Overview of Global Forest Governance and Forest Law Enforcement

The trouble with our times is that
the future is not what it used to be…
Paul Valéry
Preface
Введение
© Rockstrom 2010
Будущее уже не то, что было
раньше…
Поль Валери
Overview of
Global Forest Governance and
Forest Law Enforcement
focussed to the ENA Region
Europe and North Asia Forest Law Enforcement and Governance
Preparatory Committee Conference (PrepCom)
Moscow, June 6, 2005
Jürgen Blaser, Intercooperation, Bern, Switzerland
The present content does only commit the presenter, and none of the involved organizations
Photographic illustrations are not in direct relationship to the specific issue in the respective slide
© Juergen Blaser, with support by Kerstin Canby and Arnoldo Contreras. Photographs by J. Blaser
Обзор глобальных вопросов
управления в лесном секторе и
специфических проблем в регионе
ЕСА
«Международный процесс по вопросам правоприменения,
управления в лесном секторе (FLEG) в регионе Европы и Северной Азии»
Подготовительная конференция
Москва, 6-8 июня 2005 г.
Юрген Блазер, Swiss Intercooperation
The present content does only commit the presenter, and none of the involved organizations
Photographic illustrations are not in direct relationship to the specific issue in the respective slide
© Juergen Blaser, with support by Kerstin Canby and Arnoldo Contreras. Photographs by J. Blaser
Overview of International Processes and Progress
in Forest Governance since Saint Petersburg 2005
Обзор международных процессов и вопросов развития
рационального управления в лесном секторе
в период с 2005 года, после провдения
Конференции в г. Санкт-Петербург
Juergen Blaser
Юрген Блазер
Bern University of Applied Sciences
Университет Верн, Швейцария
Tblisi, 8 July 2014
(1) OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL PROCESSES
ОБЗОР МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ
Forests 2014
Лес 2014
North Север
1,850 m ha
31% of the world’s land area is covered by forests
31% территории Земли покрыто лесами
2,180 m ha
South Юг
Country Data
Boreal
Temperate
Subtropical
Tropical
Global
Land Area
('000 ha)
2,659,547
2,894,298
1,985,421
5,386,567
13,010,510
20.4%
22.2%
15.3%
41.4%
100%
Forest Area
('000 ha)
1,179,682
671,003
342,035
1,839,303
4,033,063
29.3%
16.6%
8.5%
45.6%
100%
44.4%
23.2%
17.2%
34.1%
31.0%
increasing
slightly
increasing
increasing
decreasing
slightly
decreasing
0.4%
0.2%
0.4%
-0.4%
-0.1%
48,890
38,171
8,563
179,535
275,207
17.8%
13.9%
3.1%
65.2%
100%
194,300
2,260,032
973,640
3,311,683
6,750,525
2.9%
33.5%
14.4%
49.1%
100%
decreasing
slightly
increasing
slightly
increasing
strongly
increasing
increasing
Relative proportion
of Forest
Development of
Forest Area
Change Rate
Carbon in living
forest biomass
(Megatons)
Population (million)
Population
development
Forests in ENA-Region 2014 - Леса ЕСА регион, 2014
Forest area (m ha)
Площадь лесов
(млн.га)
Forest cover %
В процентном
соотношении
Growing stock (m3/ha)
Выработка леса на
гектар
Balkans - Балканы
19
32
176
Eastern Europe
Восточная Европа
827
48
103
North and Central Asia
Северная и Центральная Азия
23
4
82
Caucasus - Кавказ
15
16
141
884
37
105
TOTAL Всего
Forest resources ever increasing in ENA Region
Прирост лесов на Евразийском континенте
Felling as % of annual growth
Вырубка в % от ежегодного прироста
Nordics and Baltics
72%
Central Europe
61%
EU 27
60%
South-East Europe
45%
Russia
34%
(USA, Canada)
(80%)
Global forest Challenges 2005 – 2014
Основные проблемы мирового леса 2005-2014

Supply and demand for timber, paper, wood products, energy
Спрос и предложение в индустрии леса, бумажной
промышленности, производстве товаров из древесины
и секторе энергетики
 Increased demand for and competition between products;
 Global timber trade doubled over the last decade
(in spite of slow down 2008/2009)  China, emerging markets

Increasing demand for transparency and production methods
Возрастающая потребность в открытой информации
о производстве и товарах

Certified forests Dec. 2005: 272 m ha (91 m ha ENA region)

Certified forests June 2014: 442 m ha (166 m ha ENA region)

FLEG, FLEGT processes, also influenced behaviors (China…)

Raise of global energy market: biofuel, wood pellets, wood chips
Энергоресурсы: топливные пеллеты, щепа
40% raise of wood fuel from forests in ENA region 2005-2013
(360 million m3 of wood)

Valuation of forest products and ecosystem services
Оценка лесных товаров и услуг
Timber, timber products and NTFP, water, carbon, biodiversity

Changes in forest ownership, access to forest resources
Реформа форм собственности леса, реальный доступ к
использованию лесных ресурсов
From state to communities, user associations, private sector lease;
“land grabbing”: Increased demand for land: plantation wood

Changes in national forest policy
Изменения в политике управления лесами на государственной
уровне
From forestry policies to wider forest policies
Global Forest Governance
Надлежащее управление лесами

Forest and economic growth, trade policies

Forests and sustainable development

Forests and climate change

Forests and biological diversity

Forests and their social, cultural and « public-opinion» dimension.
 Transversal dimension: Forest Governance
Forest Governance 10 years after
St. Petersburg: the broad issues

