Контр.раб. по англ языку для ОЗО

Методические указания и контрольные задания по
английскому языку для студентов заочной формы обучения
всех специальностей /Сост. В.И.Шестернина, Е.С.Зенина,
А.И.Бакиров. Волжский: ВИСТех, 2008, 94 с.
Вопрос по контрольной работе преподавателю вы можете
задать по адресу:
kafedra_un.yaz@bk.ru .
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Контрольная работа 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить работу 1,
необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли
и предлоги как показатели имени существительного.
Выражения падежных отношений в английском языке с
помощью предлогов и окончания –s. Существительное в
функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен
прилагательных. Конструкции типа the more … the less.
3. Числительные.
4.
Местоимения:
личные,
притяжательные,
вопросительные,
указательные,
неопределенные
и
отрицательные.
5. Форма настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и
будущего (Future) времени группы Indefinite действительного
залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be,
to have в Present, Past и Future Indefinite. Повелительное
наклонение и его отрицательная форма.
6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой
порядок
слов
повествовательного
и
побудительного
предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной формах;
обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот
there is (are).
7. Основные случаи словообразования.
Используйте
следующие
образцы
выполнения
упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
Грамматическая функция окончания –s
1. The students attend lectures Студенты посещают лекции и
and seminars on the History
семинары по истории
Lectures – множественное число от имени существительного a
lecture лекция.
2. He lectures on political Он
читает
лекции
по
economy.
политической экономии
Lectures – 3-е лицо единственного числа от глагола to lecture в
Present Indefinite.
3. My brother’s son is a student
Сын моего брата – студент.
В слове brother’s ‘s – окончание притяжательного падежа имени
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существительного в единственном числе
4. My brothers’ sons are Сыновья моих братьев –
students.
студенты.
Слово brother’s – форма притяжательного падежа имени
существительного a brother в единственном числе
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
My friend goes to the institute He goes to the institute with us.
with Ann and me.
Мой друг ходит в институт с Он ходит в институт с нами.
Анной и со мной.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. V)
Lomonosov founded the first Ломоносов основал первый
Russian University in Moscow
русский университет в Москве
Founded – Past Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to
found
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание
выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в
Present Indefinite
б) признаком множественного числа имени
существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени
существительного.
1. All English universities except Oxford and Cambridge are
fairly new.
2. There are many types of colleges in England.
3. The students study various subjects and have practice
lessons at schools.
II. Замените выделенные жирным шрифтом слова
личными местоимениями и переведите предложения
1. The teacher helps the students to translate the article.
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2. Mother will send Mary to buy the tickets.
3. The man gave the books to the boy.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие
разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. It is the best way of solving this problem
2. The harder you work at your English, the better progress
you make.
3. This airway is not so long as the airway to the Far East.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на
русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и
отрицательных местоимений.
1. You see something on the shelf
2. We shall go out somewhere at the week-end
3. Do you remember any facts from Newton’s biography?
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив;
переведите предложения на русский язык
1. Everybody objected to his proposal.
2. They often refer to his book.
3. They will dispose of the goods in the near future.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите весь
Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 3, 4, 5.
текст.
Пояснения к тексту:
Empire State Building - Эмпайр Стейт Билдинг.
East River - Ист-Ривер (узкий пролив, отделяющий
остров Манхэттен от острова Лонг-Айленд).
First Avenue - Первая авеню.
New York
1. New York is the largest city of the USA. It is a
national leader in business, finance, manufacturing,
communications, service industries, fashion and arts.
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2. As you walk about New York, you will get much
information about history, geography and literature.
3. The heart of the city is Manhattan, a rocky island, 13
miles large and 2 miles wide. Manhattan is the business centre of
the nation. The average New Yorker works in an office in
Manhattan.
4. As the financial headquarters of the capitalist world, New
York is the home of some of the world's largest corporations and
the New York and American stock exchanges. Wall street
symbolizes the money-market and financiers of the U.S.A.
5. There are many places of interest in New York. One of them
is Empire State Building (102 stories). Another place of interest is
Metropoliten Museum of Art. This collection covers 5000 years and
ranges geographically through Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Near and
Far East.
6. Broadway is a place where most theatres are located. It is
famous for its night clubs, cafes, restaurants, hotels and shops.
The United Nations Headquarter occupies a six-block area
from 42nd to 48th Streets and from First Avenue to the East
River. The 39-storey Secretariat Building houses offices of about
5000 persons of different nationalities who form the
administrative organ of the United Nations.
VII. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 предложения со
словами, имеющими окончание -s, и переведите их на русский
язык.
VIII. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 3, 4, 7 словосочетания, в
которых определения выражены существительными, и
переведите их на русский язык.
IX. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 4 предложения,
содержащие формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский
язык.
X. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 5, 6 предложения со словами
it и one и переведите их на русский язык.
XI. Прочитайте следующие предложения; перепишите и
переведите письменно предложение, которое правильно
передает содержание текста:
1. The United Nations Headquarters are in Washington.
2. The United Nations Headquarters are in New York.
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Вариант 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание
выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в
Present Indefinite
б) признаком множественного числа имени
существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени
существительного.
1. Our teacher always speaks English in class.
2. He sometimes has English in the evenings.
3. We often have dictations in class.
II. Замените выделенные жирным шрифтом слова
личными местоимениями и переведите предложения
1. My friend will give this book to his wife.
2. This book is not suitable for young children.
3. Helen worked hard at history.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие
разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The Trans – Siberian railway is the longest in the world.
2. The temperature today is as high as it was yesterday.
3. The higher the demand for our goods, the more profit we
shall obtain.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на
русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и
отрицательных местоимений.
1. He said nothing about it in his last letter.
2. There are some flowers in the vase.
3. I saw somebody at the window.
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V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив;
переведите предложения на русский язык
1. They insisted on these terms.
2. Will they listen to him with interest?
3. I often speak to my friend about our trip to the Caucasus.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь
Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3, 4.
текст.
Пояснения к тексту:
1. White House - Белый дом.
2. Thomas Jefferson Memorial - памятник Томасу
Джефферсону.
3. Maunt Vernon - Маунт-Вернон (дом Дж. Вашингтона).
Washington
1. Washington is the capital of the USA. The population of
Washington is about 756 000 and together with suburbs its
population is over 2 800 000.
2. The city belongs neither to the north nor to the South.
Washington is humid year round because it sits between two rivers,
the Potomac and Anacostia. Washington's winters are not severe,
the city shares the sweaty summers of Lousiana and the windy cold
of the Northwest.
3. Washington is like no other city of the USA. New
York is a centre of finance, of shipping, of fun; New Orlean deals
in cotton; Chicago will sell you wheat and a hundred heads of
catties. But Washington's only industry is government. The
White House, where the U.S. President lives and works, the
Capitol, the home of the U.S. Congress, and the Supreme Court are
all in Washington. The Library of Congress, the biggest existing
library, contains more than 13 million books in various languages.
4. There are many places of interest in Washington. One of
them is the Thomas Jefferson memorial. This is a memorial to
the third President of the United States, the Founder of the
Democratic Party.
5. No visit to Washington is complete without an excursion to
the home of George Washington at Mount Vernon. The estate, a
typical 18th century plantation home, is on the Potomac River, 15
7
miles south of the capital.
6. Washington is a constant scene of mass demonstrations,
"hunger marches" and antiwar rallies.
VII. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2, 3, 4 предложения со
словами, оформленными окончаниями -s, и переведите их на
русский язык.
VIII. Выпишите из абзацев 4, 5, 6 словосочетания, в
которых определения выражены существительными, и
переведите их на русский язык.
IX. Выпишите из абзаца 3 предложение, содержащее форму
сравнения, и переведите его на русский язык.
X. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 4 предложения со словами it
и one, переведите их на русский язык.
XI. Прочитайте следующие предложения; перепишите и
переведите письменно то предложение, которое правильно
передает содержание текста:
1. Washington's winters are mild.
2. Washington's winters are severe.
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание
выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в
Present Indefinite
б) признаком множественного числа имени
существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени
существительного.
1. He discusses a lot of questions at the office.
2. Our English lessons usually last two hours.
3. My sister will go to the South because of her child’s illness.
II. Замените выделенные жирным шрифтом слова
личными местоимениями и переведите предложения
1. At Christmas friends often give Mary presents.
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2. My sister and I don’t like to walk our dog.
3. Dad and Mom went to see their friends.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие
разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. This method is not so simple as that one.
2. This room is smaller than all the rooms in the house.
3. The sooner they do this work, the better.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на
русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и
отрицательных местоимений.
1. I shall give the book to nobody else.
2. There isn’t any ink in your fountain – pen.
3. I am afraid there is someone in the garden.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив;
переведите предложения на русский язык
1. At last the taxi stopped at the front door of a big house.
2. He listens to his teacher very attentively.
3. They will dispose of the goods in the near future.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь
Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 3, 4, 5.
текст.
Chicago
1. Chicago with a population of about three and a half
million is the second largest city in the United States (New York
is the first). It is a centre of industry for the middle part of the
country.
2. The city is first in the nation in manufacturing of
machinery and electronic parts. The stock-yards and meatpacking
plants are also famous.
3. Chicago is the biggest railroad centre. It has a vast
commerce by many railways and by the lake, and exports wheat,
meat and manufactured goods. Also 40 per cent of the country's
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motor freight moves in and out of Chicago. More air-lines
converge on Chicago than any other city of the U.S.A.
4. Chicago is also an important centre of culture and
science. It is the seat of the University of Chicago and several other
institutions, and has important libraries and art collections.
Chicago was the site of the first nuclear chain reaction (1942)
and is still a leader in nuclear research.
5. The city was from the start a big melting pot of
different nationalities. About one in four Chicago citizens is
black. The Chicago Negroes are almost as numerous as those in
New York a city twice as large.
Chicago's Negroes have a long history of participation in
basic industry.
6. From six to seven million tourists come to Chicago every
year and another million and a half come to business and political
gatherings.
VII. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 предложения со
словами, оформленными окончанием -s, и переведите их на
русский язык.
VIII. Выпишите из абзацев 3, 4, 5, 6 предложения, в
которых определения выражены существительными, и
переведите их на русский язык.
IX. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 3, 5 предложения,
содержащие формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский
язык.
X. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 3, 4, 5 предложения со
словами it и one и переведите их на русский язык.
XI. Прочитайте следующие предложения; перепишите и
переведите предложение, которое правильно передает
содержание текста:
1. New York is twice as large as Chicago.
2. New York is three times as large as Chicago.
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание
выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
10
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в
Present Indefinite
б) признаком множественного числа имени
существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени
существительного.
1. Night after night, after her hard day’s work at the
University Mary worked at her books for hours.
2. Among the many scientists Mary met and worked with in
Paris was Purre Curie.
3. A girl, whose name is Susan, gives me a piece of cake to eat
with my milk.
II. Замените выделенные жирным шрифтом слова
личными местоимениями и переведите предложения
1. The teacher gives my friends and me a lot of homework.
2. Ann asked her brother many questions again.
3. The boys saw his comrade’s name on the letter.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие
разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The region was not so rich in natural resources as Siberia.
2. The more persistent you study, the better knowledge of the
subject is.
3. The Neva is wider and deeper than the Moskva River.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на
русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и
отрицательных местоимений.
1. There are some ties in the box.
2. Is there anything on the table?
3. Somebody rang you up.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив;
переведите предложения на русский язык
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1. I began to work at once.
2. They will comment on this event.
3. Mrs. Clay usually finishes her work at half past three.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь
Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3.
текст.
Bristol
1. Bristol is the eighth largest city and seaport on the
west coast of England with a population of 395 000. It has a total
of just under 160 000 homes, of which 40 000 or 25 per cent
are still owned by the council. The rivers Avon and From run
there.
2. The harbour was constructed during the early part of the
19th century. There are many deep-water docks in Bristol.
3. Important public buildings are the exchange, Colston
Hall, the museum and art gallery. Bristol possesses the oldest
public library in the British Isles, dating from the 15th century.
Bristol is noted for its university. It also has soapworks, tanneries,
tobacco factories, chocolate factories, sugar factories, shoe factories,
copper, lead, iron, and chemical works, and shipbuilding yards.
4. The city is confronted by huge problems of housing
shortage and of disrepair in both the council and the private stock.
Government cannot tackle these problems effectively and the
situation is rapidly deteriorating. The council's housing waiting
list has doubled in the last three years and now stands at a total
of 13500 families. This is acknowledged to be only the tip of an
iceberg. Over 20000 people are estimated to be effectively
homeless in Bristol if all categories are aggregated.
5. Demand for public rented accommodation is rising rapidly
as the number of households increases and as home ownership is
priced out of the reach of more and more people. House prices in
Bristol are soaring. The average price is now 49000, while former
council houses are selling for over 40000 in some parts of the city.
VII. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3 и 4 предложения со
словами, оформленными окончанием -s, и переведите их на
русский язык.
VIII. Выпишите из абзацев 3 и 4 словосочетания, в
12
которых определения выражены существительными, и
переведите их на русский язык.
IX. Выпишите из абзацев 1 и 3 предложения,
содержащие формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский
язык.
X. Выпишите из абзаца 3 предложение со словом it и
переведите его на русский язык.
XI. Прочитайте следующие предложения, перепишите и
переведите письменно предложение, которое правильно
передает содержание текста:
1. The city is confronted by huge problems of housing
shortage.
2. The city is not confronted by huge problems of housing
shortage.
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание
выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в
Present Indefinite
б)
признаком
множественного
числа
имени
существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени
существительного.
1. Mary’s wish was to study at the Sorbonne in Paris.
2. Her meals were poor, sometimes no more than a bag of
cherries.
3. Mr. Bailey, the math’s teacher, collects our homework.
II. Замените выделенные жирным шрифтом
личными местоимениями и переведите предложения
1. Mr. Brown gives lessons to Charle’s brother.
2. Mrs. Smith will look after the children well.
3. Students often refer to these books.
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слова
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие
разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The Don is as important waterway as the Volga.
2. The more powerful our industry is, the stronger is our
country.
3. Elbrus is the highest peak in the Caucasian mountains.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на
русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и
отрицательных местоимений.
1. Is there any bread on the plate?
2. You can get this book everywhere.
3. There isn’t anything on the table.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив;
переведите предложения на русский язык
1. My Dad always goes to work by car.
2. Yesterday mr. Watson drank too much at the party.
3. I will answer the letter myself.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь
Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 4, 5 и 6.
текст.
Great Towns, Cities
1. You may wish to begin exploring England with the
sights and shops of London, but there are many other
fascinating cities that you should visit during your stay. Only
an hour or so from the capital is Cambridge, the famous
university town. There are many museums, colleges open to
the public, good shops, walks along the river, and boats for hire.
2. To the west lies Stratford-on-Avon, an attractive town,
famous as the birthplace of William Shakespeare in the 16th
century. A day here must include a trip to a performance by the
Royal Shakespeare Company at the Royal Shakespeare or Swan
Theatre.
3. In eastern England is Norwich, a proud city with
14
narrow, winding alleyways, antique shops, a large outdoor
market, cosy pubs and coffee shops. The city's cathedral is a
magnificent piece of architecture, and there is even a castle
completed with dungeons!
4. At the geographical heart of England there is the
vibrant city of Birmingham with its excellent shopping and
entertainment to cater for every taste. The visitor will also find a
legacy of attractive Victorian architecture and the intricate
network of canals as evidence of a rich industrial heritage.
5. Manchester is another warm-hearted city. Innovative
attractions include the Museum of Science and Industry, the Air
and Space Museum and the Cranada Studios Tour, where
visitors can explore the sets of famous television shows like
Coronation Street, or sit on the Back Benches of a lifesize
House of Commons.
6. Further north is the city of Durham, which boasts a
massive 11th-century castle standing opposite a beautiful
cathedral. Both are situated on cliffs, high above the river
Wear, which snakes around them. There are also narrow,
cobbled streets, ancient building, and a market square which
comes to life each Saturday.
VII. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 3, 5 и 6 предложения со
словами, оформленными окончанием -s, и переведите их на
русский язык.
VIII. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2, 3, 5 и 6 словосочетания,
в которых определения выражены существительными, и
переведите их на русский язык.
IX. Выпишите из абзацев 1 и 2 предложения, в которых
встречаются модальные глаголы, и переведите их на русский
язык.
X. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 3 и 6 предложения со
словом there и переведите их на русский язык.
XI. Прочитайте следующие предложения; перепишите и
переведите письменно предложение, которое правильно
передает содержание текста:
1. In London there are many museums open to the
public.
2. In London there are not many museums open to the
public.
15
Вариант 6
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание
выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в
Present Indefinite
б) признаком множественного числа имени
существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени
существительного.
1. Those who wish to become teachers spend three years at a
teachers’ training college.
2. Most of the universities provide hostels for their students.
3. The history teacher tells us many interesting things.
II. Замените выделенные жирным шрифтом слова
личными местоимениями и переведите предложения
1. The Parkers will have a picnic lunch in the country on
Sunday.
2. My parents met my friend and me at the station.
3. The mother wants to buy some toys, because her sons
have a birthday tomorrow.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие
разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The hydroelectric station on our river is as powerful as that
station.
2. His radio set is not so powerful as mine.
3. My cigarettes are worse than yours.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на
русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и
отрицательных местоимений.
1. There are not any conveniences in the house.
16
2. He saw nobody.
3. He didn’t tell me anything.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив;
переведите предложения на русский язык
1. The other day I visited my friends and ate pork there.
2. We rarely watch television.
3. I’ll take the letter to the post-office myself.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь
Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 и 4.
текст.
Пояснения к тексту:
AD (Anno Domini) - новая эра (после Рождества
Христова);
in. AD 43 — in forty three Anno Domini;
in AD 410 — in four hundred and ten Anno Domini 1066
ten-sixty-six или ten hundred and sixty six.
London
1. London began as a Roman settlement in AD 43 and grew
rapidly into a large market town. After the Romans left in AD
410 the town declined because the new conquerors, AngloSaxons, lived in small farming communities.
2. A new era began for London when William the
Conqueror came to Britain in 1066. Medieval London ceased to
exist on 2 September 1666 when a fire destroyed three-quarters of
it. In the 18th and 19th centuries London developed as a commercial
centre. The gradual growth of the city helps to explain the fact
that London does not have just one centre, it has a number of
centres: the financial and business centre, the shopping and
entertainment centre in the West End, the government centre in
Westminster. Museums and art galleries abound in London, but
two of the best are the British Museum and the National
Gallery. The British Museum, which is still free to enter, is the
oldest museum in the world and contains treasures from the
Roman, Greek, Egyptian, Oriental and Asiatic cultures.
Its important artefacts include Egyptian mummies and their
sarcophagi.
17
3. The National Gallery houses a marvellous collection of
over 2,200 European paintings from the 13 th to the 20th
centuries.
Of the many beautiful churches and cathedrals in
London, Westminster Abbey is perhaps the most important.
The Tower of London has a fascinating past as a royal
residence, armoury and treasury.
Nearby is Tower Bridge, the only bridge in London whose
roadway rises to allow ships to pass through. Inside is an
entertaining exhibition bringing the history of its construction
and engineering to life.
4. Today, London is a huge metropolis, an ancient and ever
changing city. Most Londoners as well as tourists agree with
Samuel Jonson, who once said, "When a man is tired of London
he is tired of life".
VII. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2, 3 и 4 предложения со
словами, оформленными окончанием -s, и переведите их на
русский язык.
VIII. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2 словосочетания, в
которых определения выражены существительными, и
переведите их на русский язык.
IX. Выпишите из абзацев 2 и 3 предложения, в которых
встречаются модальные глаголы, и переведите их на русский
язык.
X. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2 предложения со словами
one и it и переведите их на русский язык.
XI. Прочитайте следующие предложения; перепишите и
переведите письменно предложение, которое правильно
передает содержание текста:
1. London consists of many parts and they are all very
different from each other.
2. London doesn’t consist of many parts.
Вариант 7
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание
выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
18
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в
Present Indefinite
б) признаком множественного числа имени
существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени
существительного.
1. She knows four foreign languages.
2. She always takes a walk in the evening so as to sleep better.
3. My brother’s working day begins at 9 o’clock in the
morning.
II. Замените выделенные жирным шрифтом слова
личными местоимениями и переведите предложения
1. Pete likes to tell his friends about his children.
2. Ann will ask her brother to get me this dictionary.
3. Nick always goes there with his wife and his son.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие
разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
2. My coat is as warm as yours.
3. This boy is the youngest in his class.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на
русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и
отрицательных местоимений.
1. If you find anything interesting in this magazine, send it to
me, please.
2. Someone left the door open.
3. Nothing is known about it yet.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив;
переведите предложения на русский язык
1. Every schoolboy knows this rule.
19
2. There were a lot of flowers in front of each house.
3. At this time tomorrow I’ll already be in Kiev.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите
и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3, 5.
MOSCOW, THE CAPITAL OF RUSSIA
1. In the early 19th century the prominent Russian historian
Nikolay Karamzin said: "If you want to know Russia go to
Moscow." By the end of the 20th century we have every reason to
repeat these words.
It is the city where every stone breathes history.
2. Moscow was founded in 1147 by the Prince of Suzdal, Jury
Dolgoruky. Although there were settlements on the site of modern city
long before 1147, this was the year when Moscow was first
mentioned in the written records. Moscow has the priority right to be
the capital of the Russian State. Its wise founder built it in the middle
of a densely populated country. It is protected by rivers and a
fortress.
Moscow, like ancient Rome, stands on seven hills. The
principle is the Borovitsky, the hill on which the Kremlin stands.
3. Moscow's early architecture was simple but expressive.
The larger part of the city was occupied by private houses made of
wood. But such city's structures as fortress walls, bridges,
churches and cathedrals were made of brick and white stone
decorated with ceramic.
4. Large-scale stone construction was performed during the
reign of Catherine the Great. Several first-class foreign architects
were invited to build a number of architectural monuments in
Western style.
5. In 1812 during Napoleon's invasion a terrible fire raged in
the city for several days. It was calculated that more than 7,000
buildings were destroyed and the city's central area was completely
gone. This disaster, however, prompted a real housing boom.
Standard projects had to be used to facilitate rapid restoration of the
city and preserve the city's architectural uniformity. This task was
successfully carried out. As a result a great number of stone
houses with much better facilities appeared in the city. They were
completely different from those of the previous years.
20
6. As the time passed, the city's boundaries expanded
considerably. New dwelling districts and industrial enterprises were
built on the outskirts of the city.
VII. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2, 3, 4 и 5 предложения со
словами, оформленными окончанием -s, и переведите их на
русский язык.
VIII. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 4, 5 и 6 словосочетания,
в которых определения выражены существительными, и
переведите их на русский язык.
IX. Выпишите из абзацев 3 и 5 предложения,
содержащие формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский
язык.
X. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2 и 5 предложения со
словом it и переведите их на русский язык.
XI. Прочитайте следующие предложения; перепишите и
переведите письменно предложение, которое правильно
передает содержание текста:
1. Moscow is rich in its history.
2. Moscow isn’t rich in its history.
Контрольная работа 2
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить работу 2,
необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского
языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Видо-временные формы глагола: а) активный залог –
формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous
(Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); б)
пассивный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).
Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на
русский язык.
2. Модальные глаголы: а) выражающие возможность: can
(could), may и эквивалент глагола can – to be able; б)
выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have
to и to be to; should.
3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present
Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения
и обстоятельства. Gerund – герундий, простые формы.
4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные
обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.
21
5. Интернациональные слова.
Используйте
следующие
упражнений.
образцы
выполнения
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
a)
Lobachevsky’s
had Геометрия
Лобачевского
revolutionized mathematics and произвела
коренное
the philosophy of science.
изменение в математике и
философии науки.
had revolutionized – Past Perfect Active от глагола to
revolutionize
b)
The
new
laboratory Вчера послали за новым
equipment was sent for оборудованием лаборатории.
yesterday.
was sent for – Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
1. The changes affecting the Изменения, влияющие на
composition of materials are состав
материалов,
called chemical changes
называются
химическими
изменениями.
Affecting – Participle I, определение
2. When heated to the boiling Когда воду нагревают до
point water evaporates
точки
кипения,
она
испаряется.
(или:
При
нагревании до точки кипения
вода испаряется)
(When) heated – Participle II, обстоятельство
3. Heat is radiated by the Sun to Тепло излучается Солнцем на
the Earth.
Землю.
Radiated – Participle II, составная часть видовременной формы
Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to radiate
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его
видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на
русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод
пассивных конструкций.
22
а)
1. He was shown the way to the station.
2. The students’ compositions will be corrected by the teacher.
б)
1. Where have you put my dictionary?
2. Mr. D has come. He is waiting for you downstairs.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните
Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них,
т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The article on agriculture published in this magazine was
written by Smirnov.
2. The boy playing in the garden is my sister’s son.
3. What do you call a ship built for the transportation of
timber?
4. You can get the book recommended by our teacher in the
library.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The ship may arrive tomorrow morning.
2. Some mistakes must have been made in assembling the
parts of the machine.
3. Did you have to get up early yesterday?
4. You shouldn’t begin a new book if you haven’t finished
reading this book.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3
MARIE CURIE AND THE DISCOVERY OF RADIUM
1. Marie Curie was born in Warsaw on 7 November, 1867.
Her father was a teacher of science and mathematics in a school in
the town, and from him little Maria Sklodowska - which was her
23
Polish name - learned her first lessons in science. Maria's wish was
to study at the Sorbonne in Paris, and after many years of waiting she
finally left her native land in 1891.
2. In Paris Maria began a course of hard study and simple
living. She determined to work for two Master's degrees - one in
Physics, the other in Mathematics. Thus she had to work twice as
hard as the ordinary student. Yet she had scarcely enough money
to live on. She lived in the poorest quarter of Paris. Night after
night, after her hard day's work at the University, she got to her
poorly furnished room and worked at her books steadily for hours.
Sometimes she had no more than a bag of cherries. Though she
was often weak and ill, she worked in this way for four years. She
had chosen her course and nothing could turn her from it.
3. Among the many scientists Maria met and worked with in
Paris was Pierre Curie. Pierre Curie, born in 1859 in Paris, was the
son of a doctor, and from early childhood he had been fascinated by
science.
At sixteen he was a Bachelor of Science, and he took his
Master's degree in Physics when he was eighteen: When he met
Maria Sklodowska he was thirty-five years old and was famous
throughout Europe for his discoveries in magnetism. But in spite of
the honour he had brought to France by his discoveries, the French
Government could only give him a very little salary as a reward, and
the University of Paris refused him a laboratory of his own for his
researches.
4. Pierre Curie and Maria Sklodowska, both of whom loved
science more than anything else, very soon became the closest
friends. They worked together constantly and discussed many
problems of their researches. After little more than a year they fell in
love with each other, and in 1895 Maria Sklodowska became Mme.
Curie. Theirs was not only to be a very happy marriage but also one
of the greatest scientific partnerships.
Marie had been the greatest woman-scientist of her day but she
was a mother too, a very loving one. There were their two little
girls, Irene and Eve.
5. By this time Mme. Curie had obtained her Master's degree in
Physics and Mathematics, and was busy with researches on steel.
She now wished to obtain a Doctor's degree. For this it was
necessary to offer to the examiners a special study, called a thesis.
24
NOTES TO THE TEXT
science - зд. естественные науки
thesis - зд. диссертация
pitchblende - уранит (урановая смолка)
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What was the father of Maria Sklodowska (Curie)?
2. Why did Maria have to work twice as hard as the ordinary
student?
3. How old was Pierre Curie when he took his Master’s
degree?
4. When did Maria Sklodowska become Mme. Curie?
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его
видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на
русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод
пассивных конструкций.
а)
1. The buyers were granted a credit of six months.
2. The steamer will be unloaded tomorrow.
б)
1. He couldn’t speak because he was dying of laugh.
2. They had finished painting the ceiling by two o’clock.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните
Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них,
т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The books lying on the table belong to Ann
2. The textile goods produced by the factory are in great
demand.
3. He asked her to go on with her story, promising not to
interrupt her again.
25
4. Not receiving any letters from her father, she sent him a
telegram.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. You will be able to speak Spanish in another few months.
2. I am sorry; I ought to have phoned to tell you I was coming.
3. The policeman told the woman she needn’t worry.
4. Could I speak to Jane, please?
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3.
MARIE CURIE AND THE DISCOVERY OF RADIUM
1. For some time Pierre Curie had been interested in the work
of a French scientist named Becquerel. There is a rare metal called
uranium which, as Becquerel discovered, emits rays very much like
X-rays. These rays made marks on a photographic plate when it was
wrapped in black paper. The Curies got interested in these rays of
uranium. What caused them? How strong were they? There were
many such questions that puzzled Marie Curie and her husband.
Here, they decided, was the very subject for Marie's Doctor's thesis.
2. The research was carried out under great difficulty. Mme.
Curie had to use an old store-room at the University as her
laboratory - she was refused a better room. It was cold; there was
no proper apparatus and very little space for research work. Soon
she discovered that the rays of uranium were like no other known
rays.
3. Marie Curie wanted to find out if other chemical substances
might emit similar rays. So she began to examine every known
chemical substance. Once after repeating her experiments time
after time she found that a mineral called pitchblende emitted much
more powerful rays than any she had already found.
Now, an element is a chemical substance which so far as is
known cannot be split up into other substances. As Mme. Curie
had examined every known chemical element and none of them had
emitted such powerful rays as pitchblende she could only decide that
this mineral must contain some new element.
26
4. Scientists had declared that every element was already
known to them. But all Mme. Curie's experiments pointed out
that it was not so. Pitchblende must contain some new and
unknown element. There was no other explanation for the powerful
rays which it emitted. At that moment Pierre Curie stopped his own
investigations on the physics of crystals and joined his wife in her
effort to find those more active unknown chemical elements.
5. Scientists call the property of giving out such rays
"radioactivity", and Mme. Curie decided to call the new element
"radium", because it was more strongly radioactive than any known
metal.
In 1903 Marie and Pierre together with Henry Becquerel were
awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 1911 Marie received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. But the
second prize went to her alone for in 1906 Pierre had died tragically
in a traffic accident.
Mme. Sklodowska-Curie, the leading woman-scientist, the
greatest woman of her generation, has become the first person to
receive a Nobel Prize twice.
NOTES TO THE TEXT
science - зд. естественные науки
thesis - зд. диссертация
pitchblende - уранит (урановая смолка)
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What did Becquerel discover?
2. What did Marie want to find out?
3. What did all Mme. Curie’s experiments point out?
4. Why was Mme. Sklodowska – Curie the greatest woman of
her generation?
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его
видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на
русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод
пассивных конструкций.
а)
27
1. The latest surgical instruments were used during this unique
operation.
2. By that time we had already changed our plans.
б)
1. Before the experiment the substances are mixed in a large
cup.
2. When he met me I was walking to the Institute and had
little time to talk to him.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните
Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них,
т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The professor told the students about the experiments being
carried out in the laboratory.
2. Having looked through all the documents and letters
received that day he called his secretary.
3. She showed us a list of the newly published books.
4. Lake Baikal, known to be the deepest in the world, is fed by
336 rivers.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He is to go to the Far East on business.
2. When are we to visit the laboratories of the Institute?
3. He has to investigate a series of accidents that have
occurred in the locality during the last three months.
4. You can see this old film in one cinema only.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2.
MADAME TUSSAUD
1. For over 200 years, Madame Tussaud's exhibition of wax
figures has been one of Britain's most popular attractions. The
28
exhibition has constantly developed and now visitors can see the
world's public figures, including men and women who have made a
lasting impact on our lives, Kings and Queens, great statesmen,
religious leaders, superstars past and present who have become
legends.
2. But the story of Madame Tussaud is as impressive as her
exhibition. Two things about her are especially interesting. First, she
spent her early years in the turmoil of the French Revolution and
came to meet many of its characters, and perhaps more unusually, she
succeeded in business at a time when women were seldom involved in
the world of commerce.
Madame Tussaud whose first name is Marie was born in
France in 1761. Her father, a soldier, was killed in battle two months
before her birth. She lived with the mother who worked as a
housekeeper for the doctor who had a wonderful skill of modelling
anatomical subjects in wax. Soon Marie and her mother with the
doctor Curtius moved to Paris.
3. France was approaching the Revolution. Dr. Curtius's house
became a meeting place of philosophers, writers and revolutionaries.
Marie soon discovered she had a talent for observation and
remembering the details of faces.
Dr. Curtius acted as a teacher to Marie, schooling her in the
techniques of wax portraits. Thanks to him she used a scientific
approach in wax portraiture. She was soon allowed to model the
great figures of the time. Among them were Francois Voltaire and the
American statesman Benjamin Franklin. Dr. Curtius's exhibition
was patronized by the French Royal family and Marie was invited
to the Royal Court.
4. At the time of the revolution Marie and her mother were
imprisoned for some time. Later Marie was asked to prepare the
death masks of French aristocrats who had been executed - among
them the King and the Queen.
The time of terror came to an end. In 1794 the doctor died and
Marie inherited the business which had grown under her influence.
In the following years she married a French engineer, Francois
Tussaud and by 1800 had given birth to three children: a daughter
who died and two sons. It was difficult for the exhibition to survive
in France and in 1802 Marie Tussaud made a monumental decision.
She would leave her husband and baby son in Paris while she and her
elder son would tour the exhibition round the British Isles.
29
5. Marie was to see neither France nor her husband again. She
spent the next 33 years travelling in Great Britain. Later her other
son joined her. Both of her sons were interested in the business. The
travels ended in 1835 when Madame Tussaud's exhibition found a
permanent home in London. Since that there have been fires and
disasters but many new figures have been added to the collection.
This unusual woman died in 1884 at the age of 89.
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What has been one of the Britain’s most popular attractions
for over 200 years?
2. Who acted as a teacher to Marie?
3. What was Marie asked to prepare?
4. What decision did Marie Tussaud make?
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его
видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на
русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод
пассивных конструкций.
а)
1. This instrument is preferred to all others because of its great
reliability.
2. He has been shown her photo.
б)
1. Next Monday we’ll be working only five hours.
2. The doctor said that an urgent operation was needed.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните
Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них,
т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The sun having risen, they continued their way.
2. The figures mentioned in his report were published in the
latest scientific journal.
30
3. The goods having been loaded, the workers left the port.
4. Driving a car at night he met with an accident.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He had to find a safe place for the pictures.
2. We shall be able to see a number of Chaplin’s films in
September.
3. He was allowed to use the mobile equipment.
4. You needn’t keep your activities in secret.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
1. Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871, in New
Zealand, in the family of English settlers.
In 1861 gold was found in New Zealand and many foreigners
came to live there. Industry began to develop, the country began to
increase its export.
Ernest's father earned his living by bridge-building and
other construction work required in the country at that period. At
the same time he carried on small-scale farming.
2. Little Ernest was the fourth child in the family. When the
boy was five he was sent to primary school. After finishing primary
school he went to the secondary school. He liked to read at school
very much. His favourite writer was Charles Dickens. He also liked
to make models of different machines He was particularly interested
in watches and cameras, he even constructed a camera himself.
At school he was good at physics, mathematics, English,
French and Latin. He paid much attention to chemistry too. Ernest
became the best pupil at school. At the age of 19 he finished school
and entered the New Zealand University.
3. At the University Ernest Rutherford was one of the most
talented students. He worked hard and took an active part in the
work of the Scientific Society of the University. But he was also
fond of sports and took part in the students' sport competitions.
31
At one of the meetings of the Scientific Society he made his
scientific report "The Evolution of Elements". At the same time he
began his research work. For his talented scientific research he got a
prize. After graduation Rutherford went to Cambridge where he
continued his investigations (исследования).
4. Some years later Rutherford moved to Canada to continue
his research work at the University in Montreal. Besides his
successful researches he also lectured a lot at the leading
Universities of the United States and England.
Rutherford's
famous
work
"The
Scattering
(распространение) of Alpha and Beta Particles of Matter and the
Structure of the Atom" proved that the atom could be bombarded so
that the electrons could be thrown off, and the nucleus (ядро) itself
could be broken. In the process of splitting the nucleus matter was
converted into energy, which for the scientists of the 19th century
seemed unbelievable.
V. Ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос
1. In what subjects did Ernest distinguish himself
(отличился)?
2. How did Ernest Rutherford's father earn his living?
3. What did Rutherford do besides research work?
4. In what activities did Rutherford take part when he was a
student?
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его
видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на
русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод
пассивных конструкций.
а)
1. The results of the last experiment were constantly reffered
to by the professor.
2. He cut himself while he was repairing his car.
б)
1. The light has just changed from green to red.
32
2. The commission will consider this offer carefully before
accepting it.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните
Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них,
т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. Waiting for him I looked through the magazines lying on
the table.
2. He lay on the sofa reading a newspaper.
3. He left the office at three o’clock, saying he would be back
at five.
4. A person bringing good news is always welcome.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The teacher will have to explain this difficulty again.
2. You are to write you name at the top of the paper.
3. He must leave early in the morning.
4. You should take a taxi if you don’t want to be late for the
concert.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 4.
ALFRED NOBEL-A MAN OF CONTRASTS
1. Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist,
was a man of many contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt, but
became a millionaire, a scientist who cared for literature, an
industrialist who managed to remain an idealist He made a fortune
but lived a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was
often sad when remained alone. A lover of mankind, he never had a
wife or family to love him; a patriotic son of his native land, he died
alone in a foreign country. He invented a new explosive, dynamite,
to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but
saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure people. During his
33
useful life he often felt he was useless. World-famous for his
works, he was never personally well-known, for while he lived he
avoided publicity. He never expected any reward for what he had
done. He once said that he did not see that he had deserved any
fame and that he had no taste for it. However, since his death, his
name has brought fame and glory to others.
2. He was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved
to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father, Emmanuel,
made a strong position for himself in the engineering industry.
Emmanuel Nobel invented the landmine and got plenty of money for
it from government orders during the Crimean War, but then, quite
suddenly went bankrupt. Most of the family went back to Sweden in
1859. Four years later Alfred returned there too, beginning his own
study of explosives in his father's laboratory. It so occurred that he
had never been to school or University but had studied privately and
by the time he was twenty was a skilful chemist and excellent
linguist having mastered Swedish, Russian, German, French and
English. Like his father, Alfred Nobel was imaginative and
inventive, but he had better luck in business and showed more
financial sense. He was quick to see industrial openings for his
scientific inventions and built up over 80 companies in 20
different countries. Indeed his greatness lay in his outstanding
ability to combine the qualities of an original scientist with those of
a forward-looking industrialist.
3. But Nobel was never really concerned about making money
or even making scientific discoveries. Seldom happy, he was always
searching for a meaning to life, and from his youth had taken a
serious interest in literature and philosophy. Probably because he
could not find ordinary human love -he never married - he began to
care deeply about the whole mankind. He took every opportunity to
help the poor: he used to say that he would rather take care of the
stomachs of the living than the glory of the dead in the form of stone
memorials. His greatest wish, however, was to see an end to wars,
and thus peace between nations; and he spent much time and
money working for the cause until his death in Italy in 1896. His
famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for
outstanding work in physics, chemistry, physiology, medicine,
economics, literature and promotion of world peace is a memorial to
his interests and ideals. And so the man who often believed that he
was useless and had done little to justify his life is remembered and
34
respected long after his death. Nobel's ideals which he expressed
long before the threat of nuclear war have become the ideals of all
progressive people of the world.
4. According to Nobel's will the capital was to be safely
invested to form a fund. The interest on this fund is to be distributed
annually in the form of prizes to those who, during the previous year
did work of the greatest use to mankind within the field of physics,
chemistry, physiology or medicine, economics, literature and to the
person who has done the most for brotherhood between nations,
for the abolition or reduction of permanent armies and for the
organization and encouragement of peace conferences.
5. In his will Nobel wrote that it was his firm wish that in
choosing the prize winner no consideration should be given to the
nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy should receive
the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not. This will was
written in Paris, on November 27, 1895.
Since Nobel's death many outstanding scientists, writers and
public figures from different countries have become Nobel prize
winners.
NOTES TO THE TEXT
landmine - мина, фугас
went bankrupt - обанкротился
interest - зд. процент
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. Why did Alfred Nobel invent a new explosive, dynamite?
2. What languages did Nobel master?
3. What was Nobel’s greatest wish?
4. Who can get Nobel’s prize?
Вариант 6
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его
видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на
русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод
пассивных конструкций.
а)
1. The work of this student was paid attention to.
2. They are organizing this kind of work at their laboratory.
35
б)
1. The report will be followed by a discussion.
2. I have attended lectures on history since May.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните
Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них,
т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. People living in Japan have some customs different from
ours.
2. He heard the voices coming through the open window.
3. They remained at home refusing to go anywhere that day.
4. The channel linking the two seas is being built now.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. You may open the window, it is hot there.
2. He was to stay at the office until the report was ready.
3. You will have to repeat the material of the lectures before
the examination.
4. Can you tell me where she lives?
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3, 4
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
1. Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh in 1847. His
father was a world-famous teacher of speech and the inventor of a
system which he called "Visible Speech". It helped deaf (глухой)
persons to pronounce words they could not hear. Alexander chose
the same profession, and as his father became a teacher of the deaf,
he moved to the United States and began to teach deaf children to
speak. At the same time he worked at improving his father's
invention.
36
2. In 1866, the nineteen-year-old Bell started thinking about
sending tones (звуки) by telegraph. It was then that there came to his
mind the idea of the "harmonic telegraph", which would send musical
tones electrically from one place to another. Bell was not a scientist.
So he had to give all his energy and time to one thing only knowledge of electricity. There was little time for rest and little time
to eat. Hour after hour, day and night he and his friend Watson
worked at testing and experimenting with the telephone. Sometimes
it worked and sometimes it did not.
"We have to do something to make our telephone work
better," Bell used to say again and again.
At last they decided to try a new kind of transmitter
(микрофон). The new transmitter was set (устанавливать) in
Bell's bedroom. Watson was sitting in the laboratory. He put his ear
to the receiver (трубка) and was waiting. Suddenly he heard Bell's
voice. And not the voice only but the words too.
"Mr. Watson, come here. I want you."
It was on the 10th of March, 1876. Alexander Graham Bell
had invented the telephone.
3. In a few years there were telephones all over the world. In
1915, the first transcontinental telephone line was opened. Graham
Bell, a very old man now, sat in New York at a desk with a telephone
before him, while his friend Watson was listening more than three
hundred thousand miles away in San Francisco. People were
interested what speech Bell had prepared for that great day, on which
the telephone invented by him was to carry sound from the Atlantic
coast to the Pacific.
4. Bell was sitting in a big hall; there were many people in it.
Everyone expected to hear a serious, scientific speech. Suddenly
everybody heard his clear voice as he spoke into his old transmitter,
"Mr. Watson, come here. I want you." He repeated the words which
he had said almost forty years ago. Much to the amusement
(удовольствие) of the people Watson answered, "I would be glad
to come, but it would take me a week."
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What helped deaf persons to pronounced words they could
not hear?
2. What did Alexander Graham Bell and his friend Watson
work at hour after hour day and night?
37
3. When was first transcontinental telephone line opened?
4. What did Bell say on the opening of this time?
Вариант 7
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его
видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на
русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод
пассивных конструкций.
а)
1. She looked after her little sister when her mother was at
work.
2. The academic year is divided into two terms.
б)
1. At the end of May the students will be preparing for their
examinations.
2. They haven’t received any good results.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните
Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них,
т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. A balsa tree found in South America is lighter than any
other.
2. The explanation given was not complete.
3. The new materials recommended for bridge construction
were described in the article written by our professor.
4. The results received were of great importance for further
work.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. We were to send his letter of recommendation by air mail.
38
2. You should influence your friend. He is not studying the
way he should.
3. You may go away now; I shall finish the work myself.
4. We were to meet at the station at six.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 4
LITTLE-KNOWN FACTS ABOUT WELL-KNOWN
PEOPLE
1. Albert Einstein is one of the greatest scientists of our age,
yet in his childhood he was slow, shy and backward. He found it
extremely difficult to learn even to talk.
2. Later he became one of the most famous men in the world.
The Theory of Relativity brought him fame on five continents. Yet,
he led a very simple sort of life, went around in old clothes, and
seldom wore a hat. He said that he did not care for fame or riches.
The captain of a transatlantic ship once offered Einstein the most
expensive rooms on the ship; Einstein refused and said he would
rather travel on deck than accept any special favours
(привилегия).
3. Einstein impressed everybody as being a very happy man.
He said he was happy because he didn't want anything from
anybody. He didn't want money or titles or praise. He made his own
happiness out of such simple things as his work, his violin and his
boat. Einstein's violin brought him more joy than anything else in
life. He said he often thought in music.
4. Einstein's Theory of Relativity, which seemed a flight of
imagination (полет воображения) to many at first, is now the
cornerstone of modern physics. Many physical phenomena could
never be explained without the Theory of Relativity.
Einstein said that there were only twelve people living who
understood his Theory of Relativity, although more than nine
hundred books had been written trying to explain it.
He himself explained relativity by this very simple illustration.
"When you sit with a nice girl for an hour, you think it is only a
minute; but when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it is
an hour. Well, well - so that's relativity. It sounds all right to me;
but if you don't believe me and would like to try it out, I'll be glad
to sit with the girl if you'll sit on the stove."
39
5. Mrs. Einstein said that even she didn't understand the
Theory of Relativity; but she understood something that is more
important for a wife; she understood her husband.
Mrs. Einstein said that her husband liked order in his
thinking, but he didn't like it in his living. He did whatever he
wanted to, whenever he wanted to; he had only two rules of
conduct (поведение). The first was: don't have any rules whatever.
And the second was: be independent of the opinions (мнение) of
others.
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. By what illustration did Einstein explain his Theory of
Relativity?
2. What two rules of conduct did Einstein have?
3. What brought Einstein more joy than anything else?
4. What kind of life did Einstein lead?
Контрольная работа 3
Чтобы правильно выполнить работу 3, необходимо
усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по
рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.
2. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видовременных
форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.
3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в
функции а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в)
определения, г) обстоятельства цели.
5. Словообразование.
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
Present Perfect Passive
The main question has already Главный
вопрос
уже
been discussed
обсудили.
Present Indefinite Passive
His scientific work is much О его научной работе много
spoken about.
говорят.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
40
1. It is necessary to use the latest Необходимо использовать в
means of control in industry.
промышленности
новейшие
средства контроля.
2. One should agree that Следует согласиться, что тот
experiment was of great эксперимент имел большое
importance for our research.
значение
для
нашего
исследования.
3. It is hydrogen that will be the Именно
водород
будет
main source of energy in the car основным источником энергии
of the future.
в автомобиле будущего.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. IV)
1. What is the name of the book Как
называется
книга,
you are reading?
которую ты читаешь?
2. The region we must explore Район, который мы должны
possesses great natural wealth.
исследовать,
обладает
огромными
природными
ресурсами.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. V)
coldly — холодно; coldness — холодность
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глаголасказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The construction of the road was being completed when the
commission arrived.
2. He had never been to doctors.
3. The children of Sparta were given a military education.
4. A new library will be opened in our district next week.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it,
that, one.
1. It is the gravitation that makes the satellites move round the
Earth.
2. I am afraid that he has fallen ill.
41
3. I shall have to buy a new coat for myself and another one
for my sister.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to
have, to do.
1. You have to go to the dentist’s today.
2. Did you speak to him? – No, I didn’t.
3. You are to go straight to your room.
4. She has come home.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. It is necessary for you to be here at 5 o’clock tomorrow.
2. The children were too excited to behave calmly.
3. In this area there are o monuments to speak of.
4. Dalton’s atomic theory was the first to make successful use
of the old Greek theory of atoms in chemistry.
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и
префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. soft
2. dark
3. weak
4. wide
5. less
6. worse
7. serious
9. severe
9. bitter
10. happy
мягкий
темный
слабый
широкий
меньше
хуже
серьезный
строгий
горький
счастливый
11. sudden
внезапный
softly, softness, to soften
darkness, to darken
weakly, weakness, to weaken
widely, to widen, width
to lessen
to worsen
seriously, seriousness
severely, severity
bitterly, bitterness
unhappy, happily, unhappily, happiness,
unhappiness
suddenly, suddenness
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1 и 3.
42
Residential and Industrial Buildings
1. In technically developed countries the building industry,
comprising skilled and unskilled workers in many trades, building
engineers and architects, managerial staff and designers employs a
considerable proportion of the available labour force.
Building industry including residential public and industrial
construction holds a considerable place in the National Economy
and is being carried on a large scale. It is the largest single industry
in the country. The problems of construction have grown into major,
political issues in most countries.
2. The ever growing housing demands have brought to life
new methods of construction with great emphasis upon
standardization, new levels of technological advance utilizing such
techniques as offsite prefabrication, precutting, use of reinforced
concrete panels and large-scale site planning. At present,
prefabricated structures and precast elements may be classified into
two principal groups—for residential houses and industrial
buildings.
3. Present-day designs for residential construction envisage all
modern amenities for a dwelling, they advocate larger, better built
and better equipped flats and houses. There is a marked
improvement in the heating and ventilating systems as well as in
hot; water supply, kitchen and sanitary fittings. Many tenants now
can afford better furnishings, refrigerators, washing machines, etc.
A house which is a physical environment where a family develops is
acquiring a new and modern look.
Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of
construction. This type of construction involves factories,
laboratories, food processing plants, mines, office buildings, stores,
garages, hangars and other storage facilities, exhibitions halls, etc.
4. Each of these functions demands its own structural solution
and techniques. But in general they may be divided into two classes
according to whether the plan must give greater attention to the size
and movement of machinery or of persons. The building techniques
(by techniques we mean building materials and methods) depend
upon the types of buildings.
Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantages
of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames, glass walls and
prefabricated standardized mass produced parts. Steel was gradually
43
substituted for iron and permitted wider rooms and larger windows.
Windows can be enlarged to the extent that they constitute a large
fraction of the wall area.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the largest single industry in the country?
2. How may prefabricated structures and precast elements be
classified?
3. What can many tenants afford now?
4. What was steel gradually substituted for?
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глаголасказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Scientific articles are often published in this magazine.
2. The new film is being demonstrated in all the big cinemas
in Moscow.
3. This book has been recommended to us by our teacher.
4. The ship will be unloaded tomorrow.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it,
that, one.
1. It was Yury Gagarin, a citizen of the Soviet Union, who
started the era of cosmic flights.
2. This dictionary is very large, show me a smaller one.
3. That he agreed to help his friends is only natural.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to
have, to do.
1. The children don’t have to go to school on Sundays, do
they?
2. Do you stay with us a little longer?
3. You are not to leave before I come back.
4. These students are always in time for the lessons.
44
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. It is difficult for us to do this work in such a short time.
2. To go on with this discussion is to waste time.
3. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old
buildings.
4. Another reason to consider is the absence of necessary
facilities for the experiment.
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и
префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. large
2. rich
3. valid
4. equal
5. patient
6. responsible
7. stable
8. regular
9.possible
10. probable
11. free
большой
богатый
годный
равный
терпеливый
to enlarge, enlargement
to enrich, enrichment
invalid, validity, invalidity
equally, unequal, equality, unequality
patiently, impatient, impatiently,
patience, impatience
ответственный irresponsible, responsibility,
irresponsibility
стабильный
unstable, stability, instability, to
stabilize, stabilization
регулярный
regularly, irregular, irregularly,
regularity, irregularity
возможный
possibly, impossible, possibility,
impossibility
вероятный
probably, improbable, probability,
improbability
свободный
freely, freedom
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3, 4
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
1. Types of buildings depend upon social formations and may
be classified according to the role in the residential community. The
types of buildings may be residential, educational, office, industrial,
45
recreational, etc. The type and the function of a building govern its
design, building materials and techniques.
2. Speaking of residential construction we must say that the
apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions. The
techniques of construction or the methods by which structures are
formed from particular materials are influenced not only by the
availability and character of materials but also by the total
technological development of society.
3. Large housing programs stimulate technological change in
the building industry. Craft operations at the building site are being
replaced by mechanised operations at the factory and houses are
increasingly becoming assemblages of factory – made elements.
Standardization of elements has led to increased possibilities for
mass production, with resultant economies. A wide variety of mass
– produced elements from which substantial portions of the house
can be assembled are now available. Entire apartment assemblages
are available and are being used to an increasing extent. These
techniques aim at a higher output of better structures at lower cost.
4. The high degree of mechanization and standardization is
successfully achieved by the use of reinforced concrete blocks and
units. Reinforced concrete homes are produced by a variety of
construction methods. Various methods of constructing reinforced
concrete houses involve extensive use of large sections
manufactured in heavily mechanized factories and erected at the
site.
5. Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of
construction. This type of construction involves factories,
laboratories, food processing plants, office buildings, stores,
garages, etc. Each of these functions demands its own structural
solution and techniques. Modern industrial buildings have
demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal
frames, glass walls and prefabricated standardized mass produced
parts.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What types of buildings may be?
2. Where do large housing programs stimulate technological
change?
3. How is the high degree of mechanization and
standardization achieved?
46
4. What have modern industrial buildings demonstrated?
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глаголасказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The contract is being typed.
2. Have you been asked about it?
3. The article is written in English.
4. When will the machines be delivered to us.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it,
that, one.
1. She said that she would come back in ten minutes.
2. He is one of the most experienced drivers.
3. It was yesterday that we discussed the plan of work at the
International Club.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to
have, to do.
1. He is so rich that he doesn’t have to work.
2. He will do it himself.
3. The students were to submit their course papers before the
examination.
4. What language are they speaking to your friend now?
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. It is very important for him to receive the documents this
week.
2. He was the first to raise the question.
3. He is looking for a place to live in.
4. To grow fruit one must have good soil.
47
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и
префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. ready
2. east
3. harm
4. quantity
5. season
6. aim
7. tact
8. attention
готовый
восток
вред
количество
сезон
цель
такт
внимание
9. sun
10. fear
11. success
солнце
страх
успех
readiness, readily
eastwards
harmful, harmless, harmlessness
quantitative
seasonal
aimless, aimlessly, aimlessness
tactful, tactless, tactfully, tactlessly
inattention, attentive, inattentive,
attentively, inattentively
sunny, sunless, sunlessness
fearful, fearless, fearlessly, fearlessness
successful, unsuccessful, successfully,
unsuccessfully
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2
THE HOUSE
1. Man has always been a builder. The kind of house he built
depended upon the climate, upon his enemies, and upon the building
materials at hand. The first houses in many parts of the world were
made of wood, for in those days the greater part of the Earth was
covered with forests. Men tied together the tops of several trees and
covered them with the skins of animals or with leaves and grass. So
a tent, or hut, was the first house of the primitive people who lived
where there was much wood.
In other regions the most convenient building material was
stone. Men began building houses out of stone very long ago.
Although they were built without cement, the remains of a few of
them still exist.
2. It appears that the most ancient homes on the territory of
Russia were earthen houses. One such home was discovered near
Voronezh in 1927. It consisted of a shallow hole of oval shape. The
floor was covered with limestone slabs. The roof had been conical
and stood on poles (столб) covered by branches or animal skins.
48
Such dwellings existed in that part of the country in the Upper
Paleolithic Period (from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago).
The ancient Egyptians built very simple houses, by present
standards. Having dried the bricks in the sun, they put up four walls,
and above these they placed a flat roof. The roof was flat because
there was very little rain in Egypt. Although their buildings were
simple in construction, the Egyptian art of building was very
beautiful. Their pyramids and monuments, sphinxes and palaces
arouse our admiration to this day. An important part in the history of
building has been played by the column, and it was ancient Egypt
that gave the world its first lessons in the art of making columns.
3. The Greeks learned much from Egypt. But they did not
borrow the flat roof. They built a slanting roof because there was
much rain in their country. The Greeks made the roof slant in two
directions from the middle. They also improved on Egypt's columns
and soon became the teachers of the world in column making.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What were the first houses in many parts of the world made
of those days?
2. What did men begin building houses out of very long ago?
3. Why was the roof flat in Egypt?
4. Why did the Greeks make the roof slant in two directions
from the middle?
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глаголасказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. That bridge was designed by a well-known engineer.
2. The letter has not been posted yet.
3. The children are taught foreign languages at school.
4. The children will be taken better care of.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it,
that, one.
49
1. The article is much more difficult than the one we translated
yesterday.
2. That happened the year when I entered the institute.
3. It was Popov who invented the radio.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to
have, to do.
1. These shoes will have to be repaired.
2. I am sorry you don’t know my brother. – But I do know
him.
3. If we are to remain friends you must tell me the truth.
4. My friend is going to live in this city.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. It is necessary for the documents to be sent off today.
2. They stopped to remove a big stone from the road.
3. His task was to complete the work in time.
4. To determine the density of a body, it is necessary to
determine its mass and it volume.
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и
префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. help
2. care
помощь
забота
3. use
польза
4. glory
5. law
слава
закон
6. respect
почтение
7. to suit
8. to measure
подходить
измерять
helpless, helplessly, helplessness
careful, careless, carefully, carelessly,
carefulness, carelessness
useful, useless, uselessly, usefulness,
uselessness
glorious, inglorious, glorify
lawful, unlawful, lawfully, unlawfully,
lawless, lawlessly, lawlessness
respectful, unrespectful, respectfully,
unrespectfully
suitable, unsuitable
to re-measure, measurable, immeasurable,
50
9. to convert
обращать
10. to obtain
11. to rely
добывать
полагаться
immeasurably
convertible, inconvertible, convertibility,
inconvertibility
obtainable, unobtainable
reliable, unreliable
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3
Houses
1. The Romans, in turn, learned much from the Greeks. First
of all they borrowed the slanting roof and the columns. But they
added the arch, thus adding much strength and beauty to their
buildings. In Ancient Russia architecture flourished for the first time
in Kiev Russ. Unfortunately only a few of the church buildings of
that period have remained, among them the famous Cathedral of St
Sophia, the cornerstone of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate
the victory over the Pechenegs. The churches of that time were
strong buildings with thick walls and small windows. They often
had to serve as fortresses against enemy invasions. During the
Second World War the finest ancient architectural monuments were
destroyed and great effort has gone into restoring them.
In the Middle Ages in Europe numerous wars between
different nations caused great damages to the houses of crowded
Medieval towns. Therefore many monarchs and nobles built castles
as a form of defence. Those castles had very strong walls, narrow
windows and projecting fortifications.
2. The Renaissance, which was a European movement, lasted
roughly from the 14th to the 17th century. During this period, arts
and sciences underwent great changes. In architecture these changes
were marked by a return to classical forms and proportions of
ancient Roman buildings.
Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of
new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. From
the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as
alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced
shortage of this material. Later the Industrial Revolution brought
mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a
factory and then simply assembled at a site.
51
3. The 20th century is notable for widespread use of steel reinforced concrete. Huge reinforced concrete units manufactured in
heated factory premises are brought to the site which becomes
something like an assembly shop. This technique has many
advantages over other building methods. First of all it cuts the
labour needed for building by 60 to 70% and extends the building
season what is very important for countries where winter lasts.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. When were the finest ancient architectural monuments
destroyed?
2. How long did the Renaissance which was a European
movement last?
3. How are buildings of the 19th century characterized?
4. What technique has many advantages over other building
methods?
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глаголасказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Why was he laughed at?
2. A new school has just been built in that village.
3. Large quantities of coal will be produced by this year.
4. When he entered the room the contract was being checked
by the legal adviser.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it,
that, one.
1. It was in 1869 that Mendeleyev published his Periodic
Table.
2. That was the thing that he wanted.
3. The more one studies, the more one knows.
52
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to
have, to do.
1. Did you have to leave early?
2. We don’t speak Russian to our teachers in class.
3. We were to meet at the entrance of the theatre at a quarter
to eight.
4. French films are very often good.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. Now it is too late for the children to go for a walk.
2. She asked me to read the letter carefully.
3. It didn’t take much time to pave the road.
4. To translate ancient manuscripts was a very difficult task.
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и
префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. to exhaust
истощать
2. to resist
3. to attain
сопротивляться
достигать
4. to pay
5. to foresee
6. to export
7. to desire
8. to limit
9. to exist
платить
предвидеть
экспортировать
желать
ограничивать
существовать
10. to add
11. to fulfil
добавлять
выполнять
exhaustion, inexhaustible,
inexhaustibility
resistance, irresistible
attainment, attainable, unattainable,
attainability, unattainability
payable, payment, payee
foreseeable
exportable
desirable, undesirable, desirability
limitation, unlimited, limitless
to co-exist, existent, existence, coexistence
addition, additional, additionally
fulfilment, unfulfilled
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3
53
EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS
1. Architecture is the art which makes buildings beautiful to
look at as well as useful. A man who designs (проектировать)
buildings and makes the plans for them is called an architect. He has
to think not only of what he wants the building to look like when it
is finished, but also what it is to be used for. He must not forget the
sort of material to be used in the building. This may be stone, brick,
wood or steel and concrete.
There have been many different styles or kinds of architecture
in the past and there are many different styles today in different
parts of the world.
The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are
the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed
about 6,000 years ago.
2. The pyramids are large triangular (треугольный) buildings
which were placed over the tombs (могила) of Egyptian kings. The
best known of the pyramids are a group of three built at Giza south
of Cairo. The largest of these is 482 feet high. They tell us of the
advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about
even in our days.
It was a country which had expert mathematicians and
engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and
studied
3. The country was rich in hard and durable (прочный) stone,
but poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for
construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability
of the pyramids.
4. Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances
by land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most
primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty or
forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of
material and a large territory sometimes of about 52,000 square
meters were used, only for protecting the body of a dead king and
constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the "other world".
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What art is architecture?
2. What the oldest monuments are met within architecture?
3. What the best known of the pyramids are?
54
4. How were large blocks of stone transported over long
distances?
Вариант 6
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глаголасказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The student’s composition will be corrected by the teacher.
2. The ship is being unloaded by the workers.
3. The yearly plan had been fulfilled by this plant by the 15th
of November.
4. The dictionaries may be left on the table.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it,
that, one.
1. The book that you gave me is very interesting.
2. It was the Russian scientist Lodygin who invented the
electric lamp.
3. One should be very attentive when taking notes at the
lecture.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to
have, to do.
1. They had to complete their work on Monday.
2. When do you usually go to see your friends?
3. You are to say nothing of this to anyone.
4. Whom are these students meeting? – They are meeting
foreign students.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. Today it is warm enough for him to go to school without a
coat.
2. The man told me not to walk on the grass.
55
3. He was saving money to travel about the country.
4. This material is sure to help you in your work.
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и
префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. to avoid
2. tо restrict
избегать
ограничивать
3. to accept
принимать
4. to consider
рассматривать
5. to insist
6. to differ
настаивать
различаться
7. to explain
8. to except
объяснять
исключать
9. to expect
ожидать
10. to continue
продолжать
11. to depend
зависеть
avoidance, avoidable, unavoidable
restriction, restrictive, restricted,
unrestricted
acceptance, acceptable,
unacceptable
to re-consider, consideration,
reconsideration
insistent, insistently, insistence
different, indifferent, difference,
indifference
explanation, explanatory
exception, exceptional,
exceptionally
expectations, unexpected,
unexpectedly, unexpectedness
to discontinue, continuation,
continual, continually
dependent, independent,
interdependent, independently,
dependence, independence
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 4, 5
FROM THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DWELLINGS
1. Most of the time of a modern man is spent within the walls
of some building. Houses are built for dwelling; large buildings are
constructed for industrial purposes; theatres, museums, public and
scientific institutions are built for cultural activities of the people.
The purposes of modern buildings differ widely, but all of them
originate from the efforts of primitive men to protect themselves
from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies. Protection
was looked for everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for
56
protection under the branches of trees; some covered themselves
with skins of animals to protect themselves from cold and rain,
others settled in caves (пещеры).
2. When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold,
at least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find
some warm and dry place to shelter from bad weather. They chose
caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. On the
walls of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such decorated
caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.
When man began to build a home for himself, caves were
imitated in stone structures, trees were taken as a model for huts
built of branches, skins were raised on poles and formed tents.
Primitive stone structures, huts and tents are the earliest types
of human dwellings, they are lost in the prehistoric past but serve as
prototypes for structures of later historic times.
3. In the days of early civilization, once men had learnt how to
build simple houses for their families, they began to feel a need to
have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first the
difference was mainly in size - the chief or leader had a larger hut or
tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to
build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and
country houses. The streets in towns were very narrow and there
was not much place for building within the town walls, and
therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the
country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the
street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen
behind and a bedroom above.
4. In the country ordinary people lived in simple one-storey
cottages which did not differ much from the mud and stone huts of
an earlier age.
The rich people in the country, on the other hand, built huge
castles with thick walls and narrow windows. These castles were
built not only as dwellings, but also to stand up to enemy attack and
to be strong bases in time of war. The earliest houses of which
anything is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were built of
bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a courtyard
or garden with rooms opening into it.
5. Greek houses, too, had a courtyard in the middle and round
their courtyard ran a covered walk (аллея), its ceiling supported by
57
pillars. There were special women's quarters, usually upstairs on the
second storey.
In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often
finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls.
The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by
columns and with rooms" opening out into it.
6. The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or
wicker basket work (плетение из прутьев) plastered over with clay.
In the centre of the house was the hearth (очаг) and light came in
through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because
there were no windows.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. How did the light come into early English houses?
2. What are the earliest types of human dwellings?
3. What were the houses in ancient Egypt built of?
4. Why were the houses in town higher than in the country?
Вариант 7
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в
каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глаголасказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The invoice must be checked by the accountant
2. Wonderful discoveries are being made by Russian
scientists.
3. The newspapers have just been brought.
4. I was offered a ticket for a concert.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it,
that, one.
1. These trucks are too small, they will need bigger ones.
2. The trouble is that they haven’t calculated the exact speed
of the car.
3. It was in April that equipment was brought to the
laboratory.
58
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to
have, to do.
1. We’ll have to go there once more.
2. Does her friend have his English every morning?
3. He was to become a film star.
4. Whom were you at the Ministry with that day?
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их
на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. The suitcase is too heavy for her to carry.
2. I looked for the book everywhere but could not find it.
3. A new comfortable coach was developed to transport
people over long distances.
4. To overcome vibration in the engine, the crankshaft and
flywheel are balanced separately.
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и
префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. to arm
вооружать
2. to appear
появляться
3. to develop
развивать
4. to connect
соединять
5. to signify
значить
6. to compare
сравнивать
7. to exclude
8. to satisfy
исключать
удовлетворять
to disarm, to rearm, armament,
disarmament, rearmament (ср.: an
unarmed man, a disarmed man, a rearmed
man)
to disappear, to re-appear, appearance,
disappearance, reappearance
development, undeveloped, underdeveloped, over-developed
to disconnect, connection, unconnected,
disconnected
significant, insignificant, significantly,
insignificantly, significance, insignificance
comparative, comparatively, comparable,
incomparable, incomparably
exclusion, exclusive, exclusively
to dissatisfy, satisfaction, dissatisfaction,
satisfactory, unsatisfactory, satisfactorily,
59
9. to relate
10. to attract
11. to persist
относиться
привлекать
упорствовать
unsatisfactorily, unsatisfied
relation, relative, relatively
attractive, unattractive, attraction
persistent, persistently, persistence
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 4
IMPRESSIONS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE (A
LETTER FROM ENGLAND)
1. You ask what I think of modern architecture. I don't know
very much about modern architecture in Europe, but styles are
probably similar in most countries today. I think this is because now
architects have no opportunities they had in the past. They are
seldom asked to design buildings like wonderful churches and
cathedrals of the Middle Ages. Architects today have to design
schools, hospitals and huge blocks of flats and offices. If they are
asked to make plans for houses, these are usually all alike or nearly
alike.
2. Boxes - that's what a good deal of modern architecture
reminds me of. The blocks of flats in our big towns are huge boxes,
whether the fronts and sides are square or oblong. A man who lives
in one of these boxes works in another big box, high up in the air. If
he falls ill, he goes to another big box called a hospital.
3. Architects have done some very good work in designing
new schools. Many of these are prefabricated, which means that as
much of the building work as possible is done not on the building
site, but in factories where mass production methods can be used.
The parts are taken to a site and put together there. Children who
attend the best of these new schools are very happy. Their
classrooms are light and big, and they have a fine large assembly
hall. The children have dinner at school, and there is a dining-hall
completed with modern kitchen.
4. I began this letter by saying that many modern buildings,
especially the blocks of flats and business offices, were like big
boxes. They do look like boxes from the outside, but when we go
inside, we find them very well planned for their purposes. An
architect today has to be an engineer too. The best modern buildings
help us to live and work in comfort. They save plenty of
60
unnecessary work. There is central heating, for example, instead of
the dusty open fires we used to have, with coal to be carried up long
stairs and ashes to be carried down.
5. I have given my opinion on what I have seen in England. I
know a lot of interesting work has been done in Scandinavia, and, of
course, I've read about the work of Le Corbusier in France and I'd
like to see what American architects are doing now. You may know
the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He
designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. It was designed to resist
earthquakes and it proved so strong that it did. It was one of the few
buildings in Tokyo that did not fall in the terrible earthquake of
1923.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. Why are styles of modern architecture in Europe similar in
most countries today?
2. Where have architects done good work?
3. What helps us to live and work in comfort?
4. For what purpose was the Imperial Hotel designed by
architect Frank Lloyd Wright in Tokyo?
Контрольная работа 4
Чтобы правильно выполнить работу 4, необходимо
усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по
рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect
Infinitive).
Обороты,
равнозначные
придаточным
предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный
инфинитивный оборот.
2. Причастия (Participle I, Participle II). Независимый
(самостоятельный) причастный оборот.
3. Условные предложения.
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
1. Millions of people are Зарегистрировано,
что
recorded to have taken part in миллионы людей приняли
elections.
участие в выборах.
2. We want the new car to be Мы хотим, чтобы новый
61
автомобиль был выпущен к
февралю.
3. The device to be bought must Прибор,
который
нужно
be checked beforehand.
купить,
следует
предварительно проверить.
produced by February.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
1.
Countries
wishing
to Страны,
желающие
cooperate with us will always сотрудничать с нами, всегда
find
the
necessary найдут должное понимание.
understanding.
2. Having finished the work, he Окончив работу, он вышел из
left the laboratory.
лаборатории.
3. New technological processes Когда
были
разработаны
having been developed, new новые
технологические
types of equipment have been процессы, в цехе было
installed in the shop.
установлено
новое
оборудование.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. III)
1. If the installation is put into Если установка будет пущена
operation in time, the economic вовремя,
экономический
effect will be greater.
эффект возрастет.
2. If the system had been Если
бы
система
была
perfected, we should have усовершенствована, мы бы
applied it for new calculations.
применили ее для новых
расчетов.
3. It would be impossible to Было
бы
невозможно
build spaceships without using построить
космические
new materials and alloys.
корабли
без
применения
новых материалов и сплавов.
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и
субъектный
инфинитивные
обороты
соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1. He is known to be a great book-lover.
62
2. The members of the committee were expected to come to an
agreement.
3. Tell me what you would like me to do.
4. This book seems to be very popular with children.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод
зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. Having lived in that town all his life, he knew it very well.
2. Saying that he left the room.
3. A person bringing good news is always welcome.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на
перевод условных предложений.
1. If it didn’t rain now, we would go to the country.
2. If we had booked tickets beforehand, we would not stand in
a line now to get them.
3. We could go to the skating-rink, if it were not so cold.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 и 4.
What is a computer?
1. The term computer is used to describe a device made up of
a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic
and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by
itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a
combination of five elements:
• Hardware
• Software
• People
• Procedures
• Data/information
2. When one computer system is set up to communicate with
another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth system
element. In other words, the manner in which the various individual
systems are connected — for example, by phone lines, microwave
63
transmission, or satellite — is an element of the total computer
system.
3. Software is the term used to describe the instructions that
tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software
instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. People,
however, are the most important component of the computer
system: they create the computer software instructions and respond
to the procedures that those instructions present.
4. The basic job of the computer is the processing of
information. Computers accept information in the form of
instruction called a program and characters called data to perform
mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The
data is raw material while information is organized, processed,
refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert
data into information. Computer is also used to store information in
the digital form.
characters — символы
data — данные
decision — решение
device — устройство
hardware — оборудование
instruction — команда
intelligence — разум
manner — манера, способ
raw — необработанный, сырой
to come to life — оживать
to convert — превращать, преобразовывать
to evaluate — оценивать
to refer to as — называть что-либо
to refine — очищать
to respond — отвечать
transmission — передача
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1) What does the term «computer» describe?
2) Is computer intelligent?
3) What are five components of computer system?
4) What is connectivity?
5) What is software? What's the difference between hardware
64
and software?
6) Why are people the most important component of a
computer system?
7) In what way terms «data» and «information» differ?
8) How does computer convert data into information?
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и
субъектный
инфинитивные
обороты
соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1. Many buildings were reported to have been damaged by the
fire.
2. Many people are expected to attend the meeting.
3. Seeing her enter the room he rose to greet her.
4. She seems to know French well.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод
зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. Having arranged everything, he went home by the 10.30
train.
2. Knowing nothing of the dangers we continued our way.
3. While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на
перевод условных предложений.
1. If he had driven the car more carefully we would not have
met with an accident.
2. But for your help, I wouldn’t have been able to finish the
work yesterday.
3. If you lied to me now, I would never believe you in future.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 5
65
Hardware
1. What is hardware? Webster's dictionary gives us the
following definition of the hardware — the mechanical, magnetic,
electronic, and electrical devices composing a computer system.
Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:
1) input hardware
2) processing hardware
3) storage hardware
4) output hardware. Input hardware
2. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and
convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most
common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a
typewriter. The mouse is a hand held device connected to the
computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse
pad, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches
the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse
once or twice to signal a menu selection or a command to the
computer.
3. The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric cell to
signal screen position to the computer. Another type of input
hardware is optic-electronic scanner that I used to input graphics as
well as typeset characters. Microphone and video camera can be
also used to input data into the computer. Electronic cameras are
becoming very popular among the consumers for their relatively low
price and convenience.
4. The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret
and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the
computer. The most common components of processing hardware
are the Central Processing Unit and main memory.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the
computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and
coordinates the processing activities that must take place. The
design of the CPU affects the processing power and the speed of the
computer, as well as the amount of main memory it can use
effectively. With a well-designed CPU in your computer, you can
perform highly sophisticated tasks in a very short time.
5. Memory is the system of component of the computer in
which information is stored. There are two types of computer
memory: RAM and ROM.
66
RAM (random access memory) is the volatile computer
memory, used for creating loading, and running programs and for
manipulating and temporarily storing data;
ROM (read only memory) is nonvolatile, no modifiable
computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the
system.
The more memory you have in your computer, the more
operations you can perform.
Пояснения к тексту:
capacity — вместительность
circuitry — эл. цепи
CPU, microprocessor — микропроцессор
hard disk — жесткий диск, «винчестер»
input hardware — устройства ввода данных
lap — колени
output hardware — выходные устройства отображения
информации
processing hardware — устройства обработки данных
RAM — ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство)
ROM — ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство)
CD-ROM — накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD)
sensitive — чувствительный
sophisticated — сложный
storage hardware — устройства хранения данных
temporarily — временно
temporary — временный
the purpose — цель
tier — ярус
to affect — влиять
to convert — преобразовывать
to direct — управлять
to execute — выполнять
to interpret — переводить
to provide — обеспечивать
to reach — достигать
to retrieve — извлекать
to roll — катать, перекатывать
volatile — летучий, нестойкий, временный
67
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the Webster's dictionary definition of the hardware?
2. What groups of hardware could be defined?
3. What is input hardware?
4. What are the examples of input hardware?
5. What is mouse designed for?
6. What is a light pen?
7. What is processing hardware?
8. What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и
субъектный
инфинитивные
обороты
соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1. The delegation is reported to have left London.
2. This mine is considered to be the best in the district.
3. Hearing the bell ring he went to see who was at the door.
4. The house appears to have been built in the eighteenth
century.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод
зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. The ship now being unloaded by the workers will leave the
port tomorrow morning.
2. The doctor, having felt his pulse and examined his wounds,
declared that he was much better.
3. She showed the travelers into the room reserved for them.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на
перевод условных предложений.
1. You wouldn’t have made this mistake, if you had taken
notice of my words then.
2. If he were younger, I am sure, he would go camping too.
68
3. If he could ski, he wouldn’t have stayed in town, when we
went to the woods.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 4, 5, 9
Hardware
1. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer
instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and
retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware serves the
same basic functions as do office filing systems except that it stores
data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing
data are Hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM.
2. Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for
storing programs and relatively large amounts of data.
3. Floppy disk (diskette) — thin, usually flexible plastic disk
coated with magnetic material, for storing computer data and
programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25" and 3.5".
5.25" is not used in modern computer systems because of it
relatively large size, flexibility and small capacity. 3.5" disks are
formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used.
4. CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a compact
disc on which a large amount of digitized read-only data can be
stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now because of the growing
speed which CD-ROM drives can provide nowadays.
5. The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with
the means to view information produced by the computer system.
Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy
output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or
numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a
monitor.
6. Monitor is a component with a display screen for viewing
computer data, television programs, etc.
7. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper
copy of data or graphics.
8. Modem is an example of communication hardware — an
electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or
from computer via telephone or other communication lines.
69
9. Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on
what the computer system is designed to do. Hardware can fill
several floors of a large office building or can fit on your lap.
Пояснения к тексту:
capacity — вместительность
circuitry — эл. цепи
CPU, microprocessor — микропроцессор
hard disk — жесткий диск, «винчестер»
input hardware — устройства ввода данных
lap — колени
output hardware — выходные устройства отображения
информации
processing hardware — устройства обработки данных
RAM — ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство)
ROM — ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство)
CD-ROM — накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD)
sensitive — чувствительный
sophisticated — сложный
storage hardware — устройства хранения данных
temporarily — временно
temporary — временный
the purpose — цель
tier — ярус
to affect — влиять
to convert — преобразовывать
to direct — управлять
to execute — выполнять
to interpret — переводить
to provide — обеспечивать
to reach — достигать
to retrieve — извлекать
to roll — катать, перекатывать
volatile — летучий, нестойкий, временный
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What is storage hardware?
2. What is CD-ROM used for?
3. Can a user record his or her data on a CD?
4. What kind of storage hardware can contain more
70
information: CD- ROM, RAM or ROM?
5. What is modem used for?
6. Can PC-user communicate with other people without a
modem?
7. What is the purpose of storage hardware?
8. What are the most common ways of storing data?
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и
субъектный
инфинитивные
обороты
соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1. The ship was reported to have arrived in Odessa.
2. The expedition is said to have reached Vladivostok.
3. I don’t like you to say such things.
4. He seemed to know the subject well.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод
зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. Having been well prepared for the examination, the student
could answer all the questions the teacher asked him.
2. He left the room seen by no one.
3. When writing a telegram we must use as few words as
possible.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на
перевод условных предложений.
1. We could go to the skating-rink, if it were not cold now.
2. If it hadn’t been so cold yesterday, we might have gone to
the skating-rink.
3. If I were you, I would have told him the truth long ago.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 4
71
Software
1. A computer to complete a job requires more than just the
actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software
— programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic
data.
2. Software is the final computer system component. These
computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct
processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine
which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers
can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information.
Software determines the order in which these operations are
performed.
3. Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system
software and applications software.
4. System software controls standard internal computer
activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of
system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless
of the application software being used. When a computer is first
turned on, one of the system programs is booted or loaded into the
computers memory. This software contains information about
memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be
used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications
software can be brought in.
5. System programs are designed for the specific pieces of
hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate
peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a
specific driver in order to activate a peripheral device. For example,
if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in
advance about the driver program which, though, commonly goes
along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your
mainboard to «understand» the newly attached part. However, in
modern computer systems the drivers are usually installed in the
operating system.
6. Applications software satisfies your specific need. The
developers of application software rely mostly on marketing
research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users
(buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has
increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to
include as much as possible in one program to make software
interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is
72
the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of
view.
7. Data communication within and between computers
systems is handled by system software. Communications software
transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs
usually provide users with data security and error checking along
with physically transferring data between the two computer's
memories. During the past five years the developing electronic
network communication has stimulated more and more companies
to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers
for Internet.
Пояснения к тексту:
to attach - присоединять
to check - проверять
control - управление
to direct - управлять, руководить
developer - разработчик
general-purpose - общего назначения
to handle - управлять, обращаться с
internal - внутренний
to provide with - обеспечивать чем-либо
mainboard - материнская плата
to require - требовать
peripheral - периферийный
to transfer - переводить, переносить
regard - отношение
regardless - несмотря на, безотносительно
Web-browser - «браузер»
security - безопасность
specific - конкретный, определенный
to boot - загружать
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What is software?
2. In what two basic groups software (programs) could be
divided?
3. What is system software for?
4. What is an operating system — a system software or
application software?
73
5. What is a «driver»?
6. What is application software used for?
7. What is the tendency in application software market in the
recent years?
8. What is the application of the communication software?
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и
субъектный
инфинитивные
обороты
соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1. He is known to have a large collection of pictures.
2. The weather can be expected to improve soon.
3. Put on a thicker coat, I don’t want you to catch cold.
4. The play seems to have made a deep impression on him.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод
зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. Being checked with great care, the report didn’t contain any
errors.
2. While learning the pronunciation of the words we learned
their meaning.
3. The leaves lying on the ground reminded us of autumn.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на
перевод условных предложений.
1. If I were you, I would ring him up myself.
2. If you gave me the article tomorrow, I would give it back to
you on Saturday.
3. If he hadn’t announced his decision to go away last week,
he would stay with us.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 5, 9.
74
OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and
50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the
computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store
information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks
not necessarily related to the program. The additional program
instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex
and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be
smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's
hardware, which others programs could have used when they
needed it. They created the first operating system.
2. Today, operating systems control and manage the use of
hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide
disk management by letting you store information in files. The
operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word
processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own
commands that help you to use the computer.
3. DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system.
DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was
developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an
abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the
IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the
PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and
MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and
commands.
4. The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past
decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS
developers release a new version, they increase the version number.
5. Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system
developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular
Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 processor
or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you
have to use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the
Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating
system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of
using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's
memory management capabilities.
6. OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT,
OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that
lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2
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performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBMbased PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled.
7. UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on
a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using
terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously
run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not
DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their
own use.
8. Windows 95 & 98, are still the most popular user-oriented
operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking
capabilities. The usage of Windows95 and its enhanced version
Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it
very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible.
9. The new series of operating system by Microsoft are
Windows Millenium, Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Each of
these new products is addressed to the both corporate and private
clients. New strategy of the Microsoft is aimed at creating «a one for
all» product, which will be useful for both the beginners and
advanced users.
Пояснения к тексту:
complex - сложный
to realize - понять, осознать
multiple users - многочисленные пользователи
smart - умный
decade - декада, десятилетие
simultaneously - одновременно
top - верх, вершина
are shipped - поставляются
to desire - желать
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What problems faced programmers in the 1940's and
1950's?
2. Why were the first programs «complex» and «timeconsuming»?
3. What are the basic functions of operating system?
4. What does the abbreviation DOS mean?
5. What company developed the first version of DOS
76
operating system?
6. What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS- DOS
7. What does the abbreviation NT stand for?
8. What makes UNIX so different from the other operational
systems?
Вариант 6
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и
субъектный
инфинитивные
обороты
соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1. The results of the experiment can’t be considered bad.
2. This football team can’t be expected to win.
3. We knew him to be very brave.
4. He happened to be at home at that time.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод
зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. Having been defeated, the enemy was obliged to retreat.
2. Having received the information required, the sellers sent
the buyers their offer.
3. Books read in childhood seem like old friends.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на
перевод условных предложений.
1. But for the rain, the children would have slept in the open
air.
2. If he trained more, he would succeed in setting a record.
3. If you had apologized straight away, he would have
forgiven you.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 4, 5.
WINDOWS 98
77
1. Windows 98 is an operational system with an easy interface
based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to
graphically represent files and their types. Windows 98 is the
enhanced version of Windows95.
2. Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interact
easy. Most everyday tasks are now easier to accomplish than ever
before. For example, the second mouse button has become a
powerful weapon. The old Windows 3.0 Program Manager and File
Manager have been replaced. The desktop tools that replace them
are very like those found on a Macintosh. For example, there is a
Recycle Bin that makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted
files.
3. Your computer probably will crash and buzz less running
Windows 98 than it did with Windows 3.1 and 3.0 or even DOS.
Most memory related problems have been removed. Built-in
networking features make it easy to reliably share files with coworkers across the room or across the world. Still you can run DOS
programs and older Windows applications but most users will
probably want to spend most of their time using Windows 98
applications instead.
4. Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when
we'll all think more about our data and less about the specific namebrand programs used to create them.
5. Window 98 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to
upgrade your computer hardware. And portable computer users will
like what Microsoft has done to make their lives calmer.
6. A new Windows shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach
frequently used files and other necessities. A new Find feature helps
you to locate and examine the contents of files in a flash.
7. Most of this is accomplished without sacrificing
performance. In fact, many things (like printing) usually happen
faster now, due to 32-bit support and other Windows 98
advancements.
Пояснения к тексту:
to replace - замещать
to remove - удалять
calm - спокойный
co-workers - коллеги, сослуживцы
shortcut - кратчайший путь
built-in - встроенный
78
rarely - редко
support - поддержка
necessity - необходимость
weapon - оружие
brand-name - торговая марка
buzz - зависать
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1) What is Windows 98?
2) What new principles are used in Windows 98?
3) What is a Recycle Bin feature?
4) What problems has Windows 98 solved?
5) What is a «plug-n-play» capability?
6) What is a «shortcut» capability?
7) What is a «Find» feature?
8) Why many things work faster now with Windows95?
Вариант 7
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и
субъектный
инфинитивные
обороты
соответствуют
придаточным предложениям.
1. The new theatre may be said to be the most beautiful
building in the town.
2. There are reported to be rich deposits of coal in this region.
3. He asked for a telegram to be sent to his son.
4. He proved to be a very experienced worker.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод
зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. These machines will be sent to the plant being constructed
in this region.
2. The ship met with rough weather while crossing the Indian
Ocean.
3. The answer received from the sellers greatly surprised us.
79
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на
перевод условных предложений.
1. But for his sore throat, he would have joined us.
2. If you gave more attention to your child, he could do better
at school.
3. If the book were not so expensive, I wouldn’t give up the
idea of buying it.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь
текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3, 4.
INTERNET
1. Millions of people around the world use the Internet to
search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide
variety of areas including the arts, business, government,
humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate
through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels
and other means of informational exchange. They share information
and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is
possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the
Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.
2. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But
it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is
connected or linked together like a web. You access this information
through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of
resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is
growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million
users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is
transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By
using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is
a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse
or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the
people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the
local providers have access to a variety of information. Each
browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to
place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a
portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called
80
hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an
image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The
user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.
3. All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use
Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations
broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put
into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on
the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens and cities
throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends.
And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW,
competing with partners from other countries and continents.
4. Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show
you what a lot of use and fun it is.
Пояснения к тексту:
to share - делить
variety - разнообразие, спектр recreation развлечение
humanities - гуманитарные
access - доступ
browser - браузер (программа поиска информации)
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1) What is Internet used for?
2) Why so many activities such as e-mail and business
transactions are possible through the Internet?
3) What is World Wide Web?
4) What is Web browser?
5) What does a user need to have an access to the WWW?
6) What are hyperlinks?
7) What resources are available on the WWW?
8) What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?
Контрольная работа 5
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить
необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:
1. Бессоюзные придаточные предложения.
2. Согласование времен.
3. Герундий.
4. Числительные
81
работу
5,
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. VI)
This student was the first person Этот студент был первым
I met at the Academy that day.
человеком,
которого
я
встретил в академии в тот
день.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. VII)
I knew that she worked at the Я знал, что она работает на
factory.
заводе
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. VIII)
I have no hope of seeing him У меня нет надежды увидеть
soon.
его скоро.
Образец выполнения 4 (к упр. IX)
1 – first
Вариант 1
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите
и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3, 4.
Corporation
1. A corporation is a business organization authorized by the
state to conduct business and is a separate legal entity from its
owners. It is the dominant form of American business because it
makes it possible to gather large amounts of capital together.
2. Before a corporation may do business, it must apply for
and receive a charter from the state. The state must approve the
articles of incorporation, which describe the basic purpose and
structure of the proposed corporation.
3. The stockholders usually meet once a year to elect
directors and to carry on other important business. Each share of
stock entitles its owner to one vote. A stock holder who cannot
attend the meeting can legally authorize another to vote his or her
shares by proxy.
4. Management of a corporation consists of the board of
directors who decide corporate policy, and the officers, who carry
on the daily operations. The board is elected by the stockholders,
and the officers are appointed by the board.
82
5. Some specific duties of the board of directors are to
declare dividends, authorize contracts, decide on executive salaries,
and arrange major loans with banks. Management's main means of
reporting the corporations financial position and results of
operations is its annual report.
6. The corporation form of business has several advantages
over the sole proprietorship and partnership. It is a separate legal
entity and offers limited liability to the owners, ease of capital
generation and ease of transfer of ownership. In addition, it allows
centralized authority, responsibility and professional management.
7. The corporation form of business also has several
disadvantages. It is subject to greater government regulation and
double taxation. In addition, separation of ownership and control
may allow management to make harmful decisions.
II. Ответьте письменно на вопросы:
1. Why is a corporation the dominant form of American
business?
2. How often do the stockholders usually meet?
3. What does management of a corporation consist of?
4. What can a stockholder do if he cannot attend the meeting?
5. What advantages has the corporate form of business?
III. Найдите в тексте термин stock и уточните его
значение в данном тексте.
IV. Вместо пропуска вставьте подходящее слово:
1. A corporation is the dominant form of
board of
American ….
directors
2. Management of a corporation consists of
stockholders
the ….
business
3. The board of directors is elected by the
disadvantages
...
advantages
4. The corporation form of business has
several... over the sole proprietorship.
5. The corporate form of business also has
several....
V. Найдите в тексте производные от следующих слов и
переведите: to elect, to own, to manage, to add.
83
VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. We want to visit him as we knew he was very ill.
2. The hotel we stayed at is in the centre of the city.
3. The film we saw yesterday is not a very good one.
VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен
1. She said she knew two foreign languages.
2. I thought that he was a teacher.
3. I was glad that he had received a letter from her.
4. We wrote to the firm that we should order these motors
from them if they reduced the price.
VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на герундий
1. The idea of spending our holidays on the Volga belongs to
my brother.
2. He switched off the light before leaving the room.
3. He was busy translating an article when I came.
4. He understands the importance of learning foreign
languages.
IX. Напишите словами порядковые числительные от
следующих количественных:
11
21
2
12
20
3
Вариант 2
I. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст. Перепишите и
письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3.
Unctad' VII and After
I, The world economy in the 1980s has been characterized by
a low-down in growth of demand and output, compared with the
preceding two decades, generally lower rates or inflation,
84
difficulties in many countries in adapting to structural changes, a
mounting stock of debt, high real interest rates, high and increasing
levels of protection, commodity prices depressed to their lowest
level in 50 years, terms-of-trade losses sustained by commodity
exporting countries, and a generally insecure economic environment
in which million of people still lack the basic conditions for a decent
life.
2. In this difficult global economic situation, there has been a
diversity of socio-economic experiences. Developed marketeconomy countries have succeeded in curbing inflation and in
maintaining steady, though slow, growth, but unemployment levels
are still high and external payments imbalances remain excessive in
some of these countries. On account of their dominant share in
world trade, the impact of their slow growth has been transmitted to
other countries which had to reckon with it as a significant factor in
policy formulation. Growth has slowed also in countries of Eastern
Europe.
3. Most developing countries had to retrench; they have been
unable to consolidate and build upon the economic and social
progress which they had achieved during the two preceding decades.
In the 1980s, the average per capita income of the developing
countries as a whole fell further behind that of the developed
countries. Indeed, per capita incomes declined in most countries in
Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, a number of
more industrialized export-led economies of East Asia, and the
larger Asian low-income economics, have continued to grow.
Примечание.
UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development - Конференция ООН по торговле и развитию,
ЮНКТАД.
II. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What were the main tendencies in the world economy in
the 1980s?
2. What did developed market economy countries succeed
in?
3. Who had the dominant share in world trade?
4. Did the average per capita income of the developing
countries fall further behind that of the developed countries?
85
5. What was the situation like in more industrialized exportled economies of East Asia?
III. Найдите в тексте слово demand и уточните его
значение.
IV. Вместо пропусков вставьте подходящее слово
1. The external ... of many developing
rate
countries is growing.
level
2. The ... of developing countries in world
incomes
trade is still not very great.
debt
3. The ... of inflation must be curbed.
share
4. Unemployment... is still high in many
developed countries.
5. Per capita ... have declined in many
countries.
V. Найдите в тексте однокоренные слова для следующих
слов и переведите: basis, employment, industry, to pay, to
formulate.
VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. I think he is the best man I have ever known.
2. The amount of heat a body contains is something quite
different from its temperature.
3. The instructor said we should use the device in long
distance flights.
VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен
1. He said that he often saw Kate.
2. I was sure that he was sitting in the garden.
3. She says that Oleg told her yesterday that he wanted to
spend his holiday on the Volga.
4. I thought that he would ring me up at once when he came
back from London.
86
VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на герундий
1. In planning your work for next month you should take this
into consideration.
2. I felt great satisfaction in doing this work.
3. I thanked him for buying me such interesting books.
4. After finishing his work he went to bed.
IX. Напишите словами порядковые числительные от
следующих количественных:
13
30
425
14
40
5
Вариант 3
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите
и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2.
Impact of Trade Restrictions
1. The 1980s have also been a time of complexity for
economic policy-makers in both developed and developing
countries. Increasing unpredictability has been manifested in the
unilateral adoption of trade restrictions specific to countries and
products, and in the appearance of massive and often distorting
flows of funds within and across international currency and
commodity markets. Associated with these phenomena have been
interrelated problems arising from currency misalignments,
persistent payments in balances, an uneven distribution of
international liquidity, and net outflows of financial resources from
many developing countries.
2. Both policy-makers and entrepreneurs are being challenged
by an acceleration in the pace of structural changes which are very
difficult to harness. These changes can be traced to a number of
underlying factors, the most important of which are the impact of
scientific advance and applied technology, and government policy.
These factors are affecting production, consumpton and trade
patterns; producing far-reaching developments in the service sector,
particularly financial services, and in commodity markets;
significantly altering employment patterns; and leading to shifts in
international competitiveness.
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3. Many countries-developed and developing alike, including
the least developed countries are investing substantial efforts in
adjusting their economies to these new realities in pursuit of their
national objectives. They are also reappraising the respective roles
of the public and private sectors in the economy. However, while
some have made progress in recent years in reducing or eliminating
growth-retarding distortions and rigidities by enhancing the
structural flexibility of their economies, much remains to be done.
II. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What was the result of structural changes in the 1980s?
2. What factors were affecting production?
3. In what way were developed and developing countries
trying to adjust their economies to new conditions?
4. What countries were reappraising their respective roles in
the public and private sectors of the economy?
5. What were the main problems for economic policy makers
in the 1980s?
III. Найдите в тексте слово funds и уточните его значение.
IV. Вместо пропусков вставьте подходящее слово или
словосочетание:
1. The role ... in Russian economy is
pace
diminishining.
consumpti
2. The ... of National development must be
on
clearly formulated.
objective
3. The ... of production growth is being
shift
discussed at the conference.
the public
4. The ... of basic commodities is steadily
sector
increasing.
5. The recent years have seen ... to market
economies in many countries.
V. Найдите в тексте однокоренные слова для следующих
слов и переведите: to develop, to restrict, investment, competitive,
nation.
VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
88
1. From old books people learn the compass came into use in
the 17th century.
2. To understand the laws of physics Galileo discovered you
must first learn what velocity and acceleration are.
3. It depends upon the substance it is made of and upon its
temperature.
VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен
1. I felt that she was angry with me.
2. I was sure that they would be glad to see you.
3. I heard yesterday that they were in London.
4. He said that he was having dinner when the telegram came.
VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на герундий
1. There are special ships for transporting timber
2. He was given an award for saving the life of his comrade.
3. We could not help laughing when we heard it.
4. He is very fond of playing football.
IX. Напишите словами порядковые числительные от
следующих количественных:
15
50
6
16
60
8
Вариант 4
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите
и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3.
The Economy of Great Britain
1. Britain was a pioneer in the industrial revolution and has
retained a manufacturing base of fundamental importance to the
economy (accounting for some 25 per cent of gross domestic
product — GDP) in spite of a rapid growth in the services sector
(nearly two-thirds of GDP).
89
Petroleum and natural gas now account for 4 per cent of GDP
and agriculture for 2 per cent (supplying more than half country's
food). Britain has become self-sufficient in oil with the development
of resources in the continental shelf under the North Sea. Although
this has brought great economic benefits, it has contributed to
problems of economic adjustment: the external value of sterling is
partially influenced by the position in the international oil market,
and this may cause strains in Britain's international trade.
2. The economy is based largely on private enterprises but has
some major publicly owned industries (notably coal, steel, gas,
electricity and railways) and a few joint enterprises. The
Government is reducing the size of the public sector, returning parts
of the steel, transport, telecommunications and aerospace industries,
for example, to private enterprise.
3. The working population is just over 26 million (in a total
population of 56 million) of which 7 per cent are self-employed.
Just under 40 per cent are women. Unemployment has risen to
around 3 million.
Britain exports over 30 per cent of its GDP. Machinery and
transport equipment account for about one-third of exports while
finished manufactures comprise over one-third of imports. A recent
trend has been the large fall in oil imports and the emergence of a
significant export trade. The Federal Republic of Germany and the
United States are Britain's leading trading partners. Britain's fellow
members in the European Community accounted for 43 per cent of
its exports and 41 per cent of imports in 1990, compared with 30
and 32 per cent respectively in 1972.
Earnings from invisible exports, including financial and other
services, are about half as much as those from visible exports.
The Government aims to defeat inflation through firm fiscal
and monetary policies, increasing competition, reducing the rise in
public expenditure and restoring incentives to industry, particularly
small businesses.
II. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the fundamental importance to the economy of
Great Britain?
2. What natural resources is Great Britain rich in?
3. What branches of industry in Great Britain do you know?
4. What does Great Britain export?
90
5. Which countries are Britain's leading trading partners?
III. Найдите в тексте слово value и уточните его значение
в данном тексте.
IV. Вместо пропусков вставьте подходящее слово.
1. The economy of Great Britain is ... largely
oil
on private enterprises.
sterling
2. Britain has become self-sufficient in ...
account
with the development of resources in the
based
continental shelf under the North Sea.
public
3. The external value of ... is partially
influenced by the position in the international oil
market.
4. Petroleum and natural gas ... for 4 per cent
of GDP.
5. The Government is reducing the size of the
... sector.
V. Найдите в тексте производные слова от следующих
слов и переведите: to employ, to develop, economy, to adjust, part.
VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. He would come were he in Moscow.
2. Were I asked this question, I would answer perfectly well.
3. We should finish our work earlier could we get the
necessary equipment.
VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен
1. I knew that he began to work there in 2001.
2. He said that he would call on me before he left Moscow.
3. I was sure that he had been working at this factory for many
years.
4. He promised me that he would speak to Boris if he saw him
at the meeting.
91
VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на герундий
1. There is no sense in doing this work now.
2. You can improve your pronunciation by reading aloud
every day.
3. He decided to send her a letter by air mail instead of
sending a telegram.
4. Is it worth while reading this book?
IX. Напишите словами порядковые числительные от
следующих количественных:
18
80
9
19
90
100
Вариант 5
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите
и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3.
The Trade of Great Britain
1. International trade has always been important to Britain but
its importance has increased markedly in recent years. Exports of
goods and services now account for nearly a third of gross domestic
product, compared with almost a fifth some 30 years ago; imports
have shown a broadly similar trend as proportions of home demand.
The fifth largest trading nation in the world, Britain provides
just over 9 per cent of the main manufacturing countries' exports of
manufactured goods. The country is a major supplier of motor
vehicles, electrical equipment, chemicals, textiles and most types of
machinery, and is a growing oil exporter. It relies upon imports for
about two-fifths of total consumption of foodstuffs and for most of
the raw materials required by industry.
2. Manufactured goods account for about three- quarters of
exports of goods (accounting to trade statistics); a feature is the shift
towards finished, rather than semi-finished, goods. The most
important group is machinery and transport equipment (34 per cent
of exports in 1980). The share of fuels rose from 4 per cent of
exports in 1975 to 14 per cent in 1980 when, for the first time,
exports of North Sea oil exceeded imports of crude oil.
3. An increasing proportion on trade has been with other
European Community member countries. They account for six of
92
the top ten export markets, taking 43 per cent of British exports in
1980, and for six of the ten leading suppliers of goods to Britain.
Britain's largest single export market was the Federal Republic of
Germany and the largest single supplier of imports was the United
States.
4. Long an advocate of the removal of artificial trading
barriers, Britain has taken a leading part in the activities of such
organizations as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the
International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development. The European Community's common customs tariff,
which Britain applies, is, on average, at a similar level to the tariffs
of other major industrial countries. Britain maintains few
restrictions on its international trade. Most goods may be imported
freely and only a narrow range of goods is subject to export control.
5. Invisible trade (which includes payments and receipts for
services such as shipping, travel and civil aviation, insurance and
interest, profits and dividends arising out of overseas investment,
and transfers between Britain and other countries) is of great
significance to the economy, accounting for one-third of overseas
earnings. Net earnings from invisibles are second only to those of
the United States.
II. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. Which place in international trade does Great Britain hold?
2. What does Great Britain export?
3. What does Great Britain import?
4. Is Great Britain a member of the European Community?
5. What countries does the European Community consist of?
III. Найдите в тексте слово account и уточните его
значение
IV. Вместо пропусков вставьте одно из слов:
1. Manufactured goods……. about threequarters of exports of goods.
2. The most important group is machinery
and transport ....
3. Britain's largest single export ... was the
Federal Republic of Germany.
93
account for
market
investment
equipment
leading part
4. Britain has taken a ….. in the activities
of such organizations as the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade, the International Monetary
Fund and so on.
5. The Government of Britain welcomes
both inward and outward ...
V. Найдите в тексте слова, производные от следующих
глаголов: to supply, to lead, to remove, to act, to pay и переведите.
VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. Had he time, he would come.
2. Should the equipment contain this device, we can use it.
3. Would you bring the dictionaries, we could translate the
text.
VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен
1. We did not know that he was ill.
2. He said that they would discuss this question as soon as the
manager returned from London.
3. I was told that they came back to Moscow yesterday.
4. Yesterday I heard that Smirnov had said that he had agreed
to take part in the expedition.
VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на герундий
1. Go on telling your story.
2. He has a bad habit of smoking before breakfast.
3. I shall close the window, as I am afraid of catching cold.
4. It is worth while seeing this film.
IX. Напишите словами порядковые числительные от
следующих количественных:
103
300
4
705
1000
1015
94
95