetothefactthatwindspeedsare-'
is the impactof variable weather conditionson powergeneratingcapacity?
How significant
Transmittingelectricityover long distancesis inherently
, due to power lossfrom
powerlines.Findout moreaboutthe advantagesof generating
overheador underground
power locally.
for it to be reliedupon
The generatingcapacityof wind turbinesis generally
provide?
generating
realistically
percentage
wind
turbines
capacity
can
of
total
What
100%.
Someear|ywindturbinesWere-,sufferin9breakdownscausedbyinaxia|
stressesstemmingfrom higherwind loadson the upper blade.Howevel this problemhas been
overcomeon modernunits.Learnmoreaboutthe technica|evolution of wind turbínes
at
{
You are engineersat Sigma Power.The marketingmanagerhas asked
you to provide some technicalanswersfor the frequentlyasked questions
sectionof the company'swebsite.The FAO section is aimed primarily at
potential clientswho are thinkingof installingwind turbines at their sites
- factories,office complexes,hospitals,and universitycampuses.ln pairs,
discuss the followingquestionsand write the answersfor the website using
the informationin the fact file and your own knowledge.
of havinga windturbineat my site?
What'sthe big advantage
are
How dependable
arewindturbinesas a sourceof power,giventhatweatherconditions
changeable?
relative
to naturalfactorssuchas
What kindsof sitearemostsuitablefor windturbines,
hills,the coast,and heightabovesealevel?
What'sthe mostappropriatelocationfor my wind turbine,relativeto localfeatureson the
site,suchas treesand buildings?
-''!lrF
Unit 10 Pushingthe boundaries
79
I
Describingphysicalforces
4
a Read the foilowingarticre.what is a sorar tower and how does
it use the
forces of expansionand pressure?
j9L\jJ
7btu.,
cruue b
rcrrrcltc
energy?
.Í{)
Iy!;ls
Theneedto developrenewable
energyis widelyseenas
a futuristic
technological
challenge.
Inreality,
someof the
mosteffectivewaysof harnessinghorsepowerfromnature
are basedon conceptsthat haveexistedfor donkey'syears.
Thewindturbineis an obviousexample.Another- less
wellknown,butconceivedalmosta centuryago- is the
solartoweror solarchimney.
And if the Australian
company
EnviroMission
completesan ambitioussolartowerproject
in the NewSouthWalesdesert,the technology
could
capturenotjustthe sun! raysbutthe public'simagination
worldwide.
Thefirmis planningto constructa towera
colossalonekilometrehigh.lf built,it witlbe the world's
talleststructureby a hugemargin.
Howit works
A largeglassenclosureis built,witha chimneyat its centre.
Thesun heatsthe enclosure,
causingexpansionofthe air
inside.At the top of the chimney,
the lowertemperature
and
lowerpressuredueto the higheraltitudecreatea pressure
differentialknownas stackeffect.This causesair to flow
is generatedby turbinesat the
up the chimney.
Electricity
whicharedrivenby the flowof air.
bottomof the chimney,
Thebiggerthe areaof glassandthetallerthe chimney,
the
greaterthe airflowandthe higherthe generating
capacity.
b
c
What physical forces would act on a solar tower I km high?
)to.z su, a structurar engineer specialising rn the design of very tail
structures, is giving a talk to a group of engineering students.
Listen to the
talk. Which of the forces in the box doesn't she mention?
!9n!ing centrifugalforce compressioncontraction expansion
friction pÍessureshear tension torsion/torque
'(D)'#
Label the diagrams using the forces in Exercise 4c.
lEr'.-J--l
cor4PYessro\
;-EI
6tl8
80
,[É
Unit 10 Pushingthe boundaries
Tira'Tq
---T44--
'o11l
)tO.Z Comptete the following sentences from the talk using the forces in
Exercise 4c. Listen again and check your answers.
1 So thot downward force meons the structure is in cou^pyessio\. especiallU
neor the bottom.
2 ... a horizontal load, exerted bg air -against
one side of the
structure.
3 Becouse the structure is fixed at ground level, and free ot the top, that
generotes
forces.
4 ... when elements bend, gou have opposing forces:
at one side,
at the other.
5 ... the wind effectivelg tries to slide the structure along the ground, and the
foundations below the qround resist that. The result of that /s force ...
6 . .. the foundotions need to relu on
with the qround to resist the
pull-out force, ...
1 The action of the wind can also generate
. You get a twisting
force ...
8 When concrete absorbs heot from the sun, Aou get
; as soon as the
sun goes in, there's
You and your partner specialise in designing structures for electrical
transmission grids. You are currently working on a cable support concept
for power lines near wind farms exposed to severe weather. You have come
up with the following design. !n pairs, hold a short meeting to evaluate your
design concept. Explain the forces acting on the structure.
Severe weather cable support concept
beam
wind direction1
::
_____
column11
z
winddirection2
pivoting
insulators
\
.\____
_
column2-v
--R
----\
cables
leg 3
leg 11
t, leg
v.
lpg 4
\
\
J
concnete
foundations
U n i t 1 0 P u s h i n gt h e b o u n d a r i e s
81
Discussingrelativeperformance
I
5a
In pairs, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of air and highspeed rail travel. Focus on trips of between 500km and I ,500km, the
journey length over which planes and trains often compete for the same
passengers.
Read the extract from an article about transport in a popular science and
technology magazine and answer the following questions.
I What factorsshould be consideredin the comparativeanalysisdescribed?
2 What is the purpose of the comparativeanalysis?
3 What suggestionis made about Europe?
convenience,
efficiency,
and
Qpeed,
four factors
Jenüronmental-friendliness:
with which to assess the relative effectiveness
of different long-distance, mass-transport
solutions for passengers. Technology: the
key criterion in determining what transport
solutions are available. And distance: the main
consideration when categorising routes. Blend
these variables together in varying quantities,
and you have a model for calculating the
optimum way of moving people.
On a European scale, whichever way you mix
the various criteria, the most advantageous
way oÍ getting people around the heart of the
continent seems to be on high-speed, electric
trains.
Find words in the text in Exercise 5b to match to the following definitions.
Which one of the words has a plural form?
1 standard by which you judge something
6a
2
fact or situationwhich influencesthe result of something
3
n u m b e r ,a m o u n to r s i t u a t i o nw h i c hc a n c h a n g e
What do you know about France's
high-speed train, the TGV? What is its
normal operating speed? What is the
approximate length of the train?
Read the facts about the world speed
record set by the TGV. Compare the world
record journey with a normal TGV journey,
using your answers in Exercise 5a.
World Speed Recordfor an In-Service
PassengerTrain
Date
loi"ti"n
Train
Record
82
I
April 3,2007
Fiance:Paristo Strasbourgline on
slightlYmodifredtrack
StándárdTGV With fewer coaches
574.8km/h
Unit 10 Pushingthe boundaries
C )fO.l Andrej, a consulting engineer specialising in rail technology,is talking
about the TGV world speed record. Listen to the talk and answer the
following questions.
I Overall, how heavilymodifiedwas the train?
2 How long was the record-breakingTCV?
3 Why was some of the bodyworkmodified?
4 Why was the diameterof the wheelschanged?
d )fo.l Listen again and complete the following table about the modified TGV
using the figures in the box.
+ 680/o + 79olo - t5olo
- 509o
Technical criteria
+ 80o/o
Modified TGV: % difference from standard model
Maximumspeed
Trainlength (with coaches)
Aerodynamicdrag
Diameterof wheels
Motorpoweroutput
g
Complete the following sentences from the talk by underlining the correct
words.
1
2
3
4
5
6
-I
f
The record speed exceeded the standard
operating speed bg a ting/hlltp
margin.
The train was modified to a ceftain/considerable extent ...
... the modified train was significantlg/slightlg shorter, ...
... changes were made to the bodgworlt, to moke it slightlg/much more
aerodgnamic...
The wheels on the modified train were marginallg/substantiallg bigger ...
... the power of the electric motors wos marginallg/substantiallg higher thon
the standard units ...
... standard high-speed trains con be made to go foster bg a slight/
considerable amount.
Rewrite the following sentences to describe the modifications that were
made to the TGV for the record attempt. Use the phrases in Exercise 6e to
replace the words in bold.
The supply voltagein the catenarycables had to be increasedfrom 25,000
to 3l.OOOvolts.
2 To limit oscillation,the tension of the catenarycables had to be increasedby
60o/o.
3 On some curves,the camber of the track had to be increasedby a few
centimetres.
4 The 574.8km/h record beat the previousrecord,set in 1990, by 59.5 km/h.
5 ln perfectconditionsthe TGV could probably have gone faster by 5 to l0
km/h.
I
7
In pairs, choose a product or type of technology you know well and compare
its performance and quality with an earlier model, describing the extent of
the differences.
Unit 10 Pushingthe boundaries
83
I
Describingcapabilitiesand limitations
8a
Look at the photos and read the extracts Írom The
Storg of John Paul Stapp, by Nick T. Spark, and answer
the following questions.
When and where do you think it took place?
What do you think the aim of the test was?
What do you think John Stapp's professionwas?
What equipmentdo you think was used?
W h a t d o y o u t h i n k h a p p e n e di n t h e e x p e r i m e n t ?
I
2
3
4
5
the sled'smovie cameras'and
With five secondsto go Stappactivated
rocketsdetonatedwith a
nine
p;;;;;;J to. tt. ,t ott' ioiii wi"a't
and blastingStappdown the track'
terrificroar.sendingot'iitutt' of fire
' ' ' sonic wind hit the water brake.
The rear of the sred tore away.
The fronr
continued' hardry slowing at
alr unt' it hJ; ;. second warer
brake. Then,
spray exploded from the back
oÍSonic win|i.itstopped like it
had hit a
concrete wall.
)tO.l Listen to an extract from a documentary about
the experiment and check your answers to Exercise 8a.
Complete the following data on the Sonrc Wind test
using the figures in the box.
r.2 3 20 46 101s
I Max soeed:km/h
2 Accelerationfrom 0 to max speed:
3 Acceleration force: Cs
4 Decelerationtime:
seconds
5 Decelerationforce: Cs
seconds
) tO.Stisten to the next part of the documentary and check your answers to
Exercise 8c.
Complete the following groups of synonyms using the words in the box.
ableto capableof copewith exceed incapabteof
intendedfor srliette.d{o surpass unableto withstand
1
2
3
4
5
6
84
I
exposed to (a force) / s'^biecte/ to
resist (a forceJ| |go beyond (a limit)I Isuitablefor (a use)I c a nI - l
c a n ' tl - l -
Unit 10 Pushingthe boundaries
I
Complete the following sentences about Sonrc Wind using the correct form
of the words in Exercise8e.
I The boltsfixingthe camerato the sled had to coPe with highshearforces.
generatingenormousthrust.
2 The sled'srocketswerepools
stop the sled rapidly.
3 The
at the end of the trackwerehighlevelsof friction.
4 The skidson the sled had to
severaltonnesof air pressure.
5 At full speed,John Stappwasand
resistthe shockof deceleration,
6 The rear of the sled wasbroke off.
survivingforcesof 17 Gs and above.
7 Doctorsthoughtpeoplewerethe I 7 G limitby a hugemargin.
8 JohnStapp-
9a
You are a consultant engineerand your firm have received an email from an
entrepreneurwith an ambitiousplan. Read the followingemail extractand
note the key information.
!n pairs, discussthe key
informationin Exercise9a and
considerthe followingpoints.
o the levelof G force
o a safelengthfor the track
o the feasibility
of usingwheelg
o the suitability
of the braking
systemssuggested
)to.o Jasmine and Andrew,
consultingengineers,are
discussingthe issues in
Exercise9b. Listen and compare
what they say with your ideas
from Exercise 9b.
!n pairs, discussthe points
raised in their conversationand
make notes summarisingyour
thoughtsin preparationfor a
meetingwith the entrepreneur.
Prepare a short presentation
for the entrepreneurusingyour
notes from Exercise9d. Student
A, you are the consultant
engineer.Give the presentation.
Student B, you are the
entrepreneur.Listen and ask
questionsabout specificdetails.
Swap roles and practise again.
I
To;JasmineMurray
Subiect:
The proposal is to build a rocket sled ride on a desert site in Western
Australia.The ridewillbe aimedat wealthytourists,and willallow
themto experiencesupersonicspeeds.We envisagecarryingtwo
passengersat a time,seatedbehindthe pilot.The idea is inspired
which I'msure you'refamiliarwith.
by the Sonic Wind experiments,
However,it goes withoutsaying that safetywill be the numberone
priority,which means that e)dremesof accelerationand deceleration
must be avoided.For instance,a waterbrake,likethe one used in
the Sonic Wind tests,is clearlyout of the question.
The site is largeenoughto accommodatea track up to 16 km
long,thoughI reckon1Okm would be adequate.Accordingto my
roughca|cu|ations,that wou|dbe sufÍicientto al|owprogressive
accelerationup to and throughthe sound barrierto about 350 m/s,
to a standstillwithoutexceeding2 G
and progressivedeceleration
(20 m/s,),while still leavingthreeto four kilometresof track as a
safety margin.However,I'm not an engineer,so would appreciate
your professional
opinionon that.
I assumethe most suitab|evehic|e
ln termsoÍbasic techno|ogy,
would be a rail-mounted
sled,withsteelskids that gripthe track,
aboveand belowthe rails,to preventderailing,and avoidproblems
withaerodynamiclift.I assumewheelswouldn'tbe feasiblegiventhe
speeds involved,thoughI'm not 100%sure aboutthat,Perhapsyou
can advise.Propulsionwould be providedby a rocketor aircraft.jet.
I alreadyhave a consultantsourcinga suitableengine, however,so
thatangleis beinglookedinto.
As far as your inputis concerned,the mainareawhereI need your
expertiseis on the brakingsystem.As I said,violentbrakingis out of
the question.As I see it,suitablygentleoptionsincludesystemsthat
app|yfrictionto the rai|s,aerodynamicÍ|aps,parachutes,or reversed
enginethrust.But, again,I'm not an engineer,so I look forwardto
discussingyourthoughtson these issues.
-":ar
Unit 10 Pushingthe boundaries
85
This glossarycontains usefultechnicalwords from the texB and audioscriptswhich are not coveredspecificallyin the exercises.
bearing
mechanismcontainingballs or rollers placed around a componentwhich spins,e.g. a shaft,to reduce
friction
belt (drivebelt)
closed band placed around two or more wheels (pulleys),allowingone wheel to drive the other(s)
cable
rope made of many wires,usually metal
component
individualpart of an assembly/mechanism
electromagnetic
generatedmagneticfie|d
haíuses an e|ectrica||y
foundation
base supportinga buildingor structure,usuallymade of concrete
gears
wheelswith cogs (teeth)which mesh togetherto transferdrive from one wheel to the other wherethe
wheels are side by side
inertia
the resistanceof an obtectto accelerationor decelerationdue to its mass
lubricant
|iquidor viscous so|id (e.g.oil) used to reducefriction betweenmovingparts whose surÍacesare touching
(electric)motor
device which transformselectricalenergyinto rotary motion
pile
foundationcomprisinga vertical columnof concretein the ground
propeller
device with spinning blades used to push boats or aircraftthroughwater or air
reinforcement
networksoffibres or bars placed inside a materialto strengthenit, e.g.steel reinforcementin concrete
remote control
siystemused to control a device or vehiclefrom a distance,usuallyvia a wirelessconnection
sheave
alternativeterm for pulley (seebert above)
solar power
energyfrom sunlightconvertedinto electricalenergy
strength-to-weight
ratio
toughnessof a materia|(abi|ityto resist breaking)re|ativeto its density (density = masívo|ume)
structuralengineer
engineerspecialisingin the design of structures,e.g. bridges
wind load
force exerted on a structureby the wind
wireless
signal transmissionwithout a physicalconnectionby wire, e.g. by radio wavesor infraredwaves
aggrega[e
solid particles or lumps of material used in a mixture,e.g. sand and gravelin concrete
automotive
related to vehicle design and manulacturing
blade
cutting device,often metal with a sharp or toothed edge
cement
lime-basedpowder mixed with water to make concrete
chassis
base of a vehicleto which all main componentsare fixed
composite(material) combined materials;consistsof a bulk material (calleda matrix) reinforcedwith fibres or bars, e.g.glassreinforcedplastic [plasticmatrix with glass fibres)
material that conducB (carrieslelectricityor heat - in engineering,usuallyrefiersto an electrical
conductor
conductor
electrolysis
passing an electricalcurrent througha liquid or solid in order to separatechemicalcompounds
exhaust
galvanized
systemfor evacuatingsmoke or gases,e.g.from an engine
coated with zinc - us€d to protect steel from corrosion (rustingl
insulation
protectivelayer to preventor reduceconductionof heat or electricity
ironmongery
collectiveterm for small metal items commonlyused in buildings,e.g.door handles,hinges,screws,nails
kinetic energy
energy in the form of movement,e.g.a spinningwheel
melt down
changea solid substanceinto a liquid by heating it
membrane
thin layer of material,often acting as a barrier,e.g.to preventwater passing
puncture
hole causinga leak of air or liquid, e.g. in a tyre
rust
common name br iron oxide - producedwhen iron corrodesas a result of exposureto air and water
scrap
used/recoveredmaterial intendedfor recycling;often refersto metal
108
Glossaryof technicatterms
acetylene
gas commonlymixedwithoxygenin welding(oxy-acetylene)
ballast
densematerialusedto add weight,e.g.as a counter-balance
or to resistlift
cable tie
plastic strap used to fix severalcables togetherside by side, or to fix cables to a supportingstructure
casting
pouringmoltenmaterialinto a mould
eartn
electricalconnectionbetweena circuitand the ground
live
in a mainselectricalcircuit,the wirethroughwhichcurrentflowsinto an appliance- also meansa circuit
is energised(currentis flowing)
machining
collectiveterm for processesinvolvingcutting,drilling,etc.
millingmachine
machineWithcuttingwhee|susedto cut awaythe surfaceof metá|in thin |ayers
neutral
in a mainselectricalcircuit,the wirethoughwhichcurrentflowsout of an appliance
black bolt
in construction,
an ordinarybolt
cabletray
long metalplateon whichcablesare laid - designedto supportlargenumbersofcables
column
verticalsupport in a structure
constructionjoint
ioint beMeen two sectionsof concretethat were poured at differenttimes (whereconcretestructuresare
poured in severalstages)
duct
large section pipe,with a circularor square profile,for carryingair; or a protectivecover for cables or
hoses
fabrication
making/assembling,
often used to describe metalwork
fixings
collectiveterm ficrbolts, screws,rivets and clips
high strengthfriction
erip [HSFG)bolt
bolt which holds plates togetherby friction (grippingthem tightly together)rather than by shear force
M&E
abbreviationfor mechonicaland electrical - in construction,refersto electricalinstallations,water
pipes,air-conditioning,
etc.
pour lconcrete)
Dlace/castconcrete
slab
large flat area of concrete,for a floor or roof
'fu$iffiÉÉ
clearance
distancebetweencomponentsdesignedto fit togetherclosely
clutch
friction mechanismallowingengine motion to be transferredto wheels progressively
coolant
liquid in a cooling system
orag
resistanceto movementthrougha gas or liquid,e.g.whena planemovesthroughthe air
electricalcontact
point where two electricalconductorsare connected
engine
often refersto an internal combustionengine- i.e. one which burns petrol or diesel
fan
spinningdevicewith bladesusedto generatea flowof air
filter
materialwith small holeslocatedin a flowof gas or liquid;usedto blocksolid particles,e.g.to prevent
themfrom damaginga sensitivemechanismsuchas a pump
f|aps
moveab|epane|son aircraftWingsWhichincrease|iftto assist |ow.speedf|ight'e.g.during take.ofíand
landing
fly-by-wire
aircraftcontrolswhich operate moveabledevices(e.9.flaps)electronically,rather than mechanically
fuel iniection
systemfor injectingfuel vapour into the piston cylinderof an engine
temperaturegau€ e
deviceWhichshowsa temperaturereading
gearbox
gearsto be movedto
casecontáiningshaftswithgears'usual|ywith a gearshiftmechanism,a||owing
changebetweendifferentgear ratios
hydraulics
high-pressure
oil circuitsusedto pushpistonscalledhydraulicrams
isolate
separatean electricalcomponentor part of a circuitfrom the rest of the circuit- e.g.by openinga
switch- to preventelectricityfrom flowingthroughit
landinggear
wheelsof an aircraft
looseconnection
electricalconnectionthat is not fullytight,oftencausingthe circuitto be broken,preventingcurrent
from flowing
misfire
whenan engineis not runningsmoothlydue to a fuelor ignitionproblem
non-serviceable
(part)
part that cannotbe repairedby maintenance
technicians,
only by the manufacturer
prston
mechanismwhich transferslinear motion (backwardand forwardmovement)to rotary motion (turning
movement),
usuallypushedby expandinggas
Glossaryof technicalterms
109
radiator
heat-exchange
devicethat dissipatesheat intothe air,usuallyfrom a hot liquid(e.9.coolant)that is
pumpedthroughit
spoilers
moveablepanelson aircraftwingswhichincreasedrag and reducelifti usedto slowaircraftwhen
descendingand on landing
starter motor
e|ectricmotor in an engineusedto turn the en€ i ne in orderto start it running
suspension
moveableconnectionbetweena vehicle'schassisand its wheels,consistingofspringsand dampers
tanK
containerfor storingllquid
throttle
acceleratorcontrolon an engine
turbine
transformsa flowof fluid (liquidor gas)into rotarymovement,e.g.a windturbine
VAIVC
mechanismfor opening/closing/restricting
the flowof gas or liquidalonga pipe
Unit6
beam
long,narrowhorlzontalcomponentin a structure
core drill
hole-sawfor drillingthroughthick materials
cra ne
machinefor liftingheavyobjects,able to reachsignificantheightsand distances;includesmobilecranes
(whichwheel),towercranes(whichare supportedby a fixed tower)and gantrycranes(whichrun along
beams)
dynamic
relatedto movement,e.g.a dynamicload [: a load generatedby a movingobject)
C-force
f o r c e o fa c c e l e r a t i o n o r d e c e l e r a t iIo C
n i:s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e f o r c e oafc c e l e r a t i o n e x e r t e d b y g r a v i t y
jib
moveablearm of a crane
lifting eye
ringfixed to a heavyobjectallowinga hook (e.9.of a crane)to be attachedto enablelifting
low-loader
truckwitha low flat trailer,usedfor transportinglargeheavyvehicles,especiallyconstructionplant
slings
flat strapswhichcan be attachedto cranehooksand placedunderobjectsin orderto lift them
thrust
pushin€ force,e.g.generatedby expandinggasesexitinga rocket
Unit 7
airinlet
pointwhereair entersa deviceor process- the oppositeis air outlet
arc
electricalcurrenttravelllnga shortdistancethroughthe air to flowbetweentwo conductors
Dlower
pump-likemechanismwhichgeneratesairflow
circuitbreaker
electricaldevicewhichinstantlybreaksa circuit(switches
off the powersupply)as a safetymeasureif a
variationin currentis detected
extinguisher
(fireextinguisher)
deviceusedfor puttingout fires;usuallya metalcontainerwitha hoseor nozzlecontainingwater,CO,,
powderor foam
guardrail
safetyrail designedto preventpeoplefallingfrom highplaces
metalcontainerwhichcontainscompressedgas,oftenin liquefiedform
handrail
(asguardrail,above)
load-bearing
describesa part of a structureor assemblythat is designedto resisUtransmit
force
moisture-sensitlve can be damagedby water
off-cuts
wastepiecesleftoveraftercutting
shot-blasting
firingsmall metalballs propelledby compressedair as an abrasivecleaningprocess
stlo
largecontainerfor storingbuIk€ r anu|ar materialssuchas grain
strain
chan€ e in size/shape
of a component(e'g'stretching)
due to force
switchboard
controlpanelcontainingseveralswitchesfor all the individualcircuitsof an electricalinstallation
switchgear
collectiveterm for switchingequipment
transformer
electricaldevicefor modifyingcurrentand voltage- a step-uptransformerincreasesvoltageand reduces
current,a step-downtransformerdecreasesvoltageand increasescurrent
Unit 8
AC
AlternatingCurrent
automation
automaticcontrolof a system,deviceor process
ComputerAided Design- computersoftwarefor producingengineering
drawings
CAD
conv€ y or beIt
processesand
movingbelt whichtransportsobjectshorizontallyi
oftenused in manufacturing
warenouses
downstream
furtherdownthe directionofflow (e.g.in a river);used in engineering
to describeindustrlalprocesses
and the flowof liquid/airin pipe/ductnetworks(opposite= upstream)
electricutility
companywhichgenerateselectricityat powerstations
110
Glossaryof technicaIterms
I
electricalcharge
stored electricity(potentialelectricalenergy)
exothermicreaction
chemicalreactionwhich producesheat (opposite - endothermicreaction,which absorbs heat)
f low
movementof a substance,usuallya liquidor gas (e.9.alonga pipe)
gizmo
slang term for a technicaldevice,usuallyelectronic- suggeststhe device is complex
hydroelectricpower
electricitygeneratedusingwater pressure(hydrostaticpressure)
mainselectricity
manual
domesticelectricitysupplysystem
controlledby a person - the opposite is automatlc
refrigeration
processof coolingto temperaturesbelow atmospherictemperature
reservoir
power
man-madelakefor storingwater,usuallyfor drinkingwateror hydroelectric
standby (on standby) when a device is ready to operate immediately,e.g.a TV that is ready to switchon when it receivesa
remotecontrol signal
vessel
closed tank which can hold a pressuregreater than the atmosphericpressureoutside it
aerodynamics
study of airflow e.g.over movingvehiclesand aircraft
aeronautical
relatedto the design and constructionof aircraft
centre of gravity
theoreticalpoint on the cross-sectionof an object from which the obiects mass is transmittedvertically
downwardsdue to gravity
compressor
device for pressurisinggas (usuallyair) inside a vesselor networkof pipes/hoses
data gatherin€
collectingand recordingthe results of tests for later analysis
deformable
can changeshape
deploy
release/ejecvopen,
e.g.when skydiverspull the cord oftheir parachute,the parachuteis deployed
destructible
can be / is designedto be broken/destroyed
Do lt Yourselfstore - hardware/ home improvementsstore selling building materials and tools to
consumers
DIY store
turbulence
devicewhich showsa pressurereading,e.g. in bar or psi [poundsper square inch)
disturbed airflow- i.e. air not flowingsmoothlyaround an obiect
vacuum
volumecontainingno gas, e.g.space
windshield
glass at front of a vehicleor aircraftwhich the driver or pilot looks through,also called a windscreenin
BritishEnglish
pressuregauge
;Sffilffi
bodywork
the external skin of a vehicle;usuallyconsistsof severalpanels
camber
angle that is inclinedfrom horizontal,usuallyat 90 degreesto the directionof travel,e.g. the camber of
a road (theslope of the road across its width)
catenary
downwardcurved line of a cable when suspendedbetweentwo supports
coastal defences
large walls, blocks,etc.,constructedto protectthe coast from sea/oceanerosion
corrode
degradeas a result ofa chemicalreaction,e.g.iron turning to iron oxide (rust)when exposed to water
and air
corrosron
result of materialcorroding(seeabove)
derail
come off the rails, e.g.trains can be derailed
detonate
trigger an explosion
fail-safe
cannotfail / go wrong - often used to describesafety systems
horsepower
historic unit of power,has been replacedby Wbtts but still used to describe power output from engines
inaxial
not in a straight line
opposingforces
forcesacting in opposite directions
oscillation
wave pattern
reversethrust
thrust directed in the oppositedirectionto that which a vehicle/aircraftis travellingin, intended to slow
the vehicle/aircraft
rpm
revolutionsper minute,used to measurethe speed of rotary motion
sled
vehiclethat slides along (i.e.does not havewheels),e.g.a sled designedto travel over snow
stress
the force(s)exertedon an oblect,e.g.tensilestress in a cable that is being pulled in opposite directions
the part of a structurethat is above ground level- the opposite is the substructure
superstructure
Gtossaryof technicalterms
111
I
1.1
suchas redundantsatellites,that litterorbital
space.Basedon carefulmonitoringofdebris
movements,in the case of an alert the station's
anchorscouldbe raisedand the stationcouldbe
moved,driven by propellers,to a new location
out of harm'sway.
-
7.7
Richard: As you can see,we've started work
on the substructure,
in otherwordsthe part
of the structurethats belowgroundlevel.The
foundationsare concretepiles.Basically,a pile
is a columngoingdowninto the ground.And
we're using what we call bored in situ concrete,
1.4
in otherwords,we bore,or drill,a hole in the
I
ground,and concrete'spouredin in situ,which
you
Stefan: So, as
can see from this crossmeansit's actuallypouredon the construction
section,we'vecome up with a completelyunique
site, in its final position.An alternativeis to use
profile.lt's exclusiveto this companyand unlike
what we refer to as ore-castdriven oiles. Preanythingelseon the market.
cast refersto the fact that the oiles are made
at a factoryawayfrom the site, before being
delivered.They'rethen driveninto the ground.
Stefan: One of the key advantagesof this new
They'rehammeredin with a pile driverwhich,
form is that it dramaticallyreducesvibration,
put simply,is iust like a giant hammer.And they
which was alwaysa problem before.Obviously,
don'tiust drive in piles,theydriveeveryone
machineslike thesecan neverbe entirelyfree
mad with the constantboom-boom-boom
all
from vibrationbut the newdesignruns extremely
day long.So, thankfullyfor our ears,we'renot
smoothly.
usingthat technique.Instead,we'reboringthe
just
piles.The pile augeroverthere is effectively
3
like a giantdrill.As it drillsinto the ground,we
Stefan: Another advantageof the new profile is
pumpa specialliquidcalledbentoniteinto the
that it's considerablylighter,due to the reduced
hole.Essentially,
it'sa kind of clay suspension,a
area of the overallsection.So comparedwith our
sort of mud. And that oreventsthe walls of the
previousrange,its highlyefficient,especiallyin
holefrom collapsinginwards.So whenthe hole's
applicationsthat requirecontinualstartingand
finished,it's full of bentonite.lt looksjust like a
stopping,wherelow inertiais important.
big muddypuddleon the ground.Obviously,it's
L
not a good idea to step in one, like a colleague
Stefan: We're still conductinglong-term
of mineoncedid. and then had to drive homein
reliabilitytests, but trials so far suggestthe
his underpantsfor a changeof clothes.So, once
designis exceptionally
durable,primarilyas a
the hole'sbeen boredand filledwith bentonite.
result of the low vibration levels.We exoect it
they lower in some steel reinforcement.And then
to be significantly
more reliablethan rivalunits
concrete'spumped in. And becausethe concrete
that are on the market,whichis obviouslyan
is denserthan the bentonite,it displacesit. So, in
importantsellingpoint.
simple terms, if you picturea glass full of water
and imaginepouringconcreteinto the glass,the
I1.5
water would overflow and you'd end up with a
glass full of concrete.So, that's piling. lf anyone
Richard: lf you'retalking to non-specialists,and
has any questions,by the way,just ...
you start usingjargon,then to youraudience,
1.2
it'siust goingto soundlike nonsense.That's
James: The engineeringchallengeof connecting one oroblem.Anotherrelatesnot so muchto
I2.1
a satelliteto earth usinga cable is, obviously,
language,but to the complexityof the technology lrina: The only way to assess the environmental
significant.In order to support its own weight,
you'retalking about. Even if you use everyday
impact of a given material properly is to carry
and be securelyattachedat eachend,the cable
|anguage,
the engineerin€ conceptitse|fmight
out an environmentalaudit and analysethe total
wouldrequirea phenomenalstrength-to-weight still be difficultto explain.And that can makethe
impactof that materialon the environment.
ratio.Carbonnanotubematerialsmight,one
subiectvery heavygoing,and quitedull,which
I emphasisetotal impact becauseit's all too
day, be up to the iob. And l'll talk about those in
is obviouslynot what you want. However,I think
easy to judge materialsand productson
detaillateron. How couldvehiclesbe raisedinto
it's important not to oversimplifythings.There's
single aspects of their ecologicalimpact. As an
space,up the cable?Well,usinga self-contained nothingworsethan beingspokento as if you'rea
example,if we comparetraditionaland energyenergysourcewouldbe problematic,due to the
child.Youdon'twantto soundpatronising.
savinglightbulbs it'stemptingto say energyweightof fuel or batteries requiredto power the
savingones are better becausethey consume
vehicle.There are two possible ways round this
I1.6
less energy.In fact, that's only part of the picture.
problem:transmittingelectricitywirelessly,or
That'sjust the in-use phase.You also need to
Richard: lt's obviouslybest to use everyday
usingsolar power.The first techniqueis only in
considerthe pre-use phase - in other words,the
languageas far as possible.But I don'tthinkthat
the early stages of research.The secondwould
environmental
impactof miningthe materials
meansavoidin€ jargonaltogether.l find the best
allowthe vehicleto ascendonlyvery slowly,
used to make the bulbs, of transportingthose
is to
approach,so as not to soundpatronising,
thoughthis wouldn'tnecessarilybe a problem,
materialsto the factory,of manufacturingthem
use a certainamountof technicallanguage,and
as the car could be controlledremotely,allowing
etcetera.Then there'sthe post-use phase.How
then immediate|yafterwardsgive strai€ h tfoMard
it to transportpayloadsas an unmannedvehicle. explanationsof what it meansusingeveryday
easy is it to recyclespent bulbs? And when you
start to considera||of these factoís,suddenly
words.When it comesto explainingtricky
I
1.3
the comoarisonbetweenclassic bulbs and
technicalconcepts,a good techniqueis to make
James: The ofthore base station would be
their energy-savingequivalentsbecomesmuch
comparisonsbetweenthe technicalpoint you're
supported by a floating structure,which could
less clear-cut.Some of the materials used in
trying to illustrateand things from everydaylife
be attachedto the seabed by anchors.Payloads
energy-savinglights are problematicfrom an
that peopleare familiarwith,to helpthem paint
could be carried from the shore to the station
standDoint.
both in termsof
a picturein their minds.And thento help lighten environmental
by ship beforebeingliftedinto orbit.The main
acquiringthem and recyclingthem.So the point
thingsup, and stop thingsfrom soundingdull,I
advantageof a floating mobile station, rather
is, it's essentialto look at the whole picture.And
think it'sgood to use a bit of humouras well,and
than a fixed base on land,wouldbe to help
doingthat can be quitea complextask,as we'll
maybe a few amusinganecdotes.
reducethe risk of a collisionbetweenthe cable
see lateron.
and one of the manylumpsof spacedebris,
Paula:Obviouslynavigationis the primary
applicationof most GPS devices.
José:Sure.
Paula: Then you'vegot associatedapplications,
uses that are related to navigating,such as
tracking systemsyou can use for monitoring
deliveryvehiclesand findingstolencars,that
kind of thing.
José:Mm.
Paula: And then there are more creative
features.A good example would be on a boat
CPS, you get drift alarms.So if the anchorstarts
to drag and the boat starts moving,there's a
setting on the cPs that allows it to detect the
movement,and an alarm soundsto warn you,
and preventsthe boat from driftingunnoticed.
José: I see.
Paula:Or anotherexampleon boat systemsis
man overboard buttons.So if you're sailing along
and someonefalls into the sea,you hit a button,
whichlogsthe positionand ensuresthat you
don't lose track of where you were,which then
enablesyou to turn roundand come back to the
same pointand find the peBon.
José:Right.
Paula:So, theseare the kindsof applications
we want to develop,more specialised,and more
creative.
José: So, effective|y'you're not ta|kingabout
What you'rereallylooking
technicalinnovations.
for is innovativeways of actually using the
technology.
Paula: Precisely.Because these days,from the
end-userspointof view,accuracyis no longer
the mainsellingpoint.Most devicesare accurate
enough.The key is to makethem more useful.So
in termsof development,
that'sthe kind of ...
86
I
Audíoscript
I
a
2.2
Sophia:OK, so steelbodyworkversusaluminium
bodywork.
Fete: What about pre-use,then?
Sophia:Well,I think it takesa lot of energy
to producealuminium,comparedwith steel,
becausealuminium'smade by electrolysis.
Pete: Yeah.So steel's better,presumably.
Sophia:I thinkso, yeah.But, hangon a minute,
withaluminium,it dependshow muchis derived
from ore, and how much is recoveredfrom
recycledmaterial.As far as I know recycling
aluminiumtakeslessenergy.So I'm not really
sure.
Pete: Presumably,it'll be mixed, won't it? For a
givenbatch,there'llbe so muchnew material,
and so muchrecycledmaterial.
Sophia: Probably,yeah.OK, so that needsto be
researched,
then.
Pete: ls car bodyworkgalvanisedwhen it's made
from steel?
Sophia: Um ... good question.I'mnot sure.
Pete: lf it is, if it has to be coated with zinc, then
that would take extra materialand extra energy.
So that'san importantconsideration.
Sophia: Mm, true.OK, so that'sanother
questionto note.
Pete:Thenthere'sthe energyconsumedwhen
they'retransportingbulk metalto the car plant.
Sophia:Presumablyaluminiumtakeslessenergy
to transport,beinglighter.
Pete: I'd say so, yeah.
Sophia:OK. What about manufacturing?
Pete:Well,aluminiumwouldbe lighterto handle,
wouldn'tit? lt probablytakeslessenergyto cut,
as well.
Sophia:Yeah.Not surewhetherit takesless
energyto weld, comparedwith steel.
Pete: Cood question.Anotherthingto checkout.
Sophia: Mm, what about in-use,then? | assume
aluminium'sbetterbecauseit's lighter,so you
consumelessfuel.
Pete:Yeah.And it shouldlast longer,as well.
Sophia: Mm, is that an environmental
consideration,
though?
Pete:Well,yeah,becauseif thingslast longer,
they need to be manufacturedless often. So you
use ressenergy.
Sophia:True.But then,is the lifespanof a car
determinedby the lifeof its bodywork?
Pete: Ah. Cood point.
Sophia: lt's usuallydeterminedby the chassis,or
the engine,isn'tit?
Pete: ls it?
Sophia: Mm, anotherone to be researched.
Pete: OK, what about post-use,then?
-
2.3
Margit: So, in termsof the maincomponents,
the conductor,at the centre,is copper or
aluminium,dependingon the model.That's
then coatedwith polyethylene
insulationand
surroundedby steelwire,whichprovidesthe
armouredprotection.As the steelobviously
needs to be protectedfrom moisture,there'sa
plasticwaterproofmembranearoundthat.Then,
the wholething'ssurroundedby an outerjacket
which,again,is in plastic-based
material.
J
2.4
Toby:That'scertainlya scarylookingcollection
of tools.
Esther;Yes,someof them do look quite
menacing,don'tthey?
Toby:ls that titanium?The drill handle?
Esther:Um ... yes.
Toby:I'man engineer,that'swhy l, um ...
Esther: Oh, I see.Yes,titanium'sgreat. lt's
expensive,obviously,but very light.That's
the big advantage.ldeally,you want it to be
lightweight,to give you better control.
Toby: Nn.
Esther: These are the most impressivethings,
though,the burs on the end.The latestones can
rotate at over half a million revs oer minute.
Toby:Nn.
Esther: They'recoated with tungstencarbide,
whichI thinkis one of the hardestmaterialsin
existence,isn'tit? Alongwith diamond.That's
also used.
Toby:Nn.
Esther:The key requirementis abrasion
resistance,of course.Obviously,they need to be
verydurable.And you don'twantthem snapping,
either.The last thing you want is a brittle
material.Apparently,that was the troublethey
had in the past,makingthe bur toughenoughso
it didn'tbreak.I think part of the problemwas
heat,as well.Drillinginto a toothat highspeed,
you obviouslyget a lot of heat build-up.You need
a good degreeof thermalstability.
Toby:Nn.
Esther:See what I mean?Youcan actuallysmell
burning.And that'saftera few seconds.lmagine
the heat build-upafterseveralminutes.
Toby:Nn.
J
2.5
Tom:Speakingas an engineer,Louisa,my viewis
that all the materialswe use shouldbe genuinely
suitablefor makingwatches,and notjust chosen
as marketinggimmicks.We'reoftenguilty,in
my view of usingexotic-sounding
materialsthat
are not particularlysuitablefrom a technical
standpoint.
Louisa:Yeah,I knowwhatyou mean.
Tom:A good examplewas that debate we had
on whetherto use submarine-grade
steel in
some models,to givethe impressionthat they're
exceptionally
resistantto water.OK, submarine
steel'sgood at withstanding
the pressureof
beinga mile beneaththe sea. But it's heavy.lf
it's not coated, its corrosion resistanceis not that
good,at leastcomparedwithother metalslike
titanium.lt's also fairlypoor in termsof looks,
in my view.Water resistanceisn't a questionof
metalquality,it'sabout the qualityof the joints
and seals you use. So, as a watch material,
for me,it's not at all suitable.Tremendously
marketable.
I'msure,but ...
Louisa:Hm. No, I take your point.But I think it's
fair to say that we've neverchosena materialfor
marketingreasonsthat'sinsufticiently
durableor
not adequatelybuilt in any way.
Tom:Oh, no. No, if anything,it's been the
reverse.Wb'veused materialsthat are over the
top, so theycan be describedwith superlatives
in advertising.
Louisa:Hm. ldeally,we shouldbe usingstuff
that's good for watchesand good for marketing
as well.
Tom:Sure.But that'seasiersaid than done.
I mean,a lot of the materialsthat are ideal for
the job, in terms of scratch-resistance,
shockresistanceand all the rest of it, are either pretty
ordinary,or theircompositionsare relatively
complex,and they'vegot complicatednames
whichmeansthey'renot all that good for
marketing.That'sthe problem.
Louisa:Sure.But the other problemis,
consumersare not technicalexperts,and they
makechoicesbasedon their impressions,
rather
than basedon facts.Thats a hard commercial
fact,as hard as submarinesteel.
Tom:No, I acceptthat.
Louisa:So what shouldour approachbe? lt's
obviouslynot an easyquestion...
I
2
3
4
5
6
-
2.6
not particularlysuitable
exceptionallyresistant
not at all suitable
tremendouslymarketable
relativelycomplex
not all that good
3.1
Jan: Whenyou look at the varioustypesof plugs
and socketsin differentcountries,most designs
have a basic layout that's existed for decades,
in termsof the waythe pins are laid out, and
the profile of the pins. And as a manufacturer,
the positionof our companyhas alwaysbeen,
basically,to accept that we're stuck with several
standard configurations,and to effectivelysay
to customers,we produceall the mainformats
- take whicheverone you want. Howeve( as
I'msureyou know manycountriesuse plugs
and socketsof more than one format.And this
leadsto a comparativesituation,with some
configurations
becomingmore popular,and
othersprogressively
beingabandoned.This is
particularlytrue in countriesundergoingrapid
economicexpansion.And becauseof this process
of selection,we're finding that big customersare
increasingly
askingus whichof the standardplug
and socket formats in current use we recommend
as a manufacturer.Which are the best from a
technicalstandpoint?Up until now we haven't
had a standardisedcompanypolicyto allowus
to respondto that question properly.But this
projectaims to formulatea companypolicythat
allows us to say these are the configurationswe
recommend,and theseare the technicalreasons
whywe recommendthem.
-3.2
I
Erin: On this one,thereare circularpins for live
and neutral.There'sno earth pin. This is quitea
commonformatin Europeand Russia.lt's also
quitewidelyused in India.
Erin: Here,you'vegot circularslotsfor liveand
neutral.And the earth slot's got a flat base with
one side roundedoverto form a semi-circle.
This
type's only used in a few places.
3
Erin:This one has rectangularbladesfor live,
neutraland earth,in triangularconfiguration.
This is the standardin the UK and lreland,and
a few other places,Malaysia and Singapore,for
instznce.
Audioscript
87
TL
Erin: This plug has got circularpinsfor liveand
neutral,and it has a cylindricalslot to receive
the earth pin. lts quitecommonin continental
Europe,and in parts of Africa.
irin: ns you can see,thereare circularpinsfor
live,neutraland earth,and the pins are arranged
in linearconfiguration.
This is not a very
commonlyusedformat.
o
Erin:This is the standardin North America,and
ouitecommonin Centraland SouthAmerica.
Used in Japan,as well.Thereare flat bladesfor
live and neutral,and a roundpin for earth,and
they'relaid out in triangularconfiguration.
So, an
extremelywidelyusedformat.
I3.3
rectangle
rectangular
triangle
triangular
cylinder
cylindrical
line
Iinear
r
I3.4
Erin: In this configuration,
there'sa circularslot
at the top. lt's obviouslya blind hole,it doesn't
go right through.And that's designedto receive
the earth pin, whichis mountedon the faceof
the socket.Thenthereare two plasticridges,
one on eitherside of the plugcasing,and they
slot into correspondinggroovesat each side
of the socket. In addition. the centre of the
socket is recessed.So rather than being flush
with the front of the socket,on the same face,
the circulararea that receivesthe plug is set
back from the surroundingcasing,in a recess
about I 5mm deep.The liveand neutralsockets
are also equippedwith covers,just insidethe
opening.Thesecoversonly open whenpressure
is appliedto both by the two pins of the plug
simultaneously.
So we needto look at the
advantagesof this configuration...
I3.5
Andy: In this formatthe plugslots into the recess
in the socket.That allowsit to fit in reallytightly,
comparedwith otherdesigns.P|us,theserid€ e s
and grooveson the sides increasethe amountof
friction.That helps it to resist pullout forces even
more,so it won't fall out of the socket.
Karin:Yeah,but at the end of the day,how
securelydo you want it to be retained?lf it's held
in too hard,that makesit difficultto pull out.
Andy: That's true.
Karin: Plus,it couldbe dangerous.lf you're
vacuumingenthusiastically
to loud music,let's
say, and you pull the cord, you actually want the
plugto pull out, don'tyou? Otherwiseyou might
rip the cable halfwayout of the plug,or the
appliance.
Andy: So, really,we need to comparethe pullout
resistanceof all the formats.
Karin: And determinewhat the ideal resistance
is.
Andy: Yeah.OK. Erm,what else can we say
about this one?
88
I
Karin: Well I guess another advantageis, given
that the plug'sin a recess,if it gets pulledout
just a fraction,and the pins are still live,nothing
can physicallytouchthem.
Andy: So you think that's more effectivethan
havinginsulatorsroundthe tops of the pins?
Karin: I'd say so, yeah.
Andy: This one'salso got coversinsidethe live
and neutralslots.
Karin:Thats a standardfeatureon moreor less
everyformat,though,isn'tit?
Andy: Yeah.But I think it's somethingwe should
look at. I mean,it's obviouslya good thing.
Anythingthat stopschildrenfrom stickingthings
in is obviouslya good idea.The only problem
with this system is, if the mechanism'stoo
sensitive,it makesit difficultto insertthe plug,
sometimes.And that makesit easyto damage.
Karin: When people try to force it.
A n d y :E x a c t l y . . .
Audioscript
3.6
Evan:Most of what we do is sheetmetal
working.We don't do foundrywork - you know,
castingand that type of thing.That'sobviously
a differentdiscipline.But apart fromthat,we're
equippedto do most thingsto do with metal
bashing.
Mr Barrett: That'sthe technicalterm for it, is it?
Evan:I'm not surewhatthe technicaldefinition
of metalbashingwouldbe. A collectiveterm for
hammering,grindingand generallymakinga lot
of noise,probably.
Mr Barrett: lt's actuallynot that noisyin here,
is it?
Evan:No, it's not too bad. We had a specialist
firm come in a whileago to measurenoise
levelsat each machine- you know for health
and safety regulations.A lot of what we do isn't
all that noisy.Thingslike drillingand milling
machinesare not too bad, relativelyspeaking.
Anythinginvolvingabrasivestendsto be noisy,
thingslike grinders,evenif they'reonly hand
tools.And that big press over there makesa loud
bang whenthey'reshearingsteel.lt certainly
savesa lot of time,though,comparedwithflame
cutting,or sawingwitha grinderblade.
Mr Barrett: So, it's a guillotine?
Evan: That'swhat we use it for mostly,yes.
-3.7
Evan: So we use high-pressurewaterjetcutting
quitea lot. The good thingabout it is you don't
need to do any finishingafterwards.The edges
are virtually perfect.So they are especiallygood
when you have intricateshapes.
Mr Barrett: Whichwouldbe difticultto finish
otherwise.
Evan: That's right.
Mr Barrett: Saw blades are obviouslyuseless
Whenyou'recuttin€ curvedshapes.
Evan:That'sright.And whenyou'reusingany
sort of abrasivetechniquefor cuttingmetal,
it inevitab|y
€ e ts hot.And that can a|terthe
propertiesof the metalaroundthe cut,whichcan
be a oroblemin somesituations.
3
Evan: The other problemwith abrasivecutting is
it exerts shear forces near the cut. So sawingis
not the best solutionif you wantto avoidaltering
the material.
Mr Barrett: The same appliesto guillotining,
presumably.
Evan: lt does, yes.
IL
Mr Barrett: lt's amazingto think that a waterjet
can cut throughsteel.You couldimaginewatercuttingtimberor relativelysoft material,but ...
Evan: No, it's ideal for metals.Actually,lt's not
.iustwater that's used.They sometimesadd an
abrasive powderto the water to increasethe
cutting power.
Mr Barrett: Oh. I didn'tknowthat.
Evan:The water'sobviouslyconcentratedinto
a veryfinejet. Dependingon how it's set up, it
can take out lessthan a tenthof a millimetre.
sometimes.
Mr Barrett: Really?
I3.8
Pedro: So, basically,our obiectiveis to get key
suppliersmoreactivelyinvolvedin the design
process.So ratherthan us goingto a supplier
and saying,we wanta specifictype of bolt or
screwor rivetfor connectingthesecomponents,
can you give us a price? We want to be able to
say,we needa wayofjoiningthis part to this
part, what'sthe best way of fixing them to each
other?
Alicia: OK.
Pedro: So it might be that you say,well, actually,
insteadof boltingthis onto the machine,what
about usinga weld?Or insteadof rivetingthese,
howabout bondingthemwith adhesive,or fixin€
themon with some kind of clip,or whatever,
whatever'sthe most cost-effectivesolution.
Alicia: Right.But, obviously,we'rea supplier
of mechanicalfixings,so we can only providea
mechanicalsolution.So if you ask us to design
someioints,whichis obviouslyquitean involved
.iob,and then,afterall that,a rivalfirm comes
alongand says,wellwe suggestweldingit all
together,or gluingit togetherfor halfthe price,
um, it wouldmeana lot of work for no return.l'm
not saying it's a bad idea. lt's just that we would
have to be carefulwe coveredour costs.
Pedro: I appreciatethat. But the flip side is, we
wantto workwithfewersuppliersthan we have
in the past.So, overall,that problemwouldbe
offuetby the greater volume of work you'd get.
Alicia: Hmm.
r
3.9
Lenny:So a typicalclusterconsistsof somewhere
in the regionof a hundredballoons.That'susing
ordinary-size
weatherballoons.With about
twentypeoplehelpingit takesan houror so to
inflatethem all.
Eva:An hour or morewith twentypeople?
Lenny:Yeah.lt's prettytime-consuming.
Eva:And is eachballoontied on individually?
Lenny:That'sthe way it's often done, yeah.
Eva: And is the rope just fastenedaround the
b o t t o mo, r . . . ?
Lenny:Well,some peopleuse plasticcableties.
Or you can use tape.
Eva:So it's a big.iob,then,puttingeverything
together.The harness is suspendedfrom a
hundredor so ropes,then.Well,how is it
fastened?
Lenny:Well, you can put nylon straps beneath
the ropes.So you have severalropes tied to a
single strap, then each strap is fastenedto the
harness.
Eva: I see. So it's like a kind of tree structure.
Lenny:That's right. And you have different
lengths,so the balloonsaren'tall at the same
level,so theyfit aboveand belowone anotherin
a round-shaoed
cluster.
Eva: I see. So you inflate the balloons,keep tying
them to the harness,via the straps,and keep
doingthat untilyou take off.
Lenny: Basically,yeah.The pilot's roped to
sandbagson the ground.So the balloonsare
addedprogressively
untilthere'sa marginal
amountof lift.Thenthe anchorropesare
released,and up you go, niceand gently.
Eva:And how do you controlyouraltitude?You
carryballast,presumably.
Lenny:Yes.Water,usually.Those big water bags
withtaps on, ideally,so it's easyto drain out.
Eva: And how do you come back down to earth?
Lenny:Well,that'sactuallya reasonfor having
Youcan release
the balloonstied on individually.
them,one by one,whichallowsyou to reducethe
amountof lift incrementally.
Eva:I see.BecauseI was thinking,surelyit would
be easierto iust haveall the balloonscontained
withina big net,to makeit fasterto assemble.
You know,ratherthan spendingagestyingevery
But then if you
singleballoonon individually.
did that,you wouldn'tbe able to releasethem,
wouldyou?
Lenny: No. That'strue.
Eva:You couldburstthem,somehowI suppose.
Lenny:Yeah.I mean,thereare obviouslyvarious
waysof doing it ...
-
4.1
Joe: I havea questionaboutthe panelson
Staircase3. You knowthoseglasspanelsaround
the opening,throughDeckC?
Linda: Um, yes.I knowwhereyou mean,yeah.
Joe: Well,I'vebeen lookingfor a cross-section
throughthe deck,at the stairopening.But I can't
find one anywhere.
Linda:lsn'ttherea noteon the general
arrangementdrawing,with a referenceto a
sectionon anotherdrawing?
Joe: I couldn'tfind one.
Linda: I'vegot the deck plansout, somewhere
on here.What'sthis?Air conditioningschematic,
that'sno good.Ah herewe are.Deck plan.Um,
no, you'reright.There'sno sectionmentioned.
Joe: I mean.in actualfact.what I needis an
elevation,showingall the panelsfrom the front.
on the main
I thoughtthat mightbe referenced
sectionthroughthe stairs.
Linda:Thereis a full set of drawingsfor all the
internalpanelling,with detailsshowingexploded
viewsof all the fixingdetails,and sections
throughthe paneljoints.Do you havethose?
Joe: Not as far as I know.
Linda:And there'sa writtensoecification
for
the panels,as part of the mainspec.That might
specifythe sizes.
Joe: Thoseare obviouslywhat I need,then.I
want to see how many there are, and what size
they are. Have those drawingsbeen issued?
-
4.2
Pavel:So how wide is this panelat the top?
Joe: Good ouestion.There'sno dimension.
Pavel: ls this drawingto scale? lt's one to five.
Haveyou got a scalerule? Let'smeasureit. lt
looksto be about threehundredmil.
Joe: The goldenrule is, you shouldn'tscaleoff
drawings,though,shouldyou?
Pavel:Well ...
Joe: lt's not so bad if it's actual size.on a fullscaledrawing,but I'd rathernot with this.Let's
queryit. l'll givethemanothercall in the office.
a
4.3
Mei: Basically,the clienthas said theywant
a suoerflatfinishoverthe entirefloorarea.
That makes it a free movementfloor, where
vehiclescan run anywhereon it. But on the
manufacturingprocessdrawings,it shows
preciselyspecifiedroutes for these automated
vehicles.So, technically,
it shouldbe a defined
movementfloor,where you can just have a few
narrowlanesfor the vehicles,whichare superflat,
and then the restof the slab is just laid to
normaltolerances.
the extra
Lewis:Right.So you'requestioning
cost of doing everythingsuperflat?
Mei: That'sthe mainthing,yeah.The other
thingis quality.To get the best finishon these
superflatfloors, it's better to lay narrowwidths
of slab in fairlylong lengths.So, ideally,you want
lanes,ratherthan big, wide areas.
Lewis: OK. But maybe they want everywhereto
be superflatso theycan changethe layoutof the
productionline in the future.
Mei: Possibly.But evenif theywantto do
that,the surfacecan alwaysbe modifiedat a
laterdate.lt's a thickslab,so there'snothing
to stop them grindinga layeroff the top. In
fact, we could increasethe depth of the steel
reinforcement
slightlywhenwe pour the slab,
so there'ssome extra thicknessof concreteover
it. so, if theydid Wantto € r ind a thin |ayeroff a
sectionin future,theywouldn'thaveproblems
with shallowcover.
Lewis:Right.Well let'slook into an alternative
desi€ n for a defined movementf|oor.
I4.4
I
Leo: I'veworkedon projectsin the past where
everysingleworkingdrawingis circulated
to everyteam - structural,mechanicaland
electrical- and lt.iustgetscompletelyout of
control.So we wantto avoidthat situation.
Engineerl: Sure.But aftersayingthat,if
someonehas to analyseeverysinglerevisionto
determineexactlywhichteam needsit, thenthat
takesa lot of time as well.
Leo: Not if there'sa properprocedurein place.
As longas we makesurethere's...
Leo: This projectstrikesone as prettycomplex,
in termsof the amountof integrationand overlap
betweenthe differentdesign packages.
Engineerl: Yeah.
Leo: Particularlybetweenmechanicaland
electricalteams so we have to coordinatethat.
And it'sobviouslya specialistjob. lt's beyondmy
expertiseas the overallprojectmanager.So, in
orderto makesurethat we ...
5
Leo: Thinkingabout howthe separatedesign
groupsWorkto€ e ther, I don'tWantto re|ytoo
muchon scheduledmeetings.We don'twant
questionsand problemspilingup, waitingto
be resolvedat a meetingin a week'stime,or
whenever.
Youall needto be talkingto one
anotheron an ongoingbasis.
Engineer2: I agreewithwhatyou'resaying.
Thá troub|eis, Whenyou'retryingto sort oút
problemsWithdetails on drawinls and that kind
And given
of thing,you needto meetface-tó.face.
that wó a||Workin separateoffices,it's, you
know we can phoneeachother,but ...
Engineer l: Yeah,you still need meetings.
Engineer2: Especiallyas there'sso much
integrationbetweenthe differentpackages,the
pointwe weretalkingabout before.
Leo: Well,thereis a solutionto the problem.
-
4.5
Leo: So, to sum up. As regardsdesign
informationflow,all preliminarydrawingsare
goingto be shownto the seniorengineerin
chargeof eachdesignteam.The seniorengineers
then say whetheror not their teamsneedto
receivecopiesof later revisions.lf they don't,
theywon'treceiveany furtherrevisions.lf they
do, they'llbe issuedwith everysubsequent
revisionand, later,revlsionsof workingdrawings.
To coordinatethe interfacebetweenmechanical
and electricaldesign,I'mgoingto appointa
mechanicaland electricalcoordinatorresponsible
for liaisingbetweenthe seniorengineersin the
teams,reportingto me.We'relocatingall three
designteamsin a single,open-planofficeso
Whenanyone's€ o t a questionor a problem,they
can talk to the appropriate person face-to-face.
We still havescheduledmeetingsto discuss
formalissues,but the emphasiswill be on
ongoing,informaldialoguebetweenthe teams.
-
4.6
Chen:There'sa discrepancybetweenthese
detailsthat you mightbe able to clarifystraight
away.On the plan of this plate,it showseight
bolts.But on sectionA. here.thereare no bolts
shownin the middle.So therewouldonly be six,
whichobviouslycontradictsthe plan. But as you
can see,this plate'sgoingto be boltedto a T
profile.So we couldn't put a row of bolts down
the middle,becausethey'dclashwith the flange
runningalongthe middleof the T.So I'd propose
just goingfor two rowsof bolts.The alternative
wouldbe to redesignthe T section,whichwould
obviouslybe a bigger.iob.
Ron: Yes. Let's go for two rows of bolts, as per
the sections.
Chen:OK, fine.Will you send an emailto confirm
that?
I5.1
Sabino:A race is not just a test of speed,but
There'san old
the ultimatetest of reliability.
sayin1,to finish first, first Uou must finish, and
it's especiallytrue in enduranceracing.You're
not just competingagainstrivalteams,you're
also fightingwhat you couldcall engineering
enemies,whichcan causepartsof the car to
fail,thingslike heat,pressure,vibration,shocks,
abrasion- there'scontinualstresson almostall
all the nuts and boltson the
the components,
car.The chassis,engine,gearboxand clutch,
suspension,brakes,tyres,wings,coolingsystem
- theyall haveto cope with phenomenallevelsof
wearand tear.
J
5.2
Sabino;Just to giveyou some examplesof the
typesof technicalproblemswe'vehad so far at
this test.on one of the cars' a nut Worked|oose
on a radiatorpipe,whichresultedin coolant
liquidleakingout. That causedthe engineto
Fortunately,
startoverheating.
the driversaw
the warninglightcome on, and he switchedoff
beforethe systemhad run out of coolant.Then
on the othercar we had a fuel feed problem;
the enginecut out on one of the corners.That
causedth€ driver to spin off. We Werefortunate'
he didn'thit anything.But Whenthe car goesoff
the circuit.the openingsin the side podsa|ways
Audíoscript
89
clog up with dirt. So those had to be cleaned
out. Obviously,you don'twant anythingblocking
the airflow to the radiators.And then becauseof
the spin, the rubber was flat spotted. The tyres
weren'tcloseto wearingout, but they still had
to be changed,becauseof the flat spots.And
then whiletheywere puttingthe wheelsback on
afterthat,they had a wheelnut jam, it wouldn't
turn.And that'sactuallyhow problemstend to
happen,very often.Youget a kind of chainof
events,when you feel that everything'sgoing
againstyou. Havingsaid that, you couldalso say
we were lucky.Fortunately,the radiator problem
didn'tcausethe engineto blow up. And afterthe
spin,luckilyhe didn'thit the barrieB and bend
the suspensionor snap it completely.
And even
morefortunately,
it didn'tcrackthe tub - the
chassis.
I5.3
Al: So what does the warning messagesay?
Mr Rooney: When you start the engine,it says
checkinjection.
Al: Right.
Mr Rooney: Obviously,it must be some sort
of defectin the fuel iniectionsystem.The thing
is, though,it only happensintermittently.
Sometimes,you start it and there's no message
problem,I don't
at all. So it mightbe a soft!ryare
know.Or maybe it could be a defectivesensor.
Al: ls the engineworkingproperly?
Mr Rooney: lt seems to be fine, yeah.
Al: lt doesn'tappearto be misfiringor downon
power?
Mr Rooney:No, we haven'tnoticedanything.
Presumably,it can't be anythingtoo serious.We
thought it was possibly water in the fuel system
becauseit's an outdoorunit.But in that case,I
assumethere'dbe majorproblemswith it.
Al: Has it been refuelledrecentlv?
Mr Rooney: Not that recently.
Al: And was it refuelledwith dieselstoredin your
own tank,or directlyfrom a deliverytanker?
Mr Rooney:Froma tankertruck.
Al: I doubt it's water.then. if the fuel went in
directly from a delivery.You said the warning
doesn'tdisplaysystematically?
Mr Rooney:No.
Al: ln what sort of circumstances
does it come
up?
Mr Rooney:Well,whenyou start it up for the
firsttime each day,it comesup. But then if you
stop it, and start it again a short time after,
there's no message.lt's when it's been off for a
long time that you get the warning.
Al: oK. So it's certainlya questionof
temperature.lt only comes up when it's started
from cold?
Mr Rooney:Um, yeah.Exactly.
Al: Hm, it soundslike it's a faultyfuel pre-heater.
It'sprobablyjust one of the pre-heaterplugs
that'sgone.lt's only a minorfault.
Mr Rooney: Oh, right. So it doesn't need urgent
attention?
Al: No. lt can be replacedat the next service.
Keepan eye on it, though.lf any other problems
start to show up give us a call and we'll send
someoneover.
a
5.4
Alan: Hello.
Julia: HelloAlan, it'sJulia. I'veiust starteda
landinggear checkand founda bit of a problem
with some tyres.All the pressureson one of the
wing blocksare welldown.
Alan: On the same block?
Julia: Yeah.On all the otherblocksthey're
correct.So it seemsodd that this one groupof
tyres,on one corner of the aircraft,are all low.
And the strangething is, they'redown by exactly
the same amount on every tyre on the block.
Alan: I see.You'reright,that is unusual.
Julia: The wear rate's consistentacross the
wholeaircraft,though.There'snothingunusual
about the wear oattern.
Alan: Are you sure the pressuregauge is working
properly?
Julia: Um, well,to be honestyou can tell just by
lookingat the tyresthat they'redown.
Alan: Right. Let me come out and havea look.
I
s.s
Paul:OK, let'shavea look at the coolant,first.
The level'sOK.
Eric:lt's fullof residue,though,by the look of it.
Paul: lt looksa bit black,doesn'tit? Timeto
changeit, I think.
Eric:OK. What'sthe filterlike?
Paul: Um ... it looksreasonableto me.
Eric: ls it due to be changed?
Paul: lt is if we followthe service programmeto
the letter.The troubleis, if you do that,you end
up wastingparts halfof the time.
Eric: We can take it out and give it a bit of a
clean.lt'll be alright.
Paul:OK. Blades,next.Hm, they look moreor
less OK to me. There are no signs of damage.
Eric:Yeah.No needto changethose.They'll
havemoveda bit sincetheywerelast checked,
though.The alignmentwill needto be lookedat.
Paul: Sure.
Eric: Apart from that, it's not lookingtoo bad.
I6.1
Claudia: So with regard to the capacity,in terms
of the numberof peopleit actuallyneedsto
carry,what sort of figure are you lookingat?
Kevin:Um, 36 is whatwe'reaimingfor.
Dave: lf you think we can add a few seats
withoutmakingcompromises,
then by all means,
let'slook at it.
Kevin: I think 36 is going to be at the top end as
far as size is concerned.
Claudia: And as regardsthe graphics,is the
video sequencefinalised? Will it be exactlyas it
is on this DVD?
Kevin:Unlessyou haveany problemsgenerating
the physicaleffectsthat go with it, then, yeah, as
far as we're concerned,that's it.
Claudia:Right,excellent.We can start lookingat
that straight awaythen, and get things moving.
Um, so regardingthe schedule,then, what sort
of timescaledo you havein mind,for the whole
project?
f
6.2
Claudia: In terms of the physicaleffects,to
what extent do you want the experienceto be
physical?The degreeto which it movescan be
variedquiteconsiderably.
90
I
Audioscript
Kevin:Well,I mean,we want it to be physical,
that'swhywe'rehavinga dynamicsimulator.But
we obviouslydon'twant it to be so extremethat
peopleare closingtheireyesand not watching
the amazinggraphicswe'vegot.
Claudia: Sure. I mean, it's obviouslydifticultto
quantifysomethinglike this,in theory sitting
in a meetingroom.The only wayto determine
what'srightis to actuallysit in a simulatorand
experienceit yourself,in practice.
Dave: Of course.
Claudia: So what I'd suggestis, after the meeting
we can strap you into one of our machines,and
you can assessthe possibilities.
Kevin: Sounds interesting!
I6.3
Rick: lt obviouslyhas to be liftedwitha crane.
Gabriella: Yes, but do the slings necessarilyhave
to pass under the base? Why not come up with a
way of hookingonto the side of the statue?
Rick: How?
Gabriella:Well,couldn'twe drill into it,
horizontally,
and insertbars into the holes?Then
hookonto the bars.
Rick: Peoplewouldsee the holesafterwards,
though.
Cabriella:We couldfill all the holes,couldn'twe?
Surely they could use some sort of filler that's
the same colouras the stone.
Rick They'd never hide the holes completely,
though.lt wouldstill leavemarks,wouldn'tit? |
don'tthinkthat wouldbe acceotable.
we couldmakesure
Gabriella:Or, alternatively,
the ho|eswereout of sight.What about dri||in€
into the top, vertically? lf the holes were right
on the top, they'dbe lessvisible.Thenthe bars
couldbe set in, with liftingeyeson the end.
Rick: Hmm. The trouble is. if the bars were set
in with resin,they'd nevercome out. They'd have
to be cut off,wouldn'tthey?And this mammoth's
lyingdown,so the top will probablybe seen,to
an extent.
Gabriella: True.
Rick:To be honest,I don'tthinkwe can envisage
drillinginto it. I supposeanotheroptionwould
be to use some sort of grab, on the end of the
cranejib. You know,like the ones they use for
offloadinglorries. So, the statue would be held
by friction.But I can'timaginetherebeing
anythingcapableof lifting36 tonnes.Especially
not somethingthat wide.
Gabriella:Hm, no. Haveyou spokento the
masonsabout this?
Rick: Not yet, no.
Gabriella: Why don't we ask them?
J
6.4
Viktor: So all the steel beams shownon this
drawingare goingto be fixed to the walls,bolted
throughthe concrete.
Raiesh: Right.
ViKor: So to bolt through,obviouslywe need
holesin the walls.We can coredrill them,with
a diamonddrill,whichwouldobviouslybe done
afterthe wallshavebeencast.Um, we'ddrill
them ourselves,as part of our contract package.
Alternatively,the holes can be preformedby
puttingplastictubesinto the concretewhen
they cast the walls, in which case the contractor
resoonsiblefor the concretestructurewould do
rhe job.
Rajesh: OK.
Ben: Not if they use the smaller-sized
bottles.
Stephanie:We'llneed to specifythe bottlesize in
the orocedure.then.
Ben: Yeah.They'llhaveto take care that the
bottlesdon'tfall onto someone,as well.That no
one'sstandingin the bottomof the silo,while
they lowerthem down.
Stephanie:True.That'sanotherpointto
mention.OK, so accessisn't reallya problem,
then.The maindangeris the fact that it's a
confinedspace.Especiallygiventhat they're
welding,withan oxy-acetylene
torch burning,
whichwill producea fair amountof COr.
Ben: So they'llneeda CO, detector.
Stephanie:I mean,to be safe,they'llneedto
test the air beforethey go down,anyway.But we
shouldprobablyspecifythat they needto keep
the detectorwith them whilethey'reworking,
and keepit switchedon.
7.7
Ben: Yeah.Anotherhazardis there'llbe metal
fumesgivenoff as they'reactuallywelding,which
Rosana:Next weekthey'redue to start
is a differentproblemto the CO, issue.
I6.5
work on the grainsilosin Zone 4.
maintenance
Viktor: In terms of cost,preformingis obviously
Stephanie:Sure.So really,they'llneeda
We need to make sure that everyone'saware that
ventilationsystemdownthere,some kind of air
a lot cheaper,becauseall you needare plastic
all thosesilosare classedas confinedspaces.
tubes,whichare cheapto buy,and quickto put
extractor.
go
words,
no
should
inside
them
In
other
one
in. lf we do it that way,it'll be dead easy,and it'll
Ben: Probably,yeah.And there'sthe problem
And
we
need
to
without
first
doing
an
air
test.
cost peanuts.Whereascoredrillingwill be slow
of dust,as well.They'llhaveto be very careful
well.
keep
a
check
on
dust
levels,
as
it'll be quitea painstakingjob. But ...
aboutthat. lf they'reweldingand there'sgrain
Rajesh:But coredrilling'smoreaccurate,clearly. Marc: We'vegot a CO, detector here,haven't
dust in the air,there'sgoingto be an explosion
hazard.
Viktor:A lot moreaccurate.I mean.sometimes. we?
you can get awaywith preforming.lf you needto
Stephanie:Yeah.Woulda ventilatorclearthe
b
get withintwentymil, then it's perfectlyfeasible.
dust,or make it worse?| supposeif there'sa lot
Rosana:lf you walk pastthat machinewhileit's
Tenmil is - it's achievable,
but it's stretchingit.
lyingaround,it'd keep blowingit up into the air,
running,and you'retryingto talk to someone,
wouldn'tit?
Anythinglessthan ten mil, and there'sno way
you haveto shoutto be heard.And as a rule of
you can do it.
thumb,that meansit shouldbe an ear protection Ben: Mm. I'mnot sure.
Raiesh:And what sort of toleranceare you
area.
lookingfor?
J
7.3
Marc: Yeah,but the regs differentiatebetween
Stephanie:Restrictedareasare placeswherea
Viktor:About ten mil.
briefexposure,whenyou'rewalkingpast
Rajesh:So it's borderline,then.
something,and continuousexposure,don't they? seriousdangeris present.So it's essentialthat
theseshouldbe kept lockedat all times.Under
Viktor: lt's a tall order.The safe bet wouldbe
c
no circumstances
shouldanyonebe able to
goingfor coredrilling.
Marc: So is it harmfulif it splasheson yourskin?
accessthem,unlessthey havea permitto work,
Rajesh:The problemis goingto be the schedule,
in otherwords,a writtenform givingpermission
Rosana:Accordingto the noticeit's an irritant,
though.
to work in the restrictedarea.
and it's toxic.
Viktor: Exactly.I mean,to diamonddrill the
Lin:And permitsto work,and the keysto
Marc: But it's not corrosive?
numberof holeswe'retalkingaboutwill take,
restrictedareas,can only be issuedby the
Not
far
I'm
aware.
Rosana:
as
as
u m. . .
electricalsuoewisor?
Marc: So you don't need gloves and eye
Rajesh: lt'll take foreverand a day,won't it?
Stephanie:That'sright.So that one individual
protection
you
rest
of
it?
lf
and
masks
and
all
the
Whereasif they'repreformed,they'dbe readyas
is responsiblefor electricalsafetyfor the whole
get any on yourskin,you.iustwashit off.
soon as the wallsare cast.
plant.Only that personis authorisedto issue
Viktor: But if halfof them are in the wrongplace, Rosana:Hm, I'mnot sureabout that.
oermits to work.
it'llcost an arm and a leg to put them right.
o
Lin: Presumably,it's importantthat permits
Becauseif they'rewrong,it's not just a question
Rosana:We needto enouirewhetheror not
are issuedeverysingletime someoneentersa
of drillingnewones in the rightplace.lf they're
this maintenance
involveswelding.Thereare
restrictedarea - eachtime they do a newjob,
slightlyout of position,they haveto be filled
forklifttrucksgoingthroughthat area carrying
they needa new permit.
in, first,with cement,to avoidhavingtwo holes
flammableliquids.lf thereare goingto be any
Stephanie:Exactly.They shouldn'tbe issuedfor
overlapping.
so puttingthem rightis easiersaid
naked flames or sparks,we'll need to put a
any longerthan a full shift.
than done.
properprocedurein place.
Lin: OK.
Rajesh: Sure. So as I see it, the key issue here,in
Marc: Right.l'll get in touchwiththeir people,
Stephanie:And it's crucialthat there'sjust a
is the tolerance.lf the holes
terms of feasibility,
then.
singlekeyto each restrictedarea.The whole
can be bigger,and there's more play for the
idea of havinga lock-outsystemis to ensure
bolts.we won'thavethis oroblem.
7.?
at
that only one personhas accessto switchgear
Stephanie:So in termsof access,theoretically,
any giventime.So whateverhappens,someone
f
6.6
there'sa risk of someonefalling,as theyclimb
while
cannotswitchon a circuitat a switchboard
Marta: So, to be clear about how far we can go
up a silo,or downinto one.But there'salways
somebodyelse is workingon it somewhere
else
withthis redesign,we'renot aimingto reinvent
an externalstaircasewitha guardrail,leading
in the plant.
the wheel,in termsof the maincomponentsand
to the top, and thereare permanentladders,
Lin: Mm, if we imaginea technicianneedsto,
how they fit together.The reasonsfor that are
with protectivehoops around them, fixed to
let'ssay they'regoingto changea motoron
firstly,from a hardwarepoint of view,the existing the insides,leadingdownto the bottom.So
one of the lines,theyget a permitto work,and
design has provedto be effective.And secondly,
workersshouldbe able to accessthesesilos
obtain the key to the switchboardfrom the
we don't havethe resourcesat this oointin time
fairlysafely.The big problemwill be gettingthe
electricalsupervisor.Then they take the key,
to makefundamentalchangesto the production
weldingequipment,the gas bottles,downinto
unlock the door to the switchboard,switchoff
orocess.
the bottom.
the circuit-breakerfor the motor.to isolateit.
Engineer l: So the overallinternallayoutneeds
Ben: They can be lowereddown by rope.
then lock the door again.
to remainthe same?
Stephanie: Won't they be too heavy?
Viktor: Now the oroblemis, theseboltswon't
havemuchplay.
Rajesh:Howdo you mean?
Viktor:Well,they'vegot to fit quitetightlyin the
holes,so they won'tbe able to movemuch.There
won'tbe muchspacearoundthem,to adjust
their oosition.
Rajesh:I see.
Viktor: So that meansthe holeshavegot to be
positionedvery precisely.lf they'reslightlyout
of positionon the wall,theywon'tmatchup with
the holesthat havebeen pre-drilledthroughthe
steel beams,at our factory.
Raiesh:Sure.
Viktor:That'sthe main technicalissue,in terms
ofdecidinghowwe form theseholes.Obviously,
the technicalside'snot the only consideration.
There'salso the questionof timescales- given
that thereare a lot of theseholesto do. And,
obviously,the questionof cost,as well.
Marta: Yes.We'relookingfor an evolution,
ratherthan designingthe wholethingfrom
thereis roomfor
the groundup. Presumably,
improvement?
Engineer2: Well,this modelhas been revamped
once before.of course.But. no doubtwe can
refineit a bit more.
Marta: However,given that softwareredesign
isn'tan assemblyissueand has beenthe Achilles
heelof the exlstingmodel,it wouldmakesense
to rethinkthat wholesystem.
Engineerl: So for software,back to the drawing
board,then?
Marta: Well, er, whateverwe do, we need to
makea quantumleap.Whetherthat means
designingthe systemfrom scratch,I don't know.
We needto makethe wholething muchsimpler
to use.
Audioscript
9t
Stephanie:That'sright.Then,whilethey're
working,it's vital that they keepthe key on them
continuously.
J
7.4
Krisztof:The main hazard,whenmanoeuvring
a helicoptercloseto powerlines,is the risk of
a collisionwith the line.So beforecommencing
work, it's essentialfor the crew to have detailed
informationaboutweatherconditions,especially
wind directionand speed.Operatingin very
windyweatheris obviouslyout of the question.
The pilotsinvolvedin live linework are highly
trainedand experiencedand theirexpertiseis
arguablythe crucialfactorin ensuringsafety.
Anotherhazardis snagging,as at certaintimes
the platformwill momentarilybe attachedto
the powerline and to the helicopter,leavingthe
that
aircrafttethered.lt's essential,therefore,
the cable is equippedwith a tensionrelease
mechanism,so that if the helicopterpullsaway
suddenlyfor any reason,the cable can break
free.To oreventelectrocutionand burns from
arcingcurrents,the crewon the platformwear
threads
hot suits.Thesehavestainless-steel
whichchannelthe electricityaroundthe
technician's
body,allowingthe 400,000 volt
supplyto flow betlveenthe powerline and the
platform.The suitsalso havea fireprooflining,to
provide protectionfrom heat. And eye protection
is worn,as a protectionagainstflashesfrom
electricarcs.Again,trainingis one of the key
factorsin ensuringsafety.As a precaution
againstmechanicalfailure,the suspensioncable,
platformand all associatedequipmentare
inspectedbeforeeachoperation,
systematically
to checkfor damage.And the helicopteris
One
maintainedin linewith aviationregulations.
additionalprecautionis takenregardingthe
craftare
engines:only twin-engine
helicopter's
usedfor live linework,so that if an enginefails,
the pilot can still land safely.
3
Petrus:Youshouldtake carewhenyou're
cleaningbelowthe guillotineblade,because
there'sa dangerthat the bladecouldcome
down.Beforeyou cleanit, you shouldalwaysset
the control lever in the Blade Locked position.
And you shouldwear protectivegloveswhile
you'recleaninglt, becausethe sump belowthe
bladecan containsharDmetaloff-cuts.
r
8.1
Roland:We knowthe clientis a verygreen
orientatedcompany,very big on all things
environmental.
Saskia:Absolutely.
Roland:so ener€ y savingobvious|yneedsto be
in the design.Clearly,
an importantconsideration
it's a big subject,and somethingwe needto look
into in depth.But one specificaspectof it where
I thinkwe can makea real differenceis withthe
with
BuildingManagementSystem- specifically,
the way we use presencedetectors.And I'vehad
a coupleof ideasthat I'dappreciateyourviews
on.
Saskia: Sure.
Roland: I thinkwe shouldput two totally
differentdesignoptionsto the client.Optionone
is to havea buildingwith maximumautomation.
So withthe maximumautomationoption ...
-
8.2
Roland: ... withthe maximumautomation
option,we put presencedetectorsall overthe
place,and link them to as manysystemsas
possible.Not just the usualsystemsthat activate
the lightswhenpeoplewalk into roomsand turn
them offwhenthey leave.We coulduse presence
detectorsto control other systems,as well, like
the blindson the windows.So, if it's the middle
of summer,and a presencedetectorsensesthat
everyone'sleft a meetingroom, a temperature
sensorpicksup a positivereadingfrom sunlight
J7.5
comingthroughthe glass,the electronicsactivate
comedown
the blinds,whichautomatically
lsobel:The focusof the coursewill be on your
and blackout the room.Thatwouldlimit heat
personalobligationsin terms of lookingafter
absorDtionand reducethe load on the airyour own safety,and the safety of others.That
savingenergy.
conditioning,
meanswe'llbe focusingon specificsafety
For instance,we'llbe lookingat
Saskia:OK.
regulations.
personalprotectiveequipmentthat'scompulsory. Roland:Or in winter,if the blindshad been
Or activitiesthat are prohibitedin certainareas,
pulleddownin the meetingroomthe evening
of the obligations
suchas smoking.The ma.iority
before,the next morning,the sensordetects
ln other
we'lldeal with are legal requirements.
sunlight,and triggersthe blindsto raiseand let
part
of
words,they'restipulatedby law as
in as muchsunlightas possible,contributingto
healthand safetylegislation.lf you contravene
the heating.And therecouldbe temperature
it's not the same as
thesekindsof regulations,
to determinewhichroomsare the
measurements
turningup for work late,or merelybreaching
a circulation
Warmest,and thosesensorsset oÍÍ
your contractof employmentin someway.lf
systemto distributethe warmair throughthe
someonefailsto complywith healthand safety
building,into the corridor,or into roomsat the
regs,they'rebreakingthe law.lt's as simpleas
other side of the building,or wherever.
you're
it
is
an
all awareof that, but
that. I'msure
Saskia:So, we'duse presencedetectorsand
importantpointto emphasise.
heat sensorsto regulateas manysystemsas
oossible?
Roland:Yes.Well,that'swhatwe'dhavewiththe
maximumautomationoption.
Petrus: lf there'sa fire,you shouldn'tuse
on this machine,because
waterextinguishers
it containselectricalcircuits,and it can cause
Roland:The secondoptionis this.lt's a very
You shouldonly use a carbon
electrocution.
consciouscompany,so I assume
environmentally
dioxideextinguisher.
that green attitude is shared by all the staff.lf
that's the case,why is there a need to automate
everythingin the buildingwhenmostthingscan
Petrus:When you lift this machine,it's essential
be operatedmanually?Why doesn'tthe bossjust
that you shouldonly use the two liftingeyes
circulatean emailremindingpeopleto switchthe
markedin red. No other parts of the frameare
lightsoff whentheygo out and tell them to lower
load-bearing,
so you mustn'tuse them as anchor
the blindswhenthey leavea room in summer,so
oolnts.
| mean,you'dsave
it helpsthe air-conditioning?
?7.6
r
i!
92
Audioscript
8.3
electricity,
becauseyou wouldn'tneedto control
and the moneyyou
all the systemsautomatically,
manualcontrols
savedby buyingold-fashioned
insteadof hi-techelectronicscouldbe spenton
plantingtreesor something.I mean,it sounds
s i m p l eb, u t . . .
Saskia: Mm ... it's a very interestingidea.We
haveto bear in mind.of course.that the client'sa
manufacturer
of hi-techelectronicgizmos.I'm not
sure howthey'dfeelabout ...
F
8.4
Jochem:The obviousdangerhere is that you
couldget a build-upinsidethe vesselif there'sa
blockagefurtheralongthe pipe.
Katerina: So the vessel needs a safetyvalve?
Jochem:Yes,and maybesome sort of warning
system,as well.lt couldbe somethingthat's
trlggeredby a differentialmeasurement.So if
there'sa hi€ h readingin the tank,and a |ower
one furtheralong,you'dknowtherewas a
blockagesomewhere.
Katerina: We'll need a systemfor monitoringgas
consumotion.
Jochem;What,a meteron the supplypipe?
Katerina:Well,yes,that wouldmeasure
But we also need
cumulativeconsumption.
to monitorthe actualrate of consumptionat
differentpointsin time duringthe reaction
cycle.And if we havethose two parameters,we
can then determinethe frequencyof peaksin
whichis the third parameterwe
consumption,
neeo.
Jochem:So that'sa softwareissue,then.As
longas the cumulativevalue'sbeingrecorded
against the timescale,we can plot the rate of
consumpuon...
3
Katerina: The reactionthat takes place is going
to be exothermic.But the amountof heat will
partlydependon how hot the gas is whenit
entersthe vessel.
Jochem:Yes.becausethat input heat can be
adjusted.
Katerina:Exactly.So we'llneeda sensornext
to the valveto measurethe inputvalue,as gas
comesin, and then anotherto give us an output
value.Then,we can workout the optimuminput
temperaturefor the gas.
r
8.s
Helen:One of the biggestheadachesin
powergenerationis the factthat electricity
So in order
consumptionfluctuatesconsiderably.
to maintaina continuoussupplywe haveto make
continualchecks,and adjustthe powerload we
generate.To help us plan thosead.iustments,
we
forecastfluctuationsin demand,so that we can
anticipatepeaksand troughs.We base these
forecastson a numberof differentfactors.One
of them,one of the most importantones,is
Duringperiodsof very cold or very
temperature.
The increasein
hot weather,demandincreases.
demandis obviouslydue to millionsof electric
radiatorscomingon whenit's cold,and airconditioningunitsworkinghardwhenit's hot.
Another factor,a key factor which increasesor
decreasesdemand,is whetheror not it's light
or dark in the morningand evening- obviously
So those are
that dictateslightingconsumption.
the two malnseasonalfactors.Theygenerallygo
so on cold,dark,winterevenings,
hand-in-hand
I
the rise in demandis significant,
comparedwith
warm,light,summerevenings.We also take into
accountwhat day of the weekit is, particularly
whetherit's a weekdayor the weekend.
Cenerally,demandrisesduringthe week,when
factoriesand oÍficesare operational,and then
decreaseswhena lot of them closeat the end
of the week.So demandfallsat the weekend.
Thoseare variationsthat take olacewithina
givenweek.Duringany givenday,thereare
factorssuchas mealtimes,whenelectricovens
are switchedon - obviously,that causesa jump
in consumption.Evencommercialbreaksduring
popularTV showscan causeblips in demand.
Therecan be a suddenrise whenpeoplerush
to switchkettleson, or heat up snacksin
microwaves,
and then a suddenfallshortly
afterwards.
I8.6
Helen:Becauseelectricityconsumption
f|uctuates
acrossa significantran€ e , in orderto
copewith peakdemandour maximumcapacityis
equivalentto the top of that band of fluctuation.
That meansthat duringoff-peakperiods,we
havesignificantsparegeneratingcapacity.Now,
in an idealworld,it wouldbe good to use that
spare capacityto generatepower and store it
for use duringpeaktimes.Unfortunately,
as you
probablyknoWelectricalchargeis extremely
difficultto storein largeamounts- you can't
just chargeup hugebatteries.So we use an
innovativetechniqueto storeup powerpotential
duringoff-peakperiods.
-
8.7
Helen:The conceptof pumpedstorageis
relativelysimple.Duringoff-peakperiodswhen
main power stations have got spare capacity,
some of the extra power they produce is used
by pumpedstoragestationsto pumpwaterfrom
a lowlevel reservoirup to a high-levelreservoir,
wherethe water'sstored.lt's then heldthere
untilthere'sa peak in demandat some pointthe
next day.At that point,the water'sreleased,and
it flowsdownthe pipes,drivingturbinesat the
bottomwhichgenerateelectricity.
Obviously,the
stationcan only run for a fairlyshortperiod,but
it's sufficientto coverthe peak in demand.Then,
as soon as there'sa dip in demand,the water
can be pumpedback up and held readyfor use
again.So the effectis to smoothout fluctuations
in the outputof the main powerstations.Some
of the main stations'sparecapacityis usedwhen
therewouldbe a troughin the demandcurve,at
night.The peak daytimegeneratingcapacityof
thosemain statlonscan also be lowerbecause
the pumpedstoragestationsare thereto back
them up whenthereare blips in the demand
curve.
I8.8
Gerry:Ouestionnaires
like this drive me
mad. I mean.look at this firstouestion.What
percentageof my time do I spenddoingtechnical
tasksthat use my skillsextensively?Howare you
supposedto put a numberagainstthat?
Eleanor:Youonly needto givea ballparkfigure.
Gerry: I know but even so. lt's difficultto say,off
the top of my head.
Eleanor:lt's easierif you compareit withthe
secondootion.
Gerry: Doingtasksthat a lessqualifiedcolleague
coulddo. Well,let'ssay roughlyhalfand half.
Eleanor:Are you sure?Aren'tyou the least
qualifiedpersonin this department?
Gerry: Do you know,I knewyou were going to
say that. Numbertwo - technicaltasksthat add
valueand tasksthat don'tadd value,suchas
admin.Add value?What'sthat supposedto ...
Eleanor:Well,do you not do someadmin?Or
do you spendall of yourtime doingproductive
things?
Gerry:Well,no. Nowherenearall of it.
Eleanor: Right.So is it fifty-fifty?
Gerry:Um well,no. I spendmore time problem
solvingthan I do on admin.Thankfully.
Let's
say somewherein the regionof two thirds.So,
about a thirdon admin.Three- tasksthat
are purelytechnicalversustasksthat relateto
technicalorganisation.
Well,most of what I do is
isn'tit? | spendprettymuchall my
organisation,
time on that.
Eleanor:Or in your case,disorganisation.
Gerry: Nice one.What figuredid you put down
for addedvalue,by the way?Was it a negative
number?
r
8.9
r
9.1
Beatrice: At this stage,I'm not asking you to give
me a detailedbreakdownof all the lT equipment
we'regoingto need.lt wouldjust be usefulto
havea roughidea of what'smost urgent.
Dan: Sure.Well,one of the biggestproblems
is the screensat the CAD stations.A lot of
thoseneedreplacingwith biggerones.Roughly
speaking,I'd say wellover halfof them are too
small.A good two thirdsof them,actually.So,
we'retalkingabout I 5 to I 8 screens,something
like that.
Beatrice:OK. How urgentis that?
Dan: Well,I meanthey all work,they all function
properly.The troubleis, the engineersspendthe
vast majorityof theirtime workingwiththese
screens.And becausethe detailon them is so
small,it's prettyhardworkon the eyes,to the
pointthat it affectsproductivity
so ...
Beatrice:OK. And what aboutthe big printerin
here?I'veheardit's a bit of a dinosaur.
Dan: Well,it is, but it worksperfectlywell,and
we print nextto nothingwith it, anyway.Most of
the drawingsare printedat the factory.
Beatrice:Oh.
Tony:With the aerodynamics
thereare three
develooment
toolsavailableto us.The first is
Fluid Dynamics.
CFD software Computational
With that,the testswouldobviouslybe virtual,
basedon a computermodel.The secondoption
is to go into a wind tunnel,witha scalemodel,or
a full-sizemock-up.In eithercase,we'dprobably
needto use a tunnelwith a rollingroad.
Lisa: Wouldthat be necessary?
Tony:Well,the thingis, the wheelsgeneratea
lot of turbulencewhenthey'respinning.So to
simulatethat,you needa rollingroad.
Lisa: Yes,I know,but if we go for a bodywork
designwherethe wheelsare mostlyenclosed,
whichis likely,wouldthat be an issue?
Tony:Possiblynot. lt dependshowfullyenclosed
theyare.
Lisa: OK. l'm just raisingthe question.
Tony:Sure.lt's somethingwe can look at. The
thirdoption,then,is fieldtesting,actually
runningthe prototypeoutsideon a runway,
or somewhere.
So we can use thesetools in
isolationor as a combination.
The questionis,
howcan we gatheras muchdata as possiblewith
the limitedbudgetwe have?
Guy:Well,we needto bear in mind that the
problemwith aero is that it's not just about data
gathering.You also haveto validatethe data.
CFD and wind tunnelsare not a hundredoercent
reliable.The acid test only comeswhenyou try
out a full-scaleprototypein real conditions.We
needto makesurethat everythingis tried-andtestedoutside,with a full-scaletrial run.
Lisa: Yeah,but let'snot forgetwe'redesigninga
car that doesa hundredkilometresan hour,it's
not a supersonicaircraft!The aero'snot goingto
be that critical.
Tony:Plus,with changeableweather,it's not easy
to do back-to-back
testingout in the field.
Guy: No, of coursenot. I'm.iustsayingwe need
to be careful...
-
9.2
Arnaud: So, theoretically,
the horizontalspeed
will keepdecreasinguntilthe containerhits the
ground.The higherthe drop altitude,the lower
the horizontalsoeedat touchdown.
Jenna:Sure.
Arnaud: But, obviously,the higherthe altitude,
the higherthe verticalspeed,up to a certain
pornt.
Jenna:Absolutely.So, assumingthe drop
altitude'svery low the verticalspeedwon'tbe all
that highon impact.
Arnaud: True.
Jenna:And in termsof protectingthe cargo,
surelya low verticalspeed is the criticalfactor.
Arnaud: I'mnot so sure it's the criticalfactor.
I'd say the horizontalspeed'smore problematic.
quite
Because,presumably,
if the groundspeed's
high,there'sa dangerthe containerwill roll
overand bouncealongwhenit touchesdown.In
fact,if you'redroppingfrom low altitude,that's
probablyinevitable.
So if the containerrolledand
bouncedfor 50 metres,or whatever,then you'd
haveto havesome kind of destructibleexternal
envelopeto protectit from the multipleimpacts.
Whichwouldbe very expensive.So, arguably,
rollingis the worstproblem,worsethan a high
verticalimpactspeed.
Jenna: Hm, you thinkso?
Arnaud: So you don'tthink rolling'sa bad thing?
Jenna: I'mnot convincedthe containerwould
actuallyroll.
Arnaud: No?
Jenna: Not necessarily.
The militarydrop tanks
out of flyingaircraftat low level,tied to special
platforms,and theyjust slidealongthe ground.
And the systemsthat e.iectthingsout of the
backsof planesare incrediblypowerful.So
because,obviously,theyfire the containerin the
oppositedirectionto the plane,that reducesthe
groundspeed.
Plus,they use a parachutethat
whichalso helpsto slowit
deployshorizontally,
oown.
Arnaud: Of course.
Jenna: So, basedon what they do with tanks,I
thinkwe can safelyassumethat we can stop a
containerfrom rolling.
Arnaud: But a tank'sgot massiveweight,and
a low centreof gravity.With a smaller,lighter
container,there'sno way of knowinghow it would
behave,not withoutactuallytestingit. And even
if you testedit ten times,it wouldprobably
behavedlfferentlyeachtime,it wouldbe very
unpredictab|e.
Whereasif you drop from a hi€ h er
altitude,OK, the verticalspeedis higher,but
witha lowergroundspeed,it wouldbehavemore
Audioscript
93
predictably.
And that wouldmake it easierto
designa cushioningsystembecauseyou'dbe
dealingwith a single,predictableimpact.
Jenna:Yes,but surely,a heavyverticallanding
is a hugeproblem.The forceof it wouldbe far
greater...
r
9.3
Manfred: The first time we launchedone of
got a plastic
thesethings,er, we basically.iust
washing-upliquidbottle,filledit about halffull
ofwater,then pumpedit up with an ordinary
foot pump.
Interviewer:So it wasjust ordinaryhousehold
stuff?
Manfred: Oh, yeah,nothingtoo technical.
And, actually,therewas a bit of a coincidence,
becausethe openin€ in the bott|eWasjust
slightlybiggerthan the fittingat the end of the
pump,so therewas quite a good seal.So we
pumpedit up - one of us held the bottlewhile
someoneelseworkedthe pump.And we released
it, and it went up, literally,like a rocket.I mean,
we expectedit wouldshoot up reasonably
fast,but we didn'tanticipatejust how powerful
it wouldbe. lt just went Moosl, and totally
exceededour expectations.
So you can imagine
'l
we wereabsolutely
us, a groupof 2-year-olds,
ecstatic.And havingsaid that,therewas one
problem.Once all the waterhad come out, which
happenedvirtuallyin a split-second,
the bottle
- becauseit was very light- startedtumbling
over in the air.
Interviewer:So it wouldn'tfly straight?
Manfred: That'sright.But we quicklycame up
with a solutionto that problem.
a
9.4
Manfred: What we did was to get a plasticcup,
a strongone not a dlsposablecup,and pushed
it onto the end of the bottle,at the top, to form
a nose.lt didn'tgo exactlyaccordingto plan,at
first.lt stabilisedit a bit, but it still wasn'tflying
straight.So we tried puttingwaterin the beake(
to act as ballast,and that workeda treat.With
the extra inertia.and the fact that it was frontheavy,it went like an arrow.So, so, yes,we
sortedthat problemout. Thenthe next goal was
to increasethe power,to try and reach a higher
altitude.
I9.5
Manfred: One of the thingswe did was to
exoerimentwith the amountof waterinsidethe
bottle.I think,initially,we expectedthat the
morewaterwe put in, the more powerfulit would
be. But as it turnedout, it was the opposite.
What actuallyhappenedwas,if you overfilled
it, therewasn'tenoughpressureto expelall the
water.We reducedthe amountof waterto about
a quarteror a third fu||,somethin€ |ikethat,and
we also put sometape aroundthe end of the
pump,to get a betterseal withthe bottle.That
was reallyeffective.
I thinkwe underestimated
the pressurewe weregenerating.And, certainly,
we were overestimatingthe strengthof the
bottle. Because it got to the point where we were
firingtheserocketsup to, I don't know,maybe
somethinglike 20 metreshigh,somethinglike
that, so you can imaginethe sort of pressure
involved.And plasticbottlesare hardlyup to
the job of high-pressurerocketry obviously.So,
inevitably,
the bottleeventuallyblew up while
I was holdingit. I was rollingaroundon the
groundwith sore hands,whileeveryoneelse was
rollingabout laughing.So I learnedthe hardway.
94
t
I
Audioscript
I9.6
Caroline:So howcredibleis this hoax theory,
then? I watcheda documentaryabout it a while
ago.
Renato:Well,someof the questionsare quite
interesting,
but from what I'veread,theycan all
be explained,scientifically.
You know,likethe
factthat the starsaren'tvisiblein the sky on the
photos.Apparently,it'sjust due to sunlighton
the surfaceof the moon. lt was too bright to see
them,that'sall.
Caroline:lsn'tthe flag supposedlywavingin the
wlnd,in one of the shots?
Renato:That'sright,yeah.Theysay it's because
of the pole shakingafterit'd been stuckin.
There'sobviouslyno air,so as a result,it kept
movingfor ages,due to the factthat therewas
no frictionto slowit down.
Caroline: I see.
Renato:Anotherthingthat'sbeenexplainedis
the footprintson the surface.Peoplehad said
the groundlookedwet,so it couldn'thavebeen
on the moon.But, apparently,
that'sthe way
that type of dust behavesin a vacuum.lt sticks
together,like mud.
Caroline:Wasn'ttheresomeothertheoryto do
with dust whenthe modulelanded,that there
shouldhavebeen more dust,or something?
Renato:Well,duringthe landing,therewas
supposedlya lot of dust flyingup, you know,
causedby the blastfrom the engines.But when
the module'sactuallyseenon the surface,there's
no cratervisiblebelowit. So the theoryis that,
if it had reallylandedthere,it wouldhaveleft
a crater.But the argumentagainstthat is that
it had alreadysloweddownsubstantially
by
the time it reachedthe surface,and it was only
gently,
gravity.
low
descending
becauseof the
Caroline:So therewas only a bit of surfacedust
blownuo?
Renato: That's right.
I
10.1
Mike: Obviously,a tubularsteeltoweronly
givesyou sufficientstructuralstrengthif you
give it adequateprotectionfrom corrosion- fl,e
big problemwithoffthoreinstallations.
So,
you couldsay steelis inappropriate
technically,
in
that environment.
Loreta:They makeshipsout of it.
Mike: I know,Loreta,but only becausethere's
no cost-effectivealternative.But we're not talking
about ships,we'retalkingaboutfixed structures.
The point is, I thinkwe shouldlook more
seriouslyat alternatives
to all-steelsupports.And
the obviousalternativeis reinforcedconcrete.
Loreta:We'vealreadylookedinto it, though,and
it wasn't cost-effective.
Mike: Not in the shortterm.But we didn'treally
look into it properlyoverthe longterm.
Loreta: But you madethe pointyourself,Mike,
that steel'scompletelyineffective
if it's corroded.
And one of the mainconstituents
of reinforced
concreteis steel.
Mike: lt's protected,though,isn'tit? lt's
embeddedinsideconcrete.That'sa muchmore
effectiveprotectionthan paint.
Loreta:Not necessarily.
lf we'retalkingaboutthe
longterm,as you say,what happensto concrete
when it's exposedto the sea for a few years? lt
erodes.Whichmeansthe steeleventuallygets
exposed.You look at concretecoastal defences.
Howoftendo you see the concreteall crumbling
away,and all the steelexposed?
quality,though.
Mike: That'sdue to inconsistent
Youonly get that problemif there'sinsufficient
cover.As long as there'sappropriate cover
at designlevel,and the constructionquality's
consistent,then thereshouldn'tbe a problem.
Loreta:lsn't inadequatecovermoreof a problem
in a slenderstructure,though?You'dprobably
havelesscover,comparedwiththe big lumpsof
concretethey use for coastal defences.
Mike: Not if ...
Hanif:Just a second.
Mike: Yes,HaniP
Hanif: Let'sjust thinkabout whatwe'retrying
to resolve,here.The key issueis, what'sthe
mostsuitablelong-termsolution?And in both
cases,we'resayingsteel is necessary,
eitherin
an all-steeltubularstructureor in the form of
reinforcement
insideconcrete.But obviously
exoosedsteelis unsuitablebecauseof the
problemof corrosion.So the questionis, what's
the most reliablewayof protectingsteel,over
the longterm? And we haveto bear in mind
that'just becausesomethingrequiresre€ u Iar
maintenance,
suchas painting,that doesn't
necessarilymeanit's unreliable.
As long as the
maintenance
is consistent.
The key question
is, what'sthe most economicalapproach?So
paintinga steel structureevery couple of years
is uneconomical
only if the cost of paintingis
more expensivethan the additionalcost of using
concreteat the time of construction.
Mike: So, to determinethe most efficient
solution,we needto assessthe lifespanof a
reinforcedconcretestructure.lf we knowthat,we
can determinehow manytimesthe equivalent
steelstructurewouldneedto be repaintedover
that same oeriod.and what the cost of that
wouldbe.
Hanif:Yeah.
Mike: But this is reallythe point I'mmaking,
Hanif.We can'tcategorically
say that reinforced
concreteis inefficientunlesswe look into it in
detail.
Hanif: Of coursenot. Look,let me makea
suggestion
...
I
10.2
Su: With very tall structures,one of the main
loadsyou needto take into consideration,
clearly,is the massof the structure,its weight.
Due to gravity,that mass exerts a downward
load,whichhas to be transmittedto the ground.
So that downwardforce means the structure
is in compression,
especiallynearthe bottom.
Obviously,the closer you are to the bottom,
the morecomoressive
forcethe structureis
subjectedto. But with tall structures,downward
load compressing
the structuralelementsis
only part of the problem.Anothermajorforce
actingon the structureis wind load,whichis a
horizontalload,exertedby air pressureagainst
one side of the structure.Becausethe structure
is fixed at groundlevel,and free at the top, that
generatesbendingforces.And whenelements
bend,you haveopposingforces:compression
at one side,tensionat the other.And at ground
level,the windeffectively
triesto slidethe
structurealongthe ground,and the foundations
belowthe groundresistthat.The resultof that
is shearforcebetweenthe substÍucture
and the
The windgeneratestensileloads
superstructure.
on the foundationsof tall structuresas well,
as the bendingactiontriesto pull them out of
the groundon one side,a bit likea tree being
uprootedby the wind.So the foundationsneed
to relyon frictionwith the groundto resistthe
pull-outforce,iust as tree rootsdo. The action
of the wind can also generatetorsion.Youget a
twistingforcesometimes,whenthe air pressure
is comparatively
higheragainstone cornerof a
building,althoughthat'slessof a problemwith
chimneysbecauseof their circularprofile.With
very largemassesof concrete,you also have
to thinkabout the forcesgeneratedby thermal
movement.When concreteabsorbs heat from
the sun,you get expansion;as soon as the sun
goes in, there'scontraction.
That movementcan
be significantovera largearea,especiallyas the
sun generallyheatsone side of a structuremuch
more than the other.So thereare all kindsof
differentforcesacting on a tall structure.
I
10.3
Andrej: The record speed exceededthe standard
operatingspeedby a hugemargin.lt was 80o/o
fasterat its peak.So you wouldimaginethat
the TCV used for the record run was heavily
modified.In fact, that wasn't really the case.
The trainwas modifiedto a certainextentbut,
just an
with a fewexceptions,it was essentially
ordinaryTCV.As you can see fromthis slide,one
of the biggestdifferenceswas that the modified
trainwas significantly
shorter,in orderto make
it lighter.Therewas a 500/0reductionin length,
downto 100 metres.comoaredwith a 200metrestandardlength.The coachesbeingpulled
were perfectlystandard - the only differences
werethat some of the seatshad been removed
to makewayfor all of the monitoringequipment
that was carriedon board.And somechanges
weremade to the bodywork,to makeit slightly
moreaerodynamic,
whichmeantthe drag
coefficientwas reducedby I 5olo.The wheelson
the modifiedtrain Weremarginallybi€ € e r than
the standard size.The diameterwas increasedby
| 9olo,in order to reducethe speed of revolution,
to limitfrictionand centrifugalforce.And the
powerof the electricmotorswas substantially
higher than the standard units - boosted by
680ó' But noneof the changesWasfundamenta|.
So my point is, standardhigh-speed
trainscan be
madeto go fasterby a considerableamount.
I
10.5
Narrator: That day, Stapp was sub.iectedto
When
extremesof forcebeyondthe imagination.
the sled's rocketsfired, he shot from zero to over
1,000 kilometresper hour in just threeseconds,
him to 20 Gs. when the sled hit the
sub.iecting
pool of waterin the brakingzone,it was like
hittinga brickwall.Stappslowedfrom the speed
of a bulletto a completestop in littlemorethan
a singlesecond.Incredibly,
John Stappsurvived
the ride,althoughso muchblood had rushedinto
his eyesthat he was unableto see for sometime
afterwards.Beforethe test. doctors had believed
that humanbeingswereincapableof surviving
forcesgreaterthan I 7 Cs. Whenthe sled hit the
water,Stapp had pulleda crushing46 Cs.
I
10.6
Jasmine:I thinkwhat he'ssuggestingin terms
forcesis
of acceleration
and deceleration
reasonable.
Andrew:Yeah.2 C soundsabout right.Anything
lessthan that,and the track length'sgoing
to exceedthe size of the site. And if you start
gettingcloseto 3 c, or beyondthat,thenthat's
probablygoingto be a bit too muchfor the
averagepassenger.
for the
Jasmine:I'dsay so. His calculations
total distancefor accelerationand deceleration
seemabout right.The problemI haveis with
the lengthof the track.I think his ten-kilometre
figureis OK for an idealworldscenario,but it
doesn't leave much margin for error.
Andrew: No. Becauseat full speed,you're going
to be covering,what, a kilometreevery three
seconds.So if there'ssome kind of oroblem.
you'regoingto be eatingup the kilometresat a
pretty frighteningrate.
Jasmine:You can say that again.I think he'll
neédevery ki|ometreof track |engthhe can
get on that site.Plus somesort of emergency
stoppin€ faciIityat the end of the |ine,just in
case.
Andrew: Definitely,yeah.
Jasmine:Then I don't knowwhatyou think
about usingwheels,insteadof skids.
10.4
I
Andrew:Well,technically,
it's feasibleto build
Narrator: In the late I 940s and early'50s, the
wheelscapableof spinningat that sort of speed,
United States Air Force carried out a series of
becauseit's been done on land soeed record
experimentsto explore how much physicalstress
cars.The only problemis, if you get a wheel
the humanbody couldwithstand.A keyaim
failureat the kind of speedswe'retalkingabout,
was to test how much C-forcepilots were able
the consequences
are goingto be unthinkable.
to copewith and see what wouldhappenif they
Jasmine:Yeah.I haven'tcalculatedexactlywhat
exceededtheir limits. Led by Air Forcedoctor
centrifugalforcesthey'd haveto cope with, but
John Paul Stapp, a numberof spectaculartests
for wheelsof about 500 mil diameter,at full
werecarriedout at EdwardsAir ForceBase in
California,a locationsuitablefor the experiments speed,I workedout they'dbe spinningat over
1 3 , 0 0 0r o m .
thanksto its 600-metrerail track,specially
designedfor high-speedrocket tests.A rocket
Andrew:Yeah,that'sa lot. Plus,of course,skids
sled,capableof reachingspeedsapproaching
shouldgive betterfrictionalresistanceunder
the soundbarrier,was mountedon the track.On
braking.
topof thesled, namedSonicWind,researchers
Jasmine:Possibly.
fixed a seat,intendedfor an abnormallybrave
Andrew: Maybe not?
volunteer.Refusingto give the dangerousjob to
Jasmine:Well,the frictionfrom wheelbearings
a memberof his team,the man in the hot seat
spinningat that sort of speedmightbe higher.
was John Stapp himself.Over severalruns, Stapp
And the skidswouldn'tbe in oermanentcontact
was subjectedto progressivelygreater extremes
withthe rails,don'tforget.But,anyway,I think
of force.Each time, he resisted.Eventually,the
skidsare the only safeoption.
time cameto take the ultimaterisk,to surpass
Andrew: I'd go for skids. Definitely.
what many doctors believedto be a deadly level
Jasmine:And thenfor the brakes,I thinkthe
of G-force.And so on Decemberloth I 954,
first pointis that,for the initialdeceleration,
Stapp Wasstrapped onto soí,ic Wind Íorthe
evenwithoutapplyingany brakes,the
motherof all rides.
aerodynamicresistanceis goingto be huge.In
fact, that alone might even exceed 2 C, for a
shorttime.
Andrew: Possibly.lt'd dependhow muchdrag
therewas,whichobviouslydependson the
bodyworkdesign,doesn'tit?
Jasmine:Yeah.
Andrew: I don't like the idea of a frictionsystem,
againstthe rails.lt wouldhaveto withstanda
tremendousamountof heat.
Jasmine:Yeah.I think that'sa non-starter,
at
thesekindsof speeds.Aerodynamicbraking
has got to be the best option.Possibly,you
coulddeployflapsinitially,at top speed,then
maybereleasea parachuteas a secondstage.
Maybe deploythe parachuteat, I don'tknow,
what sort of speeds do dragsters reach?They
use parachutes,
don't they?what do theydo?
400 Ks?
Andrew:A bit more,I think.450, somethinglike
that.There'salso the optionof reverseengine
thrust,like they use on aircraft.
Jasmine: In that case,though,you'dstill need
anothersystem,in case you get an enginefailure.
But it's a possibility.I thinkthe bottomlineis
that it needsa combinationof svstemsto makeit
absolutelyfail-safe.
Audioscript
95
The propulsion system
Will the weightof the cableallowthe baseto
be movedby its own propellersor will a more
powerfulsystemfor propulsionand control be
required?For example,an externalpowersource.
Unit 1
I
2a
I navigation
(monitoring)delivery vehicles
3 (findin€ ) sto|encars
4 drift
5 man overboard
6 innovativeuses of
b
I uses
2 use
3a
2d
4a
I
b
Suggested answers
Anchor system
It will be oossibleto anchorthe base more
securelyin shallowwater,nearthe coast.A
oermanentanchorstructurecouldbe builton
the oceanbed, in shallowwater.The base station
couldthen be fixed securelyto it with cables.lf
severalanchor structuresare built at different
locationsalongthe coast,the base stationcan
be moved betweenthem.
Propulsionsystem
Tugs(powerfulboats used for pullingships)
could be used as an external oower source.
However,the base station could be driven by
its own propellers.The large,powerfulengines
neededto propel it would be heavy,but that isn't
necessarilya disadvantage,as extra mass,and
thereforeextra inertia,would help to make the
base more stable.
3 user's;useful
4f
3b
allows
prevents
3
5a
6e
ensures;enables
b
I allows/ enables
ensures
3 prevents
c
'|
3
4
5
allow/enable
allow/enable
ensure
allow/enable
prevent
10
6a
6b on page8
Seetextin Exercise
c
2i
8d
7a
3
4
6
7
3a
9f
4b
5C
6h
7c
support
attached
raised
power
ascenq
transport
b
2e
c
72a
By a floating structure
To attach the base to the seabed
Shipswouldcarrythem
Cotlisionsbetweenthe cableand space
debris
The anchorswouldbe raisedand the station
wouldbe moved.
96
I
2
3
b
lc
C
2
3
4
5
d
I
2
J
4t
reduces
6
conventional 7
reduce
I
ennance
8a
See audioscript1.3 on page 86
9a
Suggested answer
The anchoring system
The wind loadson the cablewill be huge.What
are the implicationsfor the anchorinCsystem?
The base will needto be movedcontinuallyand
sometimesurgently.what temporarysystem
couldbe usedto hold the base in position?
Shouldthe base be in shallowwaternearthe
coast, or in deep water further ofEhore? The
choicewill havean impacton the designof the
anchorsystem.
t
3b
3
4
5
5
I
11a
It's a flat belt for liftingelevatoB which is used
instead of a cable. Comparedwith cables,the
Cen2 systemhas a numberof advantages.
c
The notesare missingarticles(a/an,the)and
some auxiliaryverbs [e.9.be).
b
I
2
3
4
I
A technicaladvantageis a type of technology
that is superiorin someway - for example,
more efficient,more powerfulor more reliable
- comparedwith a related type of technology
- for example,a competingproduct [onesold by
anothercompany)- or comparedwith an earlier
model of the same product.
enhanced
reduced
eliminated
2b
4
5
3a
dramatically 6
7
entirely
I
extremely
considerably
5c
6a
conventional
superior
eliminates
c
Richardsuggestsusingeverydaylanguage
to avoidexplanationsnot beingunderstood;
usingsomejargonand then explainingit using
everydaylanguageto avoidsoundingpatronising;
explainingdifficultconceptsby comparing
technicalpoints with things in everydaylife to
illustratethem;and usingsome humour
to avoidsoundingdull.
15b
2 A columngoingdowninto the ground
3 To drill
4 ConcreteDouredon the constructionsite in
its final oosition
5 Made at a factory,away from the site
6 To hammerin
7 Likea giant hammer
I Likea giantdrill
9 A kind of claysuspension/ a sort of mud
d
I
2
3
4
put simply;in otherwords;basically
effectively;essentially;basically
what we call: what we refer to as
if you imagine;if you picture
16
Suggested answers
endThereare two typesof pile foundation;
bearingpilesand frictionpiles.Essentially,
end-bearingpilesare usedwhenyou havesoft
groundwhichis on top of hard€ r ound or rock.
Basically,the pilesgo throughthe soft ground
and sit on the hardgroundbelow.lt's a bit like
buildingover water.The soft ground is like water,
whichcan'tsupportanything,and the hard
groundbelowit is like the seabed.Put simply,
the pilesare like stilts.Frictionpilesare different.
They'reusedwhenthere'sno hardground.In
simpleterms,the sidesof the pile grip the soft
groundaroundthem.lf you picturea nail in a
pieceof wood,it's the same thing.The nail is
grippedby the woodaroundit. Sometimesthe
bottomsof frictionpi|esare madeWider.|ma€ i ne
a leg with a foot at the bottom, it's the same
principle.
I
conventional
superior
4d
highly
exceptionally
significantly
entirely;totally
dramatically
considerably;
highly
exceptionally;
14a
I That you shouldn'tusejargonor it will sound
like nonsenseand that technicalconceptscan
be difficultto explain,evenusingeveryday
language.
2 Explanationsthat are boring.
5 Speakingto an adultas if you'retalkingto a
child.
Unit 2
2a
2 Class
3 Copper
4 Aluminium
b
2a
'Ie
c
2
3
4
5
3b
8C
with
from
from
with
5
6
7
4f
Timber
Rubber
Plastic
5d
6h
6of
7ot
8 from
3b
The main pointthat lrina makesis that it's
imoortantto considerthe total environmental
impactof a product,includingproducingit (preand recyclingit (post-use).
use),usingit (in-use)
light
She givesthe exampleof an energy-saving
bulb.
Answer key
I
C
Soohiaand Pete'sideas:
Pre-use:aluminiumproduction[extraction
from
ore and recycling),
coatingsteel (galvanising),
transportingand handlingbulk material,cutting
and welding
In-use:weight(impacton fuelconsumption),
lifespan(frequency
of manufacturing)
d
Suggested answers
Electricalwiresin vehicles
For pre-use,as far as I know it takes more
energyto producealuminiumthan to produce
copper,if it's derived from ore. However,it takes
less energyto transportaluminium,becauseit's
lighter.
For in-use,I'msurealuminiumis betterbecause
it's lighter,so the vehiclewouldconsumeless
fuel.
For post-use,both aluminiumand coppercan be
recycled'|'dsay it takes|essener€ y to hand|e
and transportaluminium,becauseit's lighter.
Externalwallsin houses
For pre-use,it takes a lot of energyto produce
bricksbecausethey haveto be fired in a kiln.
They'realso heavyto transport.Softwoodis
lighterto transport,and I'dsay it probablytakes
lessenergyto saw it and handleit, compared
with makingbricks.Duringconstruction,
building
with bricks uses more energy,as sand and
cementhaveto be transportedand mixedto
make mortar.
For in-use.wood is a betterinsulatorthan brick
whichis an advantage,as the houseshouldtake
less energyto heat. In theory,softwoodcould
last as long as bricks,if it's properlymaintained.
But in oractice.that will oftennot be the case.
So, constructionenergycouldsometimesbe
higherfor softwood,as housesneedto be rebuilt
moreoften.
For post-use,it's possible to recoverboth bricks
and softwoodfor re-use,but neither is very easy
to recycle.
4
Suggested answers
I Brakesare designedto slowdownvehicles
or movingparts.Oftentheywork through
friction,by app|yin€ pressureto padsWhich
are pressedagainstthe sidesof a disc,the
insideof a drum,or directlyagainsta wheel
rim.Alternativesincludesystemsthat use
electromagnetic
force,systemsthat exploit
the brakingeffectsof enginesor flywheels
(viaclutchesand gearboxes),
aerodynamic
brakingsystems(forexamplespoilerson
aircraft,parachuteson dragsters),and
reversethrusterson jet engines.Brake discs
are oftenmadeof ferrousmetals(iron-based
- for examplesteel),or sometimesceramic
materials.
2 Examplesof materialsusedto make pads
include:comooundsof advancedmaterials
(cars),ferrousmetals(trains),rubber
(bicycles),
ceramics(performance
cars).
5a
Creen refersto ecologicalissues.Red refersto
heat (redhot means very hot). Also, a hot topic is
a currentimportanttopic.
b
I
2
3
Becausethey use friction,whichwastes
energyas heat
They recoverheat and use it to powerthe
car.
The abilityto generatehighlevelsof friction,
and to resist the effectsof friction and
conseouentheat
4
Heat fromthe enginebeingabsorbedby the
chassis,whichcan damagesensitiveparts
suchas electroniccomponentsand plastic
parts
c
29
5b
4f
5d
6a
6c
I c
2b
3d
4a
5e
7e
e
I
2
b;c
d;e
4
5
e
a;b;c
d
8c
2 abrasionresistance
3 thermalstability
4 durable
lightweight
9a
lc
2e
b
1 tyres
2 drivebelts
3 brake pads
5b
4
5
5d
bullet-resistantarmour
sealinggaskets
10a
I At the dentist's
2 The tool is a dentaldrill.
3 Titaniumcan be usedfor the handle,and
tungsten-carbide
and diamondfor the bur.
l
2
c
lb
t2
Ii€ h tweight
abrasionresistance
2a
3e
t4a
I Watchmaterialsare sometimeschosenfor
marketingreasons,not technicalreasons.
2 Theyconsideredusingsubmarine-grade
steel
in some modelseventhoughwaterresistance
actuallydependson the jointsand seals,not
the metalused.
materialsare
3 Many good watch-making
eitherordinaryor complex,and so are not
very marketable.
4 Consumersare not technicalexperts,and
makechoicesbasedon their imoressions.
ratherthan on factualinformation.
b
4a
c
Suggested answers
In tyres,punctureand tear resistancehelpto
stop puncturesand blowoutsand abrasion
resistancehelpsthe tyre to last longer.In drive
belts,highelasticityallowsbeltsto fit tightly
and abrasionresistancehelosthem resistthe
frictioncausedby the belt turning.In brake pads,
abrasionresistancehelpsthe pads to last longer
and thermalstabilityhelpsthem resistthe heat
generatedduringbraking.Kevlar@
helpsmake
armour,whichis generallyheavy,
bullet-resistant
whichis betterfor the vehicle's
more lightweight,
performance.Kevlaromakes sealing gaskets
durableand its thermalstabilityallowsthem
to reslstheat- for example,in enginecylinder
heads- and its chemicalstabilitymeansgaskets
are not affectedby enginefluidssuch as fuel,
lubricatingoil and coolantliquids.
b
13a
I corrosion resistance
2 water resistance
3 scratchresistance
4 shock resistance
5
4
4c
durable
thermalstability
5d
Suggested answers
I Examplesof situationsusedin advertising
includemotorracing,watersportssuchas
surfingand diving,and aviation.
2 The intendedmessageis that watchesare
accurateand are resistant.
3 Higherqualitywatcheskeepgood time;
are resistantto waterand shocks;and are
madefrom moreexpensive,better-looking
materlals.
4 Describingsomethingas water-resistant
suggestsit can resistwaterup to a certain
limit,for exampleto a certaindepth
or pressure.Describlngsomethingas
waterproofsuggestsit givesunlimited
orotectionfrom water.
I
3
q
6
7
8
T
T
F - it needsa protectivecoating.
F - he says it's fairlypoor in terms of looks.
F - no - for the reasonsgiven above.
F - inadequatematerialshaveneverbeen
chosenfor marketingreasons.
T
F - complicatednamesare not good for
marketing.
c
2
3
4
5
6
exceptionallyresistant
not at all suitable
treoctdously marketable
Ielativelycomplex
not all that good
d
I
2
3
4
5
extremely,exceptionally,
tremendously
qulte,fairly,pretty,relatively
not very,not particularly,
not (all)that
not enough,insufficiently,
not adequately
definitelynot, not at all
15
Suggested answers
Steelis relativelyheavyand very tough.lt is
pretty scratch-resistantand shock-resistant.
Mild steel is not very corrosion-resistant
but
stainlesssteel has good corrosionresistance
and is thereforesuitablefor watches.Class is
quite heavyand is water-resistant
and corrosionresistant.Ordinaryglass is very brittleand
has fairlypoor shockresistanceand scratch
resistance,
althoughit is still suitablefor watches,
glass is more durable.Aluminiumis
Toughened
relativelylightweight
and is fairlytough.lt has
good corrosion resistance.lt is thereforesuitable
for watches.Titaniumis exceptionally
lightweight
and toughand has excellentabrasionresistance.
It is also extremelycorrosion-resistant
and is
thereforean excellentwatchmaterial.Gold is
extremelyheavyand prettytough,although
softergradesof gold havequite poor shock
resistanceand scratchresistance.
Gold has
excellentcorrosionresistance.
lt is suitablefor
more exoensive.decorativewatches.
I
Unit 3
2a
The aim of the projectis to formulatea
policythat will statewhichplugand socket
configurationstheir companyrecommends,
and explainthe technicalreasonswhytheyare
recommended.
Answerkey
97
b
Ihe profile of the pins means the shape of the
individualpins,for examplea rectangularcrosssectionor a clrcularcross-section.
means a uniform
A standard configuroúlon
arrangement,
for examplein a givencountryall
plugshavea standardlayout- they all exactly
the same.
c
a6
b4
r3
d
2
5
4
cl
rounded
5
rectangular 6
cylindrical
d5
e2
linear
triangular
e
triangle;triangular;
rcctangle;rectiangular;
lylinder; cylildrical; line;!!ear
3a
Pictureb
b
2
5
ridges;grooves;recessed;flush with; set back
oins
4a
'|
2
Advantages:
The plug resistspulloutforces.
Nothingcan touchthe pins if the plug is
partiallypulledout.
Disadvantages;
lt's difficultto pull out.
Advantages:
Childrencan'tstickthingsin the
socket.
Disadvantages:
lfthe mechanismis too
sensitive,it can be difficultto insertthe plug.
5
See audioscript3.6 on page88
6a
I T
F - castingis a differentdiscipline
3 F - it's a slangterm
F - work involvingabrasivesis noisier
5 T
6 T
b
I
2
3
Sawing
Shearing
Drilling
4
5
Milling
Flame-cutting
c
2
3
4
guillotine
5
kerf
6
toothed blade
abrasivewheel
hole-saw
7a
secondar| operafions:additional machining,
suchas polishing
net-shapedports: parts with accuratelycut
edges;often intricate shapes
heat-affectedzone: the area modified by high
temperatures(resultingfrom the heat of cutting)
mechonical stresses:physicalforces such as
shearforceswhensawingor guillotiningmetal
narrow kerf: narrow thicknessof material
removedduring cutting;especiallyeasy to do
with waterjetcuttinc
tightlAnested:when severalcomponentsare cut
from the same piece of material the components
can be placedclosetogether,makingbetteruse
of the material.
b
I
2
3
4
net-shapedparts
heat-affectedzone
mechanicalstresses
narrow kerf
98
Answerkey
c
I
3
4
especiallygood when
uselesswhen
not the best solution
ideal for
I
Suggested answers
Drillingwith a bit is good for cuttingblind holes.
Drillingwith a hole-sawis idealfor cutting
timber.
Flame-cuttingis perfectfor cutting metals.lt's
uselessfor cutting ceramics.
Crinding is perfectfor cuttingwide kerts.lt's
totallyunsuitableif you don'twanta heataffectedzone.
Cuillotiningis especiallygood for cuttingthin
materials.lt's not particularlysuitablefor cutting
thick materials.
Milling is especiallygood for cutting metals.lt's
totallyunsuitablefor cuttingtimber.
Punchingis suitablefor cuttingthroughholes.lt's
uselessfor cutting blind holes.
sawing is idea|for cutting strai€ h t edges.|t'snot
so good if you need to cut curved edges.
Water jet cutting is ideal if you need curved
edges. lt's not so good for cuttingvery thick
materials.
9
See audioscript3.8 on page88
10a
I To involvetheirsuppliersmoreactivelyin
design
2 Doinga lot of workfor no returnand
covenngcosts
3 They want to work with fewersuppliers,so
there would be more work.
b
I
2
c
I
2
3
Mechanicalfixings:screw,rivet,clip
fixings:weld,adhesive
Non-mechanical
weld
bolt
adhesive
4
5
screw
rivet
d
I .ioining;
fixing
2 bolting;riveting
3 bonding;welding;gluing
1la
I together
2 eachother
3on
4 to/onto
b
I
on
2 each other
3 together
c
I
3
4
5
onto/to
to
Main advantage:They can be removedeasily.
Theycan work loose.
Main disadvantage:
It can't be removedeasily.
tightened.
Fixingscan be inadequately
Adhesivescan be usedon improperly
preparedsurfaces.Welds can be flawed.
tza
Suggested answers
I In early aircraft,timber frameswerejoined
togetherwith adhesive/ glued together,or
screws/ screwedtogether.
2 Injet aircraft,alloy body panelsare joined
togetherwith rivets / rivetedtogether.
3 In aircraftcabins,the seats are fixed to the
floor with bolts / bolted to the floor.
In aircraft cockpits, the windshield is bonded
to the fuselage with adhesive / glued to the
fuselage.
13a
See article on page 28
b
a2
b3
c4
d I
c
a
The balloonsclimbedfasterthan expected,
then entered controlledairspaceadjacentto
an airport.
b A ropetan€ | ed Witha power|ine,then Mr
Walterswas arrested.
c The modernequivalent,clusterballooning,
is not a mainstreamsport,but is becoming
more popurar.
Weather
d A € a rden chair,he|ium-fi||ed
balloonsand ropes
!4a
a over
b below;beneath;underneath
c alongsideiadjacentto; beside
d around
e outside
f inside;within
b
I above
2 around
5in
c
2
3
4
inserted
situated
suspended
4
5
within
beneath
5
6
7
located
projecting
positioned
d
located;situated
15a
See audioscript3.9 on page88
b
'|
lt's prettytime-consuming
to assemble.
Cable ties are fastenedaround the bottoms
of the balloons,to fix them to the ropes.
3 The balloons are attachedto ropes of
differentlengths,which are attachedin
groups to straps, like the branchesof a tree.
4 Wateris carriedin bags,as ballast.Tapson
the bags are used to releasewater.
5 The balloonscan be releasedone by one.
6 The balloonscan'tbe releasedone by one.
2
c
Suggested answers
The heliumcouldbe containedwithina smaller
numberof largerballoons.The balloonscould
be made of stronger materialthan weather
balloons,and couldbe permanentlyfastenedto
the ropesor straps.This wouldmakethe balloon
cluster faster to put togetherand inflate.Twoor
threeof the balloonscouldhavevalves,allowing
heliumto be releasedduringthe flight.This
wouldalso allowthe balloonsto be deflatedafter
the flight,so that theycouldbe reused.
I
Unit 4
1
For the designof a largecruiseship,several
hundreddrawingswouldneedto be produced.
Thesewouldincludegeneralarrangement
drawings,suchas plansof the overalllayoutof
eachdeck,elevationsof the sidesof the ship,
and cross-sectionsthroughthe ship at different
points. Notes on these general arrangement
drawingswould then refer to more detailed
drawingsof assemblydetails.As well as being
I
generalarrangement
dividedinto small-scale
drawingsand larger-scale
details,the drawings
would also be organisedinto different
specialisations,
suchas structure,electrical
powercircuits,lightingcircuits,watersupply,air
conditioning,
lifts,fire sprinklersystems,engine
installations,
etc.
2a
I Part of a staircase(Staircase3, Deck C)
2 The numberof panels,and their size
b
2
3
4
5
6
7
elevation
explodedview
cross-section
schematic
note
specification
c
generalarrangement:
plan,elevation
detail:explodedvieWcross-section
d
I
2
3
4
elevation
cross-section 5
plan
schematic
explodedview
3a
The scaleis the ratio betweenthe sizeof items
shownon a drawing,and theiractualsize(in
reality).A scalerule has severalscales,allowing
dimensionsto be measuredon a drawing,to
determinethe actualsize.
b
I
2
The widthof the panelat the top.
That you shouldn'tscaleoff drawings.
It'smentionedbecausePavelsuggests
measuringthe dimensionon the drawings
with a scalerule to find out the actual
dimensions.
c
I ls this drowing to sco/e? : Do the
dimensionscorrespondwith a scale?
2 It's one to five' = Íhe dimensionson the
J
drawingare I /5 of their real size.
... goushouldn'tscoleoffdrowings...= You
shouldn'tmeasuredimensionson a drawing
usinga scalerule and take them to be exact.
... it's octuol size, on a full-scaledrawing ...
: The dimensionson the drawingare the
same as their real size.
4
Typesof drawingrequired:a plan showing
the perimeterof the handrail(possiblescale
I :I 00);an elevationof a short lengthof the
handrail(possiblescale 1:I 0);a sectionof the
handrail(possiblescale I :| 0);detailsshowing
key connections,such as those betweenhandrail
postsand deck,and top rail and posts(possible
type of steel,
scale- actualsize).Specification:
types of weldedjoint, types of bolt, type and
other materialssuchas
colourof painucoating,
plasticsurroundto top rail
6a
The wordsmeanhow exactsomethingis, for
examplehowcloselythe sizesof manufactured
itemsmatchtheir designedsize.
b
A suoerFlatfloor has a much flatter surface.
It'sfinishedmore preciselythan an ordinary
concretefloor.
2 Ordinaryslabscan be flat to +/- 5mm.
Suoerflatslabs can be flat to within I mm.
3 Slightvariationsin floor levelcan cause
forkliftsto tilt, causingthe forksto hit racks
or drop items.
I
c
Toleranceis the acceptabledifferencebetween
idealdesignedsizeand actualsize.In machining
and assemblyprocesses,it is impossibleto
achieveentirelyprecisesizes.A degreeof
toleranceis alwaysrequired.
d
I
2
3
4
within
p l u s ;m i n u s
tight
outside
e
I
2
3
4
outsidetolerance
+/- 0.5mm
withintolerance
tighttolerance
f
Differencein meaning:Plus or minus I mm
meansthe sizemayvary by a maximumof I
mm eitherside of the 'ideal'dimension.As
an examDle.if the diameterof a steel bar is
s p e c i f i e ad s 1 0 0 m m + / - | m m ,t h e d i a m e t e r
may be a maximumof l0l mm at its widest
pointand 99 mm at its narrowestpoint.Since
the totalvariationcan be I mm eitherside of the
'100
m m ' i d e a l ' ( b e t w e e9n9 m m a n d l 0 l m m ) ,
the maximumtotalvariationbetweenthe widest
and narrowestpointsis 2 mm. However,no point
must be furtherthan I mm eitherside of the
'ideal'size.
Within I mm describesonly the totalvariationin
size.This meansthe size mayvary by a maximum
of I mm abovethe idealdimension(as longas
no point is belowthe idealdimension)or it may
vary by a maximumof I mm belowthe ideal
dimension(as longas no point is abovethe ideal
Therefore,
a minimumdiameterof
dimension).
1 0 0 a n d a m a x i m u mo f l 0 l w o u l db e w i t h i nI
m m ,a s w o u l da m i n i m u mo f 9 9 a n d a m a x i m u m
o f 1 0 0 ,a n d a m i n i m u mo f 9 9 . 5 a n d a m a x i m u m
of 100.5.
Examplesof uses:lt is usualto specify+/ toleranceswherea specificidealsize is critical,
for examplethe sizeof a holefor a bolt. ln this
case, if the ho|eis too narrow Ítoofar be|owthe
idealsize)the bolt will not fit into it. lf the hole
is too wide (toofar abovethe ideal size),the bolt
will not fit tightlyenough.'Within'is oftenused
when specifyingtolerancesfor concretefloor
surfaces.In this case,the importantissueis the
totalamountof variationbetweenthe highest
and lowestooints on the surfaceof the floor
(whichdetermineshowsmooththe floor is).
7a
I A superflatfinishfor the entirefloor
2 Free movementfloors are superflat
everywhere.On defined movementfloors,
only specificlanesare superflat.
3 Long,narrowlanesallowa higher-quality
finishto be achieved.
4 This can be done at a later stage to make
other partsof the floorsuperflat.
5 lt can be positioneddeeperin the concrete.
b
I long
2 wide
3 height
c
J
width
length
depth
4
5
5
thick
depth
thickness
height
d
diameter:the maximumwidthof a circle
radius:the distancefrom the centreof a circle to
its circumference(halfthe diameter)
8
The capitalT refersto the thicknessof the flanges.
The small t refersto the thicknessof the web.The
capitalW refersto the width ofthe flanges.The
smallw refersto halfthe widthof the columnfrom
the centreof the web to the edges of the flanges.
The small r refersto the radius ofthe curve at the
joint betweenthe web and the flanges.The capital
D refersto the total depth of the column,from the
top of one flangeto the bottom of the opposite
flange.The small d refersto the depth of the web,
measuredbetlveenthe ends of the curvesat the
joints,at the pointwherethe curvesare flushwith
the face of the web.
9
A designprocessis the developmentof a design.
A typicaldesignstartswith a designbrief,which
statesthe designobiectives.Initialideasare
then put togetheras roughsketches.Theseare
then developedinto preliminarydrawings,which
are more detailed and are often drawn to scale.
The preliminarydrawingsare then developed,
incorporating
commentsfrom differentmembers
of the designteam,consultantsand the client.
Once the designhas been sufticiently
developed,
workingdrawingsare produced.Theseare then
usedfor manufacturing/assembly/construction.
Frequently,
workingdrawingsare revised
(changed)
duringthis latterphase,in orderto
resolvetechnicalproblemsencounteredduring
manufacturing/assembly/construction.
10a
I designinformation[atdifferentstagesof the
design process)
2 sketches,design brief, revised/amended
drawing,supersededdrawing,preliminary
drawing,workingdrawing,summary/notes
b
I b
2d
3c
4a
5e
C
I
sketch
3
4
working drawing
preliminarydrawing
d
2
3
4
5
revise
rough
issue
commenton
6
7
8
supersede
specify
resolve
2 designbrief
e
Suggested answers
I The drawingneedsto be amended/revised.
2 The designneedsto be sent to the clientfor
commentsand approval.
The site engineerneedsto be contactedto
checkwhichrevisionof the drawingthey
nave.
4 The three differentcontractorsneed to be
issuedwith the revision.
E
Roughsketchesneedto be done first and the
clientto commenton them.
11b
I b
d
'|
2a
3c
The seniorengineerwill decidewhetheror
not the team needsfurtherrevisionsof a
drawing.
lf the drawing is needed, the team will
receive copies of all further revisions. lf not,
no further revisions will be issued to the
leam.
S/he will liaise beBveen the mechanical and
electrical teams, and will report to the proiect
manager.
All three design teams will be located in a
single open-plan office.
Answerkey
99
e
Suggested answers
I First,the preliminarydrawingwill be
circulatedto all the seniorengineers.The
engineerswill decidewhetheror not the
drawingis requiredby their team.lf not,they
will say it isn't requiredand afterthat, no
more revisionsof the drawingwill be issued
to them.lf the drawingis required,they'll
say it's needed.They mightcommenton the
drawingand requestamendmentsor approve
it. Theywill also receiveall furtherrevisions
of the drawing,includingworkingdrawings.
2 The mechanicaland electricalteamswill
be able to work on the preliminarydesign
togethereasily,thanksto the open-plan
office.As the drawingsare developedthey'll
be able to discussamendmentsin the same
way.
3 The mechanicaland structuralteamswill be
able to work togetherto solvethe problemin
the open-planofficeand reviseddrawingswill
be produced.Thesewill then be approved
by both the mechanicaland structural
teams.Reviseddrawingswill be issuedand
circulatedto all thosewho needthem.
12
Often conflicting(different)
informationis shown
on differentdrawin€ s . on one drawing,the
dimensionsof a componentmay not correspond
with thoseshownon a relateddrawing.Clashes
are anothercommonproblem- different
drawingsmay showdifferentcomponentsin the
same positionwithinan assembly,meaningthe
assembIyWi||not fit togetheras desi€ n ed. Key
dimensionsand assemblydetailsmay also be
missingfrom the set of drawings,leavingthe
productionwith inadequateinformation.
13a
I Designproblemsand solutions
2 A queryis a question.An instructionis an
explanationof what to do / officialpermission
to do somethin€ .
3 Writtenfollow-upis importantin order
to keepa recordfor contractual/financial
purposes.
b
2 869
5 869;870
c
I
2
3
clash
request
propose
4
5
867;868
867;868;869
4
5
advise
clarify
14a
See audioscript4.6 on page 89
b
2
3
4
5
c|ariÚ
contradicts
clash
propose
6
7
I
alternative
as per
confirm
d
Suggested answers
As discussedtoday,I confirmthat the connection
betweenthe plateand T sectionon the ski lift
shouldhavesix bolts,not eightas shownon the
detail.The two bolts shownon the detailwhich
wouldclashwith the flangeof the T sectionare
not reouired.
100
I
Answerkey
I
t
Unit 5
See audioscript5. I on page89
2a
I To finishfirst,firstyou mustfinish
2 Engineering
enemies
3 Wearand tear
b
I
2
5
heat
pressure
vibratlon
4
5
shocks
abrasion
c
Suggested answers
'|
shocks
2 heat
3 abrasion
4 shocks
5 abrasion
6 abrasion
7 shocks
I pressure(causedby heat)
9 vibration
3a
I
3
4
6
b
T
F - the driverswltchedthe engineoff
T
T
F - the wheelnut wouldn'tturn
F - the driverdidn'tbendthe suspension
I
2
blocking
jam
3
bend;snap
cracK
C
I
2
3
leakingout
r u no u t
cut out
4
5
6
clog up
wearingout
blow up
d
See audioscript5.2 on page89
e
2
3
4
5
leakingout
jammed
cloggedup
worked loose
6
7
I
9
blocked(up)
bent
wornout
run out
4
Monza has longstraightsand severalchicanes.
This meanscars are at full-throttle
for longer,
and needto do a lot of heavybraking.Problems:
Enginescan overheatand blow up; brakes
can overheat;ridingthe kerbscan causethe
suspensionto crack,bend or snap;the righthand cornerscausethe tyreson the leftof the
car to wearout fasterthan thoseon the right
side:and leavescan block up the radiators.
5b
User'sobseNations= whatthe personusingthe
machinehas noticed
Natureof fault - type of problem
Circumstances
of fault = in whattype of
situationthe faulthappened/happens
Externalfactors- thingsfrom outside,for
examplethe weatheror somethinghittingthe
machine
Processof elimination- thinkingof possible
problemsand decidingwhichare not possiblein
orderto reducethe numberof oossibilities
ldentifythe fault - find the fault/ decidewhat
the faultis
Determineactionand urgency= decidewhat to
do about the problemand decidehowquicklyit
needsto be done
6a
1 Checkinjection
2 Water in the fuel system
3 Becausethe fuelwas put in directlyfrom a
deliverytanker
Whenthe engineis startedfrom cold
A faultyfuel pre-heaterplug
The plugcan be changedat the next service.
It'snot an urgentproblem.
4
5
6
b
I
2
3
4
defect
defective;faulty
major
minor
c
I b
2c
5
6
7
propeny
intermittently
systematically
5a
d
Suggested answers
'|
This is an intermittentproblem.lt's probably
causedby wearand tear.
2 This was a suddenproblem.lt's probablya
faultypart,or an installationproblem.
3 This is a systematicproblem.lt's probablya
faultypart,or an installationproblem.
e
2
3
4
5
lt soundslike it's
lt couldbe / lt mightbe
| doubt it's
lt can'tbe
f
2
5
4
it mightbe
it mightbe
it can'tbe
5
6
| doubt it's
lt soundslike it's
7a
minor;systematic
b
Suggested answers
It can'tbe waterin the fuel supply.ghis would
causemisfiring.)
It couldbe a cloggedfuel filter.flhe engineis
performingconsistently,
but is downon power.)
I doubt it's a compressionleak.[fhis would
probablyresultin increasedfuel consumption,
and wouldprobablycausemore major
problems.)
It can'tbe a lubricationproblem.flhis would
causeoverheating.)
I doubt it's a blockagein the exhaustsystem.
fl'hiswouldcausemore majorproblems.)
8
checklists= listsof thingsto be checked
standardprocedures= specific,plannedwaysof
dealingwith situationsand problems
back-upinstallations= secondary/additional
equipmentthat will work if main equipmentfails
plannedmaintenance- replacingpartsat
plannedtimesevenif they are not wornout
9a
I An incorrect(oversized)
hydraulicpipe was
fittedto the right-handengine.
2 The pipe rubbedagainsta fuel line.
3 The fuel line ruptured,resultingin a major
leak.
b
04:58b
06:27 c
c
2
5
4
5
6
05:36d
oversized
7
inadequate 8
undetected 9
abnormal
l0
insufficient I I
0 6 : 1 3a
disproportionate
irregular
imbalance
malfunction
inoperable
d
I
3
4
5
6
7
I
incorrecVabnormal
inadequate/insufficient
irregular
oversized
malfunction
imbalance
undetected
inoperable
10a
IF
- the tyre pressuresare well down
2T
3 F _ on|yone € r oup of tyresis |ow
4r
b
13a
'|
2
3
4
5
The levelis OK.
The coolantis fullof residue/ black.
lt looksreasonable.
OK, thereare no signsofdamage.
This will needto be lookedat.
b
They'reworkingon an industrialmachineas
theirdecisionnot to changethe filterwouldbe
in aircraftmaintenance.
unacceptable
c
Drainthe coolant.Removethe filter,examineit
and cleanit. Put the filterback in. Replacethe
coolant.Adjustthe bladesand tightenthem.
6
In terms of / As regards/ With regard to /
Concerning/ Regardingthe materials,what is
the bodywork made or.,
In terms of / As regards/ With regard to /
Concerning/ Regardingthe schedule,when
will the work start?
In terms of / As regards/ With regard to /
Concerning/ Regardingthe power,what will
the maximumoutputneedto be?
In terms of / As regards/ With regard to /
Concerning/ Regardingthe heat resistance,
what sort of temperaturewill the paint need
to withstand?
In terms of / As regards/ With regard to /
Concerning/ Regardingthe tolerance,what
levelof precisiondo you want us to work to?
t4a
3a
A f o r k l i fttr u c kh i t a m a c h i n eu n i tl P S l 5 a n d
I Can be variedconsiderably
madea hole in the main oanel.The technician
2 Physicalbut not so extremethat peopledon't
at the factorylookedat the machine[hedid not
4
watchgraphics
open it up or look inside)and reportedthat the
3 Best to try out effectsin practice as it's
c
bladealignmentmechanismwas damagedand
difficultto do in theory
ln general,insufficient
tyre pressurescouldbe
that liquidlubricantwas leakingfrom the unit.
Therewas also an electricalcracklingsound
causedby: pressureloss overtime (alltyres
b
lose air pressureprogressivelyover a period of
causedby earthing/short-circuiting) I how much
[presumably
severalmonths)due to inadequatemaintenance; whenthe machinewas switchedon.
2 the amount
a slowpuncturelair leakingslowlyfroma small
5 calculate/give
a quantity
b
hole in the tyre);air leakingfroma valvedue to
judge/decide
4
Dismantle
the
lsolate
the
electrical
supply.
a problemwith the valve,for exampledirt in the
5 measure/test
externaloanels.Drainthe lubricant.Checkfor
valvepreventingit from closingproperly;a faulty
partsand
c
pressuregauge on the compressorused to inflate internaldamage.Removedamaged
replacethem.Add lubricant.Adjustthe blades.
2 the degreeto which
the tyres,givlngan incorrectpressurereading.
Put on the externaloanels.Reconnectthe
3 Towhat extent
With this specificproblem,perhapstherewas
electricalsupply.Testthe machine.
4 to whatextent/ the degreeto which
a faultwith the compressorusedto inflatethat
5 To what extent
block of tyres - a differentcompressorto the
6 quantiíy/determine
I
Unit 6
one usedto inflatethe otherblocks- and this
7 assess
gavethe maintenance
technicianan incorrect
1
pressurereadingwheninflatingthat blockof
6a
Needsanalysis(alsocalledrequirement
tyres.lt's unlikelythat a technicalproblemwith
I It'sbeingcarvedfrom a blockof sandstone.
analysis/ gap analysis)is findingout what the
the tyres,such as slowpuncturesor leaking
He's overseeingthe logisticsof the project.
requirements
are for a newprojectby looking
valves,wouldoccuron severaltyresat the same
On a stoneplinth
at all the factorsthat are involvedand howthey
time and causeexactlythe same loss in pressure will interact.
Howto stop the slingsfromgetting
acrossall the tvres.
trappedbeneaththe statue,so they can be
Budget = how muchmoneyis available,for
withdrawn,afterthe statuehas been lowered
examp|ethe budgetfor designing,bui|din€ and
11a
onto the plinthby crane
testing a prototypefor a new high-speedtrain
Suggested answers
Capacity how muchsomethingneedsto
Repairsare done to correcttechnicalproblems
b
produceor carry,for example how much power
after breakdownshave occurred
drill= cutahole
an electricalcircuitmust be able to carry
Maintenanceis done to preventtechnical
horlzontal = level
Dimensions= size.for examolethe diameterof
problemsfrom occurring.
bar = a long pieceof metalwith a circular
the wheelsof a mountainbike
section
broken = repait for examplea boltthat has
=
Layout the overallshapeof somethingand
vertical= at 90 degreesto the ground
broken
the positionsof differentparts relativeto one
=
liftingeyes - metalringsthat hookscan be fixed
clogged repair,for examplea filterthat is
another,for examplethe layoutof the main
to for lifting
completelycloggedand has causeda technical
componentsof a car engine.
problem,or maintenanceit is slightlyclogged
resin = a type of strong adhesive
Looks = what somethinglookslike from an
a grab = mechanicaliaws that grip objectsto
and is ready to be replaced
aestheticpointof view for examplethe look of a
lift them
defective = repair,for example a part that was
car in terms of the shape of its bodywork
friction = resistanceto sliding when two surfaces
incorrectlymanufactured
and did not work
Performance= similar to capacity,for example
=
are pressedtogether
faulty 1sp3;.for examplea sensorthat is
how much power a generatorneeds to produce
givingincorrectmeasurements
Regulations: lawsand standardsthat a design
c
=
worn maintenance,
for exampleworntyres
mustcomplywith,for examplesafetyregulations I Drill into the sidesof the statueand insert
needto be reolaced
and qualitystandards
horizontalbars,whichcould be usedfor
Timescale= howmuchtime is available,for
lifting.
b
examplethe schedulefor buildinga newairport
Drill into the too of the statueand insert
Suggested answers
partsand fluidsare replacedon
verticalbars with liftingeyes,set into the
Similarities:
2
a
stonewith resin.
a plannedmaintenanceprogramme,partsare
I capacity
3 timescale
Use a grab on the end ofthe cranejib,to lift
checkedvisuallyfor wearand damage,and that
2 graphics
the statue by friction.
they are tightlyfixed,correctlyaligned/balanced,
I & 2 are rejectedbecause holes can't be
etc.
b
drilledinto the statue[evenif they werefilled
Main difference: standards in aviation are more
4 as regards
I regard
rigorous
afterwards,they would be seen).
2 terms
5 regarding
3 is rejectedbecausethe statue is too heavy
3 concerned
tZa
and wide.
2d
3c
4a
5C
6b
c
7j
8e
th
l0i
d
I In terms of / As regards/ With regardto /
couldn't
5 about
Concerning/ Regardingthe dimensions,
what
b
3 could
6 another
is the overallsizeof the module?
2d
4c
3j
5c
6b
alternatively
7 don't
7i
l0e
8a
th
I
abnormal/incorrect
insufticienVinadequate
disproportionate
proportionate
Answerkey
101
7b
The stonemasons' suggestion
Use blocksof ice.The blockswouldact as
temporaryspacers betweenthe statue and the
plinth,to allowthe slingsto be withdrawn,and
Wou|dthen melt,a||owin€the statueto sit down
on the plinth.
Potentialproblem l: Outdoortemperatures
be|owfreezin€ Wouldpreventthe ice from
melting.Solution:In this case,blowtorchesor
salt couldbe usedto melt it.
Potentialproblem2: Very hot weatherwould
causethe ice to melt quickly.Solution:To
compensatefor this,largerblocksof ice could
simplybe used.
8a
Feasibilita means the possláilita of doing
something.
9a
I For the boltsthat will be usedto fix the
beamsto the wall
2 Core drilledholesare formedafterthe
concretewallshavebeen cast,usinga
diamonddrill. Preformedholesare formedby
puttingplastictubes into the wallswhilethe
concreteis beingpoured.
3 Spacearoundthe bolts,in the holes,to allow
their position to be ad.iusted
4 Positioningthe holespreciselyor theywon't
matchwith the beams
5 Time and cost
b
See audioscript6.5 on page 9l
d
I
The plastictubesare cheapto buy and quick
to put in.
lt's slow.
Within20mm
Wthin lomm
Thatthey'renot positionedaccurately
The tolerance
2
3
4
5
6
e
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
'10
e
'|
peanutsO
painstakingO
perfectlyO
stretchingO
wayo
borderlineO
tallO
forever6
l e g6
o
20
t2a
Suggested answers
cables/connections:
lmprovethe user interfaceby
makingcableseasierto connectand disconnect;
reduceenvironmental
impactby makingcables
onlyfrom recyclablematerials.
case: lmproveaestheticsby offeringa range of
colours;make manufacturing
easierby making
the casefrom a smallernumberof components.
inldtonercartridges:lmprovethe user interface
by makingcartridgeseasierto removeand
replace;consumables- makecartridgesbigger
so they last longerand needto be replacedless
often.
pape!:lmprovereliabilityby refiningmechanisms
to help preventpaper blockages;improveoutput
speed by making the paper flow faster.
powe-r:Reduceenvironmentalimpact by having
whennot in
the printerswitchoff automatically
use.
software:lmprovethe user interfaceby making
the softwareeasier to use.
c
I
30
4@
10
I
11
Suggested answers
Betterqualitymaterials,for examplemakinga
tool from stainlesssteel instead of mild steel to
oreventcorroston.
Lowerunit cost,for exampleusinga single-piece
componentinsteadof one that needsto be
assembledfrom severalDarts.to make it faster
to oroduce.
Make lifeeasierfor user,for exampledesigning
a simplercontrolpanelthat'squickerand easier
to use,or maintenance-free
componentssuch as
bearingsthat don't need lubricatingregularly.
Examplesof other pointsthat couldbe added:
make productsfunction more effectively,make
them safer,makethem last longer,makethem
more robust (stronger).
b
Items2 and 7
so
66
su€ g ested answers
I A hammer-action
drill wouldnot be suitable
for reinforcedconcrete,as there's no way it
coulddrill throughthe steel reinforcingbars.
Also, the diameterof the holeswouldbe too
greatto drill usingan ordinarydrill bit. This
is definitelynot a feasiblesolution.
2 This couldbe a feasiblesolution.However,
dependingon the designof the ends of the
beams, it might be difficultto get accessto
the holes after the beams were fitted. lt'll be
quite a painstakingjob, as the beamsmight
coverthe holes,makingit impossibleto get
cementinto them.
5 This isn'treallyfeasible,as the positionsof
the ho|esmightbe in unsuitáb|epositions
on the beams,for example very close to the
edgesof plates.This wouldnot be acceptable
in termsof structuralstrength.Also, drilling
holesthroughsteel beamson site would
102
4
be very painstakingand time consuming
comparedwith pre-drilling
them during
manufacturing.
This shouldbe feasiblefrom a structural
pointof view,but it'llcost an arm and a leg
due to the needfor additionalsteelcolumns.
For that reason,it is not a feasiblesolution.
Answerkey
4
No. The existingdesign has provedto be
effective.The companydoesn't havethe
resourcesto make fundamentalchangesto
the productionprocess.
Once
The softwarehas been a maior weaknessof
the existingmodel.
- it needsto be simplerto use
Significantly
d
2
3
4
5
6
inventagain
improvethe details
improveoverall
t h i n ka g a i n
stay (thesame)
e
2
3
4
5
6
7
groundup
room;improvement
Achillesheel
back;drawingboard
quantumleap
scratch
2
3
f
b4
g
1
J
4
5
6
13a
The first mechanicalmousewas improvedby
refiningits shape:by addingan additional
buttonand a wheelto the top and by revamping
the wheelmechanismunderthe mouse.The
mechanismwas redesignedto use a ball instead
of wheels,althougha wheelmechanismwas
still used insidethe mouse;as the ball rolled,
it causedthe wheelsto turn. For the optical
mouse,the designerscompletelyrethoughtthe
undersideof the mouse.lnsteadof usinga ball,
they used optical sensors.They also redesigned
the connectionbetweenthe mouse and the
computer,makingit wirelessinsteadof havinga
wire.For the touchpad,the designerswentback
to the drawingboard and inventeda new system
usin€ a sensitivesurface.
I
d6
e2:7
f3
Unit 7
1
Workingwith machinesthat havecuttingwheels
and blades;work at a high levelwherethere'sa
risk of falling;work in excavationsand tunnels
wherethereis a risk of collapseor dangerous
gases;lifting heavyobjectswith cranes where
there is a risk of fallingobjects;processesthat
use high-pressurevesselsand hoses/pipeswhere
there is a risk of explosion;workingwith highvoltageelectricalcircuitswherethereis a risk
processesthat use flammable
of electrocution;
liquidsand gaseswherethereis a risk of fire or
exolosion.
2a
Suggested answers
I hazardoussubstances:
dangerousmaterials,
for example acid, asbestos;PPE: protective
clothingand accessories,
for example
protectivegloves,safetyglasses
2 harmful;dangerousto health,for example
chemicalsthat causeskin rashes;fumes:
vapour or smoke,for examplefrom
liquidchemicalsthat evaporateat room
temperature;
asohyxiationhazards:
danger of suffocation,for example due to
concentrations
of carbondioxide/ lack of
oxygen
3 fire/exolosionhazards:substancesthat could
burn or explodeif exposedto nakedflames
or sparks,for examplepetroleumproducts,
gas,alcoho
butane/propane
4 guards;protectiveshieldsarounddangerous
machineparts,for examplethe guardsover
the tops of circularsaw blades
5 guardrails:railsat waistlevelto prevent
peoplefrom falling,for examplealongthe
edges of high-levelwalkwaysand platforms;
emersencyexits: doors to allow rapid escape/
evacuation,for example fire exits
6 electricalinstallations:
situationsinvolving
contactwith exoosed electricalconductors
suchas electricalmaintenance
or work
operationsc|oseto hi€ h -voIta€ e cabIes
7 noisehazards:loud noisethat can damage
hearing,for exampleloud machines
b
c5
This is the oroduct'sAchillesheel.
There'sno pointreinventing
the wheel.
We started from the ground up with this new
design.
The newdesignis a quantumleap.
I thinkthere'sroomfor improvement.
b7
cl
d3
c
2e
7h
5b
8c
4C
5f
6a
d
ear protection,gloves,eye protection,mask
e
sug€ e sted answers
1 This is a confinedspace.You need to test the
air using a CO2 detector.
You needto
2 This is a corrosivesubstance.
wearglovesand eye protection,and a mask
for orotectionfrom the fumes.
3 This makessDarksand is a noisehazard.You
need to wear eye protection,ear protection
and gloves.
You needto wear
4 This is a harmfulsubstance.
gloves,and if there'sa risk of splashing,eye
orotection.
3a
Suggested answers
of the dangers
I An analysis/prediction
involvedin a workingoperation
2 A safeworkingprocedure/method
work,whichincludes
3 Some maintenance
welding,is goingto be carriedout in the
bottomsof some largegrainsilos(silo =
storage tank for solid substances/ powders)
4 Cettinginsidethe silos
5 See audioscript7.2 on page9l
b
I
2
c
I
Risk of someonefalling;risk of gas bottles
fallingon someone
COr; fumesfrom metal;dust (explosion
hazard)
Access hazards:externa|stáircaseand
internal ladder for safe accessfor workers,
lowerbottlesinto silo witha rooe and make
sure no workersare underneathin silo.
Confined space hazards:use a CO, detector,
use an air extractor.
An air extractorcouldblowdust into the air
and makethe problemworse.
4
One of the main dangers is from petrol fumes
insidethe tank,as there'sa risk of explosion
due to sparksand flames.The workerswill have
to be carefulthat there's no oetrol inside the
tank.The petrolwill haveto be drainedand the
insidewill needto be washedout withwaterand
detergent.The openingcan then be flame-cut
throughthe steelwall of the tank usingan oxyacetylenetorch.PPE requiredfor this job is eye
protection(a weldingmask),gloves and heavy
overallsto protectthe worker from molten metal.
Alternatively,
the cuttingcan be donewith an
To be safe,the workerusingthe
angle-grinder.
grinderwill needto weareye protection,ear
protection,gloves and overalls.When welding
the new pipe,the welderwill needto weareye
protection(a weldingmask),glovesand overalls.
lf arc weldingis usedand thereare other people
workingnearbyor passingby,screensshould
be placed around the welder to protectother
peoples'eyes from flashes.When shot-blasting,
the main dangersare to the eyes,and from noise
and dust.Screensshouldbe placedaroundthe
area and workers should wear eye protection,
ear protection,dust masks,glovesand overalls.
Before painting,it's importantto read the
safety documentationprovidedwith the paint,
as PPE may be required- for example,gloves,
eye protectionand possibly masks to protect
workersfrom hazardousfumes.During all the
operations,if any work is carriedout morethan
should
two metresabovethe ground,scaffolding
be orovidedwith handrails.as thereis a risk of
falling(workersshouldnot standon ladderswhile
working).Also, all workersshouldwear hardhats.
5a
and highI Maintenancework on low-voltage
voltageelectricalequipment
2 Changingfaultyor worn-outelectricalparts,
suchas motors;repairinglooseconnectsor
damagedwires
b
Suggested answers
I A placewherea seriousdangeris present
2 A writtenform givingpermissionto work in a
restrictedarea
5 The personresponsiblefor electricalsafety
for the wholeplant,and the only person
authorisedto issueoermitsto work
4 The procedureof havinga singlekey to
ensuringonly one personhas
switchboards,
accessto switchgearat any giventime
c
I at all times
shouldanvone
2 Underno circumstances
3 everysingletime
just
4
a single
5 it'svital
d
I
2
more
more
3
4
less
more
e
2
to test the circuitis
lt's crucial/essential/vital
isolated.
3 The alarm shouldbe reseteverysingletime
you start the system.
to check that the
4 lt's crucial/essential/vital
cableis not damagecl.
that you shouldonly
5 lt's crucial/essential/vital
materialsin this zone.
storenon-flammable
shouldanyoneenter
6 Underno circumstances
the restrictedareawithoutoermission.
7 Before pressurisingthe system,every single
connectionmust be tight.
6c
Suggested answers
I lt's essentialthat the crewobtaininformation
on weatherconditions.lt's crucialthat pilots
are highlytrainedand experienced.lt's vital
that a tensionreleasemechanismis in place.
shouldooeratives
2 Under no circumstances
work on the linewithoutwearinghot suits
and eye protection.lt's vitalthat the creware
highlytrained.
5 The cablesand platformmust be checked
everysingletime theyare used.lt's vitalthat
helicoptersare usedand these
twin-engine
mustbe maintainedto the higheststandard
at all times.
Í
Beforestartingwork, it's vital to isolate the
Then,circuitsshould
circuitat the switchboard.
be systematicallytested to be I 00o/osure that
there'sno current.Duringwork,it's essential
to tightenconnectionsfully.And it's crucialto
ensurethat no insulationis damaged.Tofinish,
all the wiresshouldbe checked- underno
shouldtherebe any loosewires.
circumstances
tested.
Thenthe circuitshouldbe systematically
7d
I Collisionswiththe lineare a hazard,so
it's essentialto havedetailedweather
information,
especiallywinddirectionand
soeed.lt's essentialthat the cable has a
tension releasesystemin case of snagging.
The engineerswear hot suitsthat channel
the electricityand havea fireproofliningto
protectagainstheat.
3 on|y twin-en€ i nehelicoptersare used
and theyare fullymaintainedto aviation
regulations.
2
8
Regulationsare laws;they are compulsory.For
example,if companiesbreach(break)safety
regulations,
they can be fined (givenfinancial
penalties)and, in seriouscases,managerswho
are responsiblefor breachesof regulationscan
be € i ven prisonsentences.Standards,such as
qualityand designstandards,are sometimes
for examplethe designand
compulsory,
manufactureof motorcyclehelmetsor car tyres.
Sometimes,however,theyare optional,for
exampleISO qualityassurance.
9a
Suggested answers
- no smoking,the provlsion
Risk of fire/explosion
equipmentand training.Dangerof
of fire-fighting
peoplefallingfrom tall structuresand Intowater
- handrailsrequiredto giveedge protectionand
life.iackets
needto be wornin certainsituations.
Risk of skin irritationsfrom petroleumproducts
- glovesand overallsrequired.Risk of air crashes
as helicoptersland and take off from platforms
- specialtrainingrequiredfor pilotsand special
precautionsneededfor safe operation of
helidecks.
b
I
2
3
c
Specificsafety regulations
Compulsorypersonalprotectiveequipment;
prohibitedactivities,suchas smoking
That the obligationsare legal requirements
6
7
8
legislation
contravene
complywith
5
compursory
prohibited
requirements
stipulated
d
2
3
4
5
6
7
permitted
complywith
stipulated
contravene
requirements;
obligations
legislation;
compursory
3
10a
5
2 stipulated
3 compulsory 6
4 legislation
7
b
I
2
3
4
t2
I
2
complywith
requirements
obligations
to give the ground crew access to all parts of
the helicopter
to avoidrisk of collisionsduringtakeoff/
landing
to avoidrisk of collisionsduringtakeoff/
landing
to tie down parked helicopters
Safetywarnings,operatingprecautionsfor
machinesand maintenanceinstructionson
machines
Effectivenotices and instructionsare as
shortas possible,use clearlanguage,and
emphasiseimportantpoints,for example
dangers.
13a
Coulddo both
Coulddamagethe machine
c Could injureworkers
o Coulddamagethe machine
e Coulddo both
h
Answerkey
103
b
I
2
danger
important
14a
I Becauseit containselectricaleouiDmentand
couldcauseelectrocution
2 A carbondioxideextinguisher;
carbon
dioxidegas does not conductelectricity
3 Theyare for liftingthe machine.
4 The machinecouldbe damagedby the lifting
force,and if liftedfrom anchorpointsthat are
not secure,couldobviouslybe droppedfrom
a heightas a result.
5 Becauseit coulddescend,and injurethe
personcleaningthe machine
6 Theremay be sharp metaloff-cutsbelowthe
bladewhichcouldcut the personcleaning
the machine.S/heneedsto wear sloves.
b
I
2
5
sp: active (Youshould do it)
wr: passive (lt should be done)
sp: contractions(shouldn't,it's)
Wr:Wordpairs Writtenin Íu||(shouldnot, it is)
lf (sp): intheeventof (wr);because(sp)=
os (wr);so (sp) : therefore(wr);can/could
[sp) = moU [wr]
15a
Suggested answers
Objects should not be placed in front of the
air inlet. The inlet grille should be kept free
from obstructions. and should be cleoned
regularlg. ln the event of damage to the inlet
grille, the blower must be stopped immediatelA.
Serious harm mag be caused bA foreign bodies
enteringthe duct, os the unit contoinsprecisionengineeredparts revolvingat speed, and is
therefore highlA susceptible to damoge.
Before starting the blower, it is important to
ensure that the externol vents at the end of
the air-intake duct ore open. When opening
the vents, the adjusting handle should be fullg
extended. When closing the vents, the handle
should be turned and allowed to return under
the force of the spring. The handle should
not be pushed, as this mag strain the spring
mechanism, and therefore result in damage.
I
Unit 8
7
An automatedsystemcan function
autonomously,
withouthumancontrol.A manual
systemrequireshumancontrol.A Building
ManagementSystemis a centralisedcomputer
systemthat monitorsand controlsa Wideran€ e
of functionsin a largebuilding,suchas the lights,
heating,air-conditioning,
smokedetectors,fire
alarms,liftsand securitysystems.
2a
I lt's a very green/environmentally
orientated
company.
2 Energysavingwill be an important
consideration
in the design.
3 Sensorsthat detectthe presenceof people
4 He wantsto presenttwo differentdesign
optionsto the client.He describesoptionone
as a building with maximum automation.
b
1,/
c
2
3
2,/
reading
regulate
3x
4
5
4,/
detect;pick up
set off; trigger
d
2
3
4
Answerkey
5
6
7
detects;triggers
set off
regulate
e
Suggested answers
'|
Presencedetectorsoick uo movementand
can activatelightswitches.
2 Smokedetectorssensesmokeand trigger
fire alarms.
3 Thermostatscan regulateroomtemperature
by controllingelectricconvectorheaters.
4 Pressureplatescan detectthe weightof a
personand set off intruderalarms.
3a
I That the greenattitudeis sharedby all the
staff,so they would take care to switchoff
lightsetc.and so there is no needto control
everythingautomatically
2 lnsteadof automatingeverything,
they would
haveold-fashioned
manualcontrols.
5 The advantageof operatingthe lights,etc.
manuallyis that there'sno needto supplyall
the automatedcontrolswith electricity.
The
moneysavedby not havingto buy all the
hi-techgadgetscouldbe spenton planting
trees,for example.
4
Suggested answers
A thermostatmeasuresand controlsthe
watertemoeraturein a boiler.and thereis
also sometimesa pressuresensorfor safety.
A thermostatmeasuresand controlsroom
temperaturein a heatingsystem.A refrigerator
also has a thermostatto monitorand control
the temperatureand a lightthat is activated
by the door opening.Washingmachineshave
thermostatsto controlthe temperatureof the
waterinsidethe machine.The time of the wash
cycleis also controlled.The actionof the drum is
linkedto a safetydevicethat preventsthe door
f r o mb e i n go p e n e dW h i | teh e d r u mi s s p i n n i n € '
5a
1e
b
I
2
3
4
5
2b
3a
4d
5c
pressuremeasurement,
for example
monitoringthe pressureof air insidea
comoressedair hose
for example
temperaturemeasurement,
measuringthe temperatureof waterin a
boiler
flow for examplemonitoringthe amountof
f u e lf l o w i n ga l o n ga f u e lp i p ei n a n e n g i n e
levelmeasurement,
for examplemonitoring
the levelof fuel in a fueltanf.
processrecorders,for examplemonitoring
the rejected(broken)itemsin a production
process
6a
a A blockagein a pipe causinga build-upof
Dressure
b A safetyvalveand a warningsystem
triggeredby a pressuredifferential
c A systemfor monitoringgas consumption
d Cumulativeconsumption.
the rate of
consumptionat differentpointsin time,and
the frequencyof peaksin consumption
e A timescale
f An exothermicreaction
g The temperatureof gas at the input point,
and at the outoutooint
h The optimuminputtemperaturefor the gas
b
2C
tf
104
control
senses
reading
3a
8j
4t
9b
5c
l0 e
6d
c
3
4
5
o
consumption 7
cumulative 8
rate
9
timescale l0
cycle
frequency
input
output
optimum
7a
Suggested answers
We needa meter/sensor
to measure:the rate
of flowof waterat the inputpoint;the water
temperatureat the inputpoint;the rate of flow
of gas at the inputpoint;the temperatureof
the gas burner;the watertemperatureinside
the vessel;the levelof waterinsidethe vessel;
the steampressureinsidethe vessel;the steam
temperatureinsidethe vessel;the steam
temperatureat the outputpoint;the steam
pressureat the outputpoint;and rate of flowof
steamat the outputpoint.
b
Suggested answers
The cumulativeconsumptionof waterand gas;
the cumulativeoutputof steam;the peak rates
of consumptionfor waterand gas;peak steam
output;the frequencyof gas use / firingof the
burner;the differential
betweenwaterinput
temperatureand watertemperatureinsldethe
vessel;the differential
betweensteampressure
insidethe vesseland in the outputpipe;the
differential
betweensteamtemperatureinslde
the vesseland in the outputpipe.
8a
See audioscript8.5 on page92
b
1
2
3
4
5
temperature
lightlevels
day of the week
mealtimes
commercialbreakson TV
c
I
2
3
4
5
6
increase
increases;
decreases
rise
rises
falls
rise;fall
d
I
2
3
e
z É
I Í
Becausemaximumcapacityis equivalent
to peakdemand,thereis significantspare
capacityduringoff-peakperiods.
Beingable to generatepowerduringoff-peak
periodsand storeit for peak periods
Becauseelectricalchargeis extremely
difficultto storein largeamounts.
3d
8e
4a
5b
6h
Í
Suggested answer
Thereis a band of fluctuationbetween
approximately
2,700 and 5,000 Megawatts.
Peakdemandoccurseachday at about 8.00
pm, whenthere is a very brief blip.The graph
showsa trougheach night,whendemandfalls
significantly.
At the weekend,the rangeof
fluctuationis smallerthan it is duringthe week.
Fluctuations
in demandare continual- thereare
no oointswheredemandremainsat the same ,
levelcontinuously
for a long periodof time.
9a
2 peakdemand
5 continual
4 bllps
5
6
fluctuations
range
b
I
Operating on a start-run-stop-wait
basis
Momentaryblips in demand
Frequencyof the AC (alternatingcurrent)
supply
A slightdrop in frequencyindicatesthat
power stations are working at full capacity.
Start-upof appliancesis delayedslightlyby
holdingthe applianceon standby
3
10a
I Demandfor electricityfluctuates,
and
powerstationsneedto be able to copewith
peak demand(at the top of the rangeof
fluctuation).
The problemis that the peak
only lastsfor a very briefperiodeachday,
meaningthat powerstationshavea lot of
generatingcapacitywhich,mostof the time,
is not used.Therefore,
electriccompaniestry
to smoothdemand- usingsparecapacity
duringdemandtroughs[atnight)to storeup
energy,whichis then usedthe nextday when
demandpeaks.
11a
I A seniormanager
2 A reviewof the company'sorganisation
and
facilities
3 Optimisingefticiency
/ the use of engineers'
skills
b
I c
2b
3a
c
'|
2
3
d
2
3
5
6
A: 50o/o B: 50o/o
A:7Oo/o B:3Oo/o
A: l0o/o B: 90o/o
off the top of my head
pretty much
nownere near
roughly / somewhere in the region of
roughly / somewhere in the region of
12a
IT
2T
3 F - they print very few copies
b
I
5
4
5
c
3
4
c
6
7
I
roughly
wellover
a good
the vast maiority
next to nothing
Pretty much
Nowherenear
Roughly/ somewherein the regionof
Well over
Next to nothing
Rough|y/ somewherein the regionoÍ
the vast majority
3
sized prototypes.The main disadvantage
is that their behaviourduringtestscannot
perfectlysimulatethat of a fulFsize
prototype.
The mainadvantageof this approachis
that testsare totallyrealistic.The main
disadvantageis that full-scaleprototypescan
be expensiveto build and test.
2a
Computational
Fluid Dynamics(CFD)is computer
softwareusedto assistin aerodynamicdesign.lt
modelsthe flowof air oversurfaces,suchas car
bodyworkor the fuselageand wingsof aircraft.
Virtualtestingwith CFD softwareis typically
done in the earlystagesof the designprocess.
Wnd tunnelsequippedwith rollingroadsallow
reduced-scale
modelsof vehiclesor full-size
vehiclesto be tested.Air is blownthroughthe
tunnel by powerfulfans to create airflowsof
differentvelocitieswhichsimulatethe vehicle
travellingat differentspeeds.The airflowover
the surfacesof the vehicleis highlightedwith
streamsof smoke,so that it can be analysed.
A ro||in€ road is effective|y
a conveyorbe|t
whichmovesbeneaththe stationaryvehicle
at the samespeedas the airflow,makingthe
wheelsturn.This allowsengineersto analyse
the effectsof the spinningwheelson the airflow.
Fieldtestingrefersto testingin real conditions.
For aerodynamic
testingof a vehicle,this might
involvedrivingthe vehicleat differentspeedson
a circuitor runway.
b
I
2
3
4
5
c
2
3
Usinga scalemodelor a full-sizemock-up
To simulatethe turbulencecausedby wheels
whenthey'respinning
Whetheror not the wheelsare mostly
enclosedby the bodywork
Theyare not a hundredpercentreliable;the
data needsto be validatedby full-scaletests
in real conditions.
Changeableweathermakesit difficultto do
back-to-backtesting
5
mocK-up
validate
acid test;tried-and-tested;
trial run
back-to-back
testing;in the field
d
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
tried-and-tested
in the field
virtual
the acid test
back-to-back
testing
validate
trial run
e
2e
3
4d
6a
8b
loc
First,testingof the parachutecouldbe done
usinga weiehtto simulatethe massof the
Unit 9
container.
The Wei€ h t shou|dbe so|idand
1
unbreakable,
for examplea blockof steel,to
Suggested answers
allow severalparachutesystemsto be tested
I Usingsoftwareto simulatereal-lifesituations. back-to-back
withoutdestroyingthe container
The mainadvantageof this techniqueis that
eachtime.For tests,the weightand parachute
testing is often faster and easier to undertake could be dropped from a raised platform
comparedwith real-lifetesting.Variables
attachedto a crane.Initially,
the aim of these
testswill be to developa parachutesystemthat
can also be changedeasily.The main
disadvantage
will slowthe container'sfall as muchas oossible
is the lowerdegreeof realism.
2 Testingsmallmodelsofdesigns.The main
to minimisethe verticallandingspeed.Once
advantageof this approachis that models
the parachutesystemhas beendeveloped,and
quicker
are
the verticallandingspeedhas beendetermined,
and cheaperto build thanfull-
I
testscan then be carriedout on the container
and deformablestructureby simulatingthis
knownlandingspeed.Initiallytherewill be no
needto use the parachute.as the containercan
be allowedto freefallfrom the crane - the droD
heightbeingset so that the verticallanding
speedis the same as that reachedwith a
parachute.lnitially,reduced-scale,
for example
half-size,
mock-upscouldbe tested.Thenfullscaletestscan be carriedout. The container
designcan then be testedwiththe parachute
by droppingit from the crane.This will help to
simulatethe effectsof the wind blowingthe
parachuteand container,thus generatinga
horizontal[aswell as vertical)landingspeed.
Finally,for the acid test, real lifetrial runs can be
carriedout usin€ an aircraftto Va|idatethe tests.
4a
Suggested answers
I Humanitarianaid, for examplefood and
medicine,and militaryequipmentare often
airdropped,as theyfrequentlyneedto be
deliveredto remotelocationswith limited
transportlinks.
2 The main advantageis that planesdo not
need to land and take off again to drop
off cargo,savingtime and fuel.The main
disadvantageis the difficultyof protecting
cargo from impact damage.
b
I
decrease- As long as the containerremains
in the air, its airspeed(itsspeedrelativeto
the movingair in the atmosphere)will keep
decreasinguntilit has an airspeedof zero
- until it is travellingat the same speedand
in the same directionas the wind.Therefore,
if there is a certainamountof wind,the
containerwill havea degreeof groundspeed
(horizontal
speedrelativeto the ground),as
it moveswith the wind.lf the aircraftis flying
into the wind (inthe oppositedirectionto the
Wind)Whenit drops the contáiner,and if the
containerremainsin the air long enough,the
containerwill slowdown until it momentarily
has a groundspeedof zero. However,if it
remainsin the air beyondthis point,its
groundspeedwill then beginto increase
againin the oppositedirectionto the aircraft,
as it is blownbackwardsby the wind.
2 higher- The container'sverticalspeedwill
keepincreasinguntil,if it remainsin the air
long enough, it reachesterminalvelocit|
- the pointat whichaerodynamic
drag [air
resistance)preventsit from travellingany
faster.
3 and 4 This will dependon the shapeof the
containerand the distributionof weight
w i t h i ni t .
c
They agree on the first two points (horizontal
speeddecreasesand verticalspeed increases).
Theydisagreeon the last two points(which
impactis worse,and whatwill happenon the
groundwitha very low-altitude
drop).
5a
I theoretically 4
2 assuming
5
3 surely
presumably
arguably
b
I Presumably 4
2 Assuming
5
3 Theoretically
Arguably
Surely
Answerkey
105
c
Agree: Sure;Absolutely;True;Of course
Other phrases;I totally/completelyagree
Disagree:I'm not so sure ...;I'm not convinced;
Not necessarily
Other phrases:I'mnot sure I agree;I disagree;
I totallydisagree
d
Suggested answers
I An aircraftsgroundspeedis its speedrelative
to the ground. lts airspeed is the speed it
passesthroughthe air. Becauseof the wind,
the air is usuallymoving.Therefore,if an
aircraftis flyinginto the wind,its airspeed
will be higherthan its groundspeed.lf it has
the wind behindit, its airsoeedwill be lower
than its groundspeed.
2 Zero
3 The aircraftwould need to fly into the
wind,and the wind soeedwouldneedto be
very high,higherthan the minimumspeed
requiredfor the aircraftto fly.
4 lt shouldfly into the wind so that the wind
helpsthe containerto slowdown.
5 Providedthe aircraftflies into the wind,
higherwind speedwill resultin the container
havinga lowergroundspeedon landing.
However,above a certain wind speed,the
containerwill reachzero groundspeed,
then
start to travel in the opposite direction.
Beyondthis point,evenhigherwind speeds
will resultin a highergroundspeedin the
oppositedirection.
6b
Suggested answers
I The containercould be flat with a low centre
of gravityso that it s|idesalon€ the ground,
or perhapssphericalwith a deformable
protectivestructurewhich allows it to roll
alongthe ground.
2 The containercouldbe tall,for examplea
cylinder shape,with a deformableprotective
structureat its base to absorb the vertical
impact.
7a
Expectationsare what you predict,for example
how you think a vehicleprototypewill behave
whenit's testedin a wind tunnel.Resultsare
what actuallyhappens,for examplehowthe
prototypeactuallybehavesin the wind tunnel,
based on the completedtest.
b
Trialand error meanstesting ideas to see what
happens.The expressionimpliesthat the testing
process is not very scientific,and is simply based
on guesswork.
Unfamiliar territorUmeans an unknownsubiect,
an area wheresomeonelacksexoerience.
On o steep learning curve means learning
rapid|y,oftenas a resu|tof bein€ put in an
unfamiliarsituationwithoutthe necessarv
knowledgeor experience.
c
See audioscript9.3 on pages93 and 94
8a
I Half full.
2 The openingin the bottlewas just slightly
bigger than the fitting at the end of the
pump, so there was quite a good seal.
3 Ouite powerful,more powerfulthan expected
4 The bottletumbledover in the air - it
wouldn'tfly straight.
106
I
Answer key
b
I
3
thoughUpredicted
didn't expect/predict
it was muchbetterthan we had hooed
9a
See audioscript9.4 on page94
b
Theyput a plasticbeaker,withwaterinsideit,
onto the top of the bottle which made it frontheavvand increasedits inertia.
c
I
accordingto plan
2 a treat
10b
Seeaudioscript
9.5on page94
C
3
practrce
more
tess
5
6
inadequate
practical
72
Suggested answeE
I Possible causes:the tyre is inadequately
inflatedor punctured
Possible effects:the tyre could blow out
(explode)/ the tyre will wear rapidly / become
damaged.
2 Possiblecauses:a surgein the powersupply,
too muchpowerbeingdemanded,a short
circuit
Possibleeffect:a circuitbreakerbeing
triggered,overheatingand damage to
conductorsand components
3 Posslblecause:thereis inadequatepaint
cover to protectthe hull
Possible effect:the hull will degrade rapidly /
couldfail
13a
A mistakewith a chickengun has madeclever,
technicalpeoplelook like fools.
b
I
3
To fire dead chickensin order to test aircraft
enginesand windshleldsfor their resistance
to bird strikes
Becauseit was a high-speed
trainand bird
strlkeswerea potentialdanger
The chickenbrokethroughboth the
windshieldand the backof the driver's
comoartment.
c
They used a frozenchicken.
d
2
3
4
5
6
e
.|
2
3
becauseof; due to; owingto
result of
becauseof
caused
consequently
becauseof / due to / owin€ to
caused;consequently
becauseof / due to / owingto: resultedin;
consequently
14a
See audioscript9.6 on page 94
I
Unit 10
1a
Suggested answers
I Theyuse the kineticenergy,movementof the
wind, to generateelectricity.
2 Advantage:They use a renewable,nonpollutingenergysourcethat is readily
available.
Disadvantages:The wind is not constant,so
wind turbinescannotfunctionall the time.
Theyalso havea maiorvisualimpactdue to
their height and size,and are relativelynoisy.
3 Locationsexposedto the wind,such as high
ground,flat areas and coastal areas
b
Suggested answers
The bladesturn due to the air flowgenerated
by the wind.To function,they needto have
a speciallydesignedaerodynamicprofile.
They must also be stiff,to avoid flexing and
consequently
hittingthe tower,and relatively
lightto allowthemto turn easily.
The tower must be rigid, to resist the bending
force generatedby the pressureof the wind. lt
must also have a relativelynarrowprofile,to
minimisethe aerodynamiceffectit has on the
blades.Whena bladeis in the low position,
alignedwith the tower,the pressureof the wind
on the blade is reduced,reducingeffectiveness,
and causingtorsionin the turbinedue to
pressureon the higherand lower
differential
blades.
The turbinegenerateselectricityfrom the action
of spinning.To functioneffectively,it needs to
minimisefriction.lt mustalso resistthe severe
weatherwhichis commonin the areaswhere
windturbinesare located.
2a
I
2
3
4
5
6
b
lb
6d
c
2
4
5
The tower
Corrosiondue to the presenceof saltwater
Steel and reinforcedconcrete
Because in reinforced-concrete
coastal
defences,the steel reinforcementis often
exposed,due to erosion,and rustsas a result
Thatjust becausean installationrequires
regularmaintenance,
that doesn'tnecessarily
meanit's unreliable
A comoarisonof the differencebetweenthe
constructioncost of a reinforcedconcrete
tower and the cost of repaintinga steel tower
over the period of a concretetower'slifespan
2e
3c
inappropriate6
inconsistent 7
uneconomical8
ineffective
9
4a
5f
inefficient
unreliable
insufficient
unsuitable
d
See audioscript10.I on page 94
3a
2
3
4
suitable
5
effective
6
inconsistent 7
inefficient
insufficienUinadequate
unreliable
I
b
Suggested answers
l Wind turbinesare extreme|yeíficient.
They
use a free, renewablesource of energy.
They'realso extremelyreliable,requiringvery
little maintenance.
Clearly,wind turbinesneedwindto
functioneffectively
but wind conditionsare
inconsistent.
For this reason,a windturbine
is a supplementary
sourceof energy.lt will
still be necessaryto havea permanentsupply
of electricity.However,in suitable locations,
wind turbines can work effectivelyfor a
significantpercentageof time.
The most suitablesitesare exposed
locations.Sites located on the toos of hills.
on the windwardslopesof hills,near the
coast,or on flat,open land are the most
suitable.
To work effectively,wind turbines should
be located awayfrom featuresthat can
obstructthe wind,suchas buildingsor trees.
Obstructionscan have a negativeeffectif
they are locatedin frontof the turbine,and
also if theyare relativelyclosebehindit.
than out-of-townairoorts. Planes also tend to be
delayed more often than trains, due to air traftic
congestionat airports. Large aircraftcannot take
off and land immediatelyafterone anotherdue
to the need for separationdistancesfor safety,
and to allowair turbulencetime to clearalong
the runwayafter each takeoffand landing.Also,
checkingin for flightstakeslongerthan boarding
trains. For these reasons,overalliourney times
on high-speed
trainscan be as shortas, or
shorter than those on olanes over distancesof
500 kmto I,500 km.
b
I
2
3
c
I
2
3
efficlencyand
Speed,convenience,
environmental-friendliness
To find the best way of transportingpeople
That high-speed
electrictrainsare the most
efficientsolution
criterion
factor
variable
4b
10.2on page94
Seeaudioscript
6a
Most TCVSreach 300 km/h.Newer models run
at 320 km/hon certaintracks.Most trainsare
approximately200 metreslong.
c
Shedoesn'tmentioncentrifugal
force.
b
See audioscriptlO.3 on page94
d
c
I
3
4
5
6
bénding
torsion/torque
expansion
pressure
tension
7
I
9
l0
e
2
3
4
5
6
7
I
oressure
bending
compression:
tension
shear
friction
torsion (torque)
expansion;contraction
shear
friction
contraction
centrifugalforce
f
Suggested answers
When thereis no wind,the columnsand legs
are all sub.iectedto compression.The legs are
also subjectedto bendingforces.The beam
is subjectedto a vertical bendingforce.The
insulatorsare in tension.The foundationsare
in comoression.There are also shear forces
betweenthe legs and the foundations.
Whenthe wind is blowingfrom directionl, the
beam is subjectedto a horizontalbendingforce
from the wind. Both columnsare also subiected
to bending.Legs I and 2 are in tensionas
a resultof the wind.Legs3 and 4 are in
compressron.
When the wind is blowingfrom direction2,
both columnsand legs are subjectedto bending
by the wind.Legs 1 and 3 and columnI are
primarilyin tensionas a resultof the wind.Legs
2 and 4, and column2 are in compression.
5a
Suggested answers
Planes travel much faster than high-speedtrains.
The fastest high-speedtrains can travel at just
over 300 km/h.Commercialaircraftflying at an
altitude of around 30,000 feet can travel with
a groundspeedof around 800 km/h.Therefore,
on board trips are typically faster on planes.
However,rail networksgenerallylink city centres,
which are often more convenientdestinations
2
3
4
d
2
3
4
5
e
3
4
f
2
3
4
5
caoable
able
withstand
subjectedto
6
7
8
unable
incapable
exceeded
9a
Key information and questions
The supersonicrocket sled ride for tourists is to
be locatedthe Australian desert. lt is to carry a
pilot and two passengers.lt must avoid extremes
of C force under accelerationand deceleration
(max2 G). Max track length l6 km. ls it feasible
to havejust l0 km of track? ls that enough
safety margin? ls the sled to have steel skids or
wheels?Propulsionwill be by rocketor jet engine
(bein€ |ookedinto by someonee|se).Braking
system- not a water brake,as there is too much
C force;possibly a friction system (againstrails),
an aerodynamicsystem(flapsor parachutes),
reverseenginethrustsystemor a combination
of these.
lt was modifiedto a certain extent but, with
a few exceptions,was essentiallyan ordinary
TCV
100 metres
To makeit slightlymoreaerodynamic
To reducethe speedof revolution,
to limit
frictionand centrifugalforce
- 50o/o
- 15o/o
+ lgoh
+ 680/o
certain
5
significantly 6
slightlymore 7
marginally
substantially
considerable
Í
su€ g ested answers
I The supplyvoltagein the catenarycableshad
to be increasedby a considerableamount.
2 To limitoscillation,
the tensionof the
catenarycables was substantiallyincreased.
3 The camber of the track was increased
marginallyon somecurves.
4 The previousrecord was beaten by a huge
margin.
5 In perfectconditions,the TCV could probably
havegone slightlyfaster.
8a
See audioscript10.4on page95
c
1 1 . 0 r5
23
320
4 1.2
546
e
2
3
4
5
5
cope with;withstand
exceed:suroass
intendedfor
able to; capableof
incapableof; unableto
Answer key
to7
CavrnRrDGE
UNTYERSITY
PRESS
www.cambridge.org
rsBN 978-0-5?1-7 1518-8