(1) Forest and Environmental Policy (global and regional)
Лесная политика и окружающая среда

(2) Trade Policies - Торговая политика

(3) Green Economy - Зеленая экономика

(4) Institutions - Организации

(5) An overlying issue: climate change
С учетом изменений климата
Forest Governance: (1) Policy Dimension (global)
The Forest Instrument 2007; post-2015; Global Objectives on Forests:
Reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide…
Enhance forest-based economic, social and environmental benefits
Increase significantly the area of protected forests worldwide
and other areas of sustainably managed forests…
Mobilize financial resources for sustainable forest management ….
CBD Aichi Targets (2011): 4 main targets, including:
“By 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial areas are conserved”
Climate change: REDD+ Challenges (since 2009)/NAMA/LULUCF
The missing element: carbon permanence (boreal and temperate forests)
Bonn Challenge (2012): 2 targets, including “Restore 150 million hectares of
the world's degraded and deforested lands by 2020»
Forests and SDG targets post 2015 (2014): Forests under biodiversity, incl.
possible target: “By 2030 manage all the world’s forests sustainably”
Forest Governance: (1) Policy Dimension (regional)
“Forest Europe”
Since 1990, 46 members, 6 Ministerial conferences
Since 2011: Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to develop a
legally binding agreement on forests in the pan-European region
Aims:






consolidating tools for SFM;
improving monitoring of and reporting on forests;
combatting illegal logging;
developing a common approach to the valuation of forests services;
emphasizing the social aspects of forestry;
the role of forests in the transition to a green economy.
Forest Governance: (2) Trade Policies

European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR), March 2013:
Prevents illegal logged wood in all the EU Member States

EU/US Transatlantic Free Trade Area Negotiations:
Elimination of tariffs and non-tariffs barriers; standards & regulations
Lacey Act (1900) amendment of 2008: trafficking of wood and wood products

Investment: Russian Federation Investment Project:
Earmarked 400 billion rubles to finance
priority projects in the country’s forestry
industry “to make the sector attractive
for investment and address its long-term
problems”
Forest Governance: (3) Green Economy
Управление лесами в зеленой экономике
 The forest sector in a green economy:
Improving human well-being and social equity while
significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological
scarcities.

10 key messages of the L’viv Forum 2012
10 ключевых рекомендаций Львовского Форума

Action Plan for the Forest Sector in a Green Economy
in the ECE region
План действий по лесу в Зеленой экономике
ЕСА-региона.
Forest Governance: (4) Institutions
Управление лесами: интернациональные организации
Forest Governance: (5) Climate change:
Forest-based adaptation and carbon sinks
Адаптация лесов к изменению климата в
планировании лесного хозяйства
Map: the world 4°C warmer
Карта: повышение температуры на 4 градуса
(2) PROGRESS
IN FOREST GOVERNANCE SINCE SAINT
PETERSBURG 2005
Развитие рационального управления
в лесном секторе в период с 2005 года
St. Petersburg
Declaration, Nov. 2005
Expression of commitment
«выражение доброй воли» by 43
governments (+EU) from the ENA region
and other participating countries to take
action to address illegal logging and
associated forest crimes.

Ministerial St. Petersburg Declaration, contents:
Содержание министерской Декларации, г. Санкт-Петербург
 National action fields “commitments” (7)
 International action fields “commitments” (4)
 Indicative list of possible actions (возможные действия)
Criteria to assess progress of implementation of the
St. Petersburg Declaration
Критерии осуществления Санкт-Петербургской
декларации:
National level
High level political commitment for FLEG
Review forest legislation, harmonize with intern. agreements
Strengthen interagency cooperation
Formulate concrete actions under clearly defined targets
Recognize the rights of forest-dependent communities and
stakeholder participation
Develop anti-corruption tools
Disseminate transparent information
Criteria to assess progress of StP (cont.)
Критерии осуществления Санкт-Петербургской
декларации
International level
Promote and develop cooperation, partnerships,
human capacity
Enhance awareness of information about the legality
of products
Cooperate with civil society to inform consumers
of the problems of FLEG
Measures to improve forest governance
Меры по совершенствованию управления в лесном
секторе
Prevention
Профилактика
Reform Laws and Norms
Изменение законов и
нормативных актов
Reform tenure
Реформирование
прав лесовладения
Knowledge & Cooperation
Управление знаниями и
развитие сотрудничества
Detection
Выявление
Совершенст
вование
управления
в лесном
секторе
Supression
Пресечение
Increase transparency
Повышение
прозрачности
Strengthen civil service
Укрепление системы
госслужбы
Reduce monopoly power
Уменьшение
монопольной власти
Institutions: what has changed since 10 years?
Институты: экономика переходного периода
Resistance to change: Willing to give up privileges?
Сопротивлением переменам: Нежелание расставаться с
привилегиями
Difficulties to separate government functions versus private
sector functions
Трудности разграничения государственных функций
и функций частного сектора
Regulatory role often not separated from production activities
Роль государственного регулирования зачастую
не отделена от производственной деятельности
Weak means for monitoring and control
Недостаточное финансирование мероприятий по
мониторингу и контролю
In Summary:
St. Petersburg Declaration - post-2015
Implement effective policies, tenure and institutional reform:
Проведение эффективной лесной политики, реформы на
всех уровнях, в т.ч. государственном и частном

Green economy: Good forest governance as a prerequisite

Enabling environment for private investment in forests

Protection of critical forest habitats and ecosystems;
define the role of forests in climate change

Broaden the issues: capture the true value of forests
 Review national and international commitments, adapt and link
a post-2015 St.D. commitment to current international processes.