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11 ctynzåhz: ujl cg ec nz Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF Ctynzåhm 2002 ujlf ≤ F vthbrfyws cghfibdfñn: xnj jn yfc nhtåetncz? Z ghjie dfc ghjljkéfnm ébnm cdjtq ébpymñ b jåybvfnm cdjbö ltntq. Pyfñ, vyjubt uhfélfyt ctujlyz bcgsnsdfñn cnhfö, b z ghjie dfc åsnm cgjrjqysvb b htibntkmysvb, lfét gthtl kbwjv cjöhfyzñotqcz euhjps. Z ghjie dfc pfobofnm wtyyjcnb F vthbrb b gjvybnm, gjxtve cnjkm vyjubt ghbtöfkb cñlf. Vs dtltv åjhmåe pf cdjb ghbywbgs, b yfif gthdfz jåzpfyyjcnm – ébnm cjukfcyj änbv ghbywbgfv. Ybrjuj ytkmpz dsltkznm d rfxtcndt jåütrnf lkz ytcghfdtlkbdjuj jåhfotybz bkb ytljåhsö ckjd bp-pf änybxtcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz bkb htkbubjpyjq dths. Z ghjie dfc gjvjufnm gjcnhflfdibv d änjq nhfutlbb cdjbvb gjéthndjdfybzvb... Z ghjie dfituj nthgtybz ghb pflthérfö b yteljåcndfö, rjnjhst vjuen cjghjdjélfnm ecbktybt vth åtpjgfcyjcnb, b dfituj nthgtybz d ghtlcnjzotq ljkujq åjhmåt. Z ghjie dfituj lfkmytqituj exfcnbz d fvthbrfycrjq ärjyjvbrt b edthtyyjcnb d tt ébpytcgjcjåyjcnb. Nthhjhbcns fnfrjdfkb cbvdjk fvthbrfycrjuj ghjwdtnfybz. Jyb yt pfnhjyekb tuj bcnjxybr. F vthbrf ghtecgtdftn åkfujlfhz egjhyjve nhele, ndjhxtcnde b ghtlghbbvxbdjcnb yfituj yfhjlf. D änjv cjcnjzkb gjlkbyyst cbkmyst cnjhjys yfitq ärjyjvbrb lj 11 ctynzåhz, b jyb jcnfñncz yfibvb cbkmysvb cnjhjyfvb ctujlyz≥. Bp jåhfotybz Ghtpbltynf Léjhléf E. Åeif r cjdvtcnyjq ctccbb Rjyuhtccf CIF 20 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf. Pf ghjitlibq ujl fvthbrfyws jnrkbryekbcm yf yfgencndbt Ghtpbltynf nsczxfvb hfpysö cgjcjåjd, ghjzdkzz htibvjcnm b ltvjycnhbhez cenm cdjbö wtyyjcntq. Änjn dsgecr éehyfkf gjcdzoty njve, rfr jnhtfubhjdfkb fvthbrfyws yf cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz, cnjzobt d hzle dtkbxfqibö nhfutlbq, dspjdjd b jåütlbyzñobö vjvtynjd d bcnjhbb cnhfys. Htlfrwbz Lbpfqy jåkjérb: Ldf cdtnjdsö kexf jåjpyfxbkb vtcnj åfity Wtynhf vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb d Ymñ-Qjhrt hjdyj xthtp gjkujlf gjckt nthfrnjd. (AP Wide World Photo/Läybtk Öfkifqpth) 2 11 ctynzåhz: ujl cgecnz Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF Ctynzåhm 2002 ujlf Cjlthéfybt 11 ctynzåhz gjkjébkj yfxfkj yjdjq äht d fvthbrfycrjv cnhfntubxtcrjv vsiktybb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Nthfrns bpvtybkb rkbvfn vtéleyfhjlyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b ghjlbrnjdfkb yjdeñ ≤dctjödfnsdfñoeñ cnhfntubñ≥ lkz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Hjåthn Lé. Kbåth, ghjatccjh Léjhlénfeycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, Dfibyunjy, cgtwbfkbcn gj djghjcfv ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz b lbgkjvfnbxtcrjq ckeéås Ärjyjvbxtcrfz wtyf nthhjhbpvf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ≤Fkm-Rfqlf≥ gjczuyekf yf rfgbnfkbcnbxtcreñ ltvjrhfnbñ, yj gjnthgtkf ytelfxe. Åhfqfy C. Eäcåthb, ukfdysq ärjyjvbcn rjhgjhfwbb ≤Uhbaaby, Reåbr, Cnbdtyc b Njvgcjy≥ Yfltélf – jndtn yf nthhjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Nthfrns gjlndthlbkb cnfheñ bcnbye: gbnfntkmyeñ chtle lkz nthhjhbpvf cjplftn åtlyjcnm. Ljyjhs – ujcelfhcndtyyst, xfcnyst b rjhgjhfnbdyst – c eldjtyyjq äythubtq hfåjnfñn yfl ntv, xnjås lfnm åtlytqibv d vbht kñlzv yfltéle b cjplfnm djpvjéyjcnb lkz hfpdbnbz ärjyjvbrb. Bynthdmñ c Léjhlétv Rfhgtynthjv, lbhtrnjhjv ghjuhfvvs ecnjqxbdjuj hfpdbnbz rjhgjhfwbb ≤Ghjrnth äyl Uävåk≥, b Hjåthnjv R. Gbkfynjv, lbhtrnjhjv ghjuhfvv d cnhfyfö Fpbb b ñéyjq xfcnb Nböjjrtfycrjuj htubjyf ytrjvvthxtcrjq jhufybpfwbb ≤Ötqath bynthyäiyk≥. Rhbnbxtcrbq åfkfyc: ghfdf kbxyjcnb b yfwbjyfkmyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm d rjyntrcnt nthhjhbcnbxtcrjq euhjps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Blen jåotyfwbjyfkmyst ltåfns gj rjycnbnewbjyysv djghjcfv, djpybrfñobv d cdzpb c dtleotqcz ghfdbntkmcndjv CIF djqyjq c nthhjhbpvjv Vfhr Åkbw, ghjatccjh gjkbnbxtcrjq abkjcjabb, Rkthvjyn Vfrrtyyf rjkktlé, in. Rfkbajhybz Ébpytcgjcjåyjcnm Gtynfujyf: eybrfkmysq ghjtrn htrjycnherwbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Nthhjhbcns yfytckb elfh gj cbvdjke fvthbrfycrjq djtyyjq vjob, yj juhjvyst ecbkbz gj djccnfyjdktybñ b htvjyne plfybz gjpdjkbkb 3000 cjnhelybrfv vtytt xtv xthtp ujl dthyenmcz yf cdjb hfåjxbt vtcnf. Éfrkby C. Gjhn, rjhhtcgjyltyn Jabcf vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv gj djghjcfv gjkbnbxtcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b jåjhjys 11 ctynzåhz b cdjåjlf d Fvthbrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Rjvvtynfnjh-kfehtfn jgbcsdftn bpvtytybt evjyfcnhjtybq d cnhfyt yf ghjnzétybb åehyjuj ujlf, gjcktljdfdituj pf nthfrnfvb Hjléth Hjptyåkfnn, ghjatccjh fyukbqcrjuj zpsrf b kbnthfnehs Kjyu-Fqktyljdcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, äcctbcn éehyfkf ≤Nfqv≥ 3 ❑ Ljgjkybntkmyst byajhvfwbjyyst htcehcs Dsåjhjxyfz öhjyjkjubz rkñxtdsö cjåsnbq: c 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf gj yfcnjzott dhtvz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Cghfdrf, cjcnfdktyyfz Jabcjv vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Djccnfyjdktybt Faufybcnfyf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Dslthérf bp ljrkflf Futyncndf CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ Åbåkbjuhfabz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Rybub, ljrevtyns b cnfnmb j nthfrnfö 11 ctynzåhz, nthhjhbpvt b vtéleyfhjlyjv jnrkbrt. Cfqns Bynthytnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Gthtxtym jcyjdysö cfqnjd Bynthytnf j nthfrnfö 11 ctynzåhz, nthhjhbpvt b vtéleyfhjlyjv jnrkbrt. 11 ctynzåhz: ujl cgecnz Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF ejglobal@pd.state.gov Bplfntkm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Léelbn C. Cbutk Ukfdysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ebkmzv Gbnthc Jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ifhkby Gjhnth Htlfrnjh Bynthytn-bplfybz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nbv Åhfey Htlfrnjhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vfqrk Åtylkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ltåjhf Åhfey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lébv Aekkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eäqy Öjkk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vthk Rtkkthötkp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hbxfhl Kfylåthu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Léekbäyy Lé. Gfeytcre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Éfrb Gjhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Léjyfnfy Itqaath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hjpfkb Nfhujycrb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fylétq Pdfytwrb Cghfdjxyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbq jnltk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Léjfy Ntqkjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kbyy Ifqå Öeljétcndtyysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ökj Äkkbc Uhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cbkmdbz Crjnn Htlfrnjhs heccrjuj bplfybz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yfnfkbz Åfhåfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kblbz Djhjybyf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bkmz Ceckjd Htlfrnjh heccrjuj Bynthytn-bplfybz . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fktrcfylh Cdbyjd Htlrjkktubz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Léjhlé Rkär . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Léelbn C. Cbutk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ktjyfhlj Ebkmzvc 4 Jabc vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF ghtljcnfdkztn vfnthbfks, hfpüzcyzñobt pfheåtéyjq felbnjhbb gjkbnbre, jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb CIF. Jabc geåkbretn gznm äktrnhjyysö éehyfkjd, gjcdzotyysö bpextybñ jcyjdysö ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdfñncz Cjtlbytyyst Infns b vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj. Änb éehyfks – ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥ – gjvtofñn yf cdjbö cnhfybwfö ljrevtyns b vfnthbfks, jnyjczobtcz r gjkbnbrt CIF, f nfrét cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbq b ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ gj cjjndtncndeñobv ntvfv. Dct yjvthf éehyfkjd dsöjlzn yf fyukbqcrjv, bcgfycrjv, gjhneufkmcrjv b ahfywepcrjv, f jnltkmyst yjvthf geåkbreñncz nfrét yf fhfåcrjv b heccrjv zpsrfö. Yjvthf éehyfkjd yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt gjzdkzñncz c bynthdfkjv ghbåkbpbntkmyj d jlby vtczw. Gthtdjls jåsxyj dsöjlzn xthtp ldt-xtnsht ytltkb gjckt jgeåkbrjdfybz éehyfkjd yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt. Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb. Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt cfqnjd Bynthytnf, yf rjnjhst tcnm ccskrb d éehyfkfö, bkb ljcneg r nfrbv cfqnfv; äne jndtncndtyyjcnm ytcen bö cjplfntkb. Cnfnmb bp éehyfkjd, j rjnjhsö bltn htxm, vjéyj djcghjbpdjlbnm b gthtdjlbnm pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd pf bcrkñxtybtv ckexftd, rjulf änb cnfnmb cjghjdjélfñncz xtnrbv erfpfybtv yf yfkbxbt juhfybxtybq d bö bcgjkmpjdfybb, yfkfuftvsö fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv. Nt, rnj cjåbhftncz bcgjkmpjdfnm pfobotyyst fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv ajnjuhfabb, ljkéys gjkexbnm cjjndtncndeñott hfphtitybt. Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd, f nfrét fyjyc åeleobö éehyfkjd vjéyj yfqnb yf ljvfiytq cnhfybwt Jabcf vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv d Bynthytnt gj flhtce “http://usinfo.state.gov/ journals/journals.htm”. Änb yjvthf ghtljcnfdkzñncz d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz jåktuxtybz bö ghjcvjnhf d jykfqyjdjv htébvt, gthtlfxb, pfuheprb b gtxfnb. Ghjcbv ghbcskfnm rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz jå änbö éehyfkfö d gjcjkmcndj CIF d dfitq cnhfyt bkb d htlfrwbñ gj flhtce: Editor, Global Issues & Communications Office of International Information Programs IIP/T/GIC U.S. Department of State 301 4th Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20547 United States of America Flhtc äktrnhjyyjq gjxns: ejglobal@pd.state.gov 11 ctynzåhz gjkjébkj yfxfkj yjdjq äht d fvthbrfycrjv cnhfntubxtcrjv vsiktybb Hjåthn Lé. Kbåth Ghjatccjh Léjhlénfeycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, Dfibyunjy Cgtwbfkbcn gj djghjcfv ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz b lbgkjvfnbxtcrjq ckeéå 11 ctynzåhz gjkjébkj yfxfkj yjdjq äht d fvthbrfycrjv cnhfntubxtcrjv vsiktybb. Cjdthityyst d nj enhj nthfrns dspdfkb äaatrn, cjgjcnfdbvsq c yfgfltybtv yf Gthk-Öfhåjh 7 ltrfåhz 1941 ujlf, ddthuibv Cjtlbytyyst Infns dj Dnjheñ vbhjdeñ djqye. Lj 11 ctynzåhz flvbybcnhfwbz Åeif gjcntgtyyj dshfåfnsdfkf yjdeñ dctjåütvkñoeñ cnhfntubñ yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Änf hfåjnf dtkfcm d hfvrfö fyfkbpf jåjhjys pf xtnshtöktnybq gthbjl, f nfrét gj lheubv rfyfkfv. Jlyfrj nthfrns 11 ctynzåhz d jlby vbu bpvtybkb rkbvfn vtéleyfhjlyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Cjdthityyj yjdfz b pkjdtofz euhjpf dlheu cnfkf htfkmyjq b ghjlbrnjdfkf yjdeñ cnhfntubñ lkz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Änf yjdfz gjkbnbrf, rjnjheñ eét jrhtcnbkb ≤ljrnhbyjq Åeif≥, jhbtynbhetncz ntgthm yf euhjpe, bcöjlzoeñ jn nthhjhbpvf b jheébz vfccjdjuj gjhfétybz. Gthbjl gjckt öjkjlyjq djqys, yfxfdibqcz c hfcgflf Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf gjxnb 12 ktn yfpfl, htprj jåjhdfkcz zcysv Jrjyxfybt gthbjlf gjckt öjkjlyjq djqys cjkytxysv enhjv 11 ctynzåhz 11 ctynzåhz dytpfgyj gjkjébkj rjytw gthbjle gjckt öjkjlyjq djqys, yfxfditvecz ghfrnbxtcrb hjdyj 12 ktn yfpfl. Yfxfkj änjuj gthbjlf – lhfvfnbxtcrbq ghjkjv Åthkbycrjq cntys d yjxm yf 9 yjzåhz 1989 ujlf, pf rjnjhsv åscnhj gjcktljdfkb rhfö rjvveybpvf d Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt, jrjyxfybt öjkjlyjq djqys, f d ltrfåht 1991 ujlf – hfcgfl Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf. Dgthdst åjktt xtv pf gjkcnjktnbz Cjtlbytyyst Infns, rfpfkjcm, åjkmit yt cnjzkb gthtl kbwjv tlbyjq euhjps cdjtq yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b jåhfpe ébpyb. D rjywt 1930-ö ujljd b dj dhtvz Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys nfrfz euhjpf bcöjlbkf jn afibpvf. D ujls öjkjlyjq djqys änj åskb Cjdtncrbq Cjñp b cjdtncrbq rjvveybpv. D jåjbö ckexfzö jgfcyjcnm åskf cthmtpyjq b zdyjq. Dcktlcndbt änjuj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö b chtlb bö cjñpybrjd ceotcndjdfk ibhjrbq rjyctycec gj djghjce j yfkbxbb rhegyjq euhjps, öjnz gjhjq b djpybrfkb hfpyjukfcbz – rfr d cbnefwbb c Dmtnyfvjv – gj rjyrhtnysv yfghfdktybzv ltqcndbq. 2001 ujlf. Crjjhlbybhjdfyyst nthhjhbcnbxtcrbt frns d jlby vbu bpvtybkb rkbvfn vtéleyfhjlyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b ghjlbrnjdfkb yjdeñ ≤dctjödfnsdfñoeñ cnhfntubñ≥ D 1989-2001 ujlfö ceotcndjdfkj vyjétcndj vtymibö jgfcyjcntq – yfghbvth, änybxtcrbt rjyakbrns, hfcghjcnhfytybt djjheétybq, nthhjhbpv, gjkbnbxtcrfz b abyfycjdfz ytcnfåbkmyjcnm, ujcelfhcndf-åfyrhjns, gjcktlcndbz rkbvfnbxtcrbö bpvtytybq, byatrwbjyyst pfåjktdfybz b åtlyjcnm. Öjnz yb jlyf jgfcyjcnm yt jrfpfkfcm ljvbybheñotq, Cjtlbytyyst Infns dct ét dvtifkbcm d hzl kjrfkmysö bkb htubjyfkmysö rjyakbrnjd, rfr d ckexft bhfrcrjuj dnjhétybz d Redtqn (1990-91 ujls), cjåsnbq d Cjvfkb (1991-92 ujls), yf Ufbnb (1994 ujl), d Åjcybb (1995 ujl) b Rjcjdj (1999 ujl). lkz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. 5 D nj ét dhtvz åskb lheubt rjyakbrns, d rjnjhst Cjtlbytyyst Infns yt dvtibdfkbcm, yfbåjktt pfvtnysvb bp rjnjhsö åskb utyjwbl d Hefylt (1994 ujl), cjåsnbz d Åjcybb c 1992 gj bñkm 1995 ujlf b uhfélfycrbt djqys d Kbåthbb, Cmthhf-Ktjyt, Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq Htcgeåkbrt Rjyuj (ghtélt bpdtcnyjq gjl yfpdfybtv Pfbh) b lheubö cnhfyfö. B, d-nhtnmbö, yt åskj rfrjq-kbåj jlyjq, dctghjybrfñotq b zdyjq jgfcyjcnb. Dj dyenhtyytq catht änj ghbdtkj r njve, xnj lkz åjkmibycndf fvthbrfywtd dytiyzz gjkbnbrf gthtikf d hfphzl ybpibö ghbjhbntnjd, b, nfrbv jåhfpjv, kñåjq flvbybcnhfwbb cnfkj nhelytt jåhtnfnm gjllthére ghb ghjdtltybb wtkjcnyjq dytiytq gjkbnbrb bkb dsltktybb ceotcndtyysö htcehcjd yf änb ecbkbz. Pf heåtéjv, ytcvjnhz yf dpfbvjltqcndbt cjñpybrjd yf djqyt d Gthcblcrjv pfkbdt ghjnbd Bhfrf, f d bnjut b d ghtctxtybb uhfélfycrjq djqys d Åjcybb b änybxtcrbö xbcnjr d Rjcjdj, jncencndbt cjdtncrjq euhjps jckjéybkj cjnhelybxtcndj, gjcrjkmre, rfpfkjcm, åjkmit ytn yfcnjzntkmyjq gjnhtåyjcnb d rjkktrnbdysö ltqcndbzö gthtl kbwjv jåotuj dhfuf. ≤Dctjåütvkñofz cnhfntubz≥ – nthvby, jgbcsdfñobq, rfr cnhfyf åeltn bcgjkmpjdfnm hfpkbxyst yföjlzobtcz d tt hfcgjhzétybb chtlcndf – djtyyst, ärjyjvbxtcrbt, gjkbnbxtcrbt, ntöyjkjubxtcrbt, bltjkjubxtcrbt b rekmnehyst – lkz pfobns b erhtgktybz cdjtq jåotq åtpjgfcyjcnb, wtyyjcntq b yfwbjyfkmysö bynthtcjd. Dj dhtvz Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys änj jpyfxfkj dtkbrbq cjñp, vjåbkbpfwbñ b njnfkmyeñ djqye c wtkmñ hfpuhjvf yfwbcncrjq Uthvfybb b Zgjybb. D ujls öjkjlyjq djqys fvthbrfycreñ dytiytgjkbnbxtcreñ ljrnhbye vjéyj åskj jgbcfnm jlybv ckjdjv – clthébdfybt. D jnkbxbt jn ägjöb öjkjlyjq djqys, d 1990-t ujls jrfpfkjcm, xnj jxtym nhelyj cajhvekbhjdfnm jåoeñ cnhfntubñ bkb rfreñ-nj jlye rjyrhtnyeñ ljrnhbye. D ghjnbdjgjkjéyjcnm xtnshtv ltcznbktnbzv öjkjlyjq djqys jncencndjdfk rjyctycec gj djghjce j öfhfrntht euhjp fvthbrfycrbv yfwbjyfkmysv bynthtcfv bkb öjnz ås j njv, rfr jöfhfrnthbpjdfnm yjdeñ ägjöe. D htpekmnfnt d 1990-t ujls åsk dsldbyen hzl jhbtynbhjdjxysö ljrnhby, d njv xbckt bltb j yjdjv vbhjgjhzlrt, gjpbnbdyjv vyjujcnjhjyytv hfpdbnbb b cnhfntubb dpfbvjltqcndbz b hfcibhtybz, ghbpdfyyjq cnbvekbhjdfnm hfcghjcnhfytybt ltvjrhfnbb b hsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrb. Rfélsq bp änbö gjlöjljd bvtk cdjb cbkmyst cnjhjys, yj yb jlby yt jrfpfkcz ljcnfnjxyj rjvgktrcysv bkb ljkujdtxysv d rfxtcndt dctjåütvkñotq cnhfntubb lkz yjdjq ähs. Dspjd 11 ctynzåhz Dct änj bpvtybkjcm pf jlby ltym 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf. Nthhjhbpv gthtcnfk åsnm jlyjq bp jgfcyjcntq lkz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd b ghtdhfnbkcz d ghbywbgbfkmyeñ euhjpe Fvthbrt, tt jåhfpe ébpyb b tt yfceoysv bynthtcfv. Nthhjhbcns bp ≤Fkm-Rfqls≥, rjnjhst pfödfnbkb fdbfkfqyths b bcgjkmpjdfkb bö lkz fnfrb yf Gtynfujy, hfpheitybz åfity-åkbpytwjd Wtynhf vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb b eåbqcndf 40 gfccfébhjd b xktyjd ärbgféf yfl Gtycbkmdfybtq, cjdthifkb vfccjdst eåbqcndf, rjnjhst åskb chtlcndjv gjkbnbxtcrjuj ecnhfitybz. Tot ghtlcnjbn jghtltkbnm, vjéyj kb cxbnfnm ärcnhtvbcncrjt b ybubkbcnbxtcrjt bcgjkmpjdfybt bckfvf rfr gjkbnbxtcrjq ljrnhbys nhtnmbv njnfkbnfhysv dspjdjv Fvthbrt gjckt afibpvf b rjvveybpvf. Ntv yt vtytt, ujnjdyjcnm nthhjhbcnjd cjdthifnm nthfrns c vfccjdsvb éthndfvb, yfghfdktyyst d lfyyjv ckexft yf ldf cfvsö vjueotcndtyysö cbvdjkf rjvvthxtcrjq b ujcelfhcndtyyjq ébpyb Fvthbrb, ntgthm cjplftn pyfxbntkmyeñ b zdyeñ jgfcyjcnm. D htnhjcgtrnbdt lfét åtp dctjåütvkñotq cnhfntubb fvthbrfycreñ dytiyññ gjkbnbre d ujls gjckt öjkjlyjq djqys jghtltkzkb nhb jåcnjzntkmcndf. Gthdsv bp ybö åskj ukfdtycndeñott gjkjétybt Fvthbrb. Bysvb ckjdfvb, gjckt rhföf Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf Cjtlbytyyst Infns pfyzkb gjxnb åtcghtwtltynyst gjpbwbb gj dctv gjrfpfntkzv, rjnjhsvb jåsxyj bpvthztncz vjom: ärjyjvbxtcrbv, djtyysv, ntöyjkjubxtcrbv, rekmnehysv. Yb jlyf lheufz cnhfyf yt bvtkf cöjlyjuj ehjdyz b yb jlyf yf åkbéfqitt åeleott yt dsukzltkf dthjznysv ghtntyltynjv. Rfr gbcfk bcnjhbr Gjk Rtyytlb, fdnjh rybub ≤Dpktn b gfltybt dtkbrbö lthéfd≥, ≤ybrjulf yt ceotcndjdfkj ybxtuj gjöjétuj yf änjn hfphsd d vjob – åerdfkmyj ybxtuj≥ (kjyljycrfz ≤Afqyäyik nfqvc≥, 1 atdhfkz 2002 ujlf). Änj ghtdjcöjlcndj gjhjlbkj rfr djcnjhétyyeñ htfrwbñ, nfr b ytujleñoeñ. Cthmtpyjcnm änjq euhjps eceueåkztncz ldevz ljgjkybntkmysvb afrnjhfvb. Dj-gthdsö, åtcgjoflyfz b ökflyjrhjdyfz ujnjdyjcnm eybxnjéfnm åjkmijt xbckj vbhysö uhfélfy åtp vfktqituj euhsptybz cjdtcnb dspdfkf jgfctybz d cdzpb c djpvjéysv ghbvtytybtv jheébz vfccjdjuj gjhfétybz (JVG). Tckb extcnm gjdtltybt nthhjhbcnjd b pfzdktybz bö kblthjd, f nfrét ljrfpfntkmcndf njuj, xnj ujcelfhcndf, gjllthébdfñobt nthhjhbpv, cnhtvzncz ghbjåhtcnb öbvbxtcrjt, åbjkjubxtcrjt b zlthyjt jheébt, ctqxfc tcnm hbcr, xnj d åeleotv JVG vjétn åsnm ghbvtytyj ytgjchtlcndtyyj ghjnbd Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, f nfrét ghjnbd lheptq b cjñpybrjd Fvthbrb pf heåtéjv. Dj-dnjhsö, ddble njuj afrnf, xnj 19 nthhjhbcnjd d xtnshtö pfödfxtyysö cfvjktnfö gjikb yf cfvjeåbqcndj ghb jceotcndktybb cdjbö fnfr, ghbywbgs clthébdfybz ntgthm gjcnfdktys gjl cjvytybt. D ghjnbdjgjkjéyjcnm änjve, lfét d hfpufh öjkjlyjq djqys fvthbrfycrbt cnhfntub vjukb cnhjbnm cdjb hfcxtns, bcöjlz bp ghtlgjkfuftvjq hfwbjyfkmyjcnb cjdtncrbö herjdjlbntktq b pyfz, xnj gj cdjtq djkt nt yt cjdthifn zlthyjuj cfvjeåbqcndf, yfxfd vfccbhjdfyyeñ fnfre yf Cjtlbytyyst Infns bkb bö cjñpybrjd. Jlyfrj 11 ctynzåhz gjlhsdftn äne rkñxtdeñ gjcskre. Dj-dnjhsö, dcktlcndbt cdjtuj gthdtycndf, f nfrét jnyjcbntkmyj juhfybxtyysö djpvjéyjcntq nfrbö vtéleyfhjlysö b htubjyfkmysö jhufybpfwbq, rfr JJY b Tdhjgtqcrbq cjñp, Cjtlbytyyst Infns cnfkb buhfnm eybrfkmyeñ hjkm d htitybb åjkmibycndf jcnhsö vtéleyfhjlysö ghjåktv, åelm-nj htubjyfkmyst rjyakbrns, änybxtcrbt xbcnrb, abyfycjdst rhbpbcs bkb byst djghjcs. Änj yt jpyfxfkj, xnj Cjtlbytyyst Infns vjukb bkb ujnjds åskb ckeébnm vbhjdsv éfylfhvjv, yj änj ltqcndbntkmyj jpyfxfkj, xnj åtp frnbdyjuj gjlrkñxtybz Fvthbrb gjgsnrb htibnm yfbåjktt jgfcyst vbhjdst ghjåktvs dhzl kb vjukb åsnm äaatrnbdysvb. 6 Yjdfz dctjödfnsdfñofz cnhfntubz lkz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Jlyfrj Ghtpbltyn c cfvjuj yfxfkf ghzvj ujdjhbk, xnj djqyf c nthhjhjv pfdthibncz yt crjhj, b d zydfht 2002 ujlf, dscnegfz yf cjdvtcnyjq ctccbb Rjyuhtccf, jy bpkjébk rjywtgwbñ, rjnjheñ dcrjht cnfkb yfpsdfnm ≤ljrnhbyjq Åeif≥. ... ≤Vs åeltv hfpheifnm kfuthz nthhjhbcnjd, chsdfnm nthhjhbcnbxtcrbt gkfys b ghtlfdfnm nthhjhbcnjd cele. B... vs ljkéys gjvtifnm nthhjhbcnfv b htébvfv, cnhtvzobvcz ghbjåhtcnb öbvbxtcrjt, åbjkjubxtcrjt bkb zlthyjt jheébt, euhjéfnm Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv b dctve vbhe... Chfpe gjckt 11 ctynzåhz flvbybcnhfwbz Åeif gthtrkñxbkf dybvfybt yf djqye c nthhjhbpvjv. Dj-gthdsö, yf dyenhtyytv ahjynt flvbybcnhfwbz pfghjcbkf b gjkexbkf jn Rjyuhtccf cjdvtcnyeñ htpjkñwbñ, cfyrwbjybheñoeñ ghbvtytybt djtyyjq cbks ghb jceotcndktybb pfrjyyjq cfvjjåjhjys. Htpjkñwbz ukfcbn: ≤Ghtpbltyn egjkyjvjxty ghbvtyznm dcñ ytjåöjlbveñ b yflktéfoeñ cbke ghjnbd ntö cnhfy, jhufybpfwbq bkb kbw, rjnjhst, gj tuj jghtltktybñ, gkfybhjdfkb, cfyrwbjybhjdfkb, cjdthifkb bkb gjvjufkb cjdthibnm nthhjhbcnbxtcrbt frns, ghjbpjitlibt 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf... c ntv, xnjås ghtljndhfnbnm kñåst åeleobt frns vtéleyfhjlyjuj nthhjhbpvf ghjnbd Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd≥. Yj dhtvz hfåjnftn ghjnbd yfc. Z yt åele yfåkñlfnm pf cjåsnbzvb, gjrf jgfcyjcnm åeltn edtkbxbdfnmcz. Z yt åele cnjznm d cnjhjyt, rjulf euhjpf yfldbuftncz dct åkbét b åkbét. Cjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb yt gjpdjkzn jgfcytqibv d vbht htébvfv uhjpbnm yfv cfvsv hfpheibntkmysv d vbht jheébtv≥ (Tétujlysq ljrkfl Rjyuhtcce ≤J gjkjétybb d cnhfyt≥, 29 zydfhz 2002 ujlf). Änf htpjkñwbz åskf ghbyznf ghb cjjnyjitybb ujkjcjd 98-0 d Ctyfnt b 420-1 d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq. Jåotcndtyyjt vytybt, rjnjhjt gjckt ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhjd d yjzåht 2000 ujlf åskj ukeåjrj hfcrjkjnj, jåütlbybkjcm d ibhjrjq gjllthért yt njkmrj djtyyjq bybwbfnbds, yj b cfvjuj Ghtpbltynf. Htifñott pyfxtybt lkz änjq ljrnhbys bvtñn ldf äktvtynf. Gthdsq – joeotybt ytjnkjéyjcnb pflfxb, jnhfpbdittcz d ckjdfö j njv, xnj ≤dhtvz hfåjnftn ghjnbd yfc≥. Dnjhjq pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj eybrfkmyfz jgfcyjcnm, cjplfdftvfz jheébtv vfccjdjuj gjhfétybz, jåzpsdftn Cjtlbytyyst Infns åsnm ujnjdsvb ghbybvfnm åscnhst, htibntkmyst b eghtélfñobt vths. Jåf änbö bvgthfnbdf jnhféfñn bltñ j njv, xnj rfrbv ås dscjrbv yb åsk hbcr ltqcndbz, hbcr åtpltqcndbz tot cnhfiytt. Åjktt njuj, Ghtpbltyn zcyj lfk gjyznm, xnj yfbåjkmieñ euhjpe ghtlcnfdkztn ytåjkmifz ujhcnrf ujcelfhcnd, jcjåtyyj Bhfr, Bhfy b Ctdthyfz Rjhtz, rjnjhst jy yfpdfk ≤jcmñ pkf≥. D lfyyjv ckexft åtcgjrjbn yt njkmrj jgfcyjcnm njuj, xnj änb cnhfys cfvb ghbjåhtnen JVG, yj b njn hbcr, xnj jyb, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, vjuen ghtljcnfdbnm nfrjt jheébt lheubv, jcjåtyyj nthhjhbcnbxtcrbv uheggfv, gjljåysv ≤Fkm-Rfqlt≥. Dj-dnjhsö, Cjtlbytyyst Infns ljåbdfkbcm b ljåbkbcm tlbyjleiyjuj ujkjcjdfybz Cjdtnf Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY 28 ctynzåhz. Htpjkñwbz 1373, ghbyznfz d cjjndtncndbb c Ukfdjq ªÈÈ Ecnfdf JJY, rjnjhfz yfltkztn Cjdtn Åtpjgfcyjcnb ibhjrbvb gjkyjvjxbzvb gj bcgjkytybñ cdjbö htitybq b ltkftn htpjkñwbñ jåzpfntkmyjq lkz dctö cnhfy-xktyjd JJY, jåzpsdftn dct ujcelfhcndf-xktys Jhufybpfwbb jåüzdkznm dyt pfrjyf abyfycjdeñ ltzntkmyjcnm ≤Fkm-Rfqls≥, jåvtybdfnmcz hfpdtllfyysvb b ghbybvfnm vths gj ghtljndhfotybñ gthtldbétybz nthhjhbcnjd. Öjnz htpjkñwbz bvttn crjhtt cbvdjkbxtcrbq, xtv ghfrnbxtcrbq äaatrn, jyf ghblftn vyjujcnjhjyyññ ktubnbvyjcnm djpukfdkztvjq fvthbrfywfvb åjhmåt c nthhjhbpvjv. D gjcktleñobt vtczws dscjrjgjcnfdktyyst ghtlcnfdbntkb dytiytgjkbnbxtcrjuj dtljvcndf, hfdyj rfr b Ghtpbltyn, åjktt ltnfkmyj jåüzcybkb gjlöjl flvbybcnhfwbb, drkñxfz djpvjéyjcnm eghtélfñotuj elfhf, n.t. ghbyznbz ghtdtynbdysö vth dvtcnj njuj, xnjås gfccbdyj élfnm b htfubhjdfnm njkmrj gjckt njuj, rfr Cjtlbytyyst Infns bkb bö cjñpybrb gjldthuyencz yfgfltybñ. Nfr, vbybcnh jåjhjys Ljyfkml Hfvcatkl pfvtnbk: ≤Nthhjhbcn vjétn yfgfcnm d kñåjt dhtvz, d kñåjv vtcnt, bcgjkmpez kñåst ghbtvs. Abpbxtcrb ytdjpvjéyj jåtcgtxbnm gjcnjzyyeñ pfobne gjdcñle... Rjulf htxm bltn j xtv-ybåelm dhjlt jcgs, bkb cbåbhcrjq zpds, bkb öbvbxtcrjuj jheébz, bkb hflbfwbjyyjuj jheébz, bkb eåbqcndf nsczx kñltq d Wtynht vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb, lfét Ecnfd JJY ghtlecvfnhbdftn ghfdj yf cfvjjåjhjye. F tlbycndtyysq äaatrnbdysq cgjcjå pfobns – gthtytcnb åjq nelf, ult yföjlzncz nthhjhbcns... Gjänjve eghtélfñott ghbvtytybt djtyyjq cbks cnfkj ntgthm hfåjxtq blttq≥ (bynthdmñ ghjuhfvvt ≤Xfc yjdjcntq c Lébvjv Kththjv≥ ntktrjvgfybb Gb-åb-äc, 4 atdhfkz 2002 ujlf). D-nhtnmbö, 19 xktyjd YFNJ dgthdst d bcnjhbb fkmzycf ghbåtukb r Cnfnmt ª Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhf. Cnfnmz ª nhfrnetn yfgfltybt yf jlyj ujcelfhcndj-xkty YFNJ rfr yfgfltybt yf dctö b jåzpsdftn bö ghbybvfnm vths d cjjndtncndbb cj cdjbvb rjycnbnewbjyysvb ghjwtlehfvb. D bnjut 16 bp 19 cnhfy dsltkbkb djtyyjckeéfobö lkz exfcnbz d faufycrjq rfvgfybb, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj jabwbfkmyj änf djqyf yt dtltncz rfr jgthfwbz YFNJ. Ljgjkybntkmyjt gjkbnbxtcrjt, djtyyjt b hfpdtlsdfntkmyjt cjltqcndbt åskj jrfpfyj nfrét åjkmibv xbckjv ujcelfhcnd, drkñxfz Hjccbñ, Rbnfq b vyjubö fpbfncrbö b åkbéytdjcnjxysö cjctltq Faufybcnfyf. D gjcktleñobt vtczws fvthbrfycrfz fdbfwbz b fvthbrfycrbt djqcrf cgtwbfkmyjuj yfpyfxtybz, gjllthébdfz faufycreñ jggjpbwbñ, åscnhj hfpuhjvbkb ghfdbdibq Faufybcnfyjv htébv nfkbåjd dvtcnt c bö cgjldbéybrfvb bp ≤FkmRfqls≥. Änf gjåtlf åskf jlthéfyf ujhfplj åscnhtt b c ujhfplj vtymibvb gjnthzvb, xtv jéblfkb vyjubt yfåkñlfntkb, b åskf dcnhtxtyf kbrjdfybtv vtcnyjuj yfctktybz, cxbnfñotuj, xnj tuj jcdjåjlbkb jn nbhfybxtcrjq dkfcnb nfkbåjd. Dgjcktlcndbb, dscnegfz 1 bñyz d Djtyyjq frfltvbb CIF, Ghtpbltyn crfpfk cjåhfdibvcz rehcfynfv, xnj Fvthbrf ljkéyf åsnm ujnjdf r ≤eghtélfñobv ltqcndbzv, rjulf ytjåöjlbvj≥ pfobofnm cdjåjle b ébpym kñltq. D njv ét leöt dbwt-ghtpbltyn Xtqyb jåtofk, xnj Cjtlbytyyst Infns ≤eybxnjéfn nthhjhbcnbxtcrbt kfuthz, ult ås jyb yb yföjlb7 kbcm≥, f jå Bhfrt pfvtnbk, xnj ytkmpz ljgecnbnm, xnjås ≤htébv, gjkysq ytyfdbcnb r Fvthbrt, cvju rjulf-kbåj euhjéfnm fvthbrfywfv jheébtv vfccjdjuj gjhfétybz≥ (ufptnf ≤Dfibyunjy gjcn≥, 25 bñyz 2002 ujlf). Htfrwbz vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjjåotcndf yf ljrnhbye Åeif ckjéytt, b c cjñpybrfvb b lheubvb cnhfyfvb djpybrkb hfpyjukfcbz gj Bhfre, Åkbéytve Djcnjre b gj djghjce j njv, lj rfrjq cntgtyb Cjtlbytyyst Infns ljkéys åsnm åjktt ≤vyjujcnjhjyybvb≥ d cdjtv gjlöjlt r ibhjrjve rheue vtéleyfhjlysö ghjåktv. Dghjxtv, vyjubt bp änbö hfpyjukfcbq jcnfñncz xbcnj hbnjhbxtcrbvb, b ibhjrjt cjnhelybxtcndj d djtyyjq b hfpdtlsdfntkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb ghjljkéftncz. D rfrjq-nj vtht pfheåtéyfz htfrwbz – ytbpåtéyjt cktlcndbt fvthbrfycrjuj gthdtycndf. B dct ét ghbukeityyfz htfrwbz b ntyltywbz r njve, xnjås jyf jcnfdfkfcm dj vyjujv cbvdjkbxtcrjq, jnhféftn jncencndbt äaatrnbdysö chtlcnd vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdjghbvtytybz xthtp ltqcndeñobt htubjyfkmyst b vtéleyfhjlyst bycnbnens. D rjytxyjv cxtnt, ljrnhbyf Åeif ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cnhfntubñ pfobns Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd jn djpvjéysö yfgfltybq c ghbvtytybtv jheébz vfccjdjuj gjhfétybz. Rhjvt njuj, jyf djgkjoftn d ctåt eybrfkmyeñ vbhjdeñ hjkm Fvthbrb d pfobnt lheubö jn gjljåysö hfpheitybq. D nj ét dhtvz Ujcelfhcndtyysq ctrhtnfhm Rjkby Gfeäkk pfvtnbk, xnj tckb yfyjcbnm eghtélfñobq elfh, nj tuj yflj yfyjcbnm htibntkmyj. Jy jnvtnbk nfrét, xnj ghjabkfrnbrf vjétn åsnm cdzpfyf yt njkmrj c djtyyjq cbkjq, yj b c fhtcnfvb, cfyrwbzvb b lbgkjvfnbxtcrbvb vthfvb. Cjdtnybr gj yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb Rjyljkbpf Hfqc ghbdtkf d rfxtcndt ghbvthf ecgtiyjq ghtdtynbdyjq vths åkjrfle dj dhtvz reåbycrjuj hfrtnyjuj rhbpbcf 1962 ujlf (wbnfns bp éehyfkf ≤Ärjyjvbcn≥, 22 bñyz 2002 ujlf, cnh. 29). Ljrnhbyf Åeif b tt ltnfkbpfwbz djgkjofñn fvthbrfycreñ dctjödfnsdfñoeñ cnhfntubñ xthtp ujl gjckt cjåsnbq 11 ctynzåhz, yj ljrnhbyf yt ceotcndetn d dfreevt. Tt ébpytcgjcjåyjcnm jnxfcnb åeltn pfdbctnm jn cnfåbkmyjq dyenhtyytq gjllthérb, vtéleyfhjlyjq htfrwbb b cgjcjåyjcnb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd ytcnb åhtvz änjq cnhfntubb. Yf dyenhtyytq fhtyt, öjnz gj lheubv djghjcfv htprbt gfhnbqyst hfpyjukfcbz jxtdblys, dj dytiytq gjkbnbrt cjöhfyztncz ibhjrfz ldeögfhnbqyfz gjllthérf. D nj ét dhtvz jåotcndtyyjt vytybt ndthlj gjllthébdftn djqye c nthhjhjv. Dljåfdjr vfkj ghbpyfrjd njuj, xnj yfuhepre, cdzpfyyeñ c edtkbxtybtv hfcöjljd yf jåjhjye, nhelyj åeltn dslthéfnm. Gthtl 11 ctynzåhz ljkz dfkjdjuj dyenhtyytuj ghjlernf, yfghfdkztvfz yf jåjhjye, egfkf lj 3 ghjwtynjd – åjktt ybprjuj ehjdyz, xtv rjulf-kbåj cj dhtvtyb yfgfltybz yf Gthk-Öfhåjh. Lfét pyfxbntkmyjt edtkbxtybt jåjhjyysö hfcöjljd, gjdsifñott äne wbahe lj 3,3 ghjwtynf c djpvjéysv ljcnbétybtv 4 ghjwtynjd d åkbéfqibt ujls, yt cjplfcn åjkmitq yfuheprb, xtv dj dhtvtyf öjkjlyjq djqys. Hjåthn Lé. Kbåth – htlfrnjh b cjfdnjh bplfyyjq d 2002 ujle rybub ≤Ghfdbn kb jhtk? Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf b fvthbrfycrjt gthdtycndj d 21-v dtrt≥. Vytybz, dscrfpfyyst d änjq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn njxre phtybz bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. 8 Ärjyjvbxtcrfz wtyf nthhjhbpvf Åhfqfy C. Eäcåthb Ukfdysq ärjyjvbcn rjhgjhfwbb ≤Uhbaaby, Reåbr, Cnbdtyc b Njvgcjy≥ Yf dbltjpfgbcb, cltkfyyjq ghbåkbpbntkmyj d rjywt 2001 ujlf, Ecfvf åby Kflty jåüzdbk, xnj nthfrns 11 ctynzåhz ≤ukeåjrj djypbkbcm d cthlwt fvthbrfycrjq ärjyjvbrb≥. R cxfcnmñ, jy jibåcz. Ärjyjvbrf CIF d njn cnhfiysq ltym gjkexbkf cbyzrb b dvznbys, yj zcyj, xnj cthlwt fvthbrfycrjq ärjyjvbrb gj-ghtéytve åmtncz hjdyj. Yfytcz elfh gj Wtynhe Ärjyjvbrf CIF ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkf cdjñ cnjqrjcnm. Ytcvjnhz yf eothå, jwtybdftvsq d 120 vkhl. ljkkfhjd, b ytvfkeñ nhtdjue, xthtp ujl gjckt nthfrnjd Cjtlbytyyst Infns yföjlzncz d ghjwtcct ärjyjvbxtcrjuj jpljhjdktybz. vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb, ≤Fkm-Rfqlf≥ gjczuyekf yf Kñåjt bccktljdfybt djpltqcndbz nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz yf ärjyjvbre CIF jckjéyztncz vyjubvb jlyjdhtvtyysvb cjåsnbzvb. Gj lfyysv Yfwbjyfkmyjuj åñhj ärjyjvbxtcrbö bccktljdfybq, d vfhnt 2001 ujlf fvthbrfycrfz ärjyjvbrf dcnegbkf d afpe cgflf, b, rfr vs ntgthm pyftv, gthdst nhb rdfhnfkf 2001 ujlf lfkb jnhbwfntkmysq hjcn. Yf vjvtyn nthfrnjd ghjvsiktyyjt ghjbpdjlcndj gflfkj 11 vtczwtd gjlhzl, b wtys yf fvthbrfycrbt frwbb eét cybéfkbcm, jcjåtyyj d dscjrjntöyjkjubxyjv ctrnjht. bycnbnens rfgbnfkbcnbxtcrjq ltvjrhfnbb. Dblysq ärjyjvbcn, hfåjnfñobq d Gjplytt crfylfks c åeöufknthcrjq jnxtnyjcnmñ gjhjlbkb cjvytybz d ljcnjdthyjcnb abyfycjdsö jnxtnjd rjhgjhfwbq. Änb crfylfks gjljhdfkb ljdthbt b dspdfkb ytvfkeñ jpfåjxtyyjcnm chtlb bydtcnjhjd. Htfrwbz gjkbnbrjd vjukf tot cbkmytt eöelibnm cbnefwbñ, tckb ås dshfpbkfcm d xhtpvthyjv htuekbhjdfybb ghtlghbybvfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb, yj gjlgbcfyysq Ghtpbltynjv Åeitv pfrjy j rjhgjhfnbdyjv vjityybxtcndt yt yfyjcbn eothåf b gjvjétn ecgjrjbnm hsyjxyst cnhföb. xbrfucrjq bydtcnbwbjyyjq abhvt, cxbnftn äne gjgsnre ytelfxyjq, endthélfz, xnj Gj åjkmijve cxtne, rjhgjhfnbdyfz åtpjndtncndtyyjcnm – djghjc ghtöjlzobq. Ghbvtytybt pfrjyf b yfrfpfybt ytxtcnysö rjvgfybq hsyjxysvb cbkfvb pfcnfdbn ukfdysö bcgjkybntkmysö lbhtrnjhjd yfdtcnb gjhzljr d cdjbö åfkfycjdsö dtljvjcnzö. 99 ghjwtynjd fvthbrfycrbö åbpytcvtyjd pfrjyjgjckeiys, b ytlfdybt crfylfks, crjhtt dctuj, cjplflen jåcnfyjdre, d rjnjhjq vjityybxtcndf åeltn pyfxbntkmyj vtymit. fvthbrfycrbt bycnbnens b ärjyjvbrf, d jcyjdyjv, djccnfyjdbkbcm gjckt Ytcvjnhz yf änb ytufnbdyst ghjwtccs, d ntxtybt 45 lytq gjckt nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz cjdjregysq cghjc djccnfyjdbkcz lj cdjtuj ghtéytuj nhtylf, f htfkmysq dfkjdjq dyenhtyybq ghjlern (DDG) egfk d nhtnmtv rdfhnfkt 2001 ujlf, yf rjnjhsq ghbikbcm gjcktlcndbz nthfrnjd, d vtymitq cntgtyb (-0,3 ghjwtynf), xtv dj dnjhjv rdfhnfkt (-1,6 ghjwtynf), ytgjchtlcndtyyj gthtl yfgfltybzvb. Öjnz fdbfgthtdjprb b nthfrnjd. 9 ujcnbybxyfz bylecnhbz dct tot bcgsnsdfñn ltghtccbdysq ehjdtym frnbdyjcnb, lheubt hfcöjls yt njkmrj djpvtcnbkb, yj b åjktt xtv rjvgtycbhjdfkb cdzpfyyst c gjtplrfvb eåsnrb. kj rfélsq vtczw lj fduecnf 2001 ujlf. Gbr pfyznjcnb ghbitkcz yf vfhn 2001 ujlf, f gthtl nthfrnfvb åskj cjrhfotyj 495 000 hfåjxbö vtcn. Rhjvt njuj, fvthbrfycrbt ajyljdst hsyrb eét gjytckb eåsnrb. R 10 ctynzåhz cdjlysq ajyljdsq byltrc ≤Cnfylfhl äyl Gehp≥ (S&P) cybpbkcz yf 28,5 ghjwtynf, gj chfdytybñ c gbrjdsv pyfxtybtv, f cdjlysq byltrc NASDAQ egfk yf 66,4 ghjwtynf. Öjnz ytrjnjhst gjcktlybt ärjyjvbxtcrbt lfyyst, gjöjét, ghtlgjkfufñn yfkbxbt yjdjuj yfåjhf gjntywbfkmysö ckfåjcntq d ärjyjvbrt, yt dct lfyyst erfpsdfñn d jnhbwfntkmyeñ cnjhjye. Xbckj gthdbxysö pfzdjr yf gjkextybt gjcjåbq gj åtphfåjnbwt ghjljkéftn gflfnm, gjrfpfntkb jåütvf hjpybxyjq njhujdkb jcnfñncz rhtgrbvb, frnbdyjcnm yf hsyrt ébkmz dscjrf, f ehjdyb pfgfcjd jcnfñncz ybprbvb. Djghtrb jgfctybzv, ghtlcnfdkztncz, xnj ärjyjvbrf CIF gjghtéytve ndthlj cnjbn yf yjufö. Ytcvjnhz yf cjöhfyzñoeñcz ghjxyjcnm gjrfpfntktq gjnhtåbntkmcrbö hfcöjljd b hjpybxysö ghjlfé, yfxfkj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cgflf lfnbhetncz vfhnjv 2001 ujlf, pf gznm vtczwtd lj nthfrnjd. Dtltncz vyjuj ltåfnjd j njv, rfrbt afrnjhs dspdfkb gfltybt frwbq b cgfl, b vyjubt cxbnfñn, xnj änj gjcktlcndbz lenjuj hjcnf bydtcnbwbq. Jlyfrj rfnfkbpfnjhs cgflf yt cnjkm jxtdblys. Tcnm nhb ghbxbys cnjqrjcnb fvthbrfycrjq ärjyjvbrb. Dj-gthdsö, Atlthfkmyfz htpthdyfz cbcntvf nhbéls cjrhfofkf ghjwtynyst cnfdrb gjckt nthfrnjd, cjrhfnbd bö eét djctvm hfp d ghtlitcndeñobt bv djctvm vtczwtd. Dj-dnjhsö, d vft 2001 ujlf Ghtpbltyn Åei gjlgbcfk gthdsq c 1986 ujlf pfrjy j cybétybb yfkjujd, f Rjyuhtcc d yfxfkt 2002 ujlf ghbyzk pfrjyjghjtrn j cnbvekfö, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobq cjrhfotybt yfkjujd yf ghtlghbznbz. Gjcktlyzz b cfvfz dféyfz ghbxbyf: yf dctv ghjnzétybb ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cgflf d CIF ghjljkéfkf hfcnb ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm nhelf. Änf fyjvfkmyfz ntyltywbz cdbltntkmcndetn j ghjxyjv jcyjdjgjkfufñotv gjntywbfkmyjv hjcnt. Pfntv d gthdst ldf rdfhnfkf 2002 ujlf ytctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfz ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm gjlyzkfcm yf 4,8 ghjwtynf d gthtcxtnt yf ujljdst ntvgs, ecrjhbd hjcn htfkmyjuj DDG b pfrhtgbd jpljhjdktybt. Ghb bleobö ddthö wbrkbxtcrbö (ltytéysö b åñlétnysö) b ljkujdhtvtyysö (ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm) nhtylfö ärjyjvbrf CIF afrnbxtcrb yföjlbncz ctqxfc d kexitq ajhvt, xtv rjulf-kbåj c cthtlbys 2000 ujlf. Öjnz ljåfdktyyfz cnjbvjcnm nhfycgjhnbhjdrb, jöhfys, cnhföjdfybz b ecbkbditqcz pfobns byahfcnhernehs åeltn d ghtlcnjzobt ujls njhvjpbnm ärjyjvbxtcrbq hjcn d CIF, änb bplthérb ljkéys kturj gjukjofnmcz ndthlsv ljkujchjxysv hjcnjv ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb. D 1999 b 2000 ujlfö Atlthfkmyfz htpthdyfz cbcntvf gjdscbkf htfkmyst ghjwtynyst cnfdrb lj vfrcbvfkmyjuj ehjdyz åjktt xtv pf 10 ktn. Ljkz yfkjujd d DDG d 2000 ujle nfrét ljcnbukf htrjhlyjuj ehjdyz lkz vbhyjuj dhtvtyb. Cjcnfdkzz 20,8 ghjwtynf DDG, yfkjub ajhvbhjdfkb yfbåjkmieñ ljkñ cjdjregyjuj yfwbjyfkmyjuj ghjlernf c 1944 ujlf, rjulf Cjtlbytyyst Infns exfcndjdfkb dj Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqyt. Gjcrjkmre b htfkmyst ghjwtynyst cnfdrb, b yfkjub dsikb yf dtcmvf jåhtvtybntkmysq ehjdtym, ärjyjvbrf åskf jåhtxtyf yf nhelyjcnb. Gj chfdytybñ c gjnthzvb, gjytctyysvb d ghjiksö djqyfö, bplthérb nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz b gjcktleñobö rjynhfnfr d Faufybcnfyt ytdtkbrb. Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghjwdtnfkb, ytcvjnhz yf Gthdeñ b Dnjheñ vbhjdst djqys, Rjhtqcreñ djqye, Dmtnyfvcreñ djqye b jgthfwbñ ≤Åehz d gecnsyt≥. Ébpytcnjqrjcnm Fvthbrb gthtl kbwjv änbö rjyakbrnjd – htpekmnfn ghbdthétyyjcnb ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq hsyjxyjq cbcntvt. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj ≤Fkm-Rfqlf≥ fnfrjdfkf vfzr rfgbnfkbpvf d vbhjdjv abyfycjdjv wtynht, ghtlghbybvfntkmcrbq leö d Fvthbrt gj-ghtéytve ébdtn b åkfujltycndetn. R cxfcnmñ, 3 zydfhz 2001 ujlf ghb ghjwtynyjq cnfdrt gj rhfnrjchjxysv rhtlbnfv yf ehjdyt 6,5 ghjwtynf Atlthfkmyfz htpthdyfz cbcntvf yfxfkf cthbñ cjrhfotybq ghjwtynysö cnfdjr. Gjcrjkmre yf vjvtyn yfxfkf cvzuxtybz rhfnrjchjxyst cnfdrb åskb cnjkm dscjrb, kbim r vfñ 2001 ujlf, rjulf jyb egfkb ybét 4,5 ghjwtynf, cnfdrb cnfkb ljcnfnjxyj ybprbvb lkz gjkjébntkmyjuj djpltqcndbz yf ärjyjvbre. Hfphsd d 6-9 vtczwtd vtéle cybétybtv cnfdjr b htfkmysv jnrkbrjv ärjyjvbrb jpyfxfk, xnj yfcnjzott jpljhjdktybt tldf kb yfxfkjcm ås lj yjzåhz 2001 ujlf. Xnj eöeliftn gjkjétybt dtotq Rjulf ≤Fkm-Rfqlf≥ bcgjkyzkf cdjq gkfy, ghbyznst hfytt Atlthfkmyjq htpthdyjq cbcntvjq b flvbybcnhfwbtq Åeif gjkbnbxtcrbt htitybz eét cjplfkb ghtlgjcskrb r jpljhjdktybñ. R yfxfke ctynzåhz cnfdrf gj rhfnrjchjxysv rhtlbnfv åskf cybétyf yfgjkjdbye – lj 3,25 ghjwtynf. Ghtpb- Dghjxtv, äkfcnbxyjcnm ärjyjvbrb yt jnvtyztn ärjyjvbxtcrbö wbrkjd. Pfljkuj lj 11 ctynzåhz ärjyjvbrf CIF gjrfpsdfkf zdyst ghbpyfrb ckfåjcnb. Ghjvsiktyyjt ghjbpdjlcndj ljcnbukj gbrf d ctynzåht 2000 ujlf b c ntö gjh gflf10 ltyn Åei ljåbkcz cybétybz yfkjujd d yfbåjktt gjlöjlzobq vjvtyn dhtvtyb pf dcñ bcnjhbñ, ghtljcnfdbd fvthbrfywfv åjkmit cdjåjls ghb hfcöjljdfybb cdjtuj pfhfåjnrf. Nthfrns, djpvjéyj, pflthéfkb jpljhjdktybt, yj eé njxyj yt dspdfkb cgflf. 11 ctynzåhz – ytgjchtlcndtyyst ärjyjvbxtcrbt gjcktlcndbz Rhfnrjchjxysq äaatrn nthfrnjd åsk juhjvysv. Ubåtkm kñltq b enhfnf bveotcndf cnjbkb cnhföjdsv rjvgfybzv d jåotq ckjéyjcnb ghbvthyj 40 vkhl. ljkkfhjd. Änb ghzvst bplthérb vthryen gj chfdytybñ c rjcdtyysvb. Njhujdst wtynhs b htcnjhfys gj dctq cnhfyt åskb pfrhsns, gj vtymitq vtht, yf 24 xfcf; d cdzpfyysö c gjdsityysv hbcrjv jabcysö plfybzö (nfrbö, rfr Cbhc-nfeäh d Xbrfuj) åskf ghjdtltyf ädfrefwbz; cfvjktns åskb gjcfétys; ajyljdsq hsyjr ghtrhfnbk njhub yf xtnsht lyz gjlhzl. D ctynzåht 2001 ujlf hjpybxyst ghjlféb egfkb yf 6 vkhl. ljkkfhjd (2,1 ghjwtynf); yjdst pfrfps yf njdfhs lkbntkmyjuj gjkmpjdfybz egfkb yf 11,6 vkhl. ljkkfhjd (6,8 ghjwtynf); xbckj yjdsö pfzdktybq yf gjcjåbz gj åtphfåjnbwt djphjckj yf 50 000 – yfbåjkmibq crfxjr pf vtczw c fduecnf 1982 ujlf. Ghjvsiktyyjt ghjbpdjlcndj egfkj d ctynzåht yf 1,0 ghjwtynf. 17 ctynzåhz, rjulf ajyljdst åbhéb, yfrjytw, jnrhskbcm lkz njhujd, cdjlysq ajyljdsq byltrc S&P egfk tot yf 7,0 ghjwtynf, f NASDAQ – yf 9,9 ghjwtynf, ljcnbuyed cdjbö vbybvfkmysö pyfxtybq 21 ctynzåhz. Rhegyst fdbfrjvgfybb ytvtlktyyj cjrhfnbkb htqcs gj hfcgbcfybñ yf 30 ghjwtynjd, yj lfét ghb vtymitv xbckt htqcjd cfvjktns yt pfgjkyzkbcm. Htprj jgecntkb ujcnbybws, f dcz ärjyjvbrf pf gjcktlybt xtnsht vtczwf 2001 ujlf gjnthzkf 1,1 vky. hfåjxbö vtcn. Gj cjcnjzybñ yf 29 ltrfåhz 2001 ujlf Åñhj nheljdjq cnfnbcnbrb jnytckj 408 rhegysö edjkmytybq (jghtltkztvsö rfr cjrhfotybt 50 hfåjxbö vtcn bkb åjktt) r ghzvsv b rjcdtyysv gjcktlcndbzv nthfrnjd, ghbxtv 70 ghjwtynjd änbö edjkmytybq ghbikjcm yf djpleiysq nhfycgjhn b bylecnhbñ nehbpvf. Rhjvt njuj, dcktlcndbt åjktt cnhjujuj ljcvjnhf yf gjuhfybxysö geyrnfö b d gjhnfö jåhfpjdfkbcm ≤ghjårb≥ d cbcntvfö eghfdktybz wtgjxrfvb gjcnfdjr. D ctynzåht 2001 ujlf gjcnfdrb njdfhjd lkbntkmyjuj gjkmpjdfybz egfkb yf 9,2 vkhl. ljkkfhjd, gjcrjkmre nhfycgjhnyst ghjåktvs dytckb genfybwe d gjnjrb pfrfpjd b dpdbynbkb pfnhfns yf ljcnfdre njdfhjd. Änj lfktrj yt gjkysq gthtxtym eåsnrjd. Fdbfrjvgfybb ytvtlktyyj gjkexbkb d gjvjom jn ghfdbntkmcndf rhtlbn yf 15 vkhl. ljkkfhjd b ghjczn tot. Htprj edtkbxbkbcm cnhföjdst hfcöjls, ghbxtv d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö tétvtczxyfz cnjbvjcnm cnhföjdrb gjdscbkfcm yf 300 b åjkmit ghjwtynjd, gj chfdytybñ c gthbjljv lj nthfrnjd. Djpybr cnhföjdjq uhflbtyn, gjdsifñobq ghjbpdjlcndtyyst pfnhfns c ghbåkbétybtv vtcnf hfcgjkjétybz rjvgfybq r wtynhfv gjkbnbxtcrjq b abyfycjdjq dkfcnb. D nj ét dhtvz htprj djphjckb b hfcöjls yf åtpjgfcyjcnm. Yfhzle c edtkbxtybtv xbckf jöhfyybrjd d åjkmibycndt rhegysö ujhjlcrbö plfybq, ddtltys nheljtvrbt ghjwtlehs jåtcgtxtybz åtpjgfcyjcnb. Ytrjnjhst abhvs ljikb lj nj11 uj, xnj ecnfyfdkbdfñn htynutyjdcrbt fggfhfns b vtnfkkjbcrfntkb. C njxrb phtybz cnbvekjd, nthfrns 11 ctynzåhz bpvtybkb cjjnyjitybt vtéle hbcrjv b djpyfuhféltybtv d fvthbrfycrjq ärjyjvbrt. Yt njkmrj gjdscbkbcm hbcrb (pf cxtn cåjtd d åbpytct b eåsnrjd), yj b djpyfuhféltybz cnfkb ybét bp-pf hfcneobö pfnhfn yf åtpjgfcyjcnm. Ytgjchtlcndtyyj dcktl pf htprbv cjrhfotybtv ghjbpdjlcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb, ärjyjvbxtcrbv cgfljv b rjkkfgcjv wty yf frwbb nfrjq gthtrjc d bydtcnbwbjyysö cnbvekfö dspdfk åjkmieñ nhtdjue. Jpljhjdktybt Ntv yt vtytt, fvthbrfycrfz ärjyjvbrf djccnfyjdbkfcm. Pf cxbnfyyst lyb gjnhtåbntkb b ghtlghbybvfntkb dthyekbcm r cdjbv pfyznbzv. Ghjbpdjlbntkb fdnjvjåbktq ddtkb rhtlbnjdfybt c yektdjq ghjwtynyjq cnfdrjq, b ghjlféb vfiby htprj gjikb ddthö. Lj änjuj jyb cjrhfnbkbcm d gthtcxtnt yf ujl c 16,4 vky. tlbybw d fduecnt 2001 ujlf lj 15,9 vky. tlbybw d ctynzåht, yj cnfkb gjdsifnmcz d htpekmnfnt ddtltybz cnbvekjd d rjywt vtczwf. Pfntv, d jrnzåht, ghjlféb fdnjvjåbktq djphjckb lj 21,3 vky. tlbybw gj ujljdjve gjrfpfntkñ – htrjhlyjuj ehjdyz pf dct dhtvtyf. Gj dctv ghjvsiktyysv ctrnjhfv fvthbrfycrjq ärjyjvbrb ghjrfnbkfcm djkyf yjdsö ntöyjkjubq. Cjxtnfybt ecgtöjd d jåkfcnb gjkeghjdjlybrjd, ghjuhfvvyjuj jåtcgtxtybz b ntöybrb cdzpb ghtdhfoftn Cjtlbytyyst Infns bp ärjyjvbrb c ghjvsiktyyjq jcyjdjq d ärjyjvbre c byajhvfwbjyyjq jcyjdjq – dj vyjujv gjljåyj njve, rfr vfibys jåtcgtxbkb gthtöjl jn ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq r ghjvsiktyyjq ägjöt. Lheubt hjpybxyst ghjlfdws nfrét cybpbkb wtys, b ctynzåhmcrbq cgfl åsk rjvgtycbhjdfy jrnzåhmcrbv ghbhjcnjv. Pf bcrkñxtybtv fdnjvjåbktq, hjpybxyst ghjlféb egfkb d ctynzåht yf 1,2 ghjwtynf, yj d jrnzåht dyjdm dshjckb yf nt ét 1,2 ghjwtynf. Gj fyfkjubxyjq cötvt xbckj yjdsö pfrfpjd yf njdfhs lkbntkmyjuj gjkmpjdfybz d ctynzåht evtymibkjcm yf 6,8 ghjwtynf, f d jrnzåht cyjdf edtkbxbkjcm yf 9,2 ghjwtynf. Öjnz frwbb dscjrjntöyjkjubxysö rjvgfybq d gjcktlybt ujls gflfkb, bpjåhtntybz b ndjhxtcndj, cnbvekbhetvst juhjvysvb bydtcnbwbzvb 1980-ö b 1990-ö ujljd, ghjljkéfñn htprj gjdsifnm äaatrnbdyjcnm fvthbrfycrjuj åbpytcf. Yjdst vtnjls eghfdktybz wtgjxrfvb gjcnfdjr, ljcneg r byajhvfwbb d htébvt htfkmyjuj dhtvtyb, cjcnfdktybt rfhns utyjvf xtkjdtrf, gjregrf njdfhjd xthtp Bynthytn, åtpåevféyfz njhujdkz, vjybnjhbyujdst ecnhjqcndf cbcntvs ukjåfkmyjuj gjpbwbjybhjdfybz b crfyths hjpybxysö wty – djn kbim xfcnbxysq gthtxtym ntöyjkjubxtcrbö crfxrjd, cltkfyysö pf gjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz. Dféyj gjvybnm, xnj kñåjt djccnfyjdktybt ltkjdjq frnbdyjcnb d 2001 ujle åskj ghbukeityysv dcktlcndbt ghjljkéfñotujcz cgflf. Ärjyjvbrf dthyekfcm r cdjtq kbybb nhtylf gjxnb åtp pflthérb, yj cfv änjn nhtyl åsk tot ckfå. Ytcvjnhz yf hfpheitybz, dspdfyyst nthfrnfvb, d xtndthnjv rdfhnfkt htfkmysq DDG dshjc d ujljdjv bcxbcktybb yf 2,7 ghjwtynf. F cfvjt ukfdyjt – gjcktlybt jghjcs gjrfpsdfñn, xnj cjdhtvtyyst ghtlghbznbz bcgjkmpeñn dctuj 20-25 ghjwtynjd ljcnegysö bv ntöyjkjubq. D htpekmnfnt vjéyj c jghtltktyyjq edthtyyjcnmñ crfpfnm, xnj d ghtlcnjzobt ujls hjcn ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb jcnfytncz yf ndthljq djcöjlzotq nhftrnjhbb. Änj edtkbxbn ljöjls b ghbåskb, jlyjdhtvtyyj clthébdfz byakzwbñ, xnj ajhvbhetn bltfkmyst eckjdbz lkz cjplfybz åjufncndf. Ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm – djn ctrhtnyjt jheébt rfgbnfkbpvf. Åtp ytt ytn hjcnf. C ytq nfrbt dytiybt gjnhzctybz, rfr nthfrns 11 ctynzåhz, ujhfplj vtytt åjktpytyys. Vyjubv yf elbdktybt gjnhtåbntkb ghjzdbkb cnjqrjcnm b dvtcnj njuj, xnjås nhfnbnm ltymub yf gjtplrb, cnfkb åjkmit hfcöjljdfnm bö yf hfpkbxyst yeéls dyenhb cnhfys. D rjywt 2001 b yfxfkt 2002 ujlf rbyjntfnhs ecnfyfdkbdfkb htrjhl pf htrjhljv gj ljöjlfv. Ghjlféb yjdsö ljvjd d 2001 ujle nfrét djphjckb lj htrjhlyjq jnvtnrb, f vfufpbys äktrnhjybrb b åsnjdjq ntöybrb d xtndthnjv rdfhnfkt edtkbxbkb ghjlféb yf 23,3 ghjwtynf d gthtcxtnt yf ujl. Gjdsitybt cghjcf yf fvthbrfycrbt akfub gjckt 11 ctynzåhz gjikj lfét yf gjkmpe vbhjdjq ärjyjvbrt, gjcrjkmre jntxtcndtyysv ghjbpdjlbntkzv ghbikjcm ghbåtuyenm r eckeufv rbnfqcrbö afåhbr, gjcnfdbdibö d 2001 ujle åjktt gjkjdbys htrjhlyjuj bvgjhnf akfujd yf 51,7 vky. ljkkfhjd. Rhtgxftv jn ytdpujl C vjvtynf jcyjdfybz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb ärcgthbvtyn d jåkfcnb hsyjxyjq ltvjrhfnbb lfk ytdthjznyst htpekmnfns. Bp ytåjkmijuj hzlf rjkjybq Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghtdhfnbkbcm d cfveñ rhegyeñ b ghjbpdjlbntkmyeñ ärjyjvbre d vbht. Gjdtltybt gjnhtåbntktq, djpvjéyj, bpvtybkjcm, yj yf jåobq ntvg hfcöjljd nthfrns 11 ctynzåhz tldf kb gjdkbzkb. Jnxfcnb änj åskj jåeckjdktyj åscnhjq htfrwbtq Atlthfkmyjq htpthdyjq cbcntvs, d rjywt 2001 ujlf nhbéls cjrhfofditq ghjwtynyst cnfdrb. Cybpbd cnfdre gj rhfnrjchjxysv rhtlbnfv lj 1,75 ghjwtynf, Atlthfkmyfz htpthdyfz cbcntvf ghfrnbxtcrb ufhfynbhjdfkf jébdktyysq hjcn ärjyjvbxtcrjq frnbdyjcnb d cthtlbyt 2002 ujlf. Rhjvt njuj, cybétybt ghjwtynysö cnfdjr lj nthfrnjd nfrét yfxbyfkj gjlybvfnm ärjyjvbre gjckt yjhvfkmyjuj jncnfdfybz gj dhtvtyb. D gthbjl c 1947 gj 2001 ujl htfkmysq DDG c gjghfdrjq yf byakzwbñ dshjc ghb chtlytujljdjv ntvgt 3,5 ghjwtynf c 1,5 nhky. lj 9,3 nhky. ljkkfhjd. D 2001 ujle htfkmysq DDG d CIF dct ét åsk yf 23,1 vkhl. ljkkfhjd dsit, xtv d 2000 ujle, ytcvjnhz yf vfnthbfkmyst gjnthb d htpekmnfnt nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz b ärjyjvbxtcrbq cgfl. Öjnz vyjubt cxbnfñn, xnj Cjtlbytyyst Infns ljcnbukb cdjtuj gjkyjuj gjntywbfkf b vjuen dcnegbnm d gthbjl yteljdktndjhbntkmyjuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hjcnf, änj ybrjbv jåhfpjv yt jxtdblyj. Vyjubt ghtlhtrfkb ytxnj gjljåyjt d ghjikjv b jibåfkbcm. Ljåfdktyyfz cnjbvjcnm d cdzpb c hfcöjlfvb yf åtpjgfcyjcnm, nhfycgjhn b cnhföjdre – dct änj vjétn njhvjpbnm hjcn. Yj änb pfnhfns ytpyfxbntkmys, gj chfdytybñ c gjntywbfkmysvb ntvgfvb hjcnf htfkmyjuj DDG d CIF. Ctrhtnyjt jheébt Yj, gjéfkeq, ukfdyjq ldbéeotq cbkjq fvthbrfycrjq cnjqrjcnb cnfk ndthlsq hjcn ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb. Jlyjq bp dféytqibö ghjdthjr yf ghjxyjcnm jcyjdjgjkfufñobö ntyltywbq ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb dscnegftn ltqcndbt änbö ntyltywbq d gthbjls ärjyjvbxtcrbö cgfljd b dytiybö gjnhzctybq lkz ärjyjvbrb. Åtpeckjdyj, fvthbrfycrbt gjrfpfntkb ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb dj dhtvz cgflf 2001 ujlf b gjckt nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz dgtxfnkzñn. Ntöyjkjubz eét gjvjuftn cjrhfofnm hfcöjls yf åtpjgfcyjcnm b ghjljkébn ltkfnm änj d åeleotv. Åjktt njuj, ytqhjyyst ctnb, chtlcndf gjbcrf gj åfpfv lfyysö d htébvt 12 Pfrkñxtybt htfkmyjuj dhtvtyb b crfybheñofz ntöybrf d åeleotv gjpdjkzn tot åjktt gjdscbnm äaatrnbdyjcnm cbcntv åtpjgfcyjcnb. Öjnz ytrjnjhst jgfcfñncz pf ytghbrjcyjdtyyjcnm cdjtq xfcnyjq ébpyb, nthhjhbcnfv cnfyjdbncz dct nhelytt b nhelytt ltqcndjdfnm d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Gj vtht njuj, rfr fvthbrfyws cnfyen åjktt edthtyysvb d cdjtq åtpjgfcyjcnb, djpjåyjdzncz yf ghtéytv ehjdyt b gjtplrb. Rfgbnfkbpv – änj yt ghjcnj plfybz b cfvjktns. Jy djgkjoftncz d bycnbnenfö b kbxyjcnzö, cjcnfdkzñobö jåotcndj. Öjnz 11 ctynzåhz cdjbvb nheckbdsvb pkjltzybzvb nthhjhbcns gjueåbkb ytvfkj abyfycjdsö nfkfynjd, fvthbrfycrbt bycnbnens b gjlfdkzñott åjkmibycndj bö ndjhxtcrbö nfkfynjd jcnfñncz ytdhtlbvsvb. F cfvjt ukfdyjt, jcjpyfybt njuj, xnj Cjtlbytyyst Infns yt pfcnhföjdfys jn ghzvjuj yfgfltybz, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ceotcndtyyeñ gthtvtye. Lj nthfrnjd cnjbvjcnm cnhföjdrb b jwtyrb hbcrjd åskb ckbirjv ybprbvb. Ctqxfc, rjulf cnjbvjcnm cnhföjdrb djphjckf, f wtys yf frwbb cybpbkbcm, hsyjr, crjhtt dctuj, gthtjwtybdftn hbcr. Cj dhtvtytv änb htfrwbb cåfkfycbheñncz. Rjytxysv htpekmnfnjv cnfkf åscnhfz gthtvtyf ärjyjvbxtcrjq ajhneys. Bp vtczwf d vtczw fvthbrfyws jcnfyfdkbdfkbcm b pflevsdfkbcm, jåhtnfkb htibvjcnm yfytcnb jndtnysq elfh, f pfntv dthyekbcm r hfåjnt rfr cfvst ghjlernbdyst uhfélfyt d vbht. Ecfvf åby Kflty ghjvföyekcz. Åhfqfy C. Eäcåthb – bpdtcnysq ärjyjvbcn-ghjuyjpbcn, hfytt hfåjnfdibq d Jåütlbytyyjv ärjyjvbxtcrjv rjvbntnt Rjyuhtccf. Rhjvt njuj, nthfrns cltkfkb nj, xtuj yt cvjukb cltkfnm gjxnb 90 ktn gjkbnbxtcrbö gjgsnjr ljåbnmcz hfphzlrb vtéleyfhjlyjq yfghzétyyjcnb: cjplfkb ntcysq fkmzyc vtéle Hjccbtq b Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb. Pfybvfz ctqxfc dnjhjt vtcnj d vbht gj ljåsxt ytanb, Hjccbz cnfkf rhegysv buhjrjv yf äythutnbxtcrjv hsyrt, cgjcjåcndeñobv jpljhjdktybñ ärjyjvbrb gentv clthébdfybz vbhjdsö wty yf ytanm. Vytybz, dscrfpfyyst d änjq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn njxre phtybz bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. 13 Yfltélf - jndtn yf nthhjh Bynthdmñ c Léjhlétv Rfhgtynthjv bp rjvgfybb ≤Ghjrnth äyl Uävåk≥ b Hjåthnjv R. Gbkfynjv bp rjvgfybb ≤Ötqath Bynthyäiyk≥ Dhféltåyjcnm, dshfpbdifzcz d nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö frnfö, gjåelbkf Cjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb tot åjkmit frnbdbpbhjdfnm ecbkbz gj ghtjljktybñ åtlyjcnb b kbitybq d vbht. Gjkbnbrf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb d jnyjitybb gjvjob yf yeéls hfpdbnbz jcyjdfyf yf edthtyyjcnb d njv, xnj åtlyjcnm jåtcgtxbdftn gbnfntkmyeñ gjxde lkz åjktpytq b kbitybq b gjntywbfkmyj lkz ghtcnegyjcnb, rjhhegwbb, b, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, nthhjhbpvf. Nthhjhbcnbxtcrbt frns 11 ctynzåhz eghjxbkb änj eåtéltybt, b ljyjhs – ghfdbntkmcndj, xfcnyst b rjhgjhfnbdyst jhufybpfwbb – c yjdjq äythubtq cnhtvzncz lfnm yfltéle b ärjyjvbxtcrbt djpvjéyjcnb åtlytqitve yfctktybñ vbhf. Ldf ärcgthnf, pfybvfñobtcz jrfpfybtv gjvjob gj kbybb xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf b ltzntkmyjcnmñ d jåkfcnb ecnjqxbdjuj hfpdbnbz, jåceélfñn hfpdbnbt dpukzljd d lfyyjq jåkfcnb c ukfdysv htlfrnjhjv ≤Ukjåfkmysö ghjåktv≥ Ifhkby Gjhnth. Hjåthn R. Gbkfyn – lbhtrnjh gj ghjuhfvvfv d Fpbb b ñéyjq xfcnb Nböjjrtfycrjuj htubjyf ytrjvvthxtcrjq jhufybpfwbb ≤Ötqath Bynthyäiyk≥, ghbpdfyyjq gjvjufnm ujkjlfñobv d hfpysö hfqjyfö vbhf hfpdbdfnm htcehcs, xnjås bvtnm djpvjéyjcnm ghjrjhvbnm ctåz cfvjcnjzntkmyj. ≤Ötqath≥, htfkbpeñofz d 47 cnhfyfö ghjuhfvvs jåextybz cjlthéfybñ crjnf b dtltybñ ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf, cxbnftncz ytpfdbcbvsvb cgtwbfkbcnfvb jlyjq bp cfvsö äaatrnbdysö b yjdfnjhcrbö åkfujndjhbntkmysö jhufybpfwbq CIF. Hjåthn Gbkfyn – dtnthbyfh, ljrnjh yfer, cgtwbfkbpbheñobqcz yf hfphfåjnrt vtéleyfhjlysö ghjuhfvv d jåkfcnb pljhjdmz b åkfujgjkexbz ébdjnysö. Léjhlé Rfhgtynth – lbhtrnjh ghjuhfvvs ecnjqxbdjuj hfpdbnbz rjhgjhfwbb ≤Ghjrnth äyl Uävåk≥ – frnbdyj pfybvftncz jceotcndkztvsvb rjvgfybtq vyjujyfwbjyfkmysvb ghjuhfvvfvb gjvjob d jåkfcnb jöhfys jrheéfñotq chtls, plhfdjjöhfytybz b cjwbfkmysö ghjåktv d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö. ≤Ghjrnth äyl Uävåk≥ hfåjnftn d 80 cnhfyfö, b ytpfdbcbvst jhufybpfwbb dscjrj jwtybdfñn uhfélfycreñ gjpbwbñ rjvgfybb. Djghjc: Rfr cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz b dspdfyysq bvb frwtyn yf nthhjhbpv b ghbxbys nthhjhbpvf cgjcjåcndeñn gthtcvjnhe ghjuhfvv hfpdbnbz, rjnjhsvb pfybvftncz dfif jhufybpfwbz? Rfhgtynth: D gjcktlybt ytcrjkmrj ktn rjvgfybz ≤Ghjrnth äyl Uävåk≥ cnfkf ghblfdfnm åjkmitt pyfxtybt ytjåöjlbvjcnb cnfåbkmyjcnb d cnhfyfö vbhf. Gjckt 11 ctynzåhz vs, d xfcnyjcnb, cjchtljnjxbkb dybvfybt yf cbkmyjv ujcelfhcn14 dtyyjv eghfdktybb rfr ghtlgjcskrt bkb jcyjdt, rjnjhfz ytjåöjlbvf lkz ecnjqxbdjuj hfpdbnbz. Åtp jåtcgtxtybz dkfcnb pfrjyf, åtp jcyjdfyyjq yf ghfdbkfö ärjyjvbxtcrjq cbcntvs, jncencndbz rjhhegwbb b dpznjxybxtcndf ghjcnj ytdjpvjéyj gjkexbnm bydtcnbwbb, ytjåöjlbvst d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö lkz htitybz frnefkmysö ärjkjubxtcrbö, ärjyjvbxtcrbö b cjwbfkmysö djghjcjd. Cnhfyfv yeéys bydtcnbwbb cj cnjhjys nfrbö rjvgfybq, rfr yfif, lkz gjdsitybz rfxtcndf ébpyb uhfélfy b dsdjlf bö bp åtlyjcnb r ghjlernbdyjve jåhfpe ébpyb, rjnjhjve åkfujghbzncndetn ukjåfkmyfz ärjyjvbrf. b jhufybpfwbzvb, jyb gjpdjkzñn yfibv cjnhelybrfv ghbtpéfnm b dsgjkyznm åfpjdeñ uevfybnfhyeñ hfåjne d bynthtcfö hfpdbnbz. D: D xtv cjcnjbn änf åfpjdfz hfåjnf? Jgbibnt tt gjlhjåytt. Gbkfyn: Yfif ghjuhfvvf yf Abkbggbyfö bvttn hzl vfubcnhfkmysö yfghfdktybq. Ukfdyjt – änj ekexitybt cjcnjzybz jrheéfñotq chtls. Rhjvt njuj, vs gjvjuftv kñlzv gjrblfnm vfhubyfkmyst d cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjv gkfyt jåotcndtyyst ckjb, xnjås cnfnm ghjlernbdysvb xktyfvb jåotcndf, b jrfpsdftv gjllthére vtcnyjve yfctktybñ d gjdsitybb ehjdyz ébpyb. Vs cdjlbv kñltq dvtcnt lkz hfåjns yfl djghjcfvb utythbhjdfybz ljöjljd, ghjbpdjlcndf ghjljdjkmcndbz b ekexitybz cjcnjzybz jrheéfñotq chtls. Vs ltkftv änj d hfvrfö hfpkbxyjuj hjlf gfhnythcnd, rjnjhst xfcnj drkñxfñn vtcnyst jhufys dkfcnb. Jyb nfrét drkñxfñn vtcnyst rjhgjhfwbb b (bkb) abhvs, xnj cjplftn dpfbvjdsujlyeñ cbnefwbñ, rjulf vjéyj ljåbnmcz ujhfplj åjktt wtkjcnysö b ecnjqxbdsö ghtjåhfpjdfybq, byjulf dsöjlz pf hfvrb yfwbjyfkmysö uhfybw. D: Pf vtczws, ghjitlibt gjckt nthfrnjd, Ghtpbltyn Åei dscnegbk cj pyfxbntkmysvb yjdsvb bybwbfnbdfvb j gjvjob hfpdbdfñotvecz vbhe, crfpfd: ≤Vs åjhtvcz ghjnbd åtlyjcnb, gjcrjkmre jndtnjv yf nthhjh dscnegftn yfltélf≥. L-h Gbkfyn, rfr änb nthhjhbcnbxtcrbt frns bpvtybkb gjlöjl ≤Ötqath Bynthyäiyk≥? Gbkfyn: D ytcrjkmrbö fcgtrnfö. Rjytxyj, vs b hfymit åskb jpfåjxtys åtpjgfcyjcnmñ vtcnyjuj b pfheåtéyjuj gthcjyfkf d hfpkbxysö cnhfyfö vbhf, yj änb cjåsnbz gjdscbkb yfie ålbntkmyjcnm, b vs yfxfkb gthtjwtybdfnm ljgjkybntkmyjt jåextybt d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb lkz yfibö ghtlcnfdbntkmcnd b gthcjyfkf dj dctv vbht. Vs nfrét gthtcvjnhtkb ghjuhfvve cdjtq hfåjns, jcjåtyyj d Faufybcnfyt b Gfrbcnfyt. Vs hfåjnftv d Faufybcnfyt c 1997 ujlf, f d Gfrbcnfyt c 1980-ö ujljd. Rjulf ujdjhzn ≤Ötqath≥, kñlzv ghtélt dctuj ghböjlzn d ujkjde rjhjds, cdbymb, rjps b rhjkbrb, yj d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb änb ébdjnyst – kbim xfcnm ujhfplj åjktt wtkjcnyjq ghjuhfvvs hfpdbnbz, yfghfdktyyjq yf cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrbt b ärjkjubxtcrbt ghtjåhfpjdfybz. Jcyjdyjq vjvtyn pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj nfrjuj hjlf gjvjom yf yeéls hfpdbnbz – ltkj ghfdbkmyjt. Vs cjukfcys c ghbdtltyyjq dfvb vsckmñ Ghtpbltynf Åeif j åjhmåt c åtlyjcnmñ, gjcrjkmre yfltélf dscnegftn jndtnjv yf nthhjh. Yj nfrjuj hjlf ghjuhfvvs hfpdbnbz – änj ghjcnj öjhjitt ltkj cfvj gj ctåt, båj ybrnj yt ljkéty ébnm d cjcnjzybb öhjybxtcrjuj ujkjlf. D: U-y Rfhgtynth, hfccrfébnt, gjéfkeqcnf, j rjyrhtnyjq ltzntkmyjcnb rjvgfybb ≤Ghjrnth äyl Uävåk≥ yf vtcnfö. Pfybvftntcm kb ds jhufybpfwbtq gfhnythcnd, fyfkjubxysö ntv, j rjnjhsö ujdjhbk l-h Gbkfyn? Rfhgtynth: Rjytxyj. Vs pfybvftvcz jåsxyjq rjhgjhfnbdyjq abkfynhjgbtq, yj jyf dtcmvf juhfybxtyf b jndktrftn ytåjkmijq ghjwtyn htcehcjd, rjnjhsvb hfcgjkfuftn rjhgjhfwbz. Vs dsltkztv chtlcndf yf htfkbpfwbñ ghjtrnjd gjvjob ltnzv d Faufybcnfyt. Vs jceotcndkztv ytrjnjhst ghjuhfvvs gjvjob c wtkmñ ekexitybz cfybnfhyj-ububtybxtcrjq jåcnfyjdrb, edzpfyyst c yfibvb abhvtyysvb vfhrfvb b ceotcndeñobv åbpytcjv d Gfrbcnfyt. D: Ds egjvzyekb bpvtytybz d htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvv d Faufybcnfyt b Gfrbcnfyt. ≤Ötqath Bynthyäiyk≥ nfrét jceotcndkztn ghjuhfvvs d lheubö cnhfyfö, ult dspsdftn jpfåjxtyyjcnm nthhjhbcnbxtcrfz ltzntkmyjcnm, f bvtyyj – d Byljytpbb b yf Abkbggbyfö. Hfccrfébnt j dfitq ltzntkmyjcnb d änbö eckjdbzö. Jlyfrj lkz vtyz yfbåjktt edktrfntkmyjq ghtlcnfdkztncz nf ltzntkmyjcnm, bvtñofz gjxnb ytjuhfybxtyyst djpvjéyjcnb cjdthitycndjdfybz hfpdbnbz dj vyjubö bp änbö cnhfy, rjnjheñ vs dtltv c ntv, xnjås cltkfnm ecnjqxbdjt hfpdbnbt xfcnmñ yfituj åbpytcf, dsqnb pf hfvrb jåsxyjq rjywtgwbb rjhgjhfnbdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb. Vs öjnbv edzpfnm åeleott yfituj åbpytcf c htitybzvb ytrjnjhsö djghjcjd hfpdbnbz, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdftvcz dj dctv vbht. Jlybv bp ghbvthjd ckeébn cbnefwbz d Dtytceäkt, ult d yfcnjzott dhtvz vs ghtlkfuftv yf hsyrt ghjlern, pyfxbntkmyj cjrhfofñobq ytödfnre d hfwbjyt ltntq gbnfntkmysö vbrhjäktvtynjd – ltabwbn dbnfvbyf F, étktpf b qjlf. Ghb hfphfåjnrt b cåsnt änjuj ghjlernf vs ntcyj cjnhelybxftv c Ltncrbv ajyljv JJY (ÑYBCTA). Jy ghjdtk d Fahbrt rkbybxtcrbt bccktljdfybz b cjwbfkmysq vfhrtnbyu, xnj gjpdjkbkj gjkexbnm lfyyst j ghjåktvt ytljcnfnjxyjcnb gbnfntkmysö vbrhjäktvtynjd. Gbkfyn: Yfib abkbggbycrbt ghjuhfvvs, rfr gjxnb dct yfib ghjuhfvvs yf gkfytnt, jceotcndkzñncz vtcnysvb uhfélfyfvb. Jlyjq bp vtcnysö gfhnythcrbö uhegg dscnegftn rjvgktrcyfz jhufybpfwbz, jåütlbyzñofz vecekmvfycrbt b öhbcnbfycrbt uheggs. Vs nfrét yfghzveñ hfåjnftv c ytcrjkmrbvb hfpkbxysvb vecekmvfycrbvb jhufybpfwbzvb, ltqcndeñobvb d jxtym åtlysö hfqjyfö cnhfys. Ddble yfkbxbz nthhjhbcnbxtcrjq jhufybpfwbb ≤Fåe-Cfqza≥ b ceotcndeñobö nfv ghjåktv åtpjgfcyjcnb lfét yfi gthcjyfk bp xbckf vtcnysö uhfélfy dsyeélty vtyznm hfåjxbt uhfabrb b dhtvz ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö, c extnjv jgfctybq jnyjcbntkmyj åtpjgfcyjcnb. Jlyfrj änb ghjuhfvvs ghjljkéfñn dsgjkyznmcz, vs yt cjrhfnbkb bö abyfycbhjdfybt b ghjljkéftv cjnhelybxfnm c änbvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Jyb pyfñn, xnj yfib ghjuhfvvs abyfycbheñncz CIF, yj gjcrjkmre vs ecnfyjdbkb ljkujchjxyst jnyjitybz c vtcnysv yfctktybtv 15 Vs nfrét frnbdyj pfybvftvcz djghjcfvb cfybnfhbb b cyfåétybz xbcnjq djljq, hfccvfnhbdfz lfyyst ghjåktvs lkz jghtltktybz njuj, vjétv kb vs cgjcjåcndjdfnm bö htitybñ c bcgjkmpjdfybtv djpvjéyjcntq hsyrf. Tckb c gjvjomñ gjnhtåbntkmcrjuj hsyrf vs cvjétv jåtcgtxbnm ltpbyatrwbñ djls gj vtcne gjnhtåktybz bkb cfybnfhbñ d åsne, kbåj htibnm ghjåktvs ytljcnfnjxyjcnb gbnfntkmysö vbrhjäktvtynjd, nj, gj yfitve vytybñ, vjéyj jceotcndbnm hflbrfkmysq ghjhsd d htitybb änbö djghjcjd rfxtcndf ébpyb d gjljåysö cnhfyfö. juhjvyst djpvjéyjcnb lkz ecbktybz cdjtq kblbheñotq hjkb d lfyyjq jåkfcnb. Jlyfrj gjpdjkmnt cltkfnm pfvtxfybt jå jåotv rkbvfnt pf gjcktlybt ytcrjkmrj vtczwtd. Gjckt 11 ctynzåhz, hfdyj rfr b lj änjuj, jhufybpfwbz ≤Ötqath≥ åskf djcöbotyf otlhjcnmñ fvthbrfycrjuj yfctktybz – xfcnysö kbw, ajyljd, abhv, wthrdtq b ghjxbö jhufybpfwbq. D: U-y Rfhgtynth, rfr, c njxrb phtybz rjhgjhfwbb, Ds hfcwtybdftnt bpvtytybt jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz d jnyjitybb ecbkbq gj jrfpfybñ gjvjob gjckt 11 ctynzåhz? C bcgjkmpjdfybtv yfibö ceotcndeñobö vfhjr b cthbq ghjlerwbb vs eét hfåjnftv d jåkfcnzö pljhjdmz b ububtys étyoby, f nfrét ububtys peåjd, pyfxtybt rjnjhsö yt jcjpyfdfkjcm dj vyjubö hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö b cnhfyfö c gthtöjlyjq ärjyjvbrjq. D cjnhelybxtcndt c vtcnysvb vbybcnthcndfvb plhfdjjöhfytybz vs hfphfåfnsdftv ghjuhfvvs cjwbfkmyjuj vfhrtnbyuf c wtkmñ ghjcdtotybz yfctktybz, cjplfdfz ghb änjv hsyjr lkz jhbtynbhjdfyysö yf gjnhtåbntkzö htitybq ytrjnjhsö bp erfpfyysö ghjåktv. Rfhgtynth: Yt edthty, xnj änj ytgjchtlcndtyyj jnyjcbncz r 11 ctynzåhz, yj d gjcktlybt ctvm-ltdznm vtczwtd yfåkñlftncz zdyjt bpvtytybt gjlöjlf d Futyncndt CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ (FVH CIF) b hzlt lheubö dtljvcnd CIF d jnyjitybb ujnjdyjcnb ghjzdbnm jnrhsnjcnm b hfccvfnhbdfnm xfcnyst rjhgjhfwbb rfr gfhnythjd d ghjtrnfö hfpdbnbz, yfhzle c nhflbwbjyysvb YGJ b lheubvb ljyjhfvb. Änj ghbywbgbfkmyj yjdjt yfcnhjtybt, rjnjhjt hfpdbdftncz b eukeåkztncz c jgsnjv. Gjkfufñ, xnj änj jghtltktyyj dtcmvf gjktpyjt bpvtytybt. D: Cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz b nthhjhbcnbxtcrfz euhjpf dspdfkb gthtjwtyre gjvjob yf yeéls hfpdbnbz, yj ghjdjlbncz nfrét åjktt ljkujchjxyfz gthtjwtyrf, rjulf jhufybpfwbb gsnfñncz jghtltkbnm, xtuj ljcnbukb ghjuhfvvs gjvjob, jrfpfkbcm kb jyb äaatrnbdysvb b tcnm kb ytghtldbltyyst htpekmnfns bö htfkbpfwbb. D nj ét dhtvz d gthbjl gjckt öjkjlyjq djqys pyfxbntkmyj jckfåkf gjkbnbxtcrfz gjllthérf gjvjob yf yeéls hfpdbnbz. Ytrjnjhst kblths rjyuhtccf c jceéltybtv cvjnhzn yf nfrjt hfcöjljdfybt chtlcnd CIF. Rfrbt bpvtytybz dspdfkb änb afrnjhs d jrfpfybb gjvjob yf yeéls hfpdbnbz, b rfr jyb gjdkbzkb yf ecbktybt jpfåjxtyyjcnb d jnyjitybb htpekmnfnjd b gjljnxtnyjcnb? Cxbnfñ nfrét dtcmvf gjktpysv tot jlby vjvtyn, rjnjhsq z egjvbyfk, f bvtyyj dybvfybt r djghjce ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz. Hfcntn gjybvfybt ytjåöjlbvjcnb cbcntvs cnfåbkmyjcnb b ghtlcrfpetvjcnb d ujcelfhcndtyyjv eghfdktybb, eghfdktybz yf jcyjdt ghfdbk b ärjyjvbxtcrjq cbcntvs, jcyjdfyyjq yf ghfdbkfö. Åtp änjuj åjkmibycndj rjvgfybq ybrjulf yt cvjétn dtcnb åbpytc d ytrjnjhsö bp änbö cnhfy b ybrjulf yt gjkexbn djpvjéyjcnb gjvjxm dsdtcnb änb cnhfys bp åtlyjcnb. Vs ghjcnj yt vjétv ecgtiyj dtcnb ltkf nfv, ult vtcnyfz nhflbwbz ghtlecvfnhbdftn lfxe dpznjr. Gjänjve nfrjt ghbpyfybt dféyjcnb äaatrnbdyjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz lkz ecnjqxbdjuj hfpdbnbz ghtlcnfdkztncz dtcmvf gjpbnbdysv bpvtytybtv. Gbkfyn: ≤Ötqath≥ b vyjubt lheubt ytrjvvthxtcrbt cnhernehs eét ljdjkmyj lfdyj cjchtljnjxbdfñn ecbkbz yf htpekmnfnfö b gjljnxtnyjcnb hfåjns. Ybrfrbö yfukzlysö bpvtytybq gjckt 11 ctynzåhz bkb bp-pf cjåsnbq 11 ctynzåhz yf ltkt yt ghjbpjikj. D djghjcfö cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ vs ghblthébdftvcz gjlöjlf, jcyjdfyyjuj yf wtyyjcnzö, b hfåjnftv d zhrj dshfétyyjv leöt cjnhelybxtcndf c vtcnysv yfctktybtv, abhvfvb, jhufyfvb dkfcnb b lh. Änb djghjcs dctulf yföjlzncz d wtynht yfituj dybvfybz. D: Ds egjvzyekb yjdsq frwtyn yf gfhnythcndj. Änj – rjywtgwbz, rjnjheñ d gjcktlytt dhtvz flvbybcnhfwbz Åeif b vtéleyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb hfpdbnbz ghjgfufylbheñn rfr yjdeñ cnhfntubñ ecgtöf. D xtv Ds dblbnt ghjlernbdysq gjntywbfk änbö jnyjitybq? B dct ét ytn cjvytybz d njv, xnj ytrjnjhst xktys fvthbrfycrjuj ghfdbntkmcndf b lheubö jhufyjd ltqcndbntkmyj jnyjczncz r hfcöjljdfybñ chtlcnd lkz jrfpfybz gjvjob yf yeéls hfpdbnbz c jceéltybtv, rfr ds crfpfkb. CIF jncnfñn jn åjkmibycndf lheubö cnhfy gj ljkt fccbuyjdfybq yf yeéls hfpdbnbz d dfkjdjv dyenhtyytv ghjlernt (DDG). Gjänjve ctqxfc jghtltktyyj yfcnfkj dhtvz, rjulf ghfdbntkmcndj CIF vjétn pfyznm åjktt edthtyyeñ kblbheñoeñ hjkm d nfrjq vtéleyfhjlyjq gjvjob yf yeéls hfpdbnbz, rjnjhfz ljrfpfkf cdjñ äaatrnbdyjcnm. Rfhgtynth: Lkz cnfyjdktybz äaatrnbdysö gfhnythcnd nhtåetncz vyjuj vtczwtd, b jyb ltqcndeñn njkmrj, tckb dsujlys lkz dctö cnjhjy, nfr xnj änj yt nj, xnj vjéyj ctujlyz dslevfnm, f pfdnhf gjlgbcfnm. Jå bybwbfnbdt UÄQY – Ukjåfkmyjv fkmzyct pf ekexitybt gbnfybz – åskj jåüzdktyj yf Cgtwbfkmyjq ctccbb JJY gj ghjåktvfv ltntq d vft 2002 ujlf. Jyf drkñxftn FVH CIF, Dctvbhysq åfyr, Dctvbhyeñ jhufybpfwbñ plhfdjjöhfytybz, ÑYBCTA, Ajyl Åbkkf b Vtkbyls Utqncjd, ≤Ghjrnth äyl Uävåk≥, f nfrét hzl lheubö yfwbjyfkmysö futyncnd hfpdbnbz b rjvgfybq xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf. Yf njq ctccbb rjvgfybz ≤Ghjrnth äyl Uävåk≥ jåtofkf ghtljcnfdbnm ytrjnjhst ntöyjkjubb jåjufotybz ghjlernjd gbnfybz, yf jcyjdt rjnjhsö cjplfy hfcghjcnhfyztvsq d Dtytceäkt ghjlern YenhbCnfh, lkz bpextybz bö ghbujlyjcnb lkz jcyjdysö ghjlernjd gbnfybz yfbvtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy c wtkmñ htit- D rfxtcndt ghbvthf vjéyj ghbdtcnb Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn, ult Åñhj gj ltkfv Djcnjxyjq Fpbb b Nböjjrtfycrjuj htubjyf dvtcnt c rjycekmcndjv d Xäyle, Rbnfq, ghjzdbkb bcrkñxbntkmyj pfbynthtcjdfyyjt b gjpbnbdyjt jnyjitybt r bybwbfnbdt gj jrfpfybñ gjvjob vtkrbv athvthfv b ctkmcrbv ébntkzv d Nbåtnt. E ghfdbntkmcndf CIF tcnm 16 ybz ghjåktvs ytljcnfnjxyjcnb gbnfntkmysö vbrhjäktvtynjd. Gznm ktn yfpfl, lfét ldf ujlf yfpfl, ytkmpz åskj b gjlevfnm j gjlrkñxtybb xfcnyjuj åbpytcf r nfrjuj hjlf gfhnythcnde, rhjvt rfr d rfxtcndt bcnjxybrf ltytéysö gjéthndjdfybq. Gbkfyn: Cjukfcty. Rjytxyj, d ghjikjv YGJ jåhfofkbcm r rjhgjhfwbb njkmrj pf jlyjhfpjdsv uhfynjv bkb xtuj-ybåelm d änjv hjlt. Gfhnythcndj xfcnysö rjhgjhfwbq, Nfr xnj tcnm vyjétcndj ndjhxtcrbö gentq dsgjkytybz änjq hfåjns. Vs yföjlbvcz d cfvjv yfxfkt, gsnfzcm gjyznm, rfr vjéyj cjplfdfnm gfhnythcndf lkz htitybz ytrjnjhsö djghjcjd, c rjnjhsvb vs ctujlyz cnfkrbdftvcz d vbht. YGJ, ghfdbntkmcndf b uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf D: Rfr dfib gjlhfpltktybz – dfib cjdtns lbhtrnjhjd, ljyjhs, htubjyfkmyst ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf – htfubheñn yf änb yjdst bltb? jåtcgtxbdftn htdjkñwbjyyst gthtvtys d Gbkfyn: Vs cxbnftv, xnj kñlb, rjnjhst pyfñn ≤Ötqath≥ b pyfñn yfib ljkujchjxyst gjlöjls yf ybpjdjv ehjdyt r ecnfyjdktybñ jnyjitybq c vtcnysv yfctktybtv, dkfcnzvb b xfcnysv åbpytcjv, htfubheñn dtcmvf gjpbnbdyj. Vs joeoftv ghbnjr gjcnegktybq, cgtwbfkmyj ghtlyfpyfxtyysö yf hfcibhtybt yfitq ghjuhfvvs d Faufybcnfyt b Gfrbcnfyt. Ghbvthyj ujl yfpfl jhufybpfwbz ≤Ötqath≥ ddtkf gjcn lbhtrnjhf gj jnyjitybzv yfåkñlftvsö yfvb c rjhgjhfwbzvb b ghbyzkf cnhfntubxtcrjt htitybt jå ecnfyjdktybb jnyjitybq c ctr- htpekmnfnfö. njhjv xfcnyjuj ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb b pf heåt– Léjhlé Rfhgtynth éjv. Vs jnyjcbvcz r änjve c åjkmibv äynepbfpvjv. Cxbnftv, xnj vjétn djpybryenm vyjuj gjpbnbdysö cbnefwbq, b änj Rjulf vs hfåjnfkb d Faufybcnfyt d rjywt eét åskj ghjltvjycnhbhjdfyj. Jlybv bp 1990-ö ujljd, e dkfcnb åskj ldbétybt ≤Nfghbvthjd cnfk yfi jgsn hfåjns d Rbnft. kbåfy≥. Vs ghjdjlbkb bpåbhfntkmyjt jåext≤Ötqath≥, vtcnyst jhufys dkfcnb, vtcnyjt xfcnyjt ghtl- ybt åsdibö cgtwbfkbcnjd bp xbckf étyoby. Jyb yföjlbkb ghbznbt b yfctktybt jåütlbybkbcm dj dgtxfnkzñotv xtns- dtcmvf jcnjhjéysq b ghjlevfyysq gjlöjl r ytuhfvjnysv htöcnjhjyytv gfhnythcndt. étyobyfv d cdjbö yfctktyysö geyrnfö, jåexfz bö cjlthéfybñ ébdjnysö, f nfrét ghfdbkfv cfybnfhbb b ububtys xtVs cnfhftvcz gjvjxm ekexibnm ghjbpdjlcndj ghjljdjkmcn- kjdtrf, n.t. nfrbv djghjcfv, rjnjhst jåsxyj vjuen yt fcdbz cj cnjhjys athvthjd, f nfrét vfhrtnbyu b hfcghtltkt- cjwbbhjdfnmcz c ≤Ötqath≥. ybt cj cnjhjys åbpytcf. Nfr, vs gjvjuftv athvthfv-ghjbpdjlbntkzv vtlf gjdsifnm rjkbxtcndj b rfxtcndj bö ghj- Gjckt yfkfébdfybz änjq cdzpb c étyobyfvb-cgtwbfkbcnfvb lerwbb. Pfntv athvths cdzpsdfñncz c cjjndtncndeñobvb vs cvjukb pfrhtgbnmcz d yfctktyysö geyrnfö. Änj gjpdjkbghtlghbybvfntkzvb, rjnjhst gjkexfñn ljcneg r kexitve kj yfv dsqnb yf étyoby bp ctvtqysö öjpzqcnd, rjnjhst ghjlerne b åjktt cnfåbkmysv gjcnfdrfv. Änj gjvjuftn yf- yeélfkbcm d lheubö ghjuhfvvfö gjvjob, nhflbwbjyyj åjctktybñ d wtkjv gentv gjdsitybz ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb ktt fccjwbbheñoböcz c ≤Ötqath≥, – d jåkfcnb cyfåétybz ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjuj nhelf, jåotq ärjyjvbxtcrjq frnbd- dscjrjrfxtcndtyysv crjnjv b jåextybz tuj cjlthéfybñ. yjcnb, b d cdjñ jxthtlm, ehjdyz ébpyb. Jhufys dkfcnb gj- Ytrjnjhst gjkexbkb gnbwe, flfgnbhjdfyyeñ r vtcnysv ecybvfñn änj b gjvjufñn hfcibhznm ghjuhfvve. Änj cnfkj kjdbzv, b d bö hfwbjy gbnfybz rféleñ ytltkñ ljåfdbkjcm tot åjktt dféysv ntgthm, c extnjv ytlfdytuj dcnegktybz ytcrjkmrj zbw, cjlthéfobö dscjrjrfxtcndtyysq åtkjr, rjcnhfys dj Dctvbhyeñ njhujdeñ jhufybpfwbñ. njhjuj byfxt jyb ås yt bvtkb. Rfhgtynth: D Bylbb vs cjplfkb jcyjdfyyeñ yf hsyrt ghjgfufylbcncreñ ghjuhfvve d wtkzö cåjhf ltytu yf jåextybt ltntq lkz njuj, xnjås edtcnb bö c ekbws b ghbdktxm d irjks. Htxm bltn j ghjuhfvvt ≤Jnrhsnst evs≥, d rjnjhjq ≤Ghjrnth äyl Uävåk≥ exfcndetn d gfhnythcndt c ÑYBCTA. Lfyyfz ghjuhfvvf jceotcndkztncz d cjxtnfybb c gjkextybtv ltytéysö gjéthndjdfybq jn yfibö ckeéfobö, rjnjhst ghjzdbkb åjkmieñ otlhjcnm. Rhjvt njuj, vs jåhfnbkbcm r cdjbv gfhnythfv gj cbcntvfv gjcnfdjr b hfcghtltktybz, xnjås pfhexbnmcz bö gjllthérjq. Htrkfvyst futyncndf b ghtlghbybvfntkb hfåjnfkb åtcgkfnyj. Gjänjve ytåjkmijq ghjtrn, jhufybpjdfyysq ytcrjkmrbvb jcyjdysvb kblthfvb, åsk vyjujrhfnyj ecbkty pf cxtn ghbdktxtybz yfibö gfhnythjd gj cbcntvfv gjcnfdjr b hfcghtltktybz b lheubö kñltq, c rjnjhsvb vs cjnhelybxftv, b ghtdhfnbkcz d Bylbb d ibhjreñ bybwbfnbde jåotyfwbjyfkmyjuj vfcinfåf gj ghbdktxtybñ ltntq d irjks. Yfib ljyjhs pyfñn, xnj vs jceotcndkztv nfrjq ljkujchjxysq gjlöjl yf jcyjdt exfcnbz, b htfubheñn jxtym b jxtym åkfujghbznyj. D: Rfr änb ghjuhfvvs jnhféfñn fvthbrfycrbt wtyyjcnb? Rfhgtynth: Yt pyfñ, tcnm kb yf Ptvkt lheujt vtcnj, ult ås jåsxysq ghjcnjq uhfélfyby åsk nfr otlh, rfr fvthbrfyws. Änf otlhjcnm döjlbn d fvthbrfycreñ rekmnehe. Vs dblbv tt d yfibö cjåcndtyysö ckeéfobö, f nfrét nfv, ult vs hfåjnftv b ébdtv. D ytrjnjhjq cntgtyb ljåhjdjkmxtcrbt vtnjls, rjnjhst vs bcgjkmpetv e ctåz d cnhfyt, b ghtlfyyjt ckeétybt vtcnyjve yfctktybñ – jnkbxbntkmyst xthns, rjnjhst vs yfåkñlftv, gthtdjlz åbpytc d lheubt cnhfys. Ghjbcöjlbn ärcgjhn fvthbrfycrbö rekmnehysö wtyyjcntq – hjkb rjhgjhfwbb, f nfrét tt jåzpfyyjcntq gthtl jåotcndjv b cdjbvb ckeéfobvb, hfdyj rfr b fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs otlhjcnb. Änf ujnjdyjcnm dvtifnmcz, rjulf lhe17 ubt kñlb yeélfñncz, – jnrhsnm cdjb cthlwf b rjitkmrb, ghtlkjébnm cjåcndtyysq nhel – öfhfrnthyf gjxnb njkmrj lkz fvthbrfywtd. Rfhgtynth: Gfhnythcndj xfcnysö rjhgjhfwbq, YGJ, ghfdbntkmcndf b uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf d hfvrfö änbö ghjtrnjd gjrf yföjlbncz yf änfgfö cnfyjdktybz. Jlyfrj jyj eét jåtcgtxbdftn htdjkñwbjyyst gthtvtys d yfåkñlftvsö yfvb htpekmnfnfö. Jyj jnrhsdftn vfcce yjdsö djpvjéyjcntq, rjnjhst ctujlyz kñlb lfét yt dblzn. Z pyfñ, xnj rjulf d yfitq rjhgjhfwbb hfccvfnhbdfñncz ytrjnjhst djghjcs cyfåétybz xbcnjq djljq, plhfdjjöhfytybz, ububtys b gbnfybz, yfib cjnhelybrb bcöjlzn bp njuj, xnj ≤änf ghjåktvf hfphtibvf≥. Jyb yfxbyfñn hfccvfnhbdfnm nfrbt ghjåktvs, rfr ghbyznj d åbpytct, cghfibdfz: ≤Xnj yeéyj lkz njuj, xnjås änj ghjbpjikj?≥, – xfcnj dsöjlz pf hfvrb jåsxysö gjlöjljd. Vs yfvthtys ljåbnmcz åjkmijuj ghjuhtccf b rfhlbyfkmysö ecjdthitycndjdfybq d ltkt ljcnbétybz gjcnfdktyysö JJY Wtktq nsczxtktnbz¡, ghtdsifñobö ljcnbuyenjuj pf gjcktlytt ltcznbktnbt. Gbkfyn: Cjukfcty. Byjulf yfc jitkjvkzñn nj, xnj vjuen kñlb cltkfnm, b nj, xnj jyb cgjcjåys lfnm. Vs bltv r kñlzv, rjnjhst jåtofñn gjéthndjdfnm ytcrjkmrj nsczx ljkkfhjd, dblbv bö ljv b elbdkztvcz, rfr änb kñlb cvjuen lfnm öjnz ås ytcrjkmrj cjn ljkkfhjd. Otlhjcnm ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyf b ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq elbdbntkmyeñ xthne yfhjlf yfitq cnhfys. Vs nfrét botv xenrbö otlhsö ljyjhjd d hzlt lheubö cnhfy. D: Rfrjt åeleott e änbö ecbkbq? Gbkfyn: Lkz uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf dféys ecbktybt dybvfybz r htpekmnfnfv b gjybvfybt njuj, xnj ceåütrnbdyst djghjcs vjuen bvtnm jxtym åjkmijt pyfxtybt. Cjjåotcndf ljyjhjd cnfyjdzncz dct åjktt byajhvbhjdfyysvb, b gjänjve ytjåöjlbvj b d åeleotv jåtcgtxbdfnm njxyeñ, cbcntvfnbxtcreñ b ghjphfxyeñ jnxtnyjcnm. Hfåjnybrb ≤Ötqath≥ ghjljkéfñn bpscrbdfnm djpvjéyjcnb lkz cjnhelybxtcndf c rjhgjhfwbzvb b ghfdbntkmcndfvb, f nfrét ghjljkéfñn hfåjnfnm c wtkmñ hfpheitybz rjywtgwbb ≤Ctdth ghjnbd Ñuf≥ bkb ≤vs ghjnbd ybö≥. Yf cfvjv ltkt dct vs ébdtv d tlbyjq åbjcatht, yf jlyjq Ptvkt, b yfib ltqcndbz jrfpsdfñn dkbzybt yf ébpym b chtlcndf r ceotcndjdfybñ lheubö. Yfv yeéys yt ljgjkybntkmyst ntöyjkjubb, f njkmrj étkfybt b dghtlm bcgjkmpjdfnm nj, xnj ljrfpfkj cdjñ äaatrnbdyjcnm, nfr xnj yfif pflfxf – bcrfnm djpvjéyjcnb, f yt ghjcnj hfphtifnm ghjåktvs. ¡ Wtkb hfpdbnbz JJY yf nsczxtktnbt åskb ghbyzns 189 ujcelfhcndfvb d ctynzåht 2000 ujlf. Xktys JJY ghbyzkb jåzpfntkmcndj cgjcjåcndjdfnm ecnhfytybñ rhfqytq åtlyjcnb b ujkjlf, jåtcgtxtybñ dctjåotuj yfxfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz, hfdtycndf gjkjd b ljcnbétybñ lheubö dféytqibö wtktq. Ljgjkybntkmyst cdtltybz ghbdjlzncz gj flhtce http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/index.html Ifhkby Gjhnth åtctljdfkf gj ntktajye c Rfhgtynthjv, yföjlbdibvcz d infå-rdfhnbht ≤Ghjrnth äyl Uävåk≥ d Wbywbyyfnb, in. Jufqj, b Gbkäynjv, yföjlbdibvcz d infårdfhnbht ≤Ötqath Bynthyäiyk≥ d Kbnk-Hjrt, in. Fhrfypfc. Vytybz, dshfétyyst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn bynthdmñbhetvsv b yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. 18 Rhbnbxtcrbq åfkfyc: ghfdf kbxyjcnb b yfwbjyfkmyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm d rjyntrcnt nthhjhbcnbxtcrjq euhjps Vfhr Åkbw Ghjatccjh gjkbnbxtcrjq abkjcjabb, Rkthvjyn Vfrrtyyf rjkktlé, in. Rfkbajhybz Ecbkbz ghfdbntkmcnd gj ghtljndhfotybñ åeleobö nthfrnjd gjlyzkb vfcce ckjéysö rjycnbnewbjyysö djghjcjd, rjnjhst htifñncz fvthbrfycrbvb celfvb b ltåfnbheñncz extysvb-ñhbcnfvb. R xbcke vyjubö gjcktlcndbq nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö elfhjd gj Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv Fvthbrb 11 ctynzåhz jnyjczncz éfhrbt ltåfns j ytrjnjhsö uhfélfycrbö cdjåjlfö. Cktletn kb r gjljphtdftvsv d nthhjhbpvt jnyjcbnmcz d celt gj-lheujve, xtv r lheubv gjljphtdftvsv? Cktletn kb eétcnjxbnm htuekbhjdfybt ltzntkmyjcnb b vtcnjyföjéltybz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb kbw, yt zdkzñoböcz uhfélfyfvb? Cktletn kb yfv nhtåjdfnm ddtltybz yfwbjyfkmysö eljcnjdthtybq kbxyjcnb? Ytrjnjhst bp änbö djghjcjd djjåot dsikb pf hfvrb lbcreccbq, yfghbvth, rjulf gjljphtdftvst nthhjhbcns åskb pfrkñxtys d nñhmve b ghtlfys cele, f nfrét rjulf åskb ghbyzns yjdst pfrjys b bpvtytyf bynthghtnfwbz ceotcndeñobö pfrjyjd c wtkmñ hfphtitybz åjktt étcnrjuj rjynhjkz yfl rjvveybrfwbzvb b abyfycjdsvb cltkrfvb. Rjyntrcn uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb Dct änb djghjcs jåceélfñncz, b gj ybv ghbybvfñncz htitybz d rjyntrcnt, rjnjhsq dj vyjubö jnyjitybzö åjkmit ujdjhbn j uhfélfycrbö cdjåjlfö, xtv cfvb ntreobt ltåfns. Fvthbrfyws lfdyj gjkmpeñncz cfvsvb hfpysvb cdjåjlfvb b gjllthébdfñn bö gjkysq cgtrnh – jn ufhfynbq cdjåjls ckjdf b nthgbvjcnb r hfpkbxysv htkbubzv lj hfdyjq pfobns cjukfcyj pfrjye. Jlybv bp äktvtynjd ysytiytq lbcreccbb zdkztncz cthmtpyfz jpfåjxtyyjcnm cjåkñltybtv uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl. Dnjhsv äktvtynjv ckeébn cgjcjå, rjnjhsv fvthbrfyws ghbybvfñn rjyrhtnyst gjkbnbxtcrbt b celtåyst htitybz. Cdjñ hjkm pltcm buhfñn cels, Rjyuhtcc b ghtpbltyn. Pfrjyjlfntkmyst erfpfybz gj dféysv djghjcfv jåsxyj gjcnegfñn jn ghtpbltynf, yj vths cnfyjdzncz pfrjyjv njkmrj gjckt endthéltybz Rjyuhtccjv, xnj xfcnj ghjbcöjlbn (tckb ghjbcöjlbn djjåot) kbim gjckt pyfxbntkmyjuj bpvtytybz ghtlkjétybq. D gthbjls djqy bkb xhtpdsxfqysö cbnefwbq bcgjkybntkmyfz dkfcnm ghtpbltynf b tuj jabwbfkmyjt gjkjétybt rfr Dthöjdyjuj ukfdyjrjvfyleñotuj djjheétyysvb cbkfvb cnfyjdzncz åjktt pyfxbntkmysvb yf pfrjyjlfntkmyjv ehjdyt, f ghtlkfuftvst bv xhtpdsxfqyst vths hfccvfnhbdfñncz jgthfnbdyj, öjnz lfét d änj dhtvz Rjyuhtcc vjétn dyjcbnm bpvtytybz. Gjckt 11 ctynzåhz Rjyuhtcc åscnhj b gjlfdkzñobv åjkmibycndjv ghbyzk ytrjnjhst dféyst pfrjys lkz ghjnbdjltqcndbz ytgjchtlcndtyyjq b ljkujchjxyjq nthhjhbcnbxtcrjq euhjpt. Jlyfrj ghtlkjétybt ghtpbltynf j cjplfybb yf ehjdyt rfåbytnf Vbybcnthcndf dyen19 htyytq åtpjgfcyjcnb hfccvfnhbdftncz c vtymitq crjhjcnmñ b c bcgjkmpjdfybtv nfrnbrb rjvghjvbccf, åjktt öfhfrnthyjq lkz jåsxysö pfrjyjd. tv, yfghbvth, ghbpyfybz, jnrkjyzñncz d öjlt celtåyjuj ghjwtccf; • Celtåysq ghjwtcc d jnyjitybb gjljphtdftvsö ljkéty ghjdjlbnmcz jgthfnbdyj, b bö ljkéys byajhvbhjdfnm j dsldbyensö ghjnbd ybö jådbytybzö. Ghtpbltyncrbt gjkyjvjxbz åsdfñn jcjåtyyj ibhjrbvb d gthbjls djqy, nfr rfr djqyf nhtåetn ghbyznbz htitybq j vjåbkbpfwbb htcehcjd b djtyysö htitybq bp jlyjq bycnfywbb. Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj b ghfrnbrf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb ghtljcnfdkzñn ghtpbltynfv ibhjrbt bcgjkybntkmyst gjkyjvjxbz d djtyyjt dhtvz. Jlyfrj nj, rfr lfktrj ghjcnbhfñncz änb gjkyjvjxbz d rjyrhtnyjv ckexft nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö frnjd 11 ctynzåhz, zdkztncz jnltkmysv djghjcjv c extnjv njuj, xnj vfcinfås, ghjljkébntkmyjcnm b vtnjls fynbnthhjhbcnbxtcrjq rfvgfybb dj vyjubö fcgtrnfö jnkbxfñncz jn jåsxyjq djqys. Rjyuhtcc gj-ghtéytve ytctn åjkmieñ jndtncndtyyjcnm pf ecnfyjdktybt ghtltkjd bcgjkmpjdfybz bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb, ghjdjlz lkz änjuj ckeifybz, ghbybvfz pfrjys b rjynhjkbhez åñlétns. D änbö b lheubö jåkfcnzö ghfrnbxtcrjt pyfxtybt erfpfyysö ufhfynbq ≤yflktéfotuj jnghfdktybz ghfdjcelbz≥ vjétn åsnm ghtlvtnjv ntreotq lbcreccbb, yj ukfdyjt nj, xnj jyb juhfybxbdfñn ltqcndbz ujcelfhcndtyysö jådbybntktq b pfobofñn jådbyztvsö jn ytcghfdtlkbdjuj jceéltybz. D änjv rjyntrcnt vjéyj jwtybnm hzl djghjcjd, hfccvfnhbdftvsö d öjlt ysytiytq lbcreccbb. Jlby bp djghjcjd rfcftncz ltqcndbq ghfdbntkmcndf d cjjndtncndbb c Pfrjyjv ≤Gfnhbjn Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd≥, rjnjhsq åsk ghbyzn Rjyuhtccjv gjckt nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö frnjd 11 ctynzåhz. Pfrjy ghtljcnfdkztn ghfdbntkmcnde hzl yjdsö gjkyjvjxbq gj gjlckeibdfybñ ntktajyysö hfpujdjhjd c gjvjomñ cgtwbfkmysö ecnhjqcnd, cktétybñ pf jgthfwbzvb d rjvgmñnthysö ctnzö b jceotcndktybñ rjynhjkz pf abyfycjdsvb cltkrfvb c wtkmñ ghjnbdjltqcndbz ntv, rnj gjljphtdftncz d nthhjhbpvt, b ntv, rnj bv gjvjuftn. Cels – b, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, Dthöjdysq Cel – cgjcjåys ghbybvfnm htitybz j rjycnbnewbjyyjcnb pfrjyjd b ltqcndbq bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb. Rhjvt njuj, cels vjuen hfccvfnhbdfnm rjyrhtnyst éfkjås d öjlt eujkjdysö b uhfélfycrbö celtåysö ghjwtccjd. Öjnz ytrjnjhst bp ntreobö jåceéltybq uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl rfcfñncz pfrjyjlfntkmysö ltqcndbq d nfrbö jåkfcnzö, rfr bvvbuhfwbjyyfz htajhvf, d jcyjdyjv jyb jnyjczncz r htitybzv celjd gj rjyrhtnysv ltkfv, bvtñobv jnyjitybt r ltqcndbzv ghtpbltynf b tuj rfåbytnf. Gthdjyfxfkmyj ytrjnjhst rjvvtynfnjhs jgfcfkbcm, xnj änb gjkyjvjxbz gjpdjkzn ecbkbnm dvtifntkmcndj ghfdbntkmcndf d xfcnyeñ ébpym. Gjcrjkmre yjdst gjkyjvjxbz ljkéys jceotcndkznmcz d ecnfyjdktyyjv gjhzlrt b d cdtnt rjycnbnewbjyyjuj pfghtnf yf ytjåjcyjdfyyst jåscrb b fhtcns dthjznyjcnm nfrbö gthtubåjd cybéftncz. Cels cnhfys ghjljkéfñn frnbdyj pfybvfnmcz jghtltktybtv uhfybw nfrbö hfcibhtyysö gjkyjvjxbq gj dtltybñ cktlcndbz. Ceotcndeñobt cgjhs D jcyjdyjv ysytiybt cgjhs jnyjcbntkmyj uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl b jndtnysö vth yf nthhjhbpv rfcfñncz ghfd, rjnjhst jådbyztvst d nthhjhbpvt ljkéys bvtnm ghb hfccvjnhtybb ltk j nthhjhbpvt, cghfdtlkbdjcnb nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz gjljphtdftvsö d nthhjhbcnbxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb bkb yfkbxbz pyfxbntkmyjq byajhvfwbb jå änjq ltzntkmyjcnb, f nfrét cnfnecf b jåhfotybz c exfcnybrfvb åjtdsö ltqcndbq, pfödfxtyysvb d Faufybcnfyt b lheubö vtcnfö. Dj dctö änbö ckexfzö jåhfotybt jwtybdftncz gj cnfylfhne, rjnjhsq jåtcgtxbk hfcneoeñ pfobne uhfélfy CIF pf gjcktlybt 40 ktn, cnfylfhne, cjplfyyjve yf rjycnbnewbjyyjq jcyjdt, rjnjhfz eét åskf ljcnfnjxyj dscjrjq. Änjn dscjrbq ehjdtym yflktéfotq ghjwtlehs d åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ zdkztncz nhtnmbv dféysv äktvtynjv ceotcndeñobö ltåfnjd. Dnjhjq djghjc rfcftncz frnbdyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz ghfdbntkmcndjv ceotcndeñobö pfrjyjd lkz cjlthéfybz d nñhmvt ntö, rnj gjljphtdftncz d nthhjhbpvt, b ntö, rjuj gjljphtdfñn d jrfpfybb bv gjvjob bkb jåkflfybb gjktpyjq byajhvfwbtq j ybö. Dcrjht gjckt 11 ctynzåhz vbybcnh ñcnbwbb Léjy Äirhjan chfdybk äne ltzntkmyjcnm c nfrnbrjq, bcgjkmpjdfditqcz ghjnbd jhufybpjdfyyjq ghtcnegyjcnb Hjåthnjv Rtyytlb, rjulf jy åsk vbybcnhjv ñcnbwbb d gthbjl ghtpbltyncndf tuj åhfnf d 1960-ö ujlfö. R ghbvthe, bp-pf yfheitybz dbpjdjuj htébvf njn, rnj, djpvjéyj, hfcgjkfuftn byajhvfwbtq j ghjiksö bkb åeleobö nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö frnfö, gjldthuftncz lkbntkmyjve nñhtvyjve pfrkñxtybñ. Ytrjnjhst cnfdzn gjl cjvytybt yfcnegfntkmyeñ nfrnbre ghfdbntkmcndf d wtkjv, yj jcjåtyyj ibhjrbt ltåfns dtlencz gj djghjce nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz. D celtåyjq cbcntvt CIF rfélsq, drkñxfz åtlysö, bvttn cktleñobt ufhfynbb: • Ghfdj yf eckeub fldjrfnf ghb hfccvjnhtybb eujkjdysö ltk; • Vfnthbfks, jåyfheétyyst ghb jåscrt ljvjd gjljphtdftvsö, vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz ghjnbd ybö d celt kbim d njv ckexft, tckb cjåkñlfkbcm cnhjéfqibt ghjwtlehs; • Gjljphtdftvsö ytjåöjlbvj edtljvkznm, xnj jyb vjuen yt lfdfnm gjrfpfybq gjkbwtqcrbv b xnj dct crfpfyyjt åtp nfrjuj edtljvktybz yt vjétn åsnm bcgjkmpjdfyj d celt; • Gjkbwtqcrbö yfrfpsdfñn pf nfrnbre ghbyeéltybz, b ljrfpfntkmcndf, gjkextyyst c ghbyeéltyb- Ytlfdyj atlthfkmysq jrheéyjq celmz Ukälbc Rtcckth ghbyzkf htitybt j njv, xnj ghfdbntkmcndj ljkéyj ghtlcnfdkznm cgbcrb yföjlzoböcz d pfrkñxtybb, xtuj jyj yt ltkfkj. Pflthéfyyst vjuen b vjukb rjycekmnbhjdfnmcz c fldjrfnfvb; rhjvt njuj, jyb b bö ctvmb vjuen b vjukb jnrhsnj pfzdkznm j cdjtv ghtåsdfybb d nñhmvt. Dvtcnt c ntv Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb ghtlgjxkj ås, rfr ghfdbkj, yt geåkbrjdfnm bö bvtyf bp jgfctybq, xnj nfrjq byajhvfwbtq djcgjkmpeñncz nthhjhbcns bkb xnj änj gjcnfdbn gjl euhjpe ébpym pfrkñxtyysö, d xfcnyjcnb, gjckt bö djpdhfotybz yf hjlbye. D rjytxyjv cxtnt, lfyysq djghjc åeltn htity d 20 ghjwtcct hfccvjnhtybz d celfö dscitq bycnfywbb fgtkkzwbq flvbybcnhfwbb yf htitybt celmb Rtcckth. Jndtxfz yf änj, lheubt ljrfpsdfñn, xnj åscnhfz htfrwbz ghfdbntkmcndf – b yfctktybz – yf ytgjljåfñott jåhfotybt c ytrjnjhsvb fvthbrfywfvb fhfåcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz b ujcnzvb gjckt 11 ctynzåhz, ibhjrjt b jnrhsnjt gjkbnbxtcrjt jåceéltybt njuj, rfr kexit dctuj åjhjnmcz c nthhjhbpvjv, b yflktéfobq ghjwtccefkmysq gjhzljr, ghb rjnjhjv jceotcndkzñncz frns celtåyjq dkfcnb, ltvjycnhbheñn jcjåeñ dféyjcnm b yfkbxbt ytevfkztvsö uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl, f nfrét nofntkmyjuj rjycnbnewbjyyjuj åfkfycf gjkyjvjxbq lfét d gthbjls bcgsnfybq. C extnjv änjuj ghbdthétyyjcnm fvthbrfycrbö uhfélfy uhfélfycrbv cdjåjlfv cnjkm ét cbkmyf b eåtlbntkmyf, rfr b gjllthérf bvb vth, ghbybvftvsö ghjnbd nthhjhbcnjd, rjnjhst öjntkb ås kbibnm bö änbö cdjåjl. Nhtnbq rjvgktrc djghjcjd rfcftncz celtåysö ghtcktljdfybq gjljphtdftvsö nthhjhbcnjd. Ghfdbntkmcndj ghjdjlbn hfpkbxbt vtéle byjcnhfyysvb gjllfyysvb, fvthbrfycrbvb uhfélfyfvb b exfcnybrfvb åjtdsö ltqcndbq, rjnjhst vjuen åsnm ytgjchtlcndtyyj jådbytys d cjdthitybb djtyysö ghtcnegktybq. D ckexft exfcnbz d åjtdsö ltqcndbzö gthdjyfxfkmyj ceotcndjdfkb bpdtcnyst jgfctybz d jnyjitybb gkfyjd bcgjkmpjdfybz flvbybcnhfwbtq djtyysö nhbåeyfkjd lkz celf yfl pfödfxtyysvb d åjñ (ntvb, rnj, r ghbvthe, d yfcnjzott dhtvz cjlthébncz yf djtyyj-vjhcrjq åfpt Uefynfyfvj) bkb dj dhtvz exfcnbz d djtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Geåkbrfwbz ghfdbk ltzntkmyjcnb djtyysö nhbåeyfkjd cltkfkf jxtdblysv, xnj ghb änjv dct hfdyj åelen cjåkñlfnmcz cfvst dféyst bp jåsxysö ghjwtccefkmysö ufhfynbq. D ljgjkytybt r änjve ghtpbltyncrbq erfp, cfyrwbjybheñobq nfrbt nhbåeyfks, yt bcrkñxftn djpvjéyjcnb ghjdtltybz ghjwtccjd gj ltkfv gjljphtdftvsö d nthhjhbpvt d uhfélfycrbö celfö. Vfhr Åkbw – ghjatccjh gjkbnbxtcrjq abkjcjabb, Rkthvjyn Vfrrtyyf rjkktlé, in. Rfkbajhybz b åsdibq gjvjoybr lbhtrnjhf Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf CIF. Vytybz, dshfétyyst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn fdnjhe b yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Gjcktlybq frnefkmysq djghjc bvttn vtytt rjyrhtnysq öfhfrnth. Lfét tckb ujcelfhcndtyyst jådbybntkb b cktljdfntkb ltqcndeñn d ghtltkfö pfrjyf, ytrjnjhst ghfdjpfobnybrb cxbnfñn, xnj änb ltqcndbz – frnbdysq cåjh byajhvfwbb, cnhjujt cjåkñltybt bvvbuhfwbjyyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf b ddtltybt djtyysö nhbåeyfkjd – cjplfñn fnvjcathe, yt cgjcjåcndeñoeñ cdjåjlyjq lbcreccbb. 21 Ébpytcgjcjåyjcnm Gtynfujyf: eybrfkmysq ghjtrn htrjycnherwbb Éfrkby C. Gjhn, rjhhtcgjyltyn Jabcf vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv gj djghjcfv gjkbnbxtcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b jåjhjys Fhkbyunjy, infn Dbhlébybz. 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf nthhjhbcns pfödfnbkb fvthbrfycrbq uhfélfycrbq fdbfkfqyth, bcgjkmpjdfd tuj lkz yfgfltybz yf jåütrn, rjnjhsq vbybcnh jåjhjys Ljyfkml Hfvcatkl gj ghfde yfpsdftn cbvdjkjv fvthbrfycrjq djtyyjq vjob. D vbu nhb bp gznb rjhbljhjd Gtynfujyf d ajhvt rjywtynhbxtcrbö jrheéyjcntq ghjnfhfybk yf crjhjcnb 560 rbkjvtnhjd d xfc ghtdhfnbdibqcz d hfrtne cfvjktn, ytceobq njyys dphsdjjgfcyjuj htfrnbdyjuj ujhñxtuj, cgjcjåyjuj ghtdhfnbnm étktpjåtnjy d cgkjiyjt vtcbdj. Gjckt elfhf jlby rkby gznbuhfyyjuj plfybz ghtdhfnbkcz d juytyysq ifh b yfrhtybkcz rfr ghb ptvktnhzctybb. Nhfutlbz ghjbpjikf hjdyj xthtp 60 ktn gjckt lyz, rjulf åskj yfxfnj cnhjbntkmcndj änjuj cjjheétybz, ult rheukjcenjxyj hfåjnfñn djtyyst b uhfélfycrbt cjnhelybrb, jåtcgtxbdfñobt fvthbrfycreñ jåjhjye. Fnfrf yf jlyj bp rhegytqibö jabcysö plfybq vbhf eybxnjébkf 125 änbö hfåjnybrjd, tot 110 åskb cthmtpyj hfytys, f 59 gfccfébhjd yf åjhne euyfyyjuj cfvjktnf c htqcf 77 rjvgfybb ≤Fvthbräy äqhkfqyc≥ vuyjdtyyj gjubåkb. Ibhjrjvfcinfåyst cnhjbntkmyst hfåjns gjvjufñn djccnfyjdbnm Xtkjdtxtcrfz nhfutlbz åskf juhjvyf. Yj yfhzle c ytq dytpfgyj dsikb bp cnhjz dyenhtyybt gjvtotybz gkjoflmñ åjktt 37 000 rdflhfnysö vtnhjd, b cjnhelybrb, htifdibt dféytqibt djghjcs yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, jcnfkbcm åtp hfåjxbö vtcn. Gjxnb chfpe ét yf vtcnt, rjnjhjt jlby byjcnhfyysq éehyfkbcn yfpdfk ≤dnjhsv ägbwtynhjv dphsdf≥, yfxfkbcm djccnfyjdbntkmyst hfåjns. Ghjtrn gj htrjycnherwbb plfybz, hfpheityyjuj nthfrnjv, yfhtrkb bvtytv vbabxtcrjq gnbws Atybrc, djphjélfñotqcz bp gtgkf hfpheitybq. Djccnfyjdbntkmyfz ghjuhfvvf gjnhtåjdfkf cjdvtcnyjq hfåjns 3000 xtkjdtr gj kbrdblfwbb eothåf, yfytctyyjuj juytv, lsvjv b djljq yf gkjoflb gjxnb 186 000 rdflhfnysö vtnhjd. hfpheityyeñ xfcnm plfybz Vbybcnthcndf jåjhjys CIF. Ujl cgecnz d Gtynfujyt jceotcndbkb gjxnb ytdjpvjéyjt. Cnhjbntkb dsdtpkb 45 000 njyy jåkjvrjd b ghjhfåjnfkb d jåotq ckjéyjcnb 3 vbkkbjyf hfåjxbö xfcjd, xnjås cltkfnm nj, xtuj, rfr gjyfxfke ujdjhbkb ytrjnjhst, cltkfnm ytkmpz: r 11 ctynzåhz 2002 ujlf dthyenm cjnhelybrjd Vbybcnthcndf jåjhjys yf bö hfåjxbt vtcnf. 22 Chjrb yt åskb jghtltktys d dscitq bycnfywbb. Nfreñ pflfxe gjcnfdbkb ctåt cfvb, gj jåotve cjukfcbñ, hfåjnfdibö yf jåütrnt, vyjubt bp rjnjhsö d Fvthbrt – bvvbuhfyns. Jyb nhelbkbcm yt gjrkflfz her. F hzljv juhjvyst xfcs jncxbnsdfkb lyb, xfcs, vbyens b ctreyls lj rhfqytuj chjrf – ctynzåhm 2002 ujlf. Änj åsk vfhfajy. Herjdjlbntkm åhbufls cdzpbcnjd Åhtnn Bnjy hfccrfpsdftn, xnj vyjubt cnhjbntkb ≤dcñ cdjñ ébpym gjcdznbkb njve, xnjås ljdtcnb lj rjywf änj ltkj≥, jyb cxbnfkb, xnj bö éthnds åskb ybxnj gj chfdytybñ c éthndfvb lheubö kñltq, gjnthzdibö rjkktu b åkbprbö. lbfyt, rjnjhfz bcgjkmpjdfkfcm ghb gthdjv cnhjbntkmcndt Gtynfujyf 60 ktn yfpfl. Lkz htprb yjdjuj rfvyz åskb yfqltys vfibys jåhfpwf 1941 ujlf, xnjås hbceyjr cjjndtncndjdfk ewtktditve rfvyñ. Gjcrjkmre Gtynfujy – jabwbfkmysq bcnjhbxtcrbq gfvznybr, ytjåöjlbvj åskj gjpfåjnbnmcz j cjöhfytybb tuj jåkbrf. Xthns jåyjdktybz ghjcktébdfñncz yf dctq gjcnhflfditq nthhbnjhbb. Hzljv c yjdsv afcfljv hfcnen cdtétgjcfétyyst hjpjdst vbhns, jcnhjkbcns b vfuyjkbb. Yj tcnm tot jlyj gjhfpbntkmyjt yfgjvbyfybt j cnhfiyjq fnfrt. Jlby ghzvjeujkmysq åkjr jåeuktyyjuj, bcgtohtyyjuj ghjåjbyfvb, nhtcyedituj bpdtcnyzrf dsltkztncz bp cdjtuj yjdjuj jrheétybz rfr cehjdsq gfvznybr ytlfdytve ghjikjve. Yf ytv ghjcnfz yflgbcm ≤11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf≥. Jy hfcgjkjéty djpkt njxrb elfhf cfvjktnf b pfrhsdftn rfgceke, pfkjétyyeñ 11 bñyz pfvtcnbntktv vbybcnhf jåjhjys Gjkjv Dekajdbwtv d xtcnm pfdthitybz cnhjbntkmysö hfåjn cyfheéb plfybz. Zdyj joeofkfcm ytjnkjéyjcnm gjcnfdktyyjq wtkb, ujdjhbn Bnjy: ≤Rfélsq gjybvfk, xnj dtcm vbh cvjnhbn, rfr jndtxftn Gtynfujy≥. Gthdst 600 hfåjnybrjd dthyekbcm yf ghtéytt vtcnj pf ytcrjkmrj ytltkm lj ujljdobys b yfvtxtyyjq lfns. Rjt-rnj bp dthyediböcz gthdsvb cnhfyyj xedcndjdfk ctåz ≤jn djpdhfotybz yf nj ét cfvjt vtcnj≥, yj yfltzkbcm dyjdm jåhtcnb gjljåbt yjhvfkmyjq ébpyb. Åhjypjdfz rfgcekf gjcdzotyf éthndfv b cjlthébn ghtlvtns, jnjåhfyyst hjlcndtyybrfvb gjubåibö, cnhjbntkzvb b herjdjlcndjv Vbybcnthcndf jåjhjys ≤rfr cdbltntkmcndj cbks b htibntkmyjcnb≥ fvthbrfywtd. Cjlthébvjt drkñxftn cgbcrb gjubåibö ghb yfgfltybb yf Gtynfujy, cgbcjr 46 000 xtkjdtr, yfgbcfdibö gbcmvf gjcnhflfdibv d htpekmnfnt nthfrnf, f nfrét étnjys gjkbwtqcrbö b gjéfhysö, exfcndjdfdibö d cgfcfntkmysö hfåjnfö. Chtlb ntö, rnj dyjdm pfyzk cdjb gjvtotybz d fduecnt, åsk Gbnth Vthab, cjdtnybr rjvfyleñotuj rjhgecjv Vjhcrjq gtöjns. Jy crfpfk éehyfkbcnfv, xnj dféyj cnjqrj lthéfnmcz b gjrfpsdfnm, xnj ≤vs yt gjpdjkbv nthhjhbcnfv lbrnjdfnm yfv åeleott≥. Änj djpdhfotybt nfrét lfkj yfltéle nhtv nsczxfv djtyyjckeéfobö fhvbb b akjnf, rjnjhst cnhtvbkbcm r ujljdobyt hfåjnfnm yf cdjbö hfåjxbö vtcnfö. Jlby bp cgfcfntktq bp jrheuf Vjynujvthb infnf Vähbktyl ujdjhbn, xnj åscnhjt djccnfyjdktybt hfpheityyjuj ≤cdbltntkmcndetn j ghjxyjcnb yfitq cnhfys≥. Rfgbnfy Nhjq Kbgg cxbnftn pfyjdj jncnhjtyysq Gtynfujy ≤dtkbrbv cbvdjkjv≥, rjnjhsq ≤vyjujt pyfxbn lkz dctq cnhfys≥. Nthfrn 11 ctynzåhz ghjbpjitk d njq xfcnb plfybz, rjnjhfz gthtl änbv njkmrj xnj åskf vjlthybpbhjdfyf. Yjdst ghjnbdjgjéfhyst gjnjkjxyst djljhfpåhspubdfntkb gjvjukb clthébdfnm gjéfh, f dphsdjecnjqxbdst jryf ljkuj elthébdfkb gflfñobt cntys. D htpekmnfnt vyjubv elfkjcm cgfcnbcm – åskj ljcnfnjxyj dhtvtyb, xnjås dsåtéfnm yf ekbwe. Cdbltntkmcndf cgfciböcz gjåelbkb bcgjkmpjdfnm d jåyjdktyysö gjvtotybzö yjdst chtlcndf åtpjgfcyjcnb. Dct dyenhtyybt dsöjls b ldthyst hexrb d rfåbytnfö, yf ktcnybxysö rktnrfö b nefktnfö ctqxfc jånzyens ktynjq, hfccxbnfyyjq yf xtnshtöxfcjdjt vthwfybt d ntvyjnt. Ljgjkybntkmyst cdtnzobtcz erfpfntkb dsöjlf åskb ecnfyjdktys dybpe, gjcrjkmre dj dhtvz rfnfcnhjas 11 ctynzåhz jxtym vyjubt cjnhelybrb, jrfpfdibtcz pfnjxtyysvb d pflsvktyysö rfåbytnfö, yt edbltkb jåjpyfxtyysö gentq r jncnegktybñ. Gjzdbkbcm b yjdst cdtnzobtcz gjkjcrb yf gjke. Rjulf dytiyzz xfcnm plfybz åskf jnltkfyf, Dekajdbw pfzdbk, xnj gfnhbjns, gjubåibt d ctdthyjq xfcnb Dbhlébybb, jncnfbdfkb wtyyjcnb, xeélst ntv, rnj ndjhbk yfcbkbt. Djccnfyjdktybt Gtynfujyf ≤zdkztncz xfcnmñ åjhmås yf djqyt c nthhjhbpvjv≥, crfpfk jy yf wthtvjybb 11 bñyz, f djpdhfotybt kñltq yf hfåjxbt vtcnf r gthdjq ujljdobyt gjlftn ≤nthhjhbcnfv jndtnysq cbuyfk≥. Änjn cbuyfk pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj ≤vs yt njkmrj pfdthibv djccnfyjdktybt, f åeltv tot kexit, xtv ghtélt≥. Ytlfdyj rjycekmnfyn gj cnhtccfv b gcböjkjubxtcrbv nhfdvfv Dbrnjh Dtkwfyn crfpfk uheggt cjnhelybrjd Gtynfujyf, xnj gjvbyfybt cdjqcndtyyj yfitq rekmneht. Fvthbrfyws dthzn d tuj ukeåjrbq cvsck, b ghtlcnjzofz gthdfz ujljdobyf dyjdm ghjåelbn d kñlzö vyjétcndj ävjwbq, gjlxthryek jy. Yj rfrfz ås htfrwbz yb åskf, rfrbt ås djghjcs j nthfrnfö yb djpybrfkb dyjdm, dct änj, gj tuj ckjdfv, exfcndetn d ghjwtcct bcwtktybz. J ckexbditvcz pltcm yfgjvbyftn b yjdjt ≤gjvtotybt lkz vtlbnfwbq≥ – pfk, ult ecnfyjdkty åjkmijq dbnhfé c gjlcdtnrjq, yf rjnjhjv bpjåhfétys jhtk b dcnfñott yfl Gtynfujyjv cjkywt. Yfxthnfys ckjdf ≤Tlbys d gfvznb≥ b lfnf nhfutlbb. Dnjhjq pfk gjcdzoty gjubåibv d njn ltym ≤Uthjzv Fvthbrb≥. Léby Åfhyfr, pfvtcnbntkm herjdjlbntkz ghjtrnf ≤Atybrc≥, hfccrfpsdftn, xnj yf cntyfö åelen dsctxtys bvtyf 184 gjubåibö d plfybb b yf fdbfkfqytht. Fvthbrfyws gj-hfpyjve htfubheñn yf ujljdobye b gj-hfpyjve ghjöjlzn änjn ghjwtcc bcwtktybz. Åkbéfqibt hjlcndtyybrb b cjnhelybrb åelen exfcndjdfnm 11 ctynzåhz 2002 ujlf d wthtvjybb yf jåütrnt ≤Atybrc≥. R ybv jåhfnzncz Dthöjdysq ukfdyjrjvfyleñobq (Ghtpbltyn CIF), vbybcnh jåjhjys b ghtlctlfntkm Jåütlbytyyjuj rjvbntnf yfxfkmyb- Ghjitlibq ujl ghbytc gthtvtys b cyfheéb plfybz. Yjdsö åkjrjd gjxnb ytpfvtnyj, öjnz ecnfyjdktyj 4000 yjdsö bpdtcnyzrjdsö gkbn, rjnjhst ghbdtpkb yf uhepjdbrfö bp pfgflysö infnjd. Rfvtym åsk bpdktxty bp njq ét ébks d By23 rjd infåjd. D 9:37 ghjqltn vbyenf vjkxfybz d gfvznm j njv vjvtynt, rjulf cfvjktn dhtpfkcz d Gtynfujy. Hbl Rhjkjaa, rjycekmnfyn Byétythyjuj rjhgecf gj ghjtrne vtvjhbfkf b xkty gjgtxbntkmcrjuj cjdtnf Yfwbjyfkmyjuj cnhjbntkmyjuj veptz, ujdjhbn, xnj tckb nthhjhbcns cnhtvbkbcm ≤ltcnfåbkbpbhjdfnm bkb ltvjhfkbpjdfnm≥ Cjtlbytyyst Infns, nj äaatrn jrfpfkcz ≤ghzvj ghjnbdjgjkjéysv≥. Gtynfujy jncnhfbdftncz pfyjdj, åeltn lfyj hjéltybt yjdjve vtvjhbfke, b Fvthbrf ≤djcghzkf c htrjhlyjq crjhjcnmñ≥, jnvtxftn jy. Ytrjnjhst hjlcndtyybrb, d njv xbckt Lébv Ktqxfr, d htpekmnfnt fnfrb yf Gtynfujy gjnthzdibq cdjtuj vkflituj åhfnf, yfltñncz, xnj cvjuen jåhtcnb entitybt e gjcnjzyyjuj vtvjhbfkf, rjnjhsq crjhj åeltn gjcnhjty hzljv cj ≤dnjhsv ägbwtynhjv≥ dphsdf. ≤Vs cxbnftv änj cdjbv ljkujv gthtl yfibvb åkbprbvb≥, – ujdjhbn jy. Vtvjhbfk åeltn hfcgjkjéty yf pfgflyjq cnjhjyt nthhbnjhbb Gtynfujyf. Hjlcndtyybrb gjubåibö gjvjukb jghtltkbnm rhbnthbb lkz ghjtrnf vtvjhbfkf. Ktqxfr dshféftn yfltéle yf nj, xnj vtvjhbfk d Gtynfujyt gthtlfcn ≤xedcndj enhfns, bcgsnsdftvjt kñlmvb – åhfnmzvb, ctcnhfvb, étyfvb b jnwfvb≥. Hjlcndtyybrb gjybvfñn, xnj ≤ckbirjv kturj pfåsnm kñltq, xmz ébpym nfr dytpfgyj jåjhdfkfcm≥, b öjnzn, xnjås vtvjhbfk gjcnjzyyj yfgjvbyfk j ckexbditvcz pltcm. Jyb cltkfñn änj rj dnjhjq ujljdobyt – 11 ctynzåhz 2003 ujlf. Gjckt jrjyxfntkmyjuj dsåjhf ghjtrnf d ltrfåht vtvjhbfk d Gtynfujyt gjcnhjbn Byétythysq rjhgec fhvbb. Jabwbfkmyst kbwf cjjåofñn, xnj eét gjkextys pfzdrb åjktt xtv bp 50 cnhfy. Herjdjlbntkm ghjtrnf vtvjhbfkf jn Byétythyjuj rjhgecf Rähjk Fylthcjy-Jcnhf ujdjhbn, xnj vyjétcndj pfzdjr bp-pf uhfybws cdbltntkmcndetn j njv, xnj ≤nthfrn pfnhjyek rféljuj d vbht≥. Gj tt ckjdfv, kñlb, rjnjhst étkfñn vbhf dj dctv vbht b öjnzn entibnm ctvmb gjubåibö, cdjbv exfcnbtv cnhtvzncz dshfpbnm xedcndj cjkblfhyjcnb b crfpfnm, xnj ≤vs dctulf åeltv gjvybnm≥. Gjéfkeq, ntv, rjuj dct tot dj vyjubö jnyjitybzö vexbn ckexbdittcz e htrb Gjnjvfr d ghjikjv ujle, cnjbn dcgjvybnm ckjdf vbybcnhf jåjhjys: ≤Bp gtgkf dshfcnftn yfltélf≥. Éfrkby C. Gjhn jcdtoftn djghjcs gjkbnbxtcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b jåjhjys cnhfys lkz Jabcf vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcltgfhnfvtynf CIF. 24 11 ctynzåhz b cdjåjlf d Fvthbrt Hjléth Hjptyåkfnn Ghjatccjh fyukbqcrjuj zpsrf b kbnthfnehs Kjyu-Fqktycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, äcctbcn éehyfkf ≤Nfqv≥, fdnjh rybub ≤Yf xtv vs cnjbv: 30 ghbxby kñåbnm yfie cnhfye≥. ≤Vs – cjpyfntkmyj bkb åtccjpyfntkmyj – yföjlbvcz d gjcnjzyyjv gjbcrt åjktt Z gbie änj äcct ghbvthyj pf vtczw lj gthdjq ujljdobys 11 ctynzåhz d njv ét nböjv ujhjlrt yf Kjyu-Fqktylt (in. Ymñ-Qjhr), ult z yfåkñlfk pf fnfrfvb gj ntktdbpjhe. B z gsnfñcm jnxbnfnmcz j hfåjnt vsckb, yfxbyfz c njuj eéfcyjuj lyz, b j htpekmnfnfö änjq vsckbntkmyjq hfåjns, rfrnj cdzpfyyjq c gfnhbjnbpvjv b genzvb, gj rjnjhsv cnhfycndetn hfpev d cdjåjlyjq cnhfyt. Gfnhbjnbpv d Fvthbrt, rfr d kñåjq lheujq gjlkbyyjq ltvjrhfnbb, ytcnfåbkty b ghjzdkztncz åjktt njyrj, xtv d cnhfyfö, ult vsiktybt uhfélfy rjynhjkbhetncz étcnxt. Kñåjdm r cnhfyt pltcm ctujlyz ärcgfycbdyf b cbkmyf, f pfdnhf – clthéfyf b cvtifyf c rhbnbrjq. Jyf jlyjdhtvtyyj hfccelbntkmyf b ctynbvtynfkmyf, gjnjve xnj jlyf bp cfvsö wtyysö b d nj ét dhtvz jgfcysö xthn cdjåjls pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj hfpev ghtljcnfdkty cfvjve ctåt. djpdsityysö ckjd lkz dshfétybz afrnf cdjtuj ceotcndjdfybz. Cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz ecbkbkb änjn gjbcr, b xnj ås yb ckexbkjcm, vs åeltv bpvtyznmcz b, åsnm vjétn, ekexifnmcz, åkfujlfhz åjktt nofntkmyjve bpextybñ cfvbö ctåz≥. D gjcktlybt lyb ktnf vjq ujhjljr dsukzlbn gjxnb nfr ét, rfr jyf dsukzltk ytpfljkuj lj 11 ctynzåhz, jcjåtyyj d åelybt lyb, rjulf ghbnjr jnlsöfñobö bcczrftn, f ntgkjöjls jcnfdkzñn pfkbd xfqrfv. Yf cdfzö cjåbhfñncz cnfb åjkmibö åfrkfyjd. Gj åjkjnfv dsifubdfñn åtkst wfgkb. Ytåj åjkmieñ xfcnm dhtvtyb gjlthyenj nevfyyj-ujkeåsv vfhtdjv. Dtnth ghbdjlbn d ldbétybt dthöybt dtnrb lthtdmtd, rjnjhst d änb lyb hfymit ntvytñn b ujdjhzn j ghbåkbétybb yjdjuj dhtvtyb ujlf. Tckb ds enhjv cghjcbnt kñåjuj bp vjbö cjctltq, rfr jy ctåz xedcndetn ctujlyz, jy crfétn: ≤Dtkbrjktgyj≥, öjnz gjckt ghjikjujlybö eåbqcnd dct pyfñn, xnj dcz änf åtpvzntéyjcnm vjétn dytpfgyj bcxtpyenm. Ghjbpjqnb vjétn dct xnj eujlyj. Nfr ujdjhbkf uthjbyz bp gmtcs Léjyf Uefhf Kblb Åhbp. Änj joeotybt gjhjq dshféftncz hfljcnyj – yfghbvth, rjulf rnj-nj gjregftn kjnthtqysq åbktn, yj xfot dctuj jyj gthtgktntyj c ujhtxmñ, båj zdkztncz htpekmnfnjv lhfvfnbxtcrjuj cnjkryjdtybz c htfkmyjcnmñ, rjnjhjt pfcnfdkztn dfc levfnm j njv, xnj ybrnj yt djkty eghfdkznm cdjtq ébpymñ. Ghjbpjqnb vjétn dct, xnj eujlyj – hfr, fdnjvjåbkmyfz fdfhbz, cfvjktnysq nfhfy dscjnyjuj plfybz. Bnfr, gjckt 11 ctynzåhz dct bpvtybkjcm, drkñxfz gfnhbjnbpv. Åelexb djkmysv ltkfnm nj, xnj tve eujlyj, fvthbrfycrbq hfpev cjdthibk pf änj dhtvz åjkmit dbnrjd åjkmit, xtv d kñåjq lheujq gthbjl dhtvtyb yf vjtq gfvznb. Yfv b hfytt ghböjlbkjcm bvtnm ltkj c zhrbvb cgfpvfnbxtcrbvb ghjzdktybzvb gfnhbjnbpvf dj dhtvz djqy pf uhfélfycrbt ghfdf b d 1960-t ujls, jcjåtyyj d rjyntrcnt Dmtnyfvf, yj ybrjulf d nfrjv jåütvt, rfr d ghjikjv ujle. Rhfqyjcnb 25 vsckb, f, vjétn åsnm, b cnhfcnb cnfkb tot åjktt jnxtnkbdj dshfétyysvb, f jnntyrb vscktq, vsckb dyenhb vscktq, åjktt njyrbvb. Rhjvt njuj, gjcrjkmre gjckt 11 ctynzåhz yjdsö yfgfltybq yf cnhfye yt åskj, vsiktybt fvthbrfywtd, yt ghbdsritt dgkjnyeñ pfybvfnmcz jåobvb djghjcfvb gjkjétybz ltk d cnhfyt, tcntcndtyysv jåhfpjv cjcrfkmpsdfkj yf ctvmñ, cjåfre, reöyñ – yf dct nj, bp xtuj crkflsdftncz gjdctlytdyfz ébpym d Fvthbrt. dthitys fnfrb, kbim nt, rnj dctulf gsnftncz cjhbubyfkmybxfnm, gjdthyekbcm cgbyjq r nthgzotq åtlcndbt cnhfyt. Yj dcrjht gjckt änjuj, rjulf Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb b lheubt yfxfkb ujdjhbnm j djtyysö nhbåeyfkfö, dvtifntkmcndt d rjyabltywbfkmyst jnyjitybz vtéle fldjrfnjv b rkbtynjv b pflthéfybb gjljphtdftvsö åtp jådbytybq bkb ekbr, vyjubt fvthbrfyws pflevfkbcm b crfpfkb: ≤Äq, yt nfr åscnhj^≥ Änj åskj ghjbpytctyj ldféls, rjulf dszcybkjcm, xnj d htpekmnfnt dcnegktybz d cbke Pfrjyf ≤Gfnhbjn Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd≥, ghbyznjuj Rjyuhtccjv b gjlgbcfyyjuj Ghtpbltynjv Åeitv d jrnzåht 2001 ujlf, AÅH yfxfkj hscrfnm gj åbåkbjntrfv, ghjdthzz, xnj xbnfñn kñlb. Vyt rfétncz, xnj ubåtkm dczrjq wbdbkbpfwbb yfxbyfkfcm c njuj, xnj kñlb, yfltktyyst dkfcnmñ, ghbybvfkbcm ghjdthznm, xnj xbnfñn lheubt kñlb. Chfpe gjckt fnfr gfnhbjnbpv jlyjdhtvtyyj djjheéfkcz b jåkfxfkcz d jltzybz gtxfkb. Lkz åjkmibycndf bp yfc uytd b ujht cjtlbybkbcm djtlbyj, b jlyf ävjwbz dljöyjdkzkf lheueñ. Nfr b ljkéyj åsnm, rjulf yf ntåz jnrhsnj yfgflfñn. Z cj cdjtuj gfcnjhfkmyjuj ≤yfctcnf≥ yfåkñlfk pf cdjbv yfhjljv, pf cdjbv gjcnhflfdibv ujhjljv b öjntk yfytcnb åtcgjoflysq jndtnysq elfh – yt cnjkmrj bp vtcnb, öjnz änj xedcndj åskj dj vyt cbkmyj, crjkmrj xnjås pfobnbnm ctåz, cdjñ cnhfye, cdjq ljv. Gfnhbjnbpv lbrnjdfk ghjzdktybz ytkjzkmyjcnb r gjljåysv cjåsnbzv. Jlby bp eybrfkmysö hfpevysö rjvgjytynjd yfitq cnhfys pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj ytkjzkmyjcnm dcnhjtyf d tt cbcntve – ytkjzkmyjcnm gj jnyjitybñ yt r ghbywbgfv, f r kblthfv. Dczrbq hfp, rjulf vs jåyfheébdftv, xnj yfib kblths jnrkjyzñncz jn ghbywbgjd, vs c djjleitdktybtv öjnbv – lf b jåzpfys – ybpdthuyenm bö. Yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö lytq dct dpbhfkb yf nhegs, bpdktrftvst bp-gjl heby, dpdjkyjdfyyst kbwf éty, veétq, hjlbntktq. Vs epyfdfkb, xnj chtlb gjubåibö tcnm yfib åkbprbt, lhepmz b pyfrjvst. Vs ghbcencndjdfkb yf gjöjhjyfö. Étybö gjlheub vjtq ljxthb gjubå, gjnjve xnj jy hfåjnfk ghjlfdwjv d jlyjq bp åfity Wtynhf vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb. Yf tuj gjöjhjyfö cjåhfkjcm åjktt nsczxb xtkjdtr, gjxnb dct – vjkjltém d djphfcnt ldflwfnb c ytåjkmibv ktn. Dct åskb jödfxtys jlybv yfcnhjtybtv: ghjbpjqnb vjétn dct, xnj eujlyj... Xfc pf xfcjv vs yfåkñlfkb rfhnbys njuj, rfr kñlb ghjåbdfñncz xthtp ytghjybwftvst rkeås lsvf b gskb. Vthndst gjéfhybrb. Vthndst gjkbwtqcrbt. Jntw, htåtyjr rjnjhjuj ghjgfk åtp dtcnb, uhtpbk yfltéljq, xnj njn åkeélftn gj ujhjle d cjcnjzybb ijrf. Yfxfkbcm b lheubt hfpujdjhs ≤ghjnbd ithcnb≥. Rjt-rnj endthélfk, xnj vs åskb ghfds d yfitq djqyt ghjnbd ≤FkmRfqls≥, gjnjve xnj Åju åsk yf yfitq cnjhjyt. Rcnfnb ujdjhz, bvtyyj nfr levfk b Vjöfvvfl Fnnf – jlby bp nthhjhbcnjd, pfödfnbdibö nt cfvst cfvjktns. Åju åsk yf cnjhjyt nfkbåjd, bvtyyj gjänjve bv b elfkjcm ghtecgtnm d cdjtq vbccbb. Kblth Nfkbåfyf Vjöfvvfl Jvfh, yfdthyjt, cfv elbdkzkcz, yfcrjkmrj åkbpjr jy åsk r Åjue. 11 ctynzåhz Åju åsk yf tuj cnjhjyt. Ytcrjkmrbvb ytltkzvb gjpét, rjulf gfk Rfylfufh, vekkf, yfdthyjt, jnghfdbkcz yf gjbcrb åjktt rjvgtntynyjuj åjétcndf. Dcrjht r uytde b gtxfkb ghbåfdbkjcm ytxnj åjktt cgjrjqyjt b dpdtityyjt. Rfélsq yfxfk wtybnm rfxtcndj, rjnjhjt jåsxyj yt ghbgbcsdfkjcm fvthbrfywfv, – jcjåjt xedcndj cjåcndtyyjuj ljcnjbycndf. Dj dhtvz uthjbxtcrbö b yt ghtrhfofñoböcz yb yf vbyene cgfcfntkmysö hfåjn vs cnfkb cdbltntkzvb ghjzdktybz xedcndf cjåcndtyyjuj ljcnjbycndf kñlmvb, ltkfñobvb cdjñ hfåjne, xedcndf, rjnjhst bcgsnsdfkb kñlb ghjcnj ghb cjdthitybb cdjtq hfåjns. Änj åskj xedcndj cjåcndtyyjuj ljcnjbycndf cfvjuj jåsxyjuj xtkjdtrf – cnfhsq bltfk, djcrhtityysq eéfcysv cjåsnbtv, yj crhsnyj ébdibq d Fvthbrt dctulf. Dcgjvybv ≤Xtkjdtrf c vjnsujq≥ d ÖÈÖ dtrt b ≤Cjklfn Léj≥ d ÖÖ dtrt. Yj cjxedcndbt, rjnjhjt ltkfñobt cdjt ltkj kñlb ghjzdkzkb lheu r lheue, cjxedcndbt, ghjzdktyyjt åjkmibycndjv fvthbrfywtd d nj dhtvz, dcrhskj b åjktt ukeåjreñ ajhve ljcnjbycndf rfr nfrjdjuj. Änj åskj jåjcnhtyyjt xedcndj wtyyjcnb b ljcnjbycndf ébpyb, rjnjhfz djpybrfkf d åerdfkmyjv cvsckt ckjdf bp gtgkf. Ybrnj bp ntö, rnj dbltk, rfr cgfcfntkb cybvfñn cdjb rfcrb b hfccnegfñncz, jåhfpez rjhbljh lkz dsyjcf pfdthyensö dj akfub ntk, b gjxedcndjdfk njhétcndtyyjcnm vjvtynf, ybrjulf yt pfåeltn änjuj. ≤Afyfnbr, – ujdjhbk uthjq Abykb Gbnthf Lfyyf u-y Lekb, – änj xtkjdtr, rjnjhsq ltkftn nj, xnj, gj tuj vytybñ, cltkfk ås Ujcgjlm, tckb ås Jy pyfk ckjébdibtcz jåcnjzntkmcndf≥ (1). Gthdjghbxbyf jnltktybz yfvb wthrdb b ujcelfhcndf pfrkñxfkfcm yt njkmrj d njv, xnjås ghtljndhfnbnm gjzdktybt ujcelfhcndtyyjq htkbubb, yj b d njv, xnjås ghtljndhfnbnm gjcktlcndbz ujcelfhcndtyyjq htkbubb, yfbåjktt eåbqcndtyysv bp rjnjhsö zdkztncz ghtlgjkjétybt j njv, xnj Åju – yf yfitq cnjhjyt. Hfpevttncz, dct öjntkb ås levfnm, xnj Åju – yf bö cnjhjyt, gjnjve xnj nthhjhbcns ytghfds, f vs – ghfds, b kñåjt ljcnjqyjt ctåz åjétcndj åskj ås cgjcjåyj gjyznm änj. Yj lkz cnhfys åskj ås ujhfplj kexit b pljhjdtt yt ghbndjhznmcz, xnj vs pyftv, yf xmtq cnjhjyt Åju. Fvthbrf – änj yfbåjktt htkbubjpyfz cnhfyf d ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbnjv vbht, b ghbxbyf änjuj vjétn pfrkñxfnmcz d njv, xnj vs jnyjcbvcz r htkbubb crjhtt rfr r xfcnyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, gfnhbjnbpv cnfk dybvfntkmytt ghbckeibdfnmcz r cfvjve ctåt, r cdjbv cjåcndtyysv nhtdjéysv ghjzdktybzv. D jrnzåht b yjzåht kturj åskj dbltnm d rféljv vecekmvfybyt gjntywbfkmyjuj nthhjhbcnf, rjnjhjuj, rjytxyj, gjrf tot yt cktljdfkj gjvtofnm d kfuthz lkz bynthybhjdfyysö kbw, yj pf rjnjhsv, åtpeckjdyj, cktljdfkj ås dtcnb cktére. Öjhjij, xnj ckexftd geåkbxyjuj ghtckt- Jlyfrj, eukeåkzzcm, gfnhbjnbxtcrbt evjyfcnhjtybz ghbjåhtnfkb yjne ålbntkmyjcnb gj jnyjitybñ r ghjbcöjlzobv cjåsnbzv. Kñlb htfubhjdfkb yf ghfdbntkmcndtyyst htitybz cjjåhfpyj njve, rfr jyb djcghbybvfkb cdjñ cnhfye c gjkbnbxtcrjq b bcnjhbxtcrjq njxtr phtybz. Rjulf åskb cj26 ljdfybz åskj jxtym ytvyjuj. Ghtpbltyn Åei gjcnegbk cjdthityyj dthyj, rjulf chfpe ét yfgjvybk yfv, xnj fvthbrfyws fhfåcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, rjytxyj ét, zdkzñncz fvthbrfywfvb. Gkjöj, xnj vs yfxfkb vsckbnm rfntujhbxyj. D jåböjl djitk ädatvbpv ≤hfcjdjt ghjabkbhjdfybt≥. Yfcrjkmrj änj cjukfcjdsdfkjcm c gjyznbtv gfnhbjnbpvf? Yfif cnhfyf cjcnjzkf bp ntö, rjuj vs gecnbkb r ctåt, b ytrjnjhst bp ntö, rjuj ghbukfcbkb, öjntkb yfc eåbnm. D cfvjv kb ltkt vs bvtkb änj d dble, rjulf endthélfkb, xnj xnbv dct nhflbwbb b dths? Vs – rfr änj eét åsdfkj d ghjikjv – jcjpyfkb, rfrbt jgfcyjcnb ytctn d ctåt gjkbnbrf ≤jnrhsnsö ldthtq≥ – vs, åkfujlfhyst ghjlerns njq cfvjq gjkbnbrb ≤jnrhsnsö ldthtq≥. cz d njv, xnj åjkmibycndj bp yfc yt njkmrj yt joeoftn ctåz ≤pltcm b ntgthm≥; tldf kb vs pyftv rjuj-nj, rnj levftn j ctåt bcrkñxbntkmyj d nthvbyfö cbñvbyenysö cjåsnbq. Tckb dthbnm rfylblfnfv d ghtpbltyns, yjuf ybrjuj bp ybö ybrjulf yt cnegfkf d Dfibyunjy. Vjéyj gjlevfnm, xnj åsdibt rjyuhtccvtys b ctyfnjhs rheébkb djrheu ujhjlf gj rjkmwtdjq fdnjljhjut, cjåbhfz ujkjcf bpåbhfntktq ghzvj bp cdjbö fdnjvjåbktq. Dfibyunjy bpdtcnty rfr ujhjl ≤cdjbö kñltq≥. Xnjås åsnm ≤cdjbv≥ dj dkfcnysö cnhernehfö – rfr gjlhfpevtdftn cfv nthvby – yeéyj yt ghjcnj yföjlbnmcz nfv, ult dkfcnm, yj b jibåfnmcz dvtcnt c dkfcnm bveobvb, b åsnm ghjöjlbvwtv, tckb njuj nhtåetn cnfnec. Tckb ns yt ghbyflktébim r ≤cdjbv kñlzv≥, tckb ns gjcnjhjyybq – änj ytrjt kbxyjt ljcnbétybt b gjödfkf cfvjve ctåt; nfr gjcnegfñn njkmrj kexibt. Ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, bltn djqyf bkb ytn, vs jlyjdhtvtyyj b d hfdyjq vtht yföjlbvcz dyt ghjbcöjlzobö cjåsnbq b dyenhb bö. Änb b lheubt vsckb yt åskb ajhvfkbpjdfys bkb egjhzljxtys; jyb ghjcnj djpybrkb, rjulf njuj gjnhtåjdfk ckexfq. Fvthbrfycrjt vsiktybt dctulf jlbyfrjdj – b gj jnyjitybñ r gfnhbjnbpve, b gj jnyjitybñ r rfrjve-kbåj rfylblfne yf gjkbnbxtcreñ ljkéyjcnm, gbde bkb vjhjétyjve. Jyj cktletn jåotve ntxtybñ, jyj cfvj tcnm jåott ntxtybt. Dljåfdjr rj dctve cnhfyf yfxfkf yfcvtöfnmcz yfl cfvjq cjåjq – ntktdbpbjyyst rjvbrb dscvtbdfkb cnhfyyst ghtpbltyncrbt ecnyst dscrfpsdfybz, cfv Ghtpbltyn pfzdbk: ≤Jyb vtyz ytghfdbkmyj gjyzkb≥, cnhfyf pfcnhzkf d åtcrjytxyjv b ghtlyfvthtyyjv åfkfycbhjdfybb vtéle edfétybtv b dscvtbdfybtv, vtéle gjpbwbtq, cdjlzotqcz r njve, xnjås dct djcghbybvfnm dcthmtp, b gjpbwbtq, cdjlzotqcz r njve, xnjås, yfjåjhjn, ybxtuj yt djcghbybvfnm dcthmtp, dgkjnm lj fytrljnjd jå Ecfvt åby Kfltyt. Tckb yfghzxm cdjb bpdbkbys b gjhfpvsckbnm jå änjv (yj rnj änbv pfybvfkcz?), cnfkj ås gjyznyj, xnj cfvjdscvtbdfybt njét zdkztncz xfcnmñ gfnhbjnbpvf, f öjöjn – cdjtuj hjlf ghjzdktybtv cdjåjls ckjdf. Kñåjdm r cnhfyt d eckjdbzö ltvjrhfnbb bvttn cnhfyysq jnntyjr. Rfélsq djkty kñåbnm Fvthbre cbkmyj bkb ckfåj, kbåj kñåbnm tt nfrjq, rfrfz jyf tcnm, kbåj åhjcbnm tt, bkb djdct yt kñåbnm. Rféljuj dct åjkmit b åjkmit gthtgjkyztn xedcndj åkfujlfhyjcnb – jcjåtyyj d yfghzétyyjt dhtvz – d jnyjitybb Gthdjq gjghfdrb r Rjycnbnewbb, d jnyjitybb cfvjq Rjycnbnewbb, rjnjhfz yfcnfbdfkf yf djpvjéyjcnb dyjcbnm gjghfdrb, d jnyjitybb djpvjéyjcnb ghjbpyjcbnm dckeö dct nj, xnj vs yt öjntkb ås, xnjås åskj ghjbpytctyj dckeö. Ytcrjkmrj ktn yfpfl jlby ytehfdyjdtityysq buhjr åtqcåjkmyjq rjvfyls dscitq kbub, gjéfkjdfkcz, xnj ytn åjkmit cbk tplbnm d ymñ-qjhrcrjv vtnhj, åbnrjv yfåbnjv ébdeobvb yf gjcjåbz ythfåjnfñobvb vfnthzvb c vfktymrbvb ltnmvb, ujvjctrcefkbcnfvb b bvvbuhfynfvb. Dct djpvenbkbcm: ≤Jy yt ljkéty nfr ujdjhbnm≥. Dcz ghtktcnm yfitq cbcntvs rfr hfp b pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj jy vjétn nfr ujdjhbnm – åjktt njuj, ghb étkfybb jy lfét vjétn hfcnjgnfnm yfi ujcelfhcndtyysq akfu, f yfv åeltn rhfqyt ytghbznyj cksifnm b dbltnm dct änj. Yj vs ljkéys dct änj nthgtnm. Gthdfz gjghfdrf åskf ghbyznf lkz rféljuj – b d gthdeñ jxthtlm lkz åjkdfyjd. Cktletn nfrét exbnsdfnm b fvthbrfycreñ ntyltywbñ gksnm gj ntxtybñ. Lfét d xhtpdsxfqysö, cjghzétyysö c jgfcyjcnzvb cbnefwbzö hfpev yföjlbn ljhjue r dsöjle, åsnm vjétn, gjnjve xnj ébpym – djjåot ljcnfnjxyj öjhjifz inerf, xnjås gjpdjkbnm nfrbt ≤lhtqas≥, bkb gjnjve xnj vtxnfybt zdkztncz jlyjq bp yfibö yfwbjyfkmysö nhflbwbq; cfvf yfif cnhfyf yfxbyfkfcm c vtxns. Kñlb d lheubö cnhfyfö gjkfufñn, xnj hfp vs – yfwbz, cgjcjåyfz r cjpblfybñ, vs nfrét yfwbz, rjnjhfz ≤öjxtn cjpblfnm≥, yj yfv kexit pyfnm. Djghtrb cdjtq htgenfwbb, fvthbrfyws ujhfplj åjkmit crkjyys r jndktxtyysv evcndtyysv ≤akfybhjdfybzv≥, xtv j yfc ghbdsrkb levfnm. Dct yfib kbnthfnehyst uthjb åskb åjkmibvb ≤akfythfvb≥ – Ufr, Öjklty, Hbg (2) b ytrjnjhst htfkmyst kñlb, nfrbt rfr Létaathcjy, Ahfyrkby b Älbcjy. Vs ébdtv ult-nj pf ghtltkfvb yfitq gkfytns d njq ét cntgtyb, d rjnjhjq vs ébdtv yf ytq. Rjulf z åsk tot htåtyrjv, exbntkm xfcntymrj kjdbk vtyz yf njv, xnj z åtcwtkmyj ukfptk d jryj, b pflfdfk vyt htprbq, yj dgjkyt ghtlcrfpetvsq djghjc: ≤Hjléth, yt öjntk ås ns djccjtlbyznmcz c uheggjq?≥ Vscktyyj z jndtxfk tve: ≤Yt jxtym≥. Ghjbpjqnb vjétn dct xnj eujlyj. Nfrjd åsk ehjr 11 ctynzåhz. Ult ds åskb 11 ctynzåhz? Åjktt njuj, ult ds åskb 10 ctynzåhz? Dytpfgyst ldbétybz ébpyb, dhjlt ldbétybq cdjåjlyjuj hfpevf, jcnfñncz dyt yfituj rjynhjkz. Cfv gfnhbjnbpv d cdjåjlyjq cnhfyt yföjlbncz dyt rjynhjkz – uytd, gtxfkm, cjxedcndbt, dpfbvyfz åkfujlfhyjcnm, rhbnbrf, ytedthtyyjcnm d ctåt, hfljcnm, crkjyyjcnm r vtxnfybzv b kbxyfz ytpfdbcbvjcnm. Nj, xnj vjétn ghjbpjqnb cj cnhfyjq, vjétn ghjbpjqnb b c evjyfcnhjtybtv, jcjåtyyj d cnhfyt, rjnjhfz dcz cjplfyf bp evjyfcnhjtybz. Tckb ås vs ljikb lj jcjpyfybz änjuj, vs ås gjyzkb, xnj cdjåjlf – åjktt nhelyjt b ckjéyjt zdktybt, xtv vs ghbdsrkb levfnm. R fghtkñ-vfñ cnhfyf dhzl kb ghjljkéfkf levfnm jå Faufybcnfyt bkb Ecfvt åby Kfltyt – ghjikj ytcrjkmrj vtczwtd c njuj vjvtynf, rjulf vs d gjcktlybq hfp dbltkb tuj gj ntktdbpjhe. Cwtyfhbq jheäkkjdcrjuj 1984 ujlf yt cåskcz; yfc yt gjlvzkj gjl ctåz ghfdbntkmcndj. Ltkj yt d njv, xnj vs pfåskb yfie gjnhtåyjcnm xedcndjdfnm ctåz d åtpjgfcyjcnb, b lfét yt d yfitv étkfybb gjrfhfnm dbyjdysö. Yj änb vsckb enjyekb d gexbyt lheubö dtotq, rjnjhst C yfibvb ≤lhtqafvb≥ åskj cdzpfyj b yfit étkfybt åsnm gjcnjhjyybvb yfåkñlfntkzvb – lfét gjckt 11 ctynzåhz, rjulf vs gjyzkb, xnj vs ljkéys cgkjnbnmcz. Yj yfi bcnjhbxtcrbq ntvgthfvtyn gjpdjkztn yfv cgkfxbdfnmcz kbim yf jghtltktyyjt dhtvz. Pfntv vs hfcöjlbvcz d hfpyst cnjhjys. Jlyj bp cnhfyysö jåfzybq yfitq cnhfys pfrkñxftn27 dkbzñn yf yfie ébpym, d åtplyt lheubö yjdjcntq. Ntgthm ukfdyjq vbitymñ lkz nthhjhbcnjd cnfk Bphfbkm, b tdhjgtqcrbq fynbctvbnbpv djccnfk bp vthndsö. Jrfpfkjcm, xnj ubufyncrbt rjhgjhfwbb zdkzñncz djhfvb, ghjébufntkzvb ébpyb. Hsyjxyst rjnbhjdrb gjktntkb dybp cj crjhjcnmñ rfnzotujcz c ujhs rfvyz. Ldbébvst fkxyjcnmñ, åtqcåjkbcns b dkfltkmws åtqcåjkmysö rjvfyl cjåhfkbcm cfåjnbhjdfnm jxthtlyjq buhjdjq ctpjy. ubåituj jn dhfétcrjuj juyz d yfxfkt zydfhz – b nj, yfcrjkmrj åkfujhjlyj jå änjv hfccrfpsdfkb d gthtlfxfö yjdjcntq – djn änj jcnfkjcm d gfvznb. Dj vyjujv gfnhbjnbpv d Fvthbrt dhfoftncz djrheu rjyrhtnysö b dgjkyt joenbvsö htfkbq, c rjnjhsvb vjéyj rfr-nj jåhfofnmcz, rjnjhst vjéyj rjynhjkbhjdfnm b yf rjnjhst vjéyj jrfpsdfnm djpltqcndbt. Z kñåkñ cdjñ ctvmñ. Z kñåkñ cdjq ujhjl. Åjktt jåobt evjyfcnhjtybz b åjktt ukeåjrbt xedcndf ujhfplj ytjghtltktyytt: jyb vjuen cfvb gj ctåt vtyznmcz, hfcibhznmcz, jnrkjyznmcz, ghböjlbnm b eöjlbnm. D yfitq cnhfyt yfåkñlftncz jcjåfz hfpyjdblyjcnm ytcnfåbkmyjcnb – åjktt dféyfz, xtv åjufncndj b dkfcnm. Vs – cjpyfntkmyj bkb åtccjpyfntkmyj – yföjlbvcz d gjcnjzyyjv gjbcrt åjktt djpdsityysö ckjd lkz dshfétybz afrnf cdjtuj ceotcndjdfybz. Cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz ecbkbkb änjn gjbcr, b xnj ås yb ckexbkjcm, vs åeltv bpvtyznmcz b, åsnm vjétn, ekexifnmcz, åkfujlfhz åjktt nofntkmyjve bpextybñ cfvbö ctåz. Ult vs åskb d yfitq cjåcndtyyjq cnhfyt? Ult vs åskb gj jnyjitybñ r jcnfkmyjve vbhe? Vs yt jxtym kñåbv levfnm jå jcnfkmyjv vbht. Åjkmijq åbpytc kñåbn levfnm j vbht rfr j crjgbot tuj rkbtynjd. Yj lkz jcnfkmysö yfc juhjvysq b ibhjrbq vbh ghjcnj cnfk vtcnjv, ult ult-nj lfktrj ghjbcöjlzn yfdjlytybz b ptvktnhzctybz, ntv åjktt xnj Hjccbz ghtdhfnbkfcm bp bcnjxybrf euhjps d ytrjt gjljåbt yfituj lheuf. Tckb ås vs åjkmit pyfkb j vecekmvfycrjv vbht, ujdjhzn yfv, vs, djpvjéyj, cvjukb ås ghtldjcöbnbnm bkb lfét ghtljndhfnbnm cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz. Tckb ås vs åjkmit pyfkb j yfibö dhfufö d vbht, ujdjhzn yfv, vs cvjukb ås dsnfobnm bö bp ybotns b ytdtétcndf d jnyjitybb yfc, cvjukb ås gjdtlfnm bv, rfrbt vs pfvtxfntkmyst ghb åkbprjv pyfrjvcndt, rfrbt vs gjhzljxyst, xtcnyst, dtctkst. D änb dtxthybt xfcs gjcktlybö fduecnjdcrbö lytq cjkytxyst kexb dcgsöbdfñn jcjåtyyj zhrj gthtl ntv, rfr bcxtpyenm. Ébdst bpujhjlb, eét yfxfdibt dzyenm, hfymit jrensdfñncz ntymñ. Ytgjlfktre hexmb dkbdfñncz d pfkbd, rjnjhsq, ghjqlz xthtp rfyfk, ult yf cdfzö cblzn hsåfrb d jéblfybb elfxb, hfcibhztncz b lfkmit cjtlbyztncz c Fnkfynbxtcrbv jrtfyjv. Z yföjéecm ult-nj, d rfrjq-nj njxrt ghjcnhfycndf b dhtvtyb. Yfif cnhfyf yföjlbncz ult-nj. Vs edthtys d njv, xnj vs ghtlcnfdkztv cjåjq ytxnj pfckeébdfñott dybvfybz lkz yfc cfvbö b lkz lheubö, xnj e yfc tcnm cthmtpyst jcyjdfybz lkz njuj, xnjås dsébnm b jlthéfnm gjåtle, b vs åeltv ghjljkéfnm gjbcrb... Ntv yt vtytt, rjulf gfnhbjnbpv ghtgfhbhetn änb cthmtpyst cjjåhfétybz, cvsck bö hfcndjhztncz. Gjckt 11 ctynzåhz kñåjq rhbnbxtcrbq cfvjfyfkbp jnntyzkcz vsckmñ: xthn c ybv, c jcnfkmysv vbhjv... gjxtve vs ljkéys bpdbyznmcz pf cdjt ceotcndjdfybt? B tckb lfét vs cjdthibkb ljcnfnjxyj uheåst jibårb d bcnjhbb yfibö vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq, hfpdt jyb öeét ntö jibåjr, rjnjhst cjdthibkb cnhfys, ecnegfdibt yfv d cbkt? B rfrfz lheufz cnhfyf d bcnjhbb, öjntkjcm ås pyfnm, cltkfkf cnjkmrj öjhjituj lkz jcnfkmyjq xfcnb ujkjlfñotq, jåybofditq, hfpheityyjq djqyfvb gkfytns? Vs dcnegbkb d Åjcybñ, öjntkjcm ås jnvtnbnm, c tlbycndtyyjq wtkmñ – cltkfnm ljåhjt ltkj. Vecekmvfycrbv ujcelfhcndfv cktljdfkj ås gjvybnm jå änjv, rjulf jyb gjyjczn Dtkbrjuj Cfnfye (Fvthbre). 1. Vfhnby Lekb, dkfltktw åfhf, åsk dslevfy xbrfucrbv ufptnysv éehyfkbcnjv Abykb Gbnthjv Lfyyjv. D rjywt ÖÈÖ dtrf u-y Lekb, ujdjhzobq c jnxtnkbdj dshfétyysv frwtynjv bhkfylcrjuj bvvbuhfynf (gthtlfyysv d pfvtnrfö Lfyyf c gjvjomñ ajytnbxtcrbö chtlcnd), cj cdjqcndtyysvb tve ghjybwfntkmyjcnmñ, bhjybtq b ñvjhjv jåceélfk gjkbnbxtcrbt b cjwbfkmyst ghjåktvs Fvthbrb cj cdjbvb rkbtynfvb, njét bhkfylcrbvb bvvbuhfynfvb. D bnjut yfif yfcnjhjétyyjcnm r gjkjétybñ ltk b vytybzv d jcnfkmyjv vbht, dthjznyj, ybxenm yt ghbåkbpbkf yfc r ytve – vjétn åsnm, kbim d vtxnfö. Vs ghbikb r cjdthityyj cghfdtlkbdjve, yf vjq dpukzl, dsdjle, xnj Fvthbrf yt cltkfkf ybxtuj nfrjuj, xnj vjukj ås ckeébnm jghfdlfybtv pdthcrbö fnfr yf yfi yfhjl. Tckb ghjcdtotybt vjétn jrfpfnmcz gjktpysv d åeleotv, lfdfqnt dct dj xnj ås nj yb cnfkj ghjcdtofnmcz. Yj änj yt bvtkj ybxtuj jåotuj c åtpevysvb htitybzvb afyfnbrjd. 2. Utr Abyy – ukfdysq uthjq hjvfyf Vfhrf Ndtyf ≤Ghbrkñxtybz Utrkmåthhb Abyyf≥. Öjklty Rjkabkl – ukfdysq uthjq hjvfy L.L. Cäkbyléthf ≤Yfl ghjgfcnmñ dj héb≥; Hbg dfy Dbyrkm – uthjq, d xtcnm rjnjhjuj åsk yfpdfy jlyjbvtyysq hfccrfp Dfibyunjyf Bhdbyuf. Hjléth Hjptyåkfnn – fdnjh rybub ≤Yf xtv vs cnjbv: 30 ghbxby kñåbnm yfie cnhfye≥. Levfk kb kbxyj z lj 11 ctynzåhz, xnj jrféecm cgjcjåysv yf cnjkm cbkmyeñ htfrwbñ? Yt pyfñ. Ghjbpjqnb vjétn dct, xnj eujlyj. Bcgsnfybz, rjnjhst dsgfkb yf ljkñ gfnhbjnbpvf dcktlcndbt ghjbpjitlibö cjåsnbq, åskb bcgsnfybzvb, rjnjhsv tétlytdyj gjldthuftncz cdjåjlysq hfpev. Vyjuj lytq z djjåot yt levfk jå 11 ctynzåhz, ≤Fkm-Rfqlt≥, Bhfrt b lfét j njv, xnj vs yföjlbvcz d cjcnjzybb djqys bkb d xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb. Tckb xnj-nj b jcnfkjcm d gfvznb c njuj lyz, nfr änj rfhnbys kñlcrbö cnhflfybq. Étyf rfpytyyjuj nthhjhbcnfvb éehyfkbcnf Läyyb Gthkf; hjlbntkb Yfnfyf Hjccf Xfgväyf, gthdjuj fvthbrfycrjuj cjklfnf, gj- Vytybz, dshfétyyst d yfcnjzotq cnfnmt, zdkzñncz kbxysvb vytybzvb tt fdnjhf b yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. 28 Ljgjkybntkmyst byajhvfwbjyyst htcehcs Dsåjhjxyfz öhjyjkjubz rkñxtdsö cjåsnbq: c 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf gj yfcnjzott dhtvz Gjlujnjdktyf Jabcjv vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf: Ldf pfödfxtyysö nthhjhbcnfvb fdbfkfqythf dhtpfñncz d åfiyb Wtynhf vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb d Ymñ-Qjhrt. Cgecnz xfc c ytåjkmibv jåt åfiyb heifncz, b gjl bö jåkjvrfvb gjubåfñn nsczxb kñltq. Nhtnbq pfödfxtyysq fdbfkfqyth dhtpftncz d plfybt Gtynfujyf. Xtndthnsq fdbfkfqyth, rjnjhsq, djpvjéyj, yfghfdkzkcz tot r jlyjq wtkb d Dfibyunjyt, nthgbn rfnfcnhjae d jrheut Cjvthctn (in. Gtycbkmdfybz), – dblbvj, gjckt njuj, rfr gfccfébhs gjgsnfkbcm dvtifnmcz d ltqcndbz ntö, rnj exfcndjdfk d pfödfnt cfvjktnf. 16:10 – jåheibdftncz plfybt § 7 Wtynhf vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb. 20:30 – Ghtpbltyn Åei jåhfoftncz r yfwbb cj cktleñobvb ckjdfvb: ≤Nthfrns vjuen gjrjktåfnm aeylfvtyns rhegytqibö yfibö plfybq, yj jyb yt pfnhjyen aeylfvtyn Fvthbrb≥. Gjubåkb nsczxb kñltq. Cjukfcyj gthdjyfxfkmysv jwtyrfv dkfcntq Ymñ-Qjhrf, d WVN b ghbktufñobö r ytve rdfhnfkfö vjukj gjubåyenm åjktt 5 nsc. xtk. Gj vtht enjxytybz cgbcrjd gjubåibö, cdthrt bvty b jgjpyfybz jcnfyrjd ytrjnjhsö éthnd xbckj ghtlgjkfuftvsö gjubåibö cjrhfnbkjcm. D yfcnjzott dhtvz gj jabwbfkmysv lfyysv, d Wtynht vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb gjubåkj 2829 xtkjdtr, drkñxfz gfccfébhjd cfvjktnf ≤Fvthbräy äqhkfqyp≥, dsgjkyzdituj htqc § 11, b cfvjktnf fdbfrjvgfybb ≤Ñyfqntl äqhkfqyp≥, dsgjkyzdituj htqc § 175, b 453 cjnhelybrjd ckeéå åtpjgfcyjcnb, rjnjhst ghbybvfkb exfcnbt d ltqcndbzö d jndtn yf äne xhtpdsxfqyeñ cbnefwbñ. Chtlb gjubåibö åskb dsöjlws bp åjktt xtv 90 cnhfy vbhf. Elfkjcm jgjpyfnm jcnfyrb kbim vtytt gjkjdbys éthnd. (Bcnjxybr: lfyyst Eghfdktybz gfnjkjujfyfnjvf ujhjlf Ymñ-Qjhrf yf 19 fduecnf 2002 ujlf.) 8:46 (gj Djcnjxyjve dhtvtyb) – cfvjktn ≤Fvthbräy äqhkfqyp≥, dsgjkyzdibq htqc § 11, dhtpftncz d Ctdthyeñ åfiyñ WVN. 9:03 – cfvjktn fdbfrjvgfybb ≤Ñyfqntl äqhkfqyp≥, dsgjkyzdibq htqc § 175, dhtpftncz d Ñéyeñ åfiyñ WVN. 9:38 – cfvjktn fdbfrjvgfybb ≤Fvthbräy äqhkfqyp≥, dsgjkyzdibq htqc § 77, dhtpftncz d plfybt Gtynfujyf. 9:59 – jåheibdftncz Ñéyfz åfiyz WVN; d 10:28 gflftn Ctdthyfz åfiyz. D plfybb Gtynfujyf d Dfibyunjyt gjubåkj 189 xtkjdtr, drkñxfz 64 gfccfébhjd cfvjktnf fdbfrjvgfybb ≤Fvthbräy äqhkfqyp≥, dsgjkyzdituj htqc § 77. D rfnfcnhjat cfvjktnf fdbfrjvgfybb ≤Ñyfqntl äqhkfqyp≥, dsgjkyzdituj htqc § 93, yf pfgflt in. Gtycbkmdfybz gjubåkj 44 xtkjdtrf. (Bcnjxybr: Yfwbjyfkmyjt eghfdktybt åtpjgfcyjcnb yf nhfycgjhnt.) 10:00 – d in. Gtycbkmdfybz hfpåbdftncz cfvjktn fdbfrjvgfybb ≤Ñyfqntl äqhkfqyp≥, dsgjkyzdibq htqc § 93. Atlthfkmyjt eghfdktybt uhfélfycrjq fdbfwbb ghbjcnfyfdkbdftn dct djpleiyjt ldbétybt d CIF b yfghfdkztn vtéleyfhjlyst htqcs d Rfyfle. Pfrhsdfñncz atlthfkmyst exhtéltybz b geåkbxyst plfybz d Dfibyunjyt, Ymñ-Qjhrt b lheubö rhegysö ujhjlfö cnhfys. D jåotq ckjéyjcnb, d htpekmnfnt nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz gjubåkj åjktt 3 nsc. xtkjdtr, drkñxfz 19 nthhjhbcnjd, yföj29 lbdiböcz yf åjhne pfödfxtyysö bvb xtnshtö uhfélfycrbö cfvjktnjd. 4 jrnzåhz 2001 ujlf: Ghtpbltyn Åei jåtoftn dsltkbnm Faufybcnfye ljgjkybntkmyeñ uevfybnfhyeñ gjvjom d jåütvt 320 vky. ljkk. Jy nfrét jåüzdkztn j ljgjkybntkmyjv ghbpsdt htpthdbcnjd ceöjgenysö djqcr b xktyjd Yfwbjyfkmyjq udfhlbb. R änjve vjvtyne pf dhtvz, ghjitlitt cj lyz cjdthitybz nthfrnjd, åskj ghbpdfyj ghbåkbpbntkmyj 7765 htpthdbcnjd djjheétyysö cbk b xktyjd Yfwbjyfkmyjq udfhlbb. 12 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf: Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrbq cjdtn ghbdjlbn d ltqcndbt Cnfnmñ 5 Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhf, ghbpyfd ntv cfvsv, xnj ghtlghbyznst nthhjhbcnbxtcrbt fnfrb yf CIF cktletn rkfccbabwbhjdfnm rfr yfgfltybt yf dct ujcelfhcndf-xktys YFNJ, b jåzpetncz ghtljcnfdbnm CIF kñåeñ ytjåöjlbveñ gjvjom. 5 jrnzåhz 2001 ujlf: Lkzobtcz wtkeñ ytltkñ ltåfns gj ghjåktvt vtéleyfhjlyjuj nthhjhbpvf yf Utythfkmyjq fccfvåktt JJY pfdthifñncz ghbyznbtv htpjkñwbb, d rjnjhjq cnhfys jnvtnbkb, xnj bcgsnsdfñn eéfc d jnyjitybb ghtlghbyznsö 11 ctynzåhz fnfr ghjnbd CIF b dshféfñn cdjñ yfltéle yf nj, xnj ghfdbntkmcndf cvjuen ltqcndjdfnm cjjåof hflb bcrjhtytybz nthhjhbpvf dj dctv vbht. Utythfkmyfz fccfvåktz b Cjdtn Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY ghbybvfñn åtp ujkjcjdfybz, yf jcyjdfybb tlbyjleiyjuj jljåhtybz, htpjkñwbb c jceéltybtv nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö fnfr yf CIF b ghbpsdjv r ujcelfhcndfv-xktyfv jåütlbybnmcz, xnjås ghtlfnm ghfdjcelbñ ≤ghtcnegybrjd, cjdthibdibö änb djpvenbntkmyst nthhjhbcnbxtcrbt frns, f nfrét bö jhufybpfnjhjd b cgjycjhjd≥. Gj vtht njuj rfr Ghfdbntkmcndj CIF jåyfheébdftn ljgjkybntkmyst ljrfpfntkmcndf ghbxfcnyjcnb r nthfrnfv Ecfvs åby Kfltyf b nthhjhbcnbxtcrjq jhufybpfwbb ≤Fkm-Rfqlf≥, jyj bcgjