Veterinary medicine - Новосибирский Государственный

НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ
АГРАРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
VETERINARY MEDICINE
Методические указания по английскому языку
Новосибирск 2010
Кафедра иностранных языков
Рецензент: доц. Т.Я.Запорожец.
VETERINARY MEDICINE: Метод. указания по английскому
языку /Новосиб.гос аграр уни – т;
сост: Е.Ю.Сементовская, Н.А.Комлева. – Новосибирск, 2010. –
34 с.
Методические указания предназначены для студентов
первого и второго курса ветеринарного факультета очного и
заочного отделений.
Цель методических указаний – ознакомить студентов с
формами и конструкциями, специфичными для языка научных
текстов,
с
необходимым
минимумом
ветеринарной
терминологии и подготовить их к чтению и беспереводному
пониманию оригинальной литературы по специальности.
Методические указания состоят из 32 адаптированных
текстов по специальности описательного и повествовательного
характера.
В конце каждого текста имеется словарь терминов. Читать и
прорабатывать тексты следует во 2-м семестре первого года
обучения иностранному языку в вузе.
Утверждены и рекомендованы к изданию методической
комиссией факультета государственного и муниципального
управления (протокол № 4 от 2 апреля 2009г.)
© Новосибирский государственный аграрный университет, 2010
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PART 1. ZOOLOGY
TEXT 1. MAN AND OTHER LIVING THINGS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian
using the wordlist.
Man is the dominant species on earth. When man looks around
him, he must realize that he shares his home, our planet, with a vast
number of other living things.
Man himself is a mammal and also are many of the animals with
whom he is most closely associated: the dogs and cats which often
share his life; the cows and sheep and pigs upon which he feeds; the
oxen, donkeys and horses which, until very recently, pulled his
ploughs, carried his burdens and gave him his most effective means
of transport; and the rats and mice which, even in an age when
hygiene has become a fetish, still manage to appear as unwelcome
guests in his home.
Quite apart from such familiar creatures, a richly varied cast of
wild mammals is still spread in astonishing diversity over the face of
the earth.
Wordlist
species
to share
creature
plough
burden
mammal
биол. вид
делить, жить вместе
существо
плуг
ноша
млекопитающее животное
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 2. HOW DO MAMMALS DIFFER FROM THEIR
VERTEBRATE COUSINES?
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian
using the wordlist.
All mammals belong to the important division of the animal
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kingdom as the Vertebrata, or "backboned animals". But reptiles,
birds, amphibians and fishes are vertebrates too. All mammals have
lungs and breathe atmospheric air. But so do birds and reptiles, as
well as most adult amphibians. Practically every mammal gives birth
to living young, but many reptiles and fish also do this. Mammals are
warm-blooded, but we can say the same of birds. How then do
mammals differ from their vertebrate cousins? What are the typical
mammalian qualities that they share among themselves?
A most important distinction between mammals and other
vertebrates is that all mammals – and only mammals – produce milk
with which they feed their young.
Another important distinction between mammals and all other
vertebrates, indeed, all other living things – is that only mammals
possess true hair. A hairy covering is particularly important to
mammals as a protection against rain and cold.
Wordlist
vertebrate
reptile
amphibian
позвоночное животное
пресмыкающееся животное
земноводное животное
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 3. TYPICAL INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
MAMMALS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian
using the wordlist.
Mammals have a number of internal characteristics which are
especially typical, though perhaps less obvious. The number of their
skull bones is reduced, as compared with other vertebrates, and each
half of the lower jaw consists of a single bone. The teeth are typically
differentiated and specialized. In the circulatory system, the left
aortic arch forms the connection with the heart, as compared to the
right aortic arch in birds. A muscular wall, or diaphragm, separates
the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
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Certainly the most important single factor, which gives mammals
their superiority over other animals, is the development of their brain.
The mammalian brain is a complex and highly organized structure,
much more advanced than that of any other animal. This
development also has been made possible by the capacity for heat
regulation, which has been such an advantage to mammals in other
ways. The ability to maintain the complex activities of the cerebral
cortex in the higher mammals, and to store memories, is very largely
dependent on the ability to maintain a constant body temperature.
Wordlist
internal
lungs
skull
jaw
circulatory system
muscular
diaphragm
aortic arch
chest
abdominal cavity
heat
cerebral cortex
анат. внутренние органы
легкие
череп
челюсть
система кровообращения
мышечный; мускульный; мускулистый
диафрагма
дуга аорты
грудь, грудная клетка
брюшная полость
температура
кора головного мозга
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 4. THREE MAIN SUBCLASSES OF MAMMALS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian
using the wordlist.
The living members of the class mammalia are today divided into
three main subclasses, according to differences in their anatomy and
the manner in which they bear their young. First are the monotremes,
or egg-laying mammals, of which there are only two families. Second
are the marsupials, or mammals with pouches for carrying their
young, which are comparatively undeveloped, even embryonic in
appearance, at birth. Third, and by far the largest group, are the
placentals, mammals whose young grow and develop within the
mother's body, nourished by means of an organ known as the
placenta, which forms a connecting link between their blood streams.
5
These three major divisions developed very early in mammalian
history and each of them evolved thereafter quite independently of
the others.
But these three main divisions are just the beginning. Living
mammals are further divided into 18 smaller groups or orders.
Subdivisions of each order are also made-families, genera, and
species according to the degree of evolutionary kinship. In addition to
any popular name or names it may have, each species of animal
known to zoologists is given a scientific name.
