Утверждено на заседании кафедры языкознания и иностранных языков 30.08.2013г. (протокол № 1)

Утверждено на заседании
кафедры языкознания и
иностранных языков
30.08.2013г. (протокол № 1)
Зав. кафедрой _____________ Н.В. Землякова
Контрольные задания по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в
сфере юриспруденции (английский язык)»
для студентов ЗФО
(бакалавриат)
Распределение вариантов контрольных заданий
1 вариант А-К
2 вариант Л-Р
3 вариант С-Я
I семестр. Контрольное задание № 1
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы
курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели
имени существительного. Выражение падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью
предлогов и окончания 's. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на
русский язык.
2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Конструкции the
more... the less, much more interesting.
3. Числительные.
4. Местоимения личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные,
неопределенные и отрицательные.
5. Формы настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future) времен
группы Indefinite действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to
be, to have в Present, Past и Future Indefinite. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная
форма.
В английском языке глаголы можно разделить на четыре группы:
1/ смысловые - они выражают действие, состояние, поэтому всегда переводятся /идти,
читать, бежать./
2/ модальные - они отражают отношение к действию, а не само действие;
3/ вспомогательные - служат для образования сложных форм глагола и не переводятся,
так как не выражают никакого действия;
4/ глаголы связки - используются для связи подлежащего со смысловой частью
сказуемого и показывают лицо, число, время.
Infinitive - инфинитив или неопределенная форма глагола, которая отвечает на вопрос
что делать? В английском языке признаком инфинитива является частица to, которая
ставится перед глаголом:
to read - читать, to work — работать.
Инфинитив переводится как существительным, так и глаголом /обычно в
неопределенной форме /.
Глагол to be . Этот глагол выступает в роли:
1/ смыслового глагола /означает находиться, быть/, за ним всегда следует
существительное с предлогом, который указывает место:
They are in the room now. — Они сейчас находятся в комнате.
The students are at home now. - Студенты сейчас дома.
2/ глагола-связки / служит для соединения подлежащего со смысловой частью
составного сказуемого, которая выражается различными частями речи.
3/ вспомогательного глагола.
Студентам следует сразу выучить спряжение глагола to be в настоящем [Present
Indefinite], прошедшем [Past Indefinite] и будущем [Future Indefinite] времени.
Следует запомнить, что этот глагол образует вопросительную и вспомогательную
форму без помощи вспомогательных глаголов.
She is a good student. - Она хорошая студентка.
Is she a good student? - Она хорошая студентка?
She is not a good student. [isn't].- Она не хорошая студентка.
Времена группы Indefinite
В английском языке существуют три неопределенных времени [Present Indefinite, Past
Indefinite, Future Indefinite]. Present Indefinite
Present Indefinite образуется из инфинитива глагола без частицы to для всех лиц кроме
3-го лица единственного числа.
I read
We read
You read
You read
He, she, it reads
They read
Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются с помощью вспомогательного
глагола do, does /в 3-м лице ед. ч./
Do I read?
Do we read?
Do you read?
Do you read?
Does he[she, it] read?
Do they read?
I do not [don't] read.
We do not [don't] read
You do not [don't] read.
You do not [don't] read
He[she, it] does not [doesn't] read
They do not [don't] read.
Past Indefinite Tense /Прошедшее время/
Утвердительная форма образуется прибавлением суффикса - ed во всех лицах числах,
например, to play - played, to translate - translated.
Следует запомнить, что в английском языке существуют так называемые неправильные
глаголы, которые имеют особую форму прошедшего времени , которую необходимо
запоминать в каждом конкретном случае :
to go - went
to know - knew
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Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются с помощью глагола did, который
также является неправильным глаголом.
Future Indefinite
Future Indefinite/ Будущее время/ образуется с помощью вспомогательных глаголов
shall /для 1 лица единственного и множественного лица/ и will / для всех остальных лиц.
Эти вспомогательные глаголы не имеют собственного значения, но они показывают,
что смысловой глагол стоит в будущем времени.
I shall play
We shall play
You will play
You will play
He, she, it will play
They will play
Future Indefinite означает, что действие произойдет в будущем. Однако время этого
действия точно не определено.
They will come here.
Они скоро придут сюда
She will play with us.
Она будет играть с нами
Следует иметь в виду, что в современном английском языке вспомогательный глагол
will все чаще используется во всех лицах.
Вопросительная форма используется путем инверсии, т.е. вспомогательный глагол
ставится перед подлежащим:
Shall I play ?
Shall we play?
Will you play?
Will you play?
Will he, she, it play?
Will they play?
Отрицательная форма:
I shall not [shan't] play
We shall not [shan't] play
You will not [won't] play
You will not [won't] play
He, she, it will not [won't] play
They will not [won't] play
Следует знать, что для выражения будущего времени также используется оборот be
going to + инфинитив. Этот оборот используется, когда говорящий связывает будущее
действие с тем, что уже происходит в настоящем. Иными словами, когда действие вытекает
из уже принятого решения, имеющегося решения или, когда будущее действие вытекает из
имеющихся условий или признаков того, что действие должно произойти.
Не is going to help us.
How long are you going to stay there?
Очень часто этот оборот переводится на русский язык в значении собираться,
намереваться:
Он собирается помочь нам.
Как долго вы собираетесь пробыть там?
6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок
слов
повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной
формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (are).
Артикли
В английском языке артикли - это служебные слова, которые ставятся перед
существительными. Существует два вида артиклей: неопределенный a/an/ и определенный
the. Неопределенный артикль используется только перед исчисляемыми существительным.
Исторически он произошел от числительного "один" и поэтому ставится только перед
существительными в единственном числе. Этот артикль используется для того, чтобы
обозначить существительное, представляющее собой единичный/отдельный/ предмет.
Обычно неопределенный артикль просто указывает на принадлежность предмета какомулибо классу однородных предметов.
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Следует запомнить, что неопределенный артикль не употребляется с существительными, определяемыми притяжательными и указательными местоимениями и с
существительными, за которыми следует количественное числительное:
Take this text
Возьмите эту книгу
I like this book
Мне нравится эта книга
Open page б
Откройте страницу шесть.
Неопределенный артикль также не используется с именами собственными,
Определенный артикль the употребляется с существительными в единственном и
множественном числе, обозначающими предметы, известные говорящему, пишущему,
читающему и слушающему.
This text is very interesting
Этот текст очень интересный
Определенный артикль употребляется в тех случаях, когда ясно, о каком предмете идет
речь.
Определенный артикль также употребляется с существительными, обозначающими
предметы в единственные в своем роде:
The sky, the ground, the environment, the sun, the moon, the earth
Этот артикль традиционно используется с названиями:
стран, состоящими из нескольких слов типа союз, республика, королевство
the United States of America, the United Kingdom
океанов, морей, рек, каналов, групп островов и горных цепей
the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the British Isles, the Suez Canal, the Thames, the Alps
Вариант 1
1). Напишите следующие существительные в единственном числе:
parties, crimes, children, militiamen.
2). Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните существительные в
притяжательном падеже:
1. My friend's children do not speak English.
2. She lives in her friend's flat.
3. His wife's mother looks after his children.
3). Поставьте в скобках личные местоимения. Перепишите и переведите
предложения:
1. Does (он) know you?
2. (Они) like to read English books.
3. (Мы) try to speak English classes.
4). Поставьте в скобках притяжательные местоимения. Перепишите и переведите
предложения:
1. I know him and (его) friends.
2. Не gives much of (своего) time to (своим) children.
3. Speak about (вашей) work.
4. We know (нашего) judge quite well.
5). Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните неопределенные и
отрицательные местоимения:
1. Read any English text from this book.
2. Their son's daughter have some good English book.
3. Have you any children?
4. No system of government is perfect (совершенный).
6). Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, помните, как переводится
группа существительных на русский язык:
1. We are students of the Law Institute.
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2. Our country participates (участвует) in all United Nations Organisation peace initiatives.
3. There are special divisions in police which regulate street traffic.
7). Перепишите предложения. Укажите, какую функцию выполняет -s:
а) глагол в 3-м лице ед. ч. настоящего времени;
б) существительное во множественном числе;
в) существительное в притяжательном падеже.
Переведите предложения:
1. The workers of the Militia must fight crime well.
2. He works at a regional court.
3. My sister's daughter is a student.
4. My sisters' daughters are students.
8). Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и
переведите их на русский язык:
1. This film is more interesting than that one.
2. My friend is as old as I am.
3. The more you read, the better you know the subject.
4. The second text is not so difficult for translation as the first one.
9). Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию there
is/are:
1. There are many branches of law-criminal law, civil law, international law, parliamentary
law, and many others.
2. There are no lectures on this branch of law this term.
3. Is there a lecture in Criminal Law today?
10). Подчеркните глагол to be в соответствующей форме. Перепишите и переведите
предложения:
1. The United States of America is a federal republic of 50 states.
2. The main political parties of the country are the Republican and Democratic Parties.
3. The main duty of the Congress is to make laws.
4. We were not students of the Law Institute a year ago.
11). Перепишите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в настоящем времени,
переведите предложения:
1. She does not work at this problem.
2. He always helps friends.
3. There is no civil code and no criminal code in England. It is the main feature (особенность)
of the Law in England.
4. Each state has its own government and its own capital.
5. The government of the USA consists of President and Cabinet, Congress and a judicial
system.
6. As he is a specialist in this branch of law he can help us.
12). Образуйте прошедшее время:
а) от стандартных глаголов
to study; to want; to live; to ask;
б) от нестандартных глаголов
to have; to make; to leave; to speak;
13). Перепишите предложения, переведите их. Подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в
прошедшем времени:
1. Не passed his entrance exams and became a student of the Volgograd Law Institute.
2. Last year we did not study Crime Detection.
3. A police officer came to the crime scene.
14). Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в будущем
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времени:
1. I shall have much work tomorrow.
2. Who will answer my question?
3. We shall have a lecture in theory of state and law next Monday.
15). Перепишите следующие предложения. Найдите сказуемое, определите время
глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. My sister combines her studies with the work in Militia.
2. These students did not attend lectures in Criminal Law.
3. There is a law faculty at the Volgograd University.
4. The USA consists of 50 states.
5. Nobody asked me about you.
6. Last week we had many seminars an Administrative Law.
7. England was the first country to have a Parliament.
8. The founder of the British Police was Sir Robert Peel (1829).
9. They will discuss some important problems on the judicial system of our country.
10. The judge will give the decision on the case at the end of the judicial proceeding.
16). Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните союзы и союзные слова:
1. Give me the book which you see on that table.
2. I know that he lives in this street.
3. If you ask him, he well do it.
4. She will master English as she works hard.
17). Переведите следующие слова, обращая внимание на суффиксы и приставки
(подчеркните их):
to examine - examiner - examination - examinational;
to investigate - investigator - investigation - investigative;
to detect - detective - detection;
to interrogate - interrogator - interrogation - interrogative;
to use - useful - useless - user;
to solve - solution;
law - lawyer - lawful;
office - official - officer;
to prove - disprove.
18). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «Великобритания». Выучите слова:
law - закон;
to belong - принадлежать;
justice - правосудие;
to introduce - представлять;
government - правительство, управление;
power - власть;
bill - билль, законопроект;
executive - исполнительный;
to legislate - издавать законы;
authority - власть;
legislative - законодательный;
judicial - судебный;
to consist of - состоять из.
GREAT BRITAIN
Great Britain is situated on the British Islands which lie to the north-west of Europe. The
official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The
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United Kingdom has an area of 94, 249 square miles. The population of the United Kingdom is 56,
6 million people. The capital of the country is London. English is the official language.
The United Kingdom is a parliamentary monarchy. In law, the Queen of Great Britain is the
head of the executive system, the hear of system of justice and of the Armed forces.
In practice, the Queen acts only on the Advice of her Ministers. She reins but she does not
rule.
Great Britain has the oldest Parliament in the world.
Parliament consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
Parliament sits in the Palace of Westminster. It opens every year in Autumn.
The prime Minister is the head of the government.
Every five years the British people elect the members of the House of Commons. The House
of Commons consists of 630 members, who may belong to various parties.
At present there are two main political parties in Great Britain: the Conservative Party, the
Labour Party. The party which obtains the majority of seats in the House of Commons forms the
Government and the other parties form the Opposition. Great Britain has a non-elected, hereditary,
second Chamber - the House of Lords. It has 850 members.
The main functions of Parliament are to legislate, and to control the Actions of the
Government.
Any member of the Parliament may introduce a bill to the Parliament.
Every bill has three readings at first in the House of Commons.
After the third reading the bill goes before, the House of Lords. If the Lords agree to the bill, it
will be placed before the Queen for signature.
The Queen is the only non-party member and the only one with access to all government
papers.
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Вариант 2
1). Напишите следующие существительные в единственном числе:
forms, duties, sportsmen, feet.
2). Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните существительные в
притяжательном падеже:
1. Her sister's friends prefer cola to beer.
2. Jane often uses her brother's things.
3. Mr. and Ms. Brown's children do not often come to see them.
3). Поставьте в скобках личные местоимения. Перепишите и переведите
предложения:
1. Does (она) like to read?
2. (Мы) go to the office by tram.
3. (Они) do not usually ask a lot of questions.
4). Поставьте в скобках притяжательные местоимения. Перепишите и переведите
предложения:
1. Alice sometimes gives us (ее) journals to look through.
2. As a rule, they spend (свое) free time in the country.
3. Please, tell us about (вашем) trip to India.
4. Jack takes (свою) dog out three times a day.
5). Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните неопределенные и
отрицательные местоимения:
1. Do you have any brothers or sisters?
2. Pass me, please, some cake.
3. We do not have any problems with our study.
4. Nobody knows him.
6). Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, помните, как переводится
группа существительных на русский язык:
1. Some times a year our newspaper conducts an opinion poll.
2. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals and disputes
between individuals and government departments.
3. There are 50 different registration laws in the USA-one law for each state.
7). Перепишите предложения. Укажите, какую функцию выполняет -s:
а) глагол в 3-м лице ед. ч. настоящего времени;
б) существительное во множественном числе;
в) существительное в притяжательном падеже.
Переведите предложения:
1. Paul helps his groupmates with English.
2. Betty's father sometimes plays chess with my grandfather.
3. My best friend and I like to have a cup of coffee and some ice-cream in a cafe.
8). Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и
переведите их на русский язык:
1. The cottage where my cousins live now is more beautiful and comfortable than their old
house.
2. The article is as difficult as the preface to it.
3. The more you practice in English, the better you know it.
4. Mr. Johnson is not so experienced in driving as his wife is.
9). Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию there is
/are:
1. There is a two-party system in the USA
2. There are about 50,000 solicitors in England and Wales and they make up the largest branch
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of the legal profession.
3. Is there any separate training for judges in England?
10). Подчеркните глагол to be в соответствующей форме. Перепишите и переведите
предложения:
1. England is unique as it has two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal
system.
2. The functions of Parliament are to make laws, to provide money for the government, to debate
political questions and to examine government policy.
3. The main role of the Privy Council is to advise the monarch on a range of questions, like the
resolution of constitutional issues and the approval of Orders in Council.
4. The Queen and her family are a symbol of the country.
5. Independence Day is one of the most important patriotic holidays in the United States of
America.
11). Перепишите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в настоящем времени,
переведите предложения:
1. The Constitution limits the federal government to specific powers.
2. Barristers do not have public offices in any street.
3. Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and
federal courts.
4. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court.
5. The House of Lords consists of the Lords Temporal and the Lords Spiritual.
6. Many members of the Royal Family undertake official duties in Britain and abroad.
12). Образуйте прошедшее время:
а) от стандартных глаголов
to represent; to conduct; to remove; to limit;
б) от нестандартных глаголов
to undertake; to have; to find; to keep.
13). Перепишите предложения, переведите их. Подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в
прошедшем времени:
1. In 1776, the thirteen weak British colonies in America came together.
2. The former colonies, now «the United of America», first operated under the agreement called
the Articles of Confederation.
3. The Constitution provided for three main branches of government which were separate and
distinct from one another.
14). Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в будущем
времени:
1. In about 70 per cent of legislative decisions, Congressmen will vote with the specific wishes
of their constituencies in mird in spite of their own point of view.
2. Next year Parliament will pass about a hundred laws directly, that is it will make Acts of
Parliament.
3. Soon the number of lawyers in the United States will exceed 675,000.
15). Перепишите следующие предложения. Найдите сказуемое, определите время
глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Gary Smith yesterday celebrated his 18th birthday.
2. A lady from a travel agency helped us choose a nice house.
3. They prefer swimming in a swimming pool all day.
4. James sat in his armchair and thought about the day.
5. The rent includes gas and electricity.
6. Perhaps, I'll get my cheque today.
7. On Wednesday we did not discuss the article because we had too little time for it
9
8. A few years ago the main industries in England were ship building and coalmining.
9. There is not a cathedral in this street.
10. These clothes come from Marks & Spencer.
16). Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните союзы и союзные слова:
1. This is the house which we bought about five years ago.
2. We all know that the Earth is a planet.
3. If we have some money, we will go shopping.
4. Peter will do well as he works much.
17). Переведите следующие слова, обращая внимание на суффиксы и приставки
(подчеркните их):
to create - creation - creative;
to construct - constructive - constructor - constructional;
to build - building - builder,
to consult - consultant - consultation - consultative;
to work - worker;
to find - finder;
to agree - disagree;
seam - seamy - seamless;
to develop - development.
18). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «Соединенные Штаты Америки».
Выучите слова:
state - штат;
executive - исполнительный;
government - правительство, управление;
to legislate - издавать законы;
law - закон;
legislative - законодательный;
to execute - исполнять;
judicial - судебный;
branch - отрасль, ветвь.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The USA is located in the central part of North America. Its area is 9,363,200 square
kilometers. The population of the USA is over 228 million.
The United States is a Federal Union of 50 states. The President is the head of the government
He forms the government.
The Constitution is the basic law. It defines the structure and the method of national
government and lists its rights and fields of authority (власть).
According to the Constitution the three main branches of the USA government are the
executive, the legislative and the judicial.
The executive branch includes the President, Vice-President, and the Presidents' Cabinet.
The function of the executive branch is to administrate and execute the law. Every four years
the America people elect the President. But they may re-elect their President for another term of
four years.
The function of the Cabinet is to advise the President on any affair he wishes such advice. The
Cabinet consists of the heads of the thirteen executive departments - the Secretary of State, the
Secretary of Treasury (финансы), the Secretary of Defence and all the rest.
The legislative branch of the government is the Congress. It consists of the Senate and the
House of Representatives.
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The senate consists of 100 members, two from each of the 50 members. The House of
Representatives consists of 435 members. The population of each state determines the number of
members.
The function of the Congress is to make laws and to finance the operation of the government.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the United States and the head of the
judicial branch.
The major political parties in the United States are the Democratic Party and the Republican
Party. This two-party system practically dominates the political life of the country.
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Вариант 3
1). Напишите следующие существительные в единственном числе:
courts, lawyers, children, witnesses.
2). Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните существительные в
притяжательном падеже:
1. My friend's sister plays the piano.
2. Their son's daughter studies at the University.
3. Mary's husband is a prosperous businessman.
3). Поставьте в скобках личные местоимения. Перепишите и переведите
предложения:
1. Do (они) speak English?
2. (Она) always comes to work at 8 o'clock.
3. The British Parliament sits in London. (Он) consists of two houses.
4). Поставьте в скобках притяжательные местоимения. Перепишите и переведите
предложения:
1. I saw her and (ее) friends.
2. Tell me about (вашей) family.
3. Do you know (его) attorney?
4. Look at that girl. She is (моя) cousin.
5). Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните неопределенные и
отрицательные местоимения:
1. Take any book you like.
2. I have some English magazines.
3. There is no witnesses in this case.
4. Have you any money?
6). Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, помните, как переводится
группа существительных на русский язык:
1. Near our house there is a very good furniture shop.
2. Where is your hand luggage?
3. Please, tell me how I get to the Employment Agency, which is in Green Street?
7). Перепишите предложения. Укажите, какую функцию выполняет -s:
а) глагол в 3-м лице ед. ч. настоящего времени;
б) существительное во множественном числе;
в) существительное в притяжательном падеже. Переведите предложения:
1. This girls' school is very prestigious.
2. This girls' brother is a student of Foreign Language Faculty.
3. There Swiss watches are very expensive because of their quality.
4. The sun rises in the East.
8). Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и
переведите их на русский язык:
1. That dress is more beautiful than this one.
2. She spoke French as well as her mother did.
3. The sooner you'll speak to him, the better.
4. I know the city not so good as my husband does.
9). Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию there is
/are:
1. There are not any flights for London today.
2. There'll be a conference in Paris next year.
3. There are many branches of Law - criminal Law, civil Law, international Law, parliamentary
Law and others.
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10). Подчеркните глагол to be в соответствующей форме. Перепишите и переведите
предложения:
1. Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy.
2. The main political parties in Great Britain are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.
3. The Chairman of the House of Lords is, the Lord Chancellor.
4. The Speaker's duty at the debates is to keep order.
5. Mary will be a lawyer in a year.
11). Перепишите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в настоящем времени,
переведите предложения:
1. I don't speak any foreign language.
2. Mr. Shelton belongs to the Conservative Party.
3. London stands on the river Thames.
4. The British Constitution has three branches: Parliament, the government and the law courts.
5. The House of Lords consists of the Lords Temporal, the Lords Spiritual and the Law Lords.
6. Each member of the British Parliament represents one of 650 constituencies in the U.K.
(United Kingdom).
12). Образуйте прошедшее время:
а) от стандартных глаголов
to work; to envy; to like; to answer;
б) от нестандартных глаголов
to have; to make; to tell; to feel.
13). Перепишите предложения, переведите их. Подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в
прошедшем времени:
1. I graduated from the University in 1993.
2. Last summer we did not go to the seaside.
3. My parents married each other 35 years ago.
14). Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в будущем
времени:
1. We shall travel to France by plane and by ship.
2. I think, he won't do that.
3. Tomorrow they will have four lectures.
15). Перепишите следующие предложения. Найдите сказуемое, определите время
глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. I'll leave tomorrow at 6 and arrive in Moscow at 10.
2. He telephoned me an hour ago.
3. There wasn't any interesting films on TV yesterday.
4. I'm sure, they'll work hard.
5. The House of Lords usually discusses the new legislation.
6. The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates court.
7. Last month I had many people to meet.
8. Were there many guests at your birthday party?
9. Next week we'll have a lot of work to do.
10. England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the
legal system.
16). Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните союзы и союзные слова:
1. When I hear this music, I always recall my childhood.
2. He says that he knows them.
3. If the weather is good, we shall go for a walk.
4. I couldn't come because I felt bad.
17). Переведите следующие слова, обращая внимание на суффиксы и приставки
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(подчеркните их):
law - lawyer - lawful;
constitution - constitutional;
to investigate - investigator - investigation - investigative;
to prove - to disapprove - approval - disapproval;
to execute - execution - executive - executioner,
to use - useful - useless - user,
response - responsibility - responsible;
rest - restless - restlessness;
respect - respectful - respecter.
18). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «The System of Government». Выучите
слова:
to make laws - создавать законы;
to execute laws - исполнять законы;
constituency - избирательный округ;
to interpret laws - трактовать;
to put laws into effect - исполнять законы;
majority - большинство;
minister - министр;
official - официальный;
archbishop - архиепископ;
ministry - министерство;
election - выборы;
peer-пэр;
civil servant - гражданское лицо;
bishop - епископ;
hereditary - наследственный.
THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
In theory, the constitution has three branches: Parliament, which makes laws, the government,
which «executes» laws, i.e. puts them into effect, and the law courts, which interpret laws.
Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power.
Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the
House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. They are as MPs, or Members
of Parliament. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, is also an MP, usually the leader of
the political party with a majority in the House of Commons.
The Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty other ministers. The Cabinet
includes the ministers in charge of major government department or ministries. Departments and
ministries are run by civil servants, who are permanent officials. Even if the Government changes
after an election, the same civil servants are employed.
The House of Lords consists of the Lords Temporal and the Lords Spiritual. The Lords
Spiritual are the Archbishops of York and Canterbury, together with twenty-four senior bishops of
the Church and England. The Lords Temporal consist of hereditary peers who have inherited their
titles; life peers who are appointed
by the Queen on the advice of the Government for various services to the nation; and the
Lords of Appeal (Law Lords) who become life peers on their judicial appointments. The latter serve
the House of Lords as the ultimate court of appeal. This appeal court consists of some nine Law
Lords who hold senior judicial office. They are presided over by the Lord Chancellor and they form
a quorum of three to five when they hear appeal cases.
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Контрольное задание №2
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы
английского языка:
1. Видовременные формы глагола:
а) активный залог (The Active Voice) - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы
Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future).
б) пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).
Present Perfect
В английском языке существует особые формы глагола - времена группы Perfect.
Глагол в Present Perfect обозначает действие, которое свершилось к моменту речи, и
связанное непосредственно с настоящим моментом в виде какого-либо результата или в виде
указания периода времени, который еще не закончился. Иными словами это время
употребляется в виде результата действия, имеющегося на настоящий момент или в виде
указания не закончившегося периода времени, который включает данный момент.
На русский язык Present Perfect переводится глаголом прошедшего времени
совершенного вида, а в случае, если действие не закончилось, глаголом в настоящем
времени.
I have seen them.
Я /уже/ видел его.
Не has lived here since 1995.
Он живет здесь с 1995 года.
Present Perfect не употребляется с обстоятельствами точного времени.
I saw him yesterday.
Я увидел его вчера.
Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в
соответствующем данному случаю лице и числе +Participle II /причастия II/.
Вспомогательный глагол не переводится на русский язык.
Participle II является третьей формой глагола. Оно образуется у правильных глаголов
так же, как форма прошедшего времени Indefinite, добавлением к инфинитиву окончания ed, а неправильных глаголов следует запоминать, так как оно образуется не по этому общему
правилу.
Правильный глагол - to play - played - играемый, сыгранный
Неправильный глагол - to do - did - done — сделанный
Present Perfect часто употребляется с наречиями неопределенного времени already /уже/,
ever /когда-либо/, yet /еще/, just /только что/, never /никогда/ и др.
Past Perfect
Глагол в Past Perfect знаменует собой действие, которое завершилось к определенному
моменту в прошлом или до начала другого действия. Довольно часто этот момент бывает
выражен обстоятельством времени с предлогом - by.
They had finished their work by 7 o'clock.
Они закончили свою работу к семи часам.
They had finished their work by 7 o'clock and went home.
Они закончили свою работу к семи часам и пошли домой. В Past Perfect -первое
предложение, в Past Indefinite - второе Предложение, так как действие в нем произошло
позже.
Did they finished their work before they went home? Они закончили работу до того, как
пошли домой?
Страдательный залог The Passive Voice
В английском языке существуют два залога: активный (действительный) the Active
Voice и пассивный (страдательный), лицо, число и время у причастия страдательного залога
смыслового глагола Participle II. Следует запомнить, что вспомогательный глагол, как
сказано выше, изменяется по лицам, числам, временам и не переводится на русский язык, а
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причастие никогда не изменяется, но всегда переводится, причем в том времени, в котором
стоит вспомогательный глагол
Активный залог
Пассивный залог
Он написал эту книгу в прошлом году. Эта книга была написана им в прошлом году.
He wrote that book last year.
The book was written by him last year.
Европейский Совет обычно публикует
документы на английском и
французском языках.
The European Council usually publishes
documents in English and French.
Эти документы обычно публикуются на
английском и французских языках.
These documents are usually published in English
and French.
Как видно из примеров, с английского на русский язык предложения с глаголомсказуемым в страдательном залоге переводятся в виде неопределенно-личных предложений,
глаголов в страдательном залоге с окончаниями на -ся и -сь и иногда кратких причастий в
сочетании с глаголом быть.
Дополнение при глаголе-сказуемом в страдательном залоге, обозначающем лицо,
обычно употребляется с предлогом by.
The arsonist was arrested by the police.
Поджигатель был арестован полицией.
Если в предложении действие совершается с помощью какого-либо предмета, тогда
употребляется предлог with:
The victim was killed with a revolver.
Жертва была убита из револьвера.
2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:
а) выражающие возможность: сап - could, may, to be able to;
б) выражающие долженствование: must, to have to, to be to, should.
Одним из наиболее важных вопросов в материале второго семестра является тема
модальных глаголов.
1. В отличии от других глаголов модальные глаголы выражают не действие, а
отношение к действию/способность, возможность, вероятность или необходимость
совершения какого-либо действия/. Вследствие этого, они не употребляются самостоятельно,
а только в сочетании со смысловыми глаголами.
2. Эти глаголы не имеют инфинитива и причастия.
3. Модальные глаголы не изменяются во времени, не изменяются по лицам и числам.
4. За ними всегда следует инфинитив без частицы to.
5. Эти глаголы не имеют повелительного наклонения.
6. С модальными глаголами не употребляются вспомогательные глаголы. Глагол
can(could - форма прошедшего времени) означает могу, может, можете и т.д. Этот глагол
употребляется, иными словами, для выражения возможности, умения или способности чтолибо сделать или разрешения.
Для образования формы будущего времени этого глагола употребляется его эквивалент
to be able to /уметь, быть способным сделать что-то/.
I can play chess.
Я умею играть в шахматы.
I could play chess.
Я мог/раньше/ играть в шахматы.
She can speak English well. Она хорошо говорит на английском.
/Она умеет хорошо говорить на английском/
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Не will be able to write this text next week. Он сможет написать этот текст на следующей
неделе.
Отрицательная форма глагола сап образуется при помощи частицы not(cannot). Следует
помнить, что чаще всего особенно в разговорной речи используется сокращенная форма:
Can - can't; could - couldn't
Не cannot skate (can't) - Он не умеет кататься на коньках
Не couldn't skate last year - Он не умел кататься на коньках в прошлом голу.
Глагол must / формы прошедшего времени нет / означает должен, должна, должны,
иными словами этот глагол является глаголом долженствования в широком смысле слова.
Я должна перевести эту статью - I must translate this article
Мне нужно /надо/ перевести эту статью.
В прошедшем времени вместо этого глагола употребляется оборот to have to (have got
to).
Существуют и другие глаголы долженствования.
Глагол need - нужно.
Не need a doctor - Ему нужен врач.
I need this document — Мне нужен этот документ.
Глагол should - следует, следовало бы
You should work harder at your English - Тебе следует больше заниматься английским.
Глагол ought to - следовало бы / вежливое настояние, совет/.
Тебе следовало бы больше заниматься английским - You ought to work harder at your
English.
Вопросительные предложения с модальными глаголами образуются без помощи
вспомогательных глаголов постановкой модального глагола перед подлежащим.
Исключением является оборот to have to.
Can you play chess? Вы умеете играть в шахматы?
Could you play chess last year? В прошлом году ты умел играть в шахматы?
Must we translate this document? Мы должны перевести этот документ?
Оборот to have to в вопросительном предложении употребляется с вспомогательным
глаголом do.
Did he have to translate the document yesterday? — Он вчера должен был перевести
документ?
3. Простые неличные формы глагола:
а) Participle I (причастие настоящего времени),
б) Participle II (причастие прошедшего времени) в функции определения и
обстоятельства.
Настоящее время группы Continuous [The Present Continuous Tense]
Главное значение слова continuous - непрерывный, длительный. Этот термин основан от
глагола "продолжать". Из этого следует, что сказуемое в этой форме выражает действие,
соотнесенное с каким-то определенным моментом или действие в его развитии в
определенный отрезок времени в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем.
Времена этой группы являются сложными по форме ,так как состоят из двух :частей:
вспомогательного глагола to be , который является изменяемой частью/т.е. меняется по
лицам , числам и времени/ и неизменяемой части - причастия 1 смыслового глагола
[Participle 1].
Причастие 1/действительного залога/ образуется от инфинитива без частицы to
прибавлением окончания -ing. Participle 1 соответствует русскому причастию
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действительного залога /причастию с суффиксами -ущ, ющ, ащ, ящ, вш, ш/ : читающий,
читавший - to read - reading имеющий, имевший - to have — having
В отличие от инфинитива причастие 1 является чисто глагольной формой , т.е. имеет
только признаки глагола , может иметь прямое дополнение и определяться наречием.
Когда к инфинитиву добавляется окончание - ing, последняя немая гласная е
опускается, если же в конце глагола слот согласная , она удваивается - to plan- planning.
В английском языке имеются глаголы, которые не употребляются во временах группы
Continuous. Это глаголы, выражающие чувства, восприятие, умственную деятельность и
некоторые другие: to feel, to like, to want, to love, to wish, to see, to hear, to know, to remember,
to forget, to understand, to recognize, to be, to seem и некоторые другие.
4. Определительное и дополнительные союзные придаточные предложения в составе
сложноподчиненных предложений.
Вариант 1
1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Present Continuous:
1. Sorry, what magazine are you looking through?
2. The people are hurrying to the stadium to see the football match.
3. Are the children waiting for you at home?
2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Past Continuous:
1. The sun was shining brightly and the sky was cloudless.
2. People of all kinds were listening or asking questions or making remarks and sometime
laughing at the speaker.
3. The trees were just bursting into leaf, fresh and green, and there were beds of flowers, red and
yellow and blue.
4. Was it raining when you went outside?
5. What was Mrs. Wedbee wearing?
3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Future Continuous:
1. The actress will be giving her interview at 6 p.m.
2. We shall be waiting for you from 7 to 8 in the morning.
3. The Millers will be having a house-warming party tomorrow evening.
4. I think, it will be nice there.
4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните модальные
глаголы или их эквиваленты:
1. I remember about the work, but I'm not sure I'll be able to cope with it before Friday.
2. Could you give me Mr. Backfords telephone number?
3. He left his case somewhere so he had to return to the office to look for it
4. «The film must be great», he said.
5). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните модальные
глаголы, выражающие долженствование или их эквиваленты:
1. The doctor says I should stay in bed for a few days.
2. Nick, you must come and see our new apartment.
3. He didn't have to repeat his question.
4. We'll have to go there now because all the arrangements have already been done and the
celebration is going to begin in some minutes.
6). Перепишите следующие глаголы, переведите их, образуйте от них причастие I
(Participle I):
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to associate
to borrow
to think
to rise
to graduate
to defend
to get
to obtain
to invite
to improve
7). Перепишите следующие причастия II. Укажите инфинитив глаголов, от которых
они образованы, переведите его:
spoken – lain
maintained – denied
proved – left
relaxed – described
brought - offended
8). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Present Perfect:
1. - Has he ever been abroad? - Yes, he's been to Belgium, Canada and Sweden.
2. The students of our department have studied Crime Detection for already a year.
3. The Whites have moved to a new comfortable apartment lately.
9). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Past Perfect:
1. The lawyer said that he had managed to win the case.
2. Everybody knew it was he who had committed this crime.
3. At last Mary remembered where she had seen this man.
10). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Future Perfect:
1. Will you have taken all your exams by the end of January?
2. We'll have arrived in London by 3 p.m.
3. I suppose, he will have booked tickets by that time.
11). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глаголсказуемое. Укажите, в каком времени и залоге он употреблен:
1. The film «Titanic» is much spoken about.
2. In Stratford-on-Avon we saw the house where Shakespeare had been born.
3. - What mark have you got? -1 haven't yet been examined.
4. His picture will have been finished by next month.
5. All these projects are being solved now.
12). Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их.
Укажите тип придаточного предложения. Подчеркните союз или союзное слово,
вводящее придаточное предложение:
1. Mr. Bradley says that he likes Moscow very much.
2. Could you tell me where you have put my papers? I cannot find them.
3. The man whom we spoke about yesterday has just entered the office.
13). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «The US Constitution». Выучите
следующие слова и словосочетания из текста:
the Constitution - конституция;
federal - федеральный;
government - правительство;
the War of Independence - война за независимость;
the set of rules - свод правил;
Laws - законы;
regulations - постановления;
to provide - обеспечивать;
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to unite - объединяться;
economic - экономический;
rebellion - восстание;
to set up - устанавливать;
amendment - поправка;
Preamble - преамбула;
The Bill of Rights - Билль о правах;
freedom of speech - свобода слова;
freedom of press - свобода печати;
freedom of conscience - свобода совести;
to proclaim - провозглашать;
due process amendment - 5-я поправка «соблюдения законности».
THE US CONSTITUTION
The form of the US government is based on the Constitution of September 17, 1787, adopted
after the War of Independence. A «constitution» in American political Language means the set of
rules, laws, regulations and customs which together provide the practical norms or standards regulating the work of the government
In the course of the War against Britain 13 states united under federal government. The newly
formed federal republic had a very weak central control. The economic situation in the country was
very unstable. Inflation, taxes, bankruptcies aroused indignation among the farmers.
In the fall of 1786 an uprising took place in the state of Massachusetts. The rebellion was put
down but that was a sign, which showed the ruling classes that they must set up a strong system of
national government
In 1787 the Constitutional Convention formulated a Constitution for the United States. The
Constitution is, with some amendments, in force to this day. It consists of the Preamble, 7 articles
and 26 amendments. The first ten of them called the Bill of Rights were adopted by the Congress in
December 1791.
The Bill enumerated what the government was not going to be allowed to do, which was an
important democratic gain for the people.
Some of these 10 amendments are now unimportant, but others, especially the 5-th
Amendment is still significant The 5-th (the due process amendment) provides that «no person shall
be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law and no person shall be compelled
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself».
Americans say that of all freedoms (freedom of speech, press, conscience) proclaimed in the
Constitution there is only one freedom-freedom to enterprise.
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Вариант 2
1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Present Continuous:
1. What is the assistant doing now? He's arranging the new furniture in the office.
2. My grandmother is watching the new teenagers' program now.
3. My studies are getting more difficult but at the same time more interesting.
2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Past Continuous:
1. When he came, we were just finishing the discussion.
2. I couldn't call you at two, because I was having visitors.
3. While the manager was talking on the phone, the secretary was getting the documents ready.
4. He was meeting his British counterpart when we saw him at the airport.
5. John was looking through the morning mail when his boss called him.
3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Future Continuous:
1. I'll be waiting for you near the underground station. Don't be late.
2. Computers will be taking decisions for us in the future.
3. Don't phone me at seven. They'll be showing my favorite movie on TV, and I'll be watching.
4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните модальные
глаголы или их эквиваленты:
1. Не had to stay at home because he didn't feel well.
2. She won't be able to go there until Sunday.
3. I told him that he might use my books.
4. Could you book two airplane tickets for us?
5). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните модальные
глаголы, выражающие долженствование или их эквиваленты:
1. Since our childhood we are taught what we ought to do and what we oughtn't.
2. - May I smoke here? - No, you mustn't.
3. You didn't have to complete that work within two days.
4. We'll have to put this theory into practice in future.
6). Перепишите следующие глаголы, переведите их, образуйте от них причастие I
(Participle I):
to defend
to specify
to increase
to stipulate
to testify
to lend
to pay
to lease
to bring
to deliver
7). Перепишите следующие причастия II. Укажите инфинитив глаголов, от которых
они образованы, переведите его:
transferred
prescribed
operated
postponed
built
found
violated
brought
broken
acquired
8). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Present Perfect.
1. We cannot answer your fax at once. We have not taken a final decision yet.
2. They have recently solved this problem.
3. «Have you already introduced the new collaborator?» -the deputy asked.
9). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
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в Past Perfect:
1. He had come from a small town, and nobody had heard of him before.
2. When the fire brigade arrived, a large part of the building had been destroyed by the fire.
3. I didn't join you for lunch, because I'd had a snack in a cafe and wasn't hungry.
10). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Future Perfect:
1. Will you have graduated from the college by the end of June?
2. I think, the contract will have been signed before the end of the week.
3. We'll have come up to the conclusion upon the beginning of the discussion.
11). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глаголсказуемое. Укажите, в каком времени и залоге он употреблен:
1. Не doesn't think the machine will be reliable.
2. I've got an appointment with Dr. Floyd at three o'clock in the afternoon, but I won't be able
to keep it, I'm afraid.
3. I hope, you won't have any trouble with the new car.
4. In my opinion the talks were just a waste of time.
5. Various problems of industry and agriculture were discussed at the meeting.
12). Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их.
Укажите тип придаточного предложения. Подчеркните союз или союзное слово,
вводящее придаточное предложение:
1. The man who rang you this morning didn't leave any message.
2. Can you tell me where the yesterday's mail is?
3. Can I speak to a representative of the firm, which sells these computers?
13). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «Main Concepts of American Business».
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста:
profit - прибыль, доход;
private - частный, личный;
governmental - государственный;
share - акция, пай, доля;
shareholder - акционер, пайщик;
non-profit institutions - некоммерческие организации;
charitable - благотворительный;
competition - конкуренция;
responsibility - ответственность;
employee - работник, сотрудник.
MAIN CONCEPTS OF AMERICAN BUSINESS
«The business of America is business», said President Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) and these
words remain true today. The principle aim of business is to make financial profit.
There exist in the United States two main kinds of business institutions - private and
governmental. Private businesses include large companies whose capital is represented in shares,
which are held by individual shareholders who earn dividends from their shares. In addition, there
are non-profit institutions. These are called charitable organizations. Americans tend to have more
respect for private businesses than for government agencies which they consider more bureaucratic.
Americans believe that in private business they can express ideals of free competition,
individual freedom and equality of opportunity. But many Americans understand that very often
business does not live up to these principles. There are some problems in realizing the high ideals of
fair business practice. One of them is unequal starting opportunities. It is obviously easier for
someone who already possesses considerable capital to begin a business venture than it is someone
who does not. But nevertheless the legend of the poor boy who rises «from rags to riches», the
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entrepreneur who creates something out of nothing still exists in America. The entrepreneur who
loves individual freedom and independence from authority, who built the industrial riches of the
nation is the symbol of hero businessman.
In the course of time a new type of businessman appeared This is the «organization man» who
works within already established structure and is at the top. But unlike the entrepreneur he shares
responsibility with others. Though in America today the road to success lies often through
established large business, the entrepreneurial ideal inspires many. A great number of small
businesses exist in the USA today. There are a lot of companies with fewer than 20 employees.
These companies account 60% of American business. Today most Americans believe that the freeenterprise system based on profit - making is the one that best promotes welfare of the nation.
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Вариант 3
1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Present Continuous:
1. Excuse me, I am looking for a phone box.
2. Look! Is it snowing outside?
3. The population of the world is rising very fast.
2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Past Continuous:
1. We saw an accident when we were waiting for the bus.
2. The door of his room was open; his mother was still standing at the window.
3. When her father came in she was siting before a red tea table, finishing a very good tea.
4. Next day, while he was shaving he cut himself slightly.
3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Future Continuous:
1. Don't ring her up at 12 o'clock. She will be writing a composition then.
2. Let's wait here; Tower Bridge will be opening in a minute to let that ship through.
3. At this time next week they will be sitting in the train on their way to Moscow.
4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните модальные
глаголы или их эквиваленты:
1. We tried hard but we couldn't persuade them.
2. The fishing boat sank, but fortunately the fisherman was able to swim to the shore.
3. «It must be an interesting discussion», said my colleague.
4. Last night Den suddenly became ill. We had to call the doctor.
5). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните модальные
глаголы, выражающие долженствование или их эквиваленты:
1. A man should help his parents when they become old.
2. The girl had to take care other younger sister and brothers.
3. My parents were not at home and I had to look after my little sister.
4. You must go or you will be late for the first lesson.
6). Перепишите следующие глаголы, переведите их, образуйте от них причастие I
(Participle 1):
to sign
to stay
to produce
to sweep
to fly
to shave
to stand
to wear
to shoot
to count
7). Перепишите следующие причастия II. Укажите инфинитив глаголов, от которых
они образованы, переведите его:
bought
understood
fulfilled
smelt
taken
spread
taught
sold
worn
fallen
8). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Present Perfect:
1. Susan has made a new dress for her birthday party.
2. The sun has not risen yet, but the sky in the east is getting lighter every minute.
3. Oh, how dark it is! A large black cloud has covered the sky.
9). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в Past Perfect:
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1. When John and I got to the theatre, the play had already started.
2. He understood the book only after he had read it again.
3. His smile was something she had never seen before.
10). Перепишите предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Future
Perfect.
1. I shall have written my composition by the time you come back.
2. We've got five days in St. Petersburg: we are leaving on Monday; but I'm sure that we shall
have seen everything of importance by then.
3. They will have done half of the journey when they reach the Volga.
11). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глаголсказуемое. Укажите в каком времени и в каком залоге он употреблен:
1. The lecturer was listened to with great attention.
2. I heard that he had bought a new car.
3. - Have you ever spend your holidays in the Crimea? -Yes, Ann and I spent holidays in the
Crimea two years ago.
4. I shall have done all my homework by the time he comes.
5. The clock is being repaired now.
12). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их. Укажите тип придаточного
предложения. Подчеркните союзы или союзные слова, вводящие придаточные
предложения:
1. Martha said that John always came home to lunch.
2. Could you tell me where I should pay for my purchase?
3. Some of the questions that were put to the lecturer yesterday were very important.
13). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «The structure of the USA government».
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
subdivision - подразделение;
township-район;
judicial - судебная;
to be vested in - принадлежать;
majority of voters - большинство голосов;
a resident - житель;
no matter - вне зависимости.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE USA GOVERNMENT
The United States of America is a federation of 50 states which was established by the
Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city and within each
state there are smaller subdivisions of local government such as counties, townships, cities and
villages.
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
The federal government of the United States is divided into three main branches: the
legislative, the executive and the judicial. The legislative branch of the government is the Congress.
The function of the legislative branch of the government is to make laws and to finance the
operation of the government through gathering taxes and appropriating money requested by the
executive branch of the government.
The executive branch, which includes the President, vice-president, and the President's
cabinet, is responsible for administering and executing the laws.
The judicial branch of the federal government consists of the Supreme Court of the United
States and the system of federal courts. It has the responsibility of judging the constitutionality of
acts of law.
THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
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The legislative branch if the U.S. government is vested in the Congress. The Congress of the
U.S. is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The term of the Congress is for
two years.
THE SENATE
The U.S. Senate has 100 members - two from each of the 50 states. Each Senator is chosen by
a majority of voters in the entire state, and his job is to represent the whole state. Members of the
senate are elected to six-year terms.
The Constitution says that a Senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the U.S. for nine
years, and a resident of the state from which he is elected.
THE HOUSE
The US. House of Representatives has 435 members. The Constitution says that each state, no
matter how small in population, must have at least one Representative. A Representative must be at
least 25, a U.S. citizen for seven years, and live in the state from which he is elected. Each state,
except the five which elect only one Representative for the whole state, is divided into
Congressional districts. The Constitution, however, does not require the Representative to live in
the Congressional district that elects him. Most do not live in their districts.
The business of Congress is to make laws. The U.S. Constitution also gives Congress the
power to:
- Raise money by means of taxes or borrowing.
- Make rules for trade with foreign countries and between states.
- Set up post-offices and federal courts.
- Organize the Armed Forces.
- Declare war.
The U.S. Senate has some special powers. It must approve by majority vote the President's
appointment of such high officials as ambassadors, Cabinet members, and federal judges.
The Senate must also improve, by a two-thirds majority vote, a treaty between the U. S. and a
foreign country before the treaty can become a law. Congressmen do work long and hard. But most
of the work is done in committee meetings. Here bills are situated, experts beard, and
recommendations are made to the whole House or Senate.
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III семестр. Контрольное задание № 3.
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы
курса английского языка:
1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.
2. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) - формы Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.
3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив (The Infinitive) в функции: а)
подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели.
Бессоюзные определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения в составе
сложноподчиненных предложений.
Infinitive
Infinitive — это неличная форма глагола, отвечающая на вопрос что делать?
Не wants to go to the park
Он хочет пойти в парк
Инфинитив обычно употребляется с частицей to, но бывают случаи употребления
инфинитива и без этой частицы
После большинства модальных глаголов и после вспомогательных глаголов.
She can dance very well
Она умеет очень хорошо танцевать.
They will do it well
Они сделают это хорошо.
При образовании повелительного наклонения.
Look at this book
Посмотрите на эту книгу.
При образовании сослагательного наклонения после вспомогательных глаголов should,
would, might, could.
I should like to go to Paris
Мне бы хотелось съездить в Париж.
Инфинитив может выступать в роли подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства,
сказуемого и определения.
Вариант 1
1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to be.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смыслового глагола,
вспомогательного глагола, модального глагола, глагола - связки):
1. How is one man in a motorcar to pass another man also in a motorcar coming in the opposite
direction unless there is some rule of the road?
2. This experiment is of great interest for our scientists.
3. The educational level of the American work force is constantly increasing.
4. These engineers have been staying here since morning, discussing the new project.
2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to have.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функция он употреблен (смыслового глагола,
вспомогательного глагола, модального глагола):
1. Though this project is of a little profit, we have to sign it.
2. Having traditionally faith that education could improve both the society and the life chances
of the individual, we have sometimes ignored the interrelationship of all the institutions of the
society (i.e., the family, the economy, the political system and judicial system), and expected
schools to bring about total equality.
3. In the USA persons under 18 have been dealt with ac cording to the specifications of the
Juvenile Justice Code.
4. In his new apartment he has all the necessary utilities: gas, central heating; hot and cold
water supply etc.
27
3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to do.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смыслового глагола,
вспомогательного глагола, усилительного глагола, слова - заместителя):
1. We learn more by listening than we do by talking.
2. During Mary’s initial meeting with her employees, she began by telling them that she
graduated from Harvard with honors and how well she did in her previous management position.
3. How do people usually behave to project a positive first impression?
4. She did ask the question, but nobody of us could give her an answer.
4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в одном из времен группы Indefinite пассивного залога:
1. In the USA the proposed legislation, or bill, is first introduced in the House of
Representatives, then referred to one of the standing committees, which organize hearing on it and
may approve, amend or shelve the draft.
2. His opinion was often referred to.
3. This big loan will be used for structural reforms in the financial and social spheres, and part
of it will go to the coal sector.
4. Parents are expected to teach their children what is tight and to make sure they behave
correctly.
5. When a violation occurs, the offender will be arrested, held in jail until the court decides on
the appropriate punishment, and then sent to prison if found guilty or released if found innocent.
5). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в одном из времен группы Continuous пассивного залога:
1. The most interesting research in this field is being carried out by the English scientists.
2. The witness and the defendant were being cross- examined during two hours.
3. The kidnapped children are usually being held captive until their parents pay the ransom
demanded by the criminal.
4. In the USA the Uniform Commercial Code is being widely adopted.
6). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в одном из времен группы Perfect пассивного залога:
1. In the meeting arranged attention will have been called to the details of the case.
2. These business letters haven’t been posted yet.
3. This accident has been much written about.
4. She said that her remark had not been taken notice of.
5. It’s awful! I have just been told that Robert is accused of a murder. Oh! Is it true?
7). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните инфинитив.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен: а) подлежащего,
б)составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели:
1. The intention of the author has been to show some newly developed methods of
investigation.
2. To explain this fact is not so easy.
3. It took him practically only one brilliant speech in court to win the case.
4. The lecture to be followed by an experiment is to take place at our University.
5. To evaluate deviant behavior we must take into account both the direction and the degree of
the deviance.
8). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово that.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции оно употреблено (союза, союзного слова,
указательного местоимения):
1. A group of practices instead of focusing solely or the troublemaker’s interactional behavior,
attempted to control other’s reactions to and interpretations of that behavior.
28
2. These accommodations recognized that there could be serious consequences in the reactions
of outsiders — non-members — to the troublemakers.
3. One of the Code’s most interesting innovations is its m position of a requirement that
merchants perform and enforce their contracts according to standards of commercial
reasonableness.
4. It’s obvious to everyone that, in a community such as the one in which we live, some kind of
law is necessary to try to pre vent people from committing crimes.
5. In GB anyone who feels that he has been unfairly treated by the central government can
complain to their local MP (Member of Parliament) who will do his best to see that the problem is
solved.
9). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово one.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции оно употреблено (местоимения (в качестве
слова заместителя), неопределенного артикля, числительного):
1. In 1981 China began a «one-couple, one-child» policy.
2. When one person wants to be liked by another person, he usually tries to seem better than he
really is.
3. Carl is one of the best workers you supervise.
4. The results of this month’s inquiry are much more interesting than the ones we got last
month.
10). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово it.
Укажите, в какой функции оно употреблено в предложении (подлежащего или
дополнения):
1. How do you like it here?
2. It’s always very interesting for foreigners to visit the Bolshoi Theatre.
3. It has been estimated that 55 percent of automobile- caused deaths involve one or more
drunk drivers.
4. It’s possible that a young person committing a crime of violence will receive a much lighter
sentence than an adult would for the same crime,
5. — I think, they will have got married before the end of the year. — As for me, I’m sure in it.
11). Перепишите следующие бессоюзные сложноподчинённые предложения, переведите
их. Укажите тип придаточного:
1. The lawyer attempted to explain Harry he should not say anything controversial, agree or
disagree
whatever Monika says, and generally stay quiet as much as possible.
2. His attitude towards every case he investigated was the same as if it closely concerned him.
3. Socialization is the process we acquire our values, attitudes and beliefs through.
4. Sabrina says she is going to divorce from her husband.
12). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND
HUMAN RIGHTS». Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста:
enshrined – хранить, Council
universality – универсальный
indivisibility – неделимость
dimension – размах, измерение
lodge – подавать жалобу, приносить обвинение
violation – нарушение
signatory – сторона, подписавшая какой-либо документ
exhaust – исчерпывать
remedy – средство, мера
draft – составлять законопроект
29
THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Introduction
After the Second World War the community of nations undertook to make human rights a
common ideal for humanity. This ideal was enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, adopted
in 1945, and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which proclaimed the universality and
indivisibility of human rights. The European Convention on Human Rights of 1950 was the Council
of Europe’s first treaty and is its greatest achievement. The Convention makes express reference to
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed by the United Nations, but is broader in
scope since it includes a monitoring system. It has both a political and a legal dimension:
• its political dimension lies in the fact that it is the common denominator of the European
democracies and serves as a standard for accession to the Council of Europe;
• its legal dimension consists in the guarantee that it affords of international judicial protection
of human rights, based on clear definitions of the rights concerned and on supervisory machinery.
The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg deals with complaints of breaches of the
Convention lodged either by states parties against other signatory states or by individual applicants,
whatever their nationality, who deem themselves to be the victim of a violation of Convention
rights by a signatory state. However, before bringing their case before the Court, applicants must
first have exhausted all the legal remedies available in the country concerned. Nevertheless, fifty
years after the drafting of the Convention there are still violations of human rights.
30
Вариант 2
1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to be.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смыслового глагола,
вспомогательного глагола, модального глагола, глагола-связки):
1. The investigation method on that case was so complicated that it couldn’t give much result.
2. You are to carry out this economical report within this week.
3. Anyone who is an American citizen, at least 18 years of age, and is registered to vote may
vote.
4. There have been several corporate bankruptcies for the last five weeks.
2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to have.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смыслового глагола,
вспомогательного глагола, модального глагола):
1. Employees and departments often have to compete for scarce organizational resources.
2. Technology has made it practical to conduct business in more than one country and
competition has made it necessary for the survival of some firms.
3. Having discussed this problem, they decided to implement the new methods in everyday life.
4. Have you ever thought that twenty-four hours isn’t enough to do all you have to do? All of us
have so many duties and obligations.
3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смыслового глагола,
вспомогательного глаголя, усилительного глагола, слова - заместителя):
1. I am sorry you don’t know this person. But I do know him.
2. The decided to make an offer to buy the house, but when they did, they found that someone
else has already bought it.
3. My wife wants me to hire my brother-in-law to work in my company, but I don’t want to
because he’s very lazy.
4. Children who are always told what to do may do their asks very well, but they get little
opportunity to use their own judgement and to develop a sense of responsibility.
4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в одном из времен группы indefinite пассивного залога:
1. The method described above is the most accurate and should be followed when possible
accuracy is desired.
2. Steps are taken to increase the production of our plants.
3. The national conference was attended by delegates from all groups.
4. The text will be translated tomorrow before noon.
5. The work will be completed in time.
5). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в одном из времен группы Continuous пассивного залога:
1. The laboratory is being equipped with new instruments.
2. The draft contract was being discussed with the lawyer in detail.
3. The program is being watched by the doctor with great interest.
4. The dishes were being enjoyed by the guests at the cocktail party.
6). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в одном из времен группы Perfect пассивного залога:
1. Everything had been arranged before the negotiations started.
2. The mail has just been sent off.
3. By 2 o’clock all the problems will have been discussed.
4. The patient had been thoroughly examined before the doctor prescribed the medicine.
5. The machine had been tested before we came to the factory.
31
7). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните инфинитив.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен: а) подлежащего, б)
составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели:
1. To have found our mistake was useful.
2. He must have gone away.
3. There are not many people to believe this.
4. They did this to save their friend’s life.
5. The intention of the author has been to show some newly developed methods.
8). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово that.
Укажите, в
какой грамматической функции оно употреблено (союза, союзного слова, указательного
местоимения):
1. «Can you see the car that has stopped over there?» «Yes, it’s got a flat tire».
2. Those students who failed the exam will have to take it again.
3. At that time I was living with my parents.
4. The fax that arrived in the morning is in your file.
5. We’ve got a lot of useful guide books. Look at this one, and let me fetch that one on that
shelf.
9). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово one.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции оно употреблено (местоимения (в качестве
слова - заместителя), неопределенного артикля, числительного):
1. «I can’t find the model I’m looking for in this catalogue, I’m afraid». «Oh, can’t you? Then
have a look through that one on the table over there».
2. An American firm has started the production of one electronic phrase book.
3. One can use such method in one’s work.
4. One third of the board of directors was present at the meeting, so the quorum was not
reached.
10). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово it.
Укажите, в какой функции оно употреблено в предложении (подлежащего или
дополнения):
1. It’s becoming more and more interesting to learn law.
2. It used to be called «The English Club» before Revolution.
3. He did it to secure himself.
4. It would be very convenient for me if we could put off our appointment till next Thursday.
5. If I were you, I wouldn’t waste so much time on it.
11). Перепишите следующие бессоюзные сложноподчинённые предложения, переведите
их. Укажите тип придаточного предложения:
1. The work I am doing now is very difficult.
2. I cannot find the house we lived in when I was a boy.
3. He says they will go to the top of the hill next week.
4. The specialist I want to see about our new contract is coming in a week.
12). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND
HUMAN RIGHTS». Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста:
aftermath – последствия
unaware – незнающий
virtually – фактически
adhering – твёрдо держаться, придерживаться
acceding – присоединение
comply – уступать, соглашаться
enhance – увеличивать, повышать
32
diversity – разнообразие
scourge – кара, наказание
permanent – постоянный
THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
The history of the Council of Europe
The Council of Europe was Europe’s first intergovernmental organization established in the
aftermath of the Second World War - a fact of which many people are unaware. The objective was
to make states work together in order to avoid future conflicts. In 1949 ten countries - Belgium,
Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United
Kingdom - signed the treaty setting up the Council of Europe. Since its foundation the organization
has had its seat in Strasbourg. It has two official languages - English and French. Today, with 41
member states, the Council covers virtually all of Europe. This pan-European organization is a
forum for discussion of the concerns and desires, the doubts and the hopes of almost 800 million
people in an area extending from the shores of the Atlantic to the far-eastern border of Russia.
Principles and conditions of accession
Any European state may become a member of the Council of Europe on condition that it
undertakes to safeguard the dignity of its citizens by upholding their fundamental rights and
adhering to ethical values. The aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve greater unity among its
members. States acceding to the organization’s statute commit themselves to acknowledge the
principles of:
• the rule of law
• human rights
• and pluralist democracy.
Moreover, the statute expressly provides that a member state which ceases to comply with
these principles and obligations may be excluded from the organization.
Objectives
The Council of Europe aims to heighten awareness of and enhance the cultural identity of
Europe in all its diversity. It seeks to help find solutions to some of the key problems of our era:
• racism, discrimination against minorities
• social exclusion
• organized crime, corruption
• trafficking in human beings, violence
• drug abuse, and the scourges of AIDS, malaria and cancer
• bioethics and the issue of cloning
• protection of the environment.
It also seeks to promote democratic stability in Europe by supporting political, legislative and
constitutional reforms.
33
Вариант 3
1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to be.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смысловой глагол,
вспомогательный глагол, модальный, глагол-связка):
1. She was in Leningrad during the war.
2. The government is worried because the number of people without jobs is increasing.
3. He is the best student in the first course.
4. The goods were to be delivered at the end of the month.
2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to have.
Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смысловой глагол,
вспомогательный глагол, модальный глагол):
1. I shall have translated the article by ten o’clock.
2. They have a lot of flowers in their garden every summer.
3. She had to change her shoes after walking in the garden.
4. They have built excellent shelters for tourists in these mountains.
3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to do.
Укажите, в каком значении он употреблен (смысловой глагол, вспомогательный глагол,
слово-заместитель, усилительный глагол):
1. Do stay with us a little longer.
2. He didn’t know that Jennie had gone to Cleveland to see her father.
3. The professor asked his student why he hadn’t done his home assignment.
4. He speaks French more fluently than his elder sister does.
4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в одном из времен группы Indefinite (Passive):
1. He said that our class would be taught by another teacher next year.
2. These letters will be mailed tomorrow.
3. The newspapers and magazines are delivered by the postman every day.
4. A note was brought in, addressed to Eleanor, and was put on the table to await her.
5. One child in a household of grown people is usually made very much of, and in a quiet way I
was a good
deal taken notice of by Mrs. Bretton, who had been left a widow, with one son, before I knew
her.
5). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое
в одном из времен группы Continuous (Passive):
1. New children’s books were being sold in that shop when I entered it yesterday.
2. She felt she was being looked at.
3. The cases are being counted by the customs officer.
4. When we entered the room, the contract was being checked by the legal adviser.
6). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните Participle I.
Укажите инфинитив глагола, от которого оно образуется:
1. This mountain has never been climbed before.
2. She told me that those newspapers had been carefully put away where they would not be lost.
3. Evidently Nick had been told to go home at once when I gave him the things his mother had
asked for,
for he refused even to take a cup of coffee.
4. Invitations have been sent to all the old pupils to be present at the school’s thirtieth
anniversary.
5. By three o’clock everything will have been prepared.
34
7). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните инфинитив.
Укажите, в
какой грамматической функции он употреблен: а) подлежащего, б) составной части
сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели:
1. I was silent in order to give him time to think.
2. He brought me some letters to type.
3. To find a cook was his most urgent problem.
4. My plan was to spend a year there until I had learned Spanish.
5. He had the courage to tell them what he thought of them.
8). Перепишите предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово that. Укажите, в
какой грамматической функции оно употреблено в предложении (союз, указательное
местоимение, союзное слово):
1. At that moment I heard a noise in the corridor.
2. The difficulty is that it is impossible to charter a ship in such a short time.
3. It was his sister that I met in the park.
4. 1 have found the book that I was looking for.
5. I said that be would come in the evening.
9). Перепишите предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово one. Укажите, в какой
грамматической функции оно употреблено (числительного, слова-заместителя,
неопределенного местоимения, неопределенного артикля):
1. The book is more interesting than the one we read last week.
2. One should be careful when crossing the street.
3. One of my friends knows German very well and he’ll help us with this difficult article.
4. The cases are too small; we need some bigger ones.
10). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово it.
Укажите, чем оно является в предложении (подлежащим, формальным подлежащим,
дополнением, формальным дополнением):
1. It is one kilometer from our house to the river.
2. The plan isn’t ready. It has been discussed for two hours.
3. We received a letter yesterday. I showed it to the director.
4. I find it difficult to explain anything to him.
5. It is no use telling him about it.
11). Перепишите следующие бессоюзные сложноподчинённые предложения, переведите
их. Укажите вид придаточного предложения:
1. I know he has returned.
2. He posted the letter he had written.
3. The man you are speaking about is in the next room.
4. We were sorry we didn’t find them at home.
12). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (ECHR)». Выучите следующие
слова и словосочетания из текста:
bind – связывать, обязывать, вязать
devise – завещание
signatory – сторона, подписавшая договор
secure – охранять
assert – утверждать, доказывать
deem – думать, полагать
lodge – подавать жалобу
exhaust – исчерпывать
remedy – средство, мера
35
available – доступный, полезный, пригодный
THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN
RIGHTS (ECHR).
Since its foundation the Council of Europe has drawn up over 170 conventions. These aim to
harmonize judicial practice in the member states and are binding on states which have ratified them.
The first instrument of this kind devised by the Council of Europe was the European Convention for
the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which was signed in Rome in 1950.
This international treaty is of unparalleled importance. It goes beyond the principle of noninterference in the internal affairs of sovereign states by requiring the signatory states to secure
certain rights and freedoms to everyone in their jurisdiction. The Convention defines these universal
rights and freedoms, which are inalienable, indissociable and interdependent, whether civil,
political, economic, social or cultural in nature. The Convention goes much further than the United
Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, since its authors did not confine them selves to
merely drawing up a list of rights but, at the European regional level, transformed the principles
asserted in the Universal Declaration into tangible legal obligations. To this end, they established an
international supervisory and protective system. All individuals deeming themselves to have been
the victim of a violation of the rights secured in the Convention may lodge a complaint with the
European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, after exhausting the legal remedies available in
their own country.
36
IV семестр. Контрольное задание № 4.
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы
курса английского языка:
1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Present Passive Infinitive,
Perfect
Infinitive).
Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот,
субъектный инфинитивный оборот.
2. Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения места, времени, образа действия и
сравнения.
3. Условные предложения (реальные и нереальные).
4. Причастие I (Participle I) и причастие II (Participle II) в функции определения и
обстоятельства.
Сослагательное наклонение
Subjunctive Mood
В английском языке существуют три наклонения:
Повелительное наклонение, которое побуждает к действию.
Open the window
Откройте окно.
Изъявительное наклонение, выражающее действие в настоящем, прошлом и будущем.
Не plays chess every day.
Он играет в шахматы каждый день.
Не will play chess on Sunday.
Он будет играть в шахматы в воскресенье.
Не played chess last week.
Он играл в шахматы на прошлой неделе.
В английском языке сослагательное наклонение выражает возможное, предполагаемое
или желаемое действие и имеет две формы.
Сослагательное I (Subjunctive I).
В тех случаях, когда действие относится к настоящему или будущему эта форма
сослагательного наклонения совпадает с формой Future in the Past и образуется при помощи
вспомогательных глаголов should, would, could, might и инфинитива смыслового глагола без
частицы to.
Не would do it tomorrow.
Он сделал бы это завтра.
В современном английском языке глагол would постепенно вытесняет глагол should
(особенно, когда присутствует оттенок желательности).
В тех случаях, когда действие относится к предшествующему времени, форма
сослагательного I совпадает с Future Perfect in the Past.
If I had money, I would have bought that book. - Если бы у меня были деньги, я бы купила
эту книгу.
Сослагательное II (Subjunctive II)
Это наклонение употребляется в придаточных предложениях, когда необходимо
выразить нереальное действие или нереальное пожелание.
Если действие или высказывание относится к настоящему или будущему времени
форма сослагательного II совпадает с Past Indefinite. Past Perfect употребляется когда
действие или высказывание относится к предшествующему периоду.
If I had money, I didn't go there by train. Если бы у меня были деньги, я бы не ехал туда
поездом.
I he worked better at his English, he could enter the institute.
Оборот Complex Object (сложное дополнение)
Этот оборот иначе называется дополнением с инфинитивом.
При переводе на русский язык в этом случае инфинитив становится сказуемым.
His parents want him to become a doctor. Его родители хотят, чтобы он стал врачом.
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Этот оборот используется после глаголов to see, to make, to hear, to let, to allow, to
expect, to want, to persuade, to order, to tell, to force, etc.
The policeman forced him to drop the gun Полицейский заставил его бросить пистолет.
Оборот Complex Subject (подлежащее с инфинитивом)
При переводе на русский язык в этом случае инфинитив становится сказуемым.
Сказуемое в предложении с таким оборотом выражается глаголом в страдательном залоге.
The book is likely to be very interesting
Вероятно, книга очень интересная.
Этот оборот часто используется с глаголами to seem, to appear, to prove, to happen, to be
unlikely, to be likely, которые применяются в таком обороте в активной форме. Следует знать,
что в данном обороте используются и другие глаголы.
The book is said to be very difficult.
Говорят, что книга очень трудная.
Gerund Герундий
Герундий является неличной формой глагола, которая не имеет времени и не может
быть сказуемым. Эта форма совмещает в себе черты существительного и глагола и
образуется прибавлением суффикса -ing к глаголу. Герундий отличается от причастия 1 тем,
что ему соответствует существительное с окончанием -ение, -ание.
Причастие I - to read - reading - читающий
Герундий - to read - reading - чтение
Герундий может выступать в роли подлежащего и обстоятельства образа действия с
предлогами besides, through, by, instead of, without.
Герундий может выступать частью сказуемого после глаголов to go on, to finish, to
continue, to start, to keep.
Он также может выступать в роли обстоятельства времени с предлогами after, before,
on, in, etc.
Герундий может выступать как прямое дополнение после глаголов to like, to mind, to
enjoy, to need, to prefer, to remember и в роли определения всегда с предлогом после
существительных idea(of), interest(of), chance (of), way (of), hope (of).
Виды вопросительных предложений
1. Альтернативные вопросы. Как правило, такие предложения предлагают что-либо
на выбор из нескольких предметов. В подобных вопросах каждый перечисленный предмет
произносится с повышающей интонацией, а последний, перед ним обычно стоит -or -или,
произносится с понижающей интонацией.
Would you like tea, coffee or lemon squash?
Вы будете чай, кофе или лимонад?
2. Вопросительно-отрицательные предложения. Этот тип предложений существует и
в общих вопросах / вопросах, требующих ответа - да - или - нет/ и в специальных вопросах,
требующих дополнительной информации. Специальные вопросы начинаются с
вопросительных слов — what, who, why, where, when, how и др.
В общих вопросах вспомогательный глагол стоит в отрицательной форме и переводится
на русский язык разве... не. Подобные предложения в большинстве случаев выражают
удивление и соответственно требуют положительного ответа.
Don't you know this book?
Yes, I know this book.
Разве ты не знаешь эту книгу?
Да, я знаю эту книгу.
Специальные вопросительно-отрицательные предложения передают только отрицание.
Why haven't you translated this article?
It is too difficult form.
Почему ты не перевел эту статью?
Она слишком трудная для меня.
3. Расчлененные вопросы. Вопросы этого типа состоят из двух частей. Они требуют
подтверждения или отрицания информации, выраженной в вопросе. Первая часть вопроса
являет собой утвердительное или отрицательное предложение, а вторая часть содержит
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краткий общий вопрос, который состоит из глагола в нужной форме и личного местоимения
в личного местоимения в именительном падеже.
She likes to play chess, doesn't she?
Yes, she does.
They don't know French, do they?
No, they don't.
Она любит играть в шахматы, не так ли? Да, любит.
Они не знают французский, не правда ли? Нет, не знают.
Вариант 1
1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните форму
инфинитива Indefinite Infinitive. Укажите залог инфинитива: действительный (Active)
или страдательный (Passive):
1. I don’t want to be given a vacation now.
2. His offer to go there tomorrow suits me perfectly.
3. My aim is to master my English in order to be able to read original articles.
4. Some people like to be talked about.
2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните форму
инфинитива
Perfect Infinitive. Укажите залог инфинитива: действительный (Active) или
страдательный (Passive):
1. She doesn’t want her son to have been taken to the Army.
2. There was a risk for him to have been arrested but he nevertheless went outside.
3. My parents are actors and they didn’t want me to have become an actor, but I am now.
3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните объектный
инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object):
1. Jack wants Mr. Povey to defend him in court. They consider him to be a good lawyer.
2. My boss would like me to get acquainted with these documents.
3. We expect them to coil us.
4. They don’t want us to inflict a loss.
4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните субъектный
инфинитивный оборот (Complex Subject):
1. People are expected to change as they move from one social situation to another.
2. He proved to be a true friend.
3. Nick is sure to ring me up. Call me when he does.
5). Перепишите следующие сложноподчинённые предложения с обстоятельственными
придаточными. Укажите вид придаточного в каждом предложении (времени, условия,
места, образа действия, придаточные сравнения):
1. As the Gypsies are nomads and without territorial confinement, their major distinguishing
characteristics are language and culture.
2. In order to examine how this process works, we have spent the past several years studying it
carefully.
3. As soon as Mr. Borey can receive you, his secretary will inform you.
4. If everything is all right, we’ll arrive in Brighton at 4p.m.
5. I’ll find you wherever you are.
6. Maggie had not understood the appearance of this stranger as Tom had.
7. The children made such a noise that I couldn’t work.
8. Eric sat down in the nearest chair as if he were collapsing from fatigue.
9. Though they were quite different, they were friends.
10. The air is not so cold now as it was in the early morning.
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6). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните причастие
настоящего времени (Participle I). Укажите инфинитив глагола, от которого оно
образовано:
1. Turning around, he saw a thin pale boy of about eight.
2. Not knowing his address, I couldn’t find him.
3. My father used to sit on the sofa smoking a good cigarette and listening to good music.
4. When speaking during the discussion, I forgot about this fact.
7). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните причастие
прошедшего времен (Participle II). Укажите, в какой функции оно употреблено:
1. The question discussed at the briefing was extremely important.
2. We all want to visit the new art exhibition of modem impressionists opened in our city.
3. The room was in a perfect mess: books, papers and pieces of broken glass lay everywhere on
the floor.
8). Перепишите следующие условные предложения, переведите их. Укажите подтип
каждого из них (реальное или нереальное):
1. If leaders were simply born and not made there would be no need for courses in management
and human relations.
2. If she is free on Sunday, she will sure help us with the translation.
3. If you had come here yesterday, you would have become a witness of a grandiose scandal!
4. If I were you, I would arrange this visit at the beginning of the week.
9). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «MONEY AND ITS FUNCTIONS».
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста:
value — ценность;
transaction — сделка, дело, операция;
a store of value — средство сохранения стоимости;
to issue — выпускать, пускать в обращение;
authorized banks — банки, наделенные определёнными правами, уполномоченные банки;
legal tender — законное платежное средство, официально принятые государством
банкноты;
a money order — платёжное поручительство;
substitute money — представитель платежных средств;
instruments of credits — кредитные обязательства (векселя, чехи, облигации);
purchasing power — покупательная способность;
circulation — обращение;
demand — спрос;
supply — предложение;
the rapidity of business — скорость осуществления операций в бизнесе;
the flow of money — движение, поток денег;
to allocate — ассигновать, распределять, размещать;
guardian — опекун.
MONEY AND ITS FUNCTIONS
All values in the economic system are measured in terms of money. Our goods and services
are sold for money, and that money is in turn exchanged for other goods and services. Coins are
adequate for small transactions, while paper notes are used for general business. There is
additionally a wider sense of the word «money», covering anything which is used as a means of
exchange, whatever form it may take. Originally, a valuable metal (gold, silver and copper) served
as a constant store of value, and even today the American dollar is technically «baked» by the store
of gold which the US government maintains. Be cause gold has been universally regarded as a very
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valuable metal, national currencies were for many years judged in terms of the so-called «gold
standard».
Nowadays however valuable metal has generally been re placed by paper notes. National
currencies are considered to be as strong as the national economies which support them. Paper notes
are issued by governments and authorized banks, and are known as «legal tender». Other
arrangements such as cheques and money orders are not legal tender. They perform the function of
substitute money and are known as «instruments of credit». Credit is offered only when creditors
believe that they have a good chance of obtaining legal tender when they present such instruments
at a bank or other authorized institution, if a man’s assets are known to be considerable, then his
credit will be good. if his assets are in doubt, then it may be difficult for him to obtain large sums of
credit or even to pay for goods with a cheque.
The value of money is basically its value as a medium of exchange, or, as economists put it,
its «purchasing power». This purchasing power is depend on supply and demand. The demand for
money is reckonable, as the quantity needed to effect business transactions. An increase in business
requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation. But the demand for
money is related not only to the quantity of business but also to the rapidity with which the business
is done. The supply of money, on the other hand, is the actual amount in notes and coins available
for business purposes. If too much money is available, its value decreases, and it does not as much
as it did, say, five years earlier. This condition is known as «inflation».
Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy. They often
co-operate with governments in efforts to stabilize economies and to prevent inflation. They are
specialists in the business of providing capital, and hi allocating funds on credit. Banks originated
as places to which people took their valuables for safekeeping, but today the great banks of the
world have many functions in addition to acting as guardians of valuable private possessions.
Banks normally receive money from their customers in two distinct forms: on current account,
and on deposit account With a current account, a customer can issue personal cheques. No interest
is paid by the bank on this type of account. With a deposit account, however, the customer
undertakes to leave his money in the bank for a minimum specified period of time. Interest is paid
on this money.
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Вариант 2
1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните форму
инфинитива Indefinite Infinitive. Укажите залог инфинитива: действительный (Active)
или страдательный (Passive):
1. This program is planned to be carried out within two months.
2. Our delegation would like to negotiate on this project.
3. This problem is told to be paid much attention to.
4. John is going to prove his theory at the next meeting.
2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните форму
инфинитива Perfect Infinitive. Укажите залог инфинитива: действительный (Active)
или страдательный (Passive):
1. The manager didn’t want these items to have been discussed before completion of the
project.
2. The renovated building seemed to have acquired a unique architectural outlook.
3. The custom ordered the cargo to have been unloaded till the clearance.
3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните объективный
инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object):
1. The defendant is sure to win the case. I heard his lawyer speak in the court.
2. The jury is considered to be honest and incorruptible.
3. We expect him to bring a counterclaim against the plaintiff.
4. I suppose the talks to start just upon his arrival.
4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните субъектный
инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object):
1. The company’s performance is reported to be quite successful this year.
2. The weather is unlikely to change for the better. It’s coming down.
3. Our society seems to get used to any kinds of violence.
5). Перепишите следующие сложноподчинённые предложения с обстоятельственными
придаточными. Укажите вид придаточного в каждом предложен (времени, условия,
места, образа действия, придаточные сравнения):
1. In order to do the marketing research, they should analyze a great deal of data collected.
2. As soon as the business plan is ready, he will distribute the copies among all the members.
3. As there was delay for more than two months, the penalty had been paid without any
counterclaims.
4. The force major circumstances may occur to everyone no matter where one is.
5. Tough the translation of the article left much to be de sired, they understood it.
6. They raised the taxes so high, that they didn’t make any sense.
7. Peterson pretended to be strong and smiling as if he were not facing that trouble.
8. The students didn’t write the tasks, as the tutor assigned.
9. As soon as the up-to-date machinery is supplied, they will start the reconstruction of the
plant.
10. If the payment is transferred, the transaction will be fulfilled within half an hour.
6). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните причастие
настоящего времени (Participle I). Укажите инфинитив глагола, от которого оно
образовано:
1. The policeman went up to the man standing next to the car.
2. People smoking so much can’t be healthy.
3. While looking through the documents, he found several errors in them.
4. Not knowing the working instructions, we couldn’t use the equipment.
7). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните причастие
прошедшего времени (Participle II). Укажите, в какой функции оно употреблено:
42
1. The match cancelled last week will be held next Sunday.
2. We enclose a list of goods damaged in transit.
3. We shall be all present at the meeting appointed for the next Thursday.
8). Перепишите следующие условные предложения, переведите их. Укажите подтип
каждого из них (реальное или нереальное):
1. If I had known his address last year I’d have written to him.
2. He wouldn’t have gained so much weight if he had followed a keep-fit program.
3. If I had got a lot of exercise I wouldn’t have fallen ill last year.
4. If I were you, I would pay more attention to this phenomenon.
9). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «FOREIGN TRADE AND
INVESTMENTS». Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста:
transnational corporation (TNC) — транснациональная корпорация;
multinational corporation (MNC) — многонациональная корпорация;
subsidiary — дочерняя компания, филиал;
intra-industry trade — внутриотраслевая торговля;
differentiated products — дифференцированные продукты;
intra-firm trade — внутрифирменная торговля;
Inter-enterprise division of labour — внутрифирменное разделение труда;
labour intensive production — трудоёмкий этап производства;
market fluctuations — колебание цен на рынке;
to recycle waste — перерабатывать отходы;
social product — общественный продукт;
resource-saving technologies — ресурсосберегающие технологии.
FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENTS
The world economy is increasingly becoming a single economic unit. Individual national
economies are developing closer linkages through trade, capital investment, and financial
institutions. Multinational corporations spread their activities across national boundaries, and the
international banking system carries on banking activities throughout the world.
During the last two decades, while world output has been growing about 4% per year, world
trade has been growing about 8% and production by foreign subsidiaries has been growing by some
10%. Export and import shares of output have increased considerably in practically all-industrial
sectors. A growing percentage of world trade is becoming intra-industry trade (reflecting economies
of scale and increased demand for differentiated products) and even intra-firm trade by
transnational firms (reflecting decomposition of production activities around the world).
The inter-enterprise international division of labour influences relations between developed
and developing countries primarily because the giant international companies transfer certain labour
intensive production phases or whole production cycles to the developing countries where a cheap
and sufficiently qualified (literate, easily teachable) labour force is already available.
The closer integration of developed countries steps up the further progress of the division of
labour and facilitates its better organization. The major part of the worldwide demand for new
machinery and equipment that accelerate industrial-technological development is met by
industrially developed countries. International exports of armaments continue to be an important
factor for increasing their exports as well.
The weight of developing countries in world trade is gradually declining. In the seventies, the
newly independent states played an important role in the world economy and international politics.
Their share in world production increased, and they were able to launch a campaign for a new
international order. Almost all over the developing countries world foreign mining concessions
were nationalized, raw material prices rose sharply, and the industrialized states become more
heavily dependent for raw material supplies on the former colonies. However, using their economic
43
might and technological superiority, they have created and perfected new forms of enslavement:
technological, food and financial. They have managed to integrate the developing countries’
economies yet more fully into the world capitalism economy and thus made them more vulnerable
to market fluctuations. After the rise in the price of raw materials the West took measures to
economize on raw materials, develop resource-saving technologies, and synthetic structural
materials, recycle waste matter and extract its own minerals. This led to a reduction in the
utilization of raw materials per unit of social product and diminished the West’s dependence on
supplies of raw materials from Asia, Africa and Latin America.
44
Вариант 3
1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните форму
инфинитива Indefinite Infinitive. Укажите залог инфинитива: действительный (Active)
или страдательный (Passive):
1. Your duty was to inform me about it immediately.
2. I want to be informed of other arrival.
3. He has a great desire to be invited to the party.
4. The boy wanted to go for a bathe, but was not allowed to.
2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните форму
инфинитива
Perfect Infinitive. Укажите залог инфинитива: действительный (Active) или
страдательный (Passive):
1. He seems to have finished his article.
2. I took the composition to have been written by my brother.
3. I am glad to have been told the news.
3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните объективный
инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object):
1. They expect the steamer to leave tonight.
2. I like people to tell the truth.
3. 1 should like to be invited to the concert.
4. Have you heard him to play the piano?
4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните субъектный
инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object):
1. The weather appear be improving.
2. He was said to be one of the most promising nuclear physicists.
3. This plant is known to produce tractors.
5). Перепишите следующие сложноподчинённые предложения с обстоятельственными
придаточными. Укажите вид придаточного в каждом предложен (времени, условия,
места, образа действия, придаточные сравнения):
1. As soon as we received your telegram, we instructed our office to prepare the goods for
shipment.
2. Wherever he went, he was welcome.
3. As I was going down the road I met yow sister.
4. He played so well that everybody admire him.
5. If he is here, he is probably working in the library.
6. The more time you spend in the Crimea, the sooner you will recover.
7. He lay until he did not feel the pain any longer.
8. They walked slowly up the stairs as if they were carrying something heavy.
9. She sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face.
10. He looked in the direction of the entrance door as if he was waiting for somebody.
6). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните Participle I.
Укажите инфинитив глагола, от которого оно образовано:
1. Hearing the sounds of music we stopped talking.
2. Looking out of the window, he saw his mother watering the flowers.
3. A person taking a sunbathe must be very careful.
4. A teacher seeing a mistake in a student’s dictation al ways corrects it.
7). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните Participle II.
Укажите, в какой функции оно употреблено:
1. The coat bought last year is too small for me now.
2. The books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England.
45
3. A fish taken out of the water cannot live.
8). Перепишите следующие условные предложения, переведите их. Укажите подтип
каждого из них (реальное или нереальное):
1. If I were in your shoes, I would send the documents to the office.
2. If we start off now we’ll arrive there by dinner.
3. He would not have caught a cold if he had put on a warm coat.
4. If the weather had been fine, we should have played outside.
9). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE «INSIDE»».
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста:
permeate — проникать, пропитывать;
major thrust — основной упор;
inanimate objects — неодушевлённые предметы;
observe — наблюдать;
pattern — пример, шаблон, образец;
subjectivity — субъективность;
communicate — общаться, взаимодействовать;
behavior — поведение;
to be aware — осознавать, знать;
definition of sociology — определение социологии;
achievement — достижение;
connection — связь, соединение;
validate — утверждать, объявлять действительным;
predict — предугадывать.
THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE «INSIDE»
MAX WEBER
Max Weber (1864-1920) is one of the few major figures of sociology whose ideas permeate
the work of both quantitative and. qualitative sociologists... A major thrust of Weber’s methodology
was to link the scientific concepts of general laws and causal analysis with the purportedly unique
subject matter of social science — human beings.
Weber’s conception of sociology combines a concern for the individual (in particular, for his
motives and meanings) with the goal of causal scientific explanation. His position was basically
this: Any difference between the social and natural sciences comes from the basic fact that a social
scientist is an object of the same type he is studying — a human. The fact that humans are
interpretive animals — that they create meanings and work with symbolic and abstract
representations — is what makes it possible for them to develop a science of any sort. But in the
social sciences we have an additional advantage. In the case of inanimate objects and lower forms
of life, we can only observe and describe them and, by interpretive understanding, detect patterns
and general laws which they seem to obey. However, with humans we have an advance clue — we
know about subjectivity. We have more or less directly experienced and observed our own motives,
reactions, emotions, and meanings as they are connected to our social actions. Our fellows have
communicated similar experiences to us in ordinary language. All this occurred before any science
of human action began. Thus, the generic possibility that subjective elements determine actions is
known to us.
Assuming that rocks or plants actually bad motives for their «behavior», it would be unclear
that we could ever discover them. For, in order to find some things, one has to suspect in advance
that they are there. Given that, as humans, we are aware of the general possibility of specific
subjective states of others, there remains the question of how to go about gaining access to these
states. Weber singled out three types of subjectivity, or «meanings», which were of special interest
to the social scientist:
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1. The concrete purposes, motives, and meanings of another person which accompany his
specific social actions.
2. The average, common, or approximate meaning of something given to it by a group of
people (the meaning of award in a language is of this type).
3. The meaning(s) attributed to a hypothetical ideal actor in a symbolic model of action which
is constructed by the social scientist.
In Weber’s definition of sociology… the German word Verstehen has been translated as
«understanding». Many American sociologists have associated the term Verstehen with Weber and
have taken it to stand for a form of sociological analysis that emphasizes the achievement of
empathetic appreciation as a goal. However, for Weber this was a secondary goal, the primary one
being the acquisition of a causal explanation of social action. Empathetic understanding of the
subjective elements of action was but one means, and not always a necessary one at that.
Thus we see Weber’s major use of Verstehen: the observation and interpretation of the
subjective states of mind of other people. Verstehen generates hypotheses concerning the
connections between subjective states and human action but does not validate them. These
hypotheses and/or concepts were then put in theoretical models of social action, used to predict and
understand courses of action.
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