Wordlist
subclass
to bear
monotreme
egg-laying
marsupial
pouch
embryonic
placental
blood
order
genus (Pl.genera)
degree of kinship
подкласс
носить
клоачные, однопроходные
яйцекладущие
сумчатое животное
сумка
эмбриональный
плацентарное животное
кровь
биол. отряд
биол. род
степень родства
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 5. DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS OF A MAMMAL
(THE WOLF)
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
The system by which individual kinds of mammals are
scientifically named within the large categories can be seen by taking
a familiar example, the wolf. First of all, the wolf belongs to the class
mammalian. Then it falls in a group made up of the placental
mammals, and is further separated into the order Carnivora, or meateating mammals. To distinguish it from such other meat eaters as
cats, weasels and the like, it is placed in the family Canidae, that of
the doglike carnivores. Together with various other closely related
species, it is included in the genus Canis, which separates it from
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such closely allied groups as the foxes and the bush dogs. The
specific name of the wolf is Canis lupus, distinguishing it from all
near relatives, such as the coyote (Canis Latrans) and the domestic
dog (Canis familiaris).
Wordlist
плотоядное животное, хищник
зоол. ласка
зоол. собака
кустарниковая собака; лесная собака
луговой волк, койот
Carnivora
weasel
Canis
bush dog
coyote
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 6. HOW PLANTS AND ANIMALS GET THEIR
NOURISHING FUEL
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Food is the fuel which makes the body machine work, and
without it living things quickly lose their energy and eventually die.
Plants do not ‘eat’ in the sense that we usually understand that term,
but they synthesize organic food, using chemicals in the soil and the
air as ingredients, and the rays of the sun as the source of energy. The
lowest animals, on the other hand, absorb their nourishment directly
through their body coverings. Thus the amoeba, although lacking a
mouth, surrounds food particles and absorbs them through the
flexible membrane in which it is enclosed.
In the higher animals this process of taking in food has become
much more complex. To get their essential nourishing fuel and to
break it down for energy, mammals, like other vertebrates, have to
perform a whole series of complicated operations. First, of course,
each animal has to find an actual supply of the kind of food suited to
its particular bodily needs. Second, the animal must actually get the
food into its mouth. But its only the beginning of the process.
Wordlist
to synthesize
синтезировать
7
chemical
covering
amoeba
flexible
membrane
химическое вещество
покров
амеба
гибкий, эластичный
перепонка, оболочка, пленка
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 7. HOW MAMMALS EAT
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
After finding food and getting it to the mouth a further complex
sequence of events must occur before the food can perform its
function of nourishing the animal and keeping it alive. First the
mouth itself must be equipped with suitable machinery for dealing
with the particular food which it receives. In most mammals this
machinery is provided by the teeth, and these vary enormously from
species to species in arrangement and structure.
When a mammal swallows food, usually after chewing it, the food
passes into the oesophagus, a simple passage which conveys it
quickly to the much wider envelope known as the stomach. Here the
proteins are broken down by the action of the gastric juices, and the
food goes on to the small intestine. Now reduced to a sort of mash, it
continues to break down into simpler components, some of which are
immediately absorbed into the blood stream. These processes
continue in the caecum and large intestine. Nourishing matter is
absorbed in different proportions into the blood stream as the journey
proceeds. Finally, the unused residue is passed out through the
rectum and returns to the soil as manure to enrich the food supply on
which future generations may feed.
Wordlist
machinery
oesophagus
passage
envelope
stomach
protein
gastric juice
8
механизм
пищевод
проход
оболочка
желудок
протеин, белок
желудочный сок
intestines
кишечник
intestine
small intestine
large intestine
blood stream
caecum
nourishing matter
residue
rectum
manure
кишка
тонкая кишка
толстая кишка
поток крови
слепая кишка
питательное вещество
остатки
прямая кишка
удобрение
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 8. HOW TO KEEP ANIMALS HEALTHY AND
PRODUCTIVE: BALANCED RATION
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Livestock management is an art that has been developed from
years of observation and experience in breeding and caring for farm
animals. The practitioner or specialist is called an animal
husbandman. His duty is to keep the animals under his care in health
and to nurse them when sick. He must apply the fundamentals of
livestock management to do everything within his power to maintain
conditions most conducive to animal health.
A sufficient quantity of palatable and nutritious feed is needed by
animals in order to maintain their condition and production. A
balanced ration must include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals
and vitamins. The properties of these components should be varied
with the purpose for which the animals are kept. For instance, the
ration of a high-producing dairy cow should include a relatively large
amount of minerals and carbohydrates and should be fed according to
the pounds of milk produced. Too much feed of excellent quality
may be as injurious as too little.
Wordlist
livestock
husbandman
condition
conducive
palatable
carbohydrate
домашний скот
животновод
условие, состояние здоровья
благоприятный
вкусный, питательный
углевод
9
свойство
молочная корова
вредный
property
dairy cow
injurious
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 9. HOW TO KEEP ANIMALS HEALTHY AND
PRODUCTIVE: PURE WATER
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Drinking water should be supplied plentifully and be fresh and
kept reasonably clean. For the dairy barn, individual drinking cups to
keep water before the cows constantly drink it are highly
recommended. It is reported that they increase milk production 10 per
cent. A supply of water should be available in yards and pastures.
Care should be taken to guard the water from filth of all kinds as
polluted water is unfit for drinking purposes. The yellow-green scum
that appears in troughs during the summer is not, in itself, harmful,
but, it may catch and hold dangerous microbes. This vegetable
growth may be killed by emptying the water and thoroughly
scrubbing the trough with a 5 per cent solution of blue vitriol.
The drinking cups become foul through decomposition of
accumulated refuse and saliva, so need similar attention from time to
time. Domestic water supplies are made safe by chlorination.
Wordlist
pasture
filth
trough
solution
blue vitriol
foul
decomposition
saliva
to be made safe
пастбище
грязь, отбросы
корыто, кормушка
раствор
медный купорос, серно-кислая медь
загрязненный, стоячий (о воде)
разложение, расщепление, гниение
слюна
обезвреживаться
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
10
TEXT 10. HOW TO KEEP ANIMALS HEALTHY AND
PRODUCTIVE: DIRECT SUNLIGHT & CLEAN STABLES
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Nature's means of controlling diseases and promoting growth of
both plants and animals is through the ultraviolet rays of the sun.
Accordingly barns should be built with plenty of windows to admit
an abundance of sunshine. To be most effective the sunlight must be
direct, as the passing of the light through window glass filters out its
growth-giving and germkilling properties.
Stables should be designed in order to keep the animals clean.
Manure should be removed daily and drawn to the field or stored at
some distance from the stable. Stables should be disinfected at least
twice a year. Whitewashing the walls aids in maintaining sanitation.
Attention should be paid to arrangement for making the barn work
easy and to prevent crowding. Among the points which must be
considered in planning the stables are the following: the site, the
building materials, the walls, ceilings and floors, the lighting, and the
drainage. Protection against fire by such means as fire hose and
lightning rods is good insurance.
Wordlist
abudance
germ
manure
sanitation
hose
lightning rod
изобилие, избыток, большое количество
микроб
навоз
улучшение санитарных условий, санация; санитария
брандспойт
молниеотвод
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 11. HOW TO KEEP ANIMALS HEALTHY AND
PRODUCTIVE: GROOMING & SUITABLE YARDS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
11
Keeping the hair and skin in good condition by grooming and
occasional washing improves both the health and appearance of the
animals. Such attention tends to promote cleanliness, especially of
the milk. Wiping the udder and teats just before milking with a paper
towel moistened with a solution of sodium hypochlorite is good
practice.
Barnyards, paddocks, and open pens provide places for animals to
exercise and secure fresh air. They must be well drained and fenced,
and sheltered from the wind. When animals are forced to wade
through mud and ashes they are much more subject to diseases and
injuries of the udder and feet. By concreting low places in the
barnyard the nuisance of the mud-hole and wallow may be overcome.
If animals are fed in the yard, suitable racks should be provided to
prevent wasting the feed and to keep it clean.
Wordlist
grooming
udder
teat
sodium hypochlorite
paddock
pen
to subject
nuisance
mud-hole
wallow
уход за животным
вымя
сосок
хлорновато-кислый натрий
загон, выгон
загон для скота
подвергать(ся)
помеха, неудобство
яма, наполненная грязью
лужа; место, куда приходят валяться животные
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 12. THE BEAVER
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
General facts. The name "beaver" comes from an old English
word "bever", and it is believed that it is intended to designate the
colour for which this animal is noted.
The average adult weighs from 30 to 50 pounds, although
occasionally heavier specimens are found.
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The home of the Beaver is anywhere where inland bodies of water
are found, whether stream, river, pond, or lake. It builds large huts in
which it lives and dams across the water. This is done by felling
trees, some of which are quite large. The wide flat tail is not used as a
trowel, but rather as a means of steering in the water, and as an alarm
signal.
Besides building the huts, the Beaver makes long canals and
underground dug-outs, which also serve as a home for the female and
the young.
Food. The Beaver is herbivorous. It feeds on the bark of the trees
as well as small bushes such as the hazel. Its principal food is the
inner bark, usually of willow, birch and aspen. Conifers are rarely
touched by the Beaver.
Breeding. The mating season is usually from the first of February
to the middle of March, and the young are born in late May and early
June. There is one litter annually. There are usually 3 or 4 young, but
there may be 5 or 6. It takes from 2 to 2.5 years for a Beaver to
mature.
Enemies. The natural enemies of the Beaver are the larger
predatory animals, of which the Lynx, the Wolf, and the Wolverine
are examples; but, as its home is usually surrounded by, or under, the
water, it is quite well protected against their depredations.
Wordlist
specimen
flat
female
herbivorous
conifer
mating
litter
(to) mature
predatory
образец; экземпляр; представитель
плоский
самка
травоядный
хвойное дерево
спаривание, случка
выводок
зрелый, спелый; созревать
хищный
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a description of any mammal. Use the scheme given below for
the description: general background, food, breeding and enemies.
13
PART 2. MICROBIOLOGY
TEXT 13. CELL STRUCTURE
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
A cell is a mass of protoplasm enclosed within a limiting
membrane, and in plants within an additional cell wall, whose
activities are controlled and directed by a nucleus.
The two basic and essential components of the cell are the nucleus
and the cytoplasm, including its organelles. The nucleus is suspended
in the cytoplasm and is usually located near the center of the cell.
The plasma membrane is located at the surface of the cytoplasmic
portion of the cell. The plasma membrane is composed of both
proteins and lipids. It is elastic and can spontaneously repair itself
from minor tearing, but more severe injury usually results in
disintegration of the cell.
The plasma membrane holds the contents of the cell together and
separates the cell as a distinct functional unit of protoplasm. Perhaps
the most important function of the plasma membrane is to allow,
through its selective ability or semipermeability, the passage of
materials into and out of the cell by means of diffusion, osmosis, and
active transport. Waste materials of metabolism, as well as any
secretory products, must pass to the outside of the cell. The plasma
membrane is for these interchanges between the cell and its
environment and thus has a very significant role in maintaining the
‘life’ of the cell.
Wordlist
cell
nucleus
organelle
tearing
disintegration
semipermeability
клетка
ядро
органоид, органелла
рана, порыв
разделение на составные части, дезинтеграция, распад
полупроницаемость
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
14
TEXT 14. VIROLOGY
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian
using the wordlist.
About 100 years have passed from the moment of the isolation of
a filterable virus by the Russian scientist Dmitriy Iosifovich
Ivanovsky (1864-1920). Virology as science has made great progress
since then. The most important discoveries in this field of science
have taken place during last 30-40 years.
The problem of studying oncogenic viruses, the causative agents
of cancer in animals is of great interest both for physicians and
veterinary doctors. Viruses which cause leukemia and sarcoma in
poultry have been isolated long ago. H. Ellermann and T. Bang
(1908) isolated the virus in avian leucosis and Francis Rous (1911)
discovered the causative agent in avian sarcoma. Unfortunately,
nobody paid attention to those findings for a long time.
In the thirtieth of the XX century the above mentioned agents
were used by medical scientists as models for investigations of some
problems of carcinogenesis.
Wordlist
oncogenic viruse
causative agent
avian
virus
онкогенный вирус
возбудитель
птичий
вирус
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 15. VIRUSES AND MALIGNANT DISEASES IN
ANIMALS AND POULTRY
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Professor Lev Alexandrovich Zil’ber (1894-1966), the Soviet
scientist, is the founder of virus-genetic origin of cancer. But Zil’ber's
hypothesis had a lot of opponents as the study of oncogenic viruses
was not developed to a considerable extent. One of their main
15
arguments was the fact that it was impossible to isolate the virus from
a cancerous cell. In connection with the development of oncovirology
it was established that the presence of the virus was not obligatory in
the cell but its trace might be found there. This fact became evident
after the discovery of revertase.
This ferment is always present in the viruses causing leucosis in
poultry or mice. Its presence showed a destructive action produced by
the virus on the cell genome. In other words the virus affecting the
genome of the cell converted it into a cancerous one. And,
eventually, the virus might be present in the cell genome in a
defective state as a provirus but under certain conditions it could
involve the cell mechanism and change the cell into a malignant one.
These data brought triumph to the virus-genetic theory of cancer
origin. More and more evidence are accumulated in favour of this
theory. A large amount of oncogenic viruses, such as: DNA-type and
RNA-type have been isolated and investigated.
Wordlist
malignant
virus-genetic origin of cancer
revertase
to involve
DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA
злокачественный, болезнетворный
вирусогенетическая теория рака
фермент, ревертаза
поражать (болезнью)
ДНК (дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота)
рибонуклеиновая кислота
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 16. MAMMALS AS VECTORS OF HUMAN DISEASES
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
There are many carriers of infectious zoonotic diseases, both
protozoan and helminthic, among mammals.
Many of these vectors belong to the order of ungulates; brucellosis
and tuberculosis are transmitted through the milk of cows, goats, and
sheep; goat's milk is also a vehicle of the virus of spring-summer
encephalitis; horned cattle are a source of human infestation with
anthrax and foot-and-mouth disease; horses transmit glanders. Beef
16
that has not been sufficiently cooked presents a threat of infestation
with the beef tapeworm, and pork can be the source of infestation
with the pork tapeworm and of trichinosis.
Representatives of the order of carnivores, particularly stray dogs,
are potential vectors of visceral leishmaniasis (kalaazar). Domestic
dogs and cats are a source of rabies and toxoplasmosis in man. Dogs
and wild carnivores as well as cats, are responsible for the spread of
some helminthic diseases.
The numerous order of rodents is very important medically. The
incisors of these animals are shaped like chisels; having no roots they
grow throughout the life of the animal. Since the food of rodents
consists of hard bark, grain, etc.; their incisors are constantly worn
down, and therefore never become over-long. Many rodents are crops
pests, and many are vectors and reservoirs of grave infections.
Among the vectors are mice, rats, hamsters, gophers, voles, etc.
Plague, tularaemia, and other infections can be transmitted through
rodents. Tularaemia, for instance, penetrates the mucous membranes
and skin if persons who drink water drawn from source contaminated
by infested animals; it is also transmitted by ticks and bloodsucking
insects, carrying the infection from rodents to man.
Wordlist
vector
zoonotic
protozoan
helminthic
ungulate
brucellosis
tuberculosis
to transmit
vehicle
encephalitis
infestation
anthrax
foot-and-mouth disease
glanders
tapeworm
trichinosis
stray dog
visceral
leishmaniasis
rabies
toxoplasmosis
переносчик инфекции
относящийся к зоонозу
микроорганизмы, простейшие
гельминтозный
копытное животное
бруцеллёз
туберкулёз
передавать, переносить
средство переноса, переносчик
энцефалит
заражение
сибирская язва
ящур
сап
ленточный червь, цестода
трихинеллёз
бродячая собака
относящийся к внутренним органам
лейшманиоз висцеральный, кала-азар
бешенство
токсоплазмоз
17
to be responsible for
rodent
incisor
reservoir of infection
plague
tularaemia
to penetrate
mucous
contaminated
являться причиной
грызун
передний зуб, резец
источник, очаг инфекции, резервуар заразы
чума
туляремия
проникать внутрь, проходить сквозь
слизистый
загрязненный, заражённый
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
PART 3. ANATOMY. PHYSIOLOGY
TEXT 17. ANATOMY
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Anatomy is the branch of biological science which deals with the
form and structure of organisms, both animal and vegetal. It is
therefore in close correlation with physiology which deals with the
function of the body.
In the anatomical study two chief methods are employed – the
systematic and topographic. In the systematic the body is regarded as
consisting of organ systems which are similar in origin and structure
and are associated in the performance of certain functions. The term
topographic anatomy designates the methods by which the relative
position of the various parts of the body is accurately determined.
A physiological study is that treating of an organism’s healthy and
normal functioning, contrasted with pathological treating of diseases,
their essential nature and causes.
Wordlist
to employ
to be regarded
to designate
использовать, применять
считаться
обозначать
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
18
TEXT 18. ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
The body of any animal consists of several organ systems; each
specialized by structure and function to perform some essential
physiological process such as digestion, circulation, etc. These
systems are integrated to work harmoniously with each other.
Each system is composed of several organs, which individually
perform some part of the general function; in the digestive system,
the mouth is for food taking, the stomach for storage and digestion,
and so on. An organ, in turn, is formed of several layers or parts
known as tissues; and each tissue is composed of many microscopic
cells, usually of like kind. The wall of the stomach contains four
principal tissue layers, including digestive and gland cells, muscle
cells, connective tissues, and others. The substances comprising the
cells are known collectively as protoplasm.
Wordlist
digestion
tissue
пищеварение
ткань
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 19. BODY COVERING
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
In higher animals the body covering is a skin, or integument,
consisting of an outer epidermis over an underlying derma that
contains blood vessels, nerves and pigment. The land vertebrates
have a stratified epidermis of several cell layers. The outermost layer
becomes hardened, or cornified, as a more resistant covering and is
continually renewed by growth of new layers from the base of
epidermis. On reptiles, birds, and mammals the cornified part is dry
and tough. So it helps to resist wear in dry environments. Birds are
19
covered by feathers; these are dry, non-living cornified products of
the epidermis that insulate the body, provide streamlined exterior
contours of bodily form, and make the broad surfaces of wings and
tails used for flight.
The skin of mammals is covered by hairs, another type of
cornified epidermal product, also serving for insulation. Both feathers
and hair are replaced periodically by moult of the old and growth of
new coverings.
Only the birds and mammals with their heat-conserving body
covering are ‘warm-blooded’, with regulated body temperature. All
other animals are ‘cold-blooded’; their body temperatures are
essentially at those of the environments in which they live. The
human skin resembles that of other animals but is scantily haired on
most parts.
Evaporation of the watery perspiration secreted by the sweat
glands helps to regulate the body temperature in hot environments.
Other cornified epidermal products include the horns of cattle and
sheep, the claws, nails, hoofs, and horny pads on the feet of various
vertebrates, the beak and shank coverings on birds. Cornified
materials are all highly insoluble proteins (keratins) that are quite
resistant to wear and chemical disintegration.
Wordlist
integument
vessel
stratified
outermost
cornified
wear
moult
scantily
streamlined
evaporation
perspiration
sweat gland
horny pad
shank
кожа, наружный покров
сосуд
слоистый
самый наружный, поверхностный
ороговевший
изнашивание, износ
линька
скудно, слабо
обтекаемый
испарение
пот, потение
потовая железа
роговой мякиш
пятка; подколенок; плюсна
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
20
TEXT 20. THE DIGESTIVE, CIRCULATORY & RESPIROTARY
SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
The association of organs with each other to carry out particular
functions results in organ systems. Ten organ systems are commonly
recognized in animals.
The digestive system is composed of such organs as the
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, and
liver. All of these organs function together, primarily through the
action of digestive enzymes, to break down food particles into
molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream.
The circulatory system is composed of the heart, the blood
vessels, blood, the lymphatic vessels, and lymph. This system
transports materials from one part of the body to another. The
circulatory system also transports hormones and helps to regulate the
body temperature and protect the body against disease.
The respiratory system is composed of the lungs and the related
air passages such as the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the trachea, and the
bronchial tubes. The function of this system is twofold: 1) it supplies
all of the cells within the body with the oxygen they need to carry on
respiration, and 2) it removes the carbon dioxide and some of the
water that is a waste product of respiration. In some animals, other
organs of respiration have evolved. For example, fish possess gills,
insects have a series of tubules through which air flows, and a
number of organisms, particularly the more primitive ones, carry on
an oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange through the body surface.
Wordlist
digestive system
pancreas
respiratory
nasal cavity
carbon dioxide
evolve
tubules
пищеварительная система
поджелудочная железа
дыхательный
носовая полость
двуокись кислорода
развиваться
трубочка, каналец
2. Choose and underline 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
21
TEXT 21. THE EXCRETORY, SKELETAL, MUSCULAR &
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
The excretory system provides the body with a means of ridding
itself of metabolic waste materials. The primary excretory organs are
the kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver.
The skeletal system is composed of varying amounts of bone and
cartilage, depending upon the group of animals. The skeletal system
provides a supporting framework for the body, a system of joints, and
places of attachment for skeletal muscles. In the vertebrates, this
system also serves to protect such organs as the brain, the spinal cord,
and the organs contained within the rib cage. The marrow tissue
within the cavities of long bones and ribs is the source of red blood
cells and certain kinds of white blood cells.
The muscular system involves all of the muscle tissues within the
body. The contraction of these tissues, whether voluntary or
involuntary, is a response to a nerve impulse.
The integumentary system is composed of the skin and the
specialized structures, such as hair, scales, feathers and nails, which
develop from it. Although the primary purpose of this system is
protection, such functions as respiration, excretion, the reception of
stimuli, and the production of secretions are also sometimes carried
out by the integument.
Wordlist
excretion
cartilage
cord
marrow
muscle
voluntary
scales
выделение
хрящ
анат. канатик, тяж; связка, пуповина, хорда
костный мозг
мышца, мускул
произвольный
чешуя
2. Choose and underline 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
22
TEXT 22. THE NERVOUS, REPRODUCTIVE & ENDOCRINE
SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
The nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal cord, all
the peripheral nerves, and the sensory parts of those organs
concerned with receiving stimuli from the external or internal
environment. Not only does the nervous system receive the stimuli
and conduct the nerve impulses that cause an organism to respond,
but it also integrates and coordinates the various body parts in
accordance with the information received in the form of stimuli. In
higher animals, this system permits the processes which we term
intelligence – thought, reasoning, and memory.
The reproductive system has as its sole function the perpetuation
of the species through the production of new organisms. The organs
involved include the gonads (the testes and ovaries) with their
various associated ducts and glands. The asexual methods of
reproduction characteristic of primitive forms do not involve
reproductive organs.
The endocrine system consists of the ductless glands, the glands
which produce chemical regulators called hormones. Hormones are
highly specific in their effects. The thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal
glands are examples of organs which compose this system.
Wordlist
stimulus (Pl. stimuli)
thought and reasoning
to perpetuate
gonads
testis
ovary
duct
gland
asexual
thyroid
pituitary
adrenal
возбудитель, стимул
мышление и рассудок
сохранить навсегда
половые железы
семенник
яичник
проток, канал
железа
бесполый
щитовидная железа
гипофиз, нижний придаток
надпочечная железа, надпочечник
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
23
TEXT 23.THE SKELETON
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
The skeleton is composed of a varying number of bones in the
different animals, and it can vary even among individuals of the same
species and breed. These variations are due to age in some cases, the
younger animals have certain bones separate that fuse together later;
while in the tails of all animals the number of bones is likely to differ
according to the varying length of that structure in animals of the
same breed and size.
The skeleton is divided into: l) an axial part, consisting of the
skull, the vertebral, the ribs with their cartilages, and the sternum or
breastbone; and 2) an appendicular portion, consisting of the four
limbs. In addition to these divisions, certain parts of the skeleton are
embedded in the substance of organs, and are described as the
visceral skeleton, e.g. the bones in the tongue, that in the heart of the
ox, the snout of the pig, etc.
Wordlist
to fuse
vertebra (p1. vertebrae)
rib
cartilages of ribs
sternum
appendicular
limb
to embed
e.g. (= for example)
snout
срастаться, скреплять
позвонок
ребро
реберные хрящи
грудина
мед. аппендикулярный;
зоол. относящийся к придатку или отростку
конечность
находиться, заключать, внедрять
например
рыльце, рыло, морда
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 24.THE SKELETONS OF THE OX AND THE HORSE: THE
SKULL, THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THE RIBS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
24
The term skull is used to define all of the bones of the head. In the
horned breeds the frontal bone carry variously shaped horn cores, and
upper incisor teeth are absent from the incisive bone.
The vertebral column is the fundamental part of the skeleton. It
extends from the skull to the end of the tail and has five regions. The
vertebrae are designated as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and
caudal. In the ox the vertebral column differs from that of the horse
in that 1) the bones of the neck are shorter and smaller; 2) there are
12 thoracic vertebrae which are larger but fewer; 3) the number of
lumber vertebrae is the same, i.e. 6; 4) the sacrum possesses the same
number of bones, but they are longer and more completely fused; and
5) the coccygeal vertebrae are longer and better developed and
number from 16 to 21.
The ribs are curved bones. The ribs are arranged in pairs which
correspond in number to the thoracic vertebrae. They are 13 in
number; each is broader, longer, less curved, and less regular than in
horse. The first 8 are sternal and the last 5 nonsternal. The sternum is
longer in the horse.
Wordlist
breed
incisive bone
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
caudal
i.e. = id est
sacrum
coccygeal
curved
порода
межчелюстная кость
шейный
грудной
поясничный
крестцовый
хвостовой
т.е. (то есть), а именно
крестец
копчиковый
дугообразный
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 25.THE SKELETONS OF THE OX AND THE HORSE.THE
LIMBS AND THE PELVIC GIRDLE
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
25
The fore-limb presents a number of small differences in the
scapular and humeral regions. In this part the shaft of the ulna is
much more developed. It is almost completely fused to the shaft of
the radius except for two small areas. The carpus consists of 6 bones,
4 in the upper row and 2 in the lower. The metacarpal region differs
in that there are two large metacarpals completely fused together
except at their lower ends, and a small metacarpal lying on the
outside of the limb. The lower extremity of the fused metacarpal is
split into two parts, each of which meets the phalanx corresponding
to it at the fetlock joint. There are 4 digits present in the ox, but only
the two central ones are well developed, the outer ones are very
rudimentary. Each of the large digits has 3 phalanges.
The pelvis is large and rough. The femur has a small shaft and a
small head, and it does not possess so many muscular irregularities.
The tibia and fibula have the same bones in the horse. The shaft of
the fibula is not developed in bone. The bones of the tarsus or hock
number 5, fusion having taken place between two pairs. Below the
hock the hind-limb is similar to the fore-limb.
Wordlist
pelvic girdle
fore-limb
scapular
humeral
shaft
ulna
radius
carpus
metacarpal
metacarpus
extremity
fetlock joint
digit
lowermost
pelvis
femur
head of femur
tibia
fibula
tarsus
hock
hind-limb
тазовый пояс
передняя конечность
лопатка
плечевая область
тело( длинной) кости, диафиз
локтевая кость
лучевая кость
запястье
относящийся к пястью; кость пясти
пясть
конечность
путовый сустав
палец
самый нижний
таз
бедро, бедренная кость
маклок
большеберцовая кость
малоберцовая кость
заплюсна
скакательный сустав
задняя конечность
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
26
TEXT 26. THE SKIN
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
The skin covers the surface of the body and consists of two main
layers, the surface epithelium or epidermis and the subjacent,
connective tissue layer — the corium or derma. Beneath the derma
there is a loose connective tissue layer, the superficial fascia or
hypodermis, which in many places is transformed into subcutaneousfatty tissue. The hypodermis is connected with underlying deep
fasciae, aponeuroses or periosteum.
The skin is continuous with several mucous membranes through
mucocutaneous junctions, the most important of which are the
vermilion border of the lip, the vulva and the anus.
The skin protects the organism from injurious external influences,
receives sensory impulses from the outside, excretes various
substances and, in warm-blooded animals, helps to regulate the
temperature of the body. The skin is provided with hairs, nails, and
glands of various kinds.
There is a sharp boundary between the epithelial and the
connective tissue portions of the skin, but not between the derma and
the hypodermis; here the fibers of one layer pass directly over into
the other.
The surface of contact between the epidermis and the derma is
uneven in most places. It appears as a straight line only on the
forehead, the external ear and some other parts of the body. In most
of the skin of the body the outer portion of the derma is provided
with a series of irregular ridges called papillae; into the spaces
between them the lower layers of the epidermis intrude.
Wordlist
subjacent
derma
loose
connective tissue
superficial
fascia
subcutaneous
aponeurosis
расположенный ниже у основания
кожа
рыхлый
биол. соединительная ткань
поверхностный; внешний, неглубокий
тканная оболочка
подкожный
сухожильное растяжение,
27
periosteum
mucocutaneous
junction
fiber
ridge
плоское широкое сухожилие; апоневроз
анат. надкостница, периост
относящийся к коже и слизистым оболочкам
место соединения
волокно
гребень, вал, бугорок
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
PART 4. BIOCHEMISTRY
TEXT 27. HORMONES
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Hormones constitute a chemical control mechanism. They do not
belong to any particular group of chemical compounds, although all
are organic in nature, some being proteins, other peptides, amino
acids, or steroids. In all probability hormones act as coenzymes or
parts of coenzymes, or they may influence the synthesis of enzymes
or coenzymes.
Hormones are effective in very low concentrations and are highly
specific in their effects, exerting their control upon particular tissues
and organs that are often far removed from their site of synthesis.
Transport between the site of synthesis and the site of activity is
accomplished in vascular plants by diffusion from cell to cell and
through the phloem. In higher animals hormones are transported by
the circulatory system. All of the hormones produced by an organism
are essential to the normal functioning of its body and a deficiency or
an oversecretion of any one will produce characteristic pathological
conditions. The responses controlled by hormones are in general
much slower than those under nervous control. The time required for
muscles and glands to respond to nervous control is measured in
milliseconds, whereas hormones often require hours and even weeks
to effect a response.
Wordlist
compound
in all probability
28
соединение
по всей вероятности
site
phloem
(to) response
местонахождение, местоположение, расположение
бот. флоэма, лубяная ткань
реакция, реагирование
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 28. ANIMAL HORMONES
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Hormones in vertebrates are secreted by endocrine glands. The
immediate stimulus for the secretory activity of these glands is
provided by motor neurons from the central nervous system. The
secretions of these ‘ductless’ glands are absorbed directly into the
blood stream for transportation to the regions of the body where they
exert their influences. Some glands of the endocrine system such as
thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, and adrenals function only to secrete
hormones. Others, such as the pancreas, ovaries, and testis, have both
endocrine and exocrine functions. Exocrine secretions leave the gland
by way of a duct. For example, the pancreas produces insulin, a
hormone which regulates carbohydrate metabolism, and several
digestive enzymes which act in the duodenum.
The functions of an endocrine gland are generally investigated by
observing the effect of the surgical removal of the gland. If the
experimental animal is then provided with another source of the
hormone, either through transplants from other animals or by
injecting hormonal extracts, additional information becomes
available. Hormones may be synthesized artificially or they may be
extracted and purified from the gland itself or from the blood or urine
of an animal. The availability of some hormones makes possible
hormone therapy or the treatment of a hormone deficiency through
injections of that hormone into the body.
Wordlist
motor neuron
ductless
parathyroid
duodenum
removal
моторный нейрон
не имеющий выводного протока
паращитовидная (околощитовидная) железа
двенадцатиперстная кишка
удаление
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
29
TEXT 29. MINERALS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen form approximately 96
per cent of the compounds that make up protoplasm. A number of
other elements are required in smaller amounts, however, for the
normal functioning of protoplasm. These elements are present in the
form of mineral salts or inorganic nutrients known as chlorides,
sulfates, phosphates, carbonates, etc. The salts of calcium,
phosphorus, chlorine, potassium, sulfur, sodium, and magnesium are
present in relatively large amounts. Much smaller amounts of iron,
iodine, manganese, copper, zinc, fluorine, cobalt, vanadium, and
selenium may be present. The latter group is referred to as trace
elements or micronutrients, whereas the former group is referred to as
macronutrients. Macronutrients are needed in relatively large
amounts because they function both in a structural capacity and in
some metabolic processes. The elements are thought to be specific
components or activators of enzyme systems.
Wordlist
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
potassium
sulfur
manganese
fluorine
trace element
capacity
углерод
водород
азот
калий
сера
марганец
фтор
микроэлемент
емкость, вместимость, объём; способность
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 30. MINERAL BALANCE
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Mineral balance like vitamin balance is dependent on the amount
of each substance present in the food, the efficiency of absorption
30
through the digestive tract, the utilization and storage by the tissues,
and the removal through the urine, feces, and sweat. The level of
utilization, in turn, is affected by the physiological state of the
individual, being highest in the growing child and during pregnancy
and lactation.
Almost all the foods that make up the well-balanced diet contain
small amounts of the essential minerals. Although the actual
concentrations vary considerably.
Wordlist
усвоение, использование
фекалии, испражнения
utilization
feces
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 31. CALCIUM
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Ninety-nine per cent of the calcium in the organism is in the
skeleton and the teeth. It is deposited in certain areas of the bone as
tricalcium phosphate crystals and gives the skeleton its rigidity; this
calcium is not a permanent deposit, for bone is constantly being
dissolved and redeposited. Several hundred milligrams of calcium are
lost each day in the feces and urine. This amount must then be
replaced through the diet. A calcium deficiency due to lack of dietary
calcium is very rare. Calcium deficiency usually arises due to lack of
adequate vitamin D, or to excessive amounts of other minerals that
prevent calcium absorption.
During pregnancy and lactation the demands for calcium rise
immensely. If the calcium supply of the mother is not adequate for
the maintenance of her normal needs and those of the growing fetus,
calcium still will be supplied in sufficient amounts to the fetus at the
expense of the stored calcium in the skeleton of the mother.
The diseases resulting from insufficient calcium for the
development and maintenance of bone are rickets and osteomalacia.
31
Wordlist
твёрдость, жёсткость
плод, эмбрион
рахит
rigidity
fetus
rickets
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
TEXT 32. PHOSPHORUS
1. Read and translate the following text from English into Russian using
the wordlist.
Inorganic phosphate is the major cation of the intracellular fluids,
and this ion is of enormous importance in the formation of the
energy-rich phosphate bonds. Also phosphate is able to combine
reversibly with a multitude of enzyme systems and so operates in the
majority of metabolic reactions within the cell. Inorganic phosphate
is present in the extracellular fluids as well both in the plasma and in
the interstitial fluid. This inorganic phosphate exists in the form of
phosphate ions. These phosphate ions are closely involved in the
maintenance of the acid-base stability of the blood.
Organic phosphate is present in the blood in the form of
phospholipid and the phosphate from this compound can be liberated
for bone formation.
The absorption of phosphorus from the intestine is dependent on
the proper absorption of calcium, which in turn is dependent on the
vitamin D concentration. This means that a deficiency of vitamin D
will indirectly affect phosphorus and phosphate absorption. Excess
phosphorus is excreted mainly through the kidneys. Milk and bone
meal are particularly rich in phosphorus, but phosphorus is also
widely distributed in both vegetable and animal foods.
Wordlist
intracellular
extracellular
interstitial
acid-base
to liberate
внутриклеточный
внеклеточный
промежуточный
кислотно-щелочной
освобождать, выделять
2. Choose 10 terms or expressions. Learn them by heart.
3. Make a summary of the text.
32
CONTENTS
PART 1. ZOOLOGY
TEXT 1. MAN AND OTHER LIVING THINGS
TEXT 2. HOW DO MAMMALS DIFFER FROM THEIR VERTEBRATE COUSINES?
TEXT 3. TYPICAL INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS
TEXT 4. THREE MAIN SUBCLASSES OF MAMMALS
TEXT 5. DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS OF A MAMMAL (THE WOLF)
TEXT 6. HOW PLANTS AND ANIMALS GET THEIR NOURISHING FUEL
TEXT 7. HOW MAMMALS EAT
TEXT 8. HOW TO KEEP ANIMALS HEALTHY AND PRODUCTIVE: BALANCED
RATION
TEXT 9. HOW TO KEEP ANIMALS HEALTHY AND PRODUCTIVE: PURE
WATER
TEXT 10. HOW TO KEEP ANIMALS HEALTHY AND PRODUCTIVE: DIRECT
UNLIGHT & CLEAN STABLES
TEXT 11. HOW TO KEEP ANIMALS HEALTHY AND PRODUCTIVE:
GROOMING & SUITABLE YARDS
TEXT 12. THE BEAVER
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
11
12
PART 2. MICROBIOLOGY
TEXT 13. CELL STRUCTURE
TEXT 14. VIROLOGY
TEXT 15. VIRUSES AND MALIGNANT DISEASES IN ANIMALS AND POULTRY
TEXT 16. MAMMALS AS VECTORS OF HUMAN DISEASES
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PART 3. ANATOMY. PHYSIOLOGY
TEXT 17. ANATOMY
TEXT 18. ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS
TEXT 19. BODY COVERING
TEXT 20. THE DIGESTIVE, CIRCULATORY & RESPIROTARY SYSTEMS IN
ANIMALS
TEXT 21. THE EXCRETORY, SKELETAL, MUSCULAR & INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
TEXT 22. THE NERVOUS, REPRODUCTIVE & ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS IN
ANIMALS
TEXT 23.THE SKELETON
TEXT 24.THE SKELETONS OF THE OX AND THE HORSE: THE SKULL, THE
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THE RIBS
TEXT 25.THE SKELETONS OF THE OX AND THE HORSE: THE LIMBS AND
THE PELVIC GIRDLE
TEXT 26. THE SKIN
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PART 4. BIOCHEMISTRY
TEXT 27. HORMONES
TEXT 28. ANIMAL HORMONES
TEXT 29. MINERALS
TEXT 30. MINERAL BALANCE
TEXT 31. CALCIUM
TEXT 32. PHOSPHORUS
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Составители:
Сементовская Елена Юрьевна
Комлева Наталья Анатольевна
ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY
Методические указания по английскому языку
Редактор Н.К. Крупина
Компьютерная верстка Е.Ю. Сементовская, Н.В.Чернобровенко
Подписано в печать 22 июня 2010г.
Формат 60x84 1/16. Объём 2,4 уч. – изд.л.
Тираж 100 экз. Изд № 74. Заказ №
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630039, Новосибирск, ул. Добролюбова,160
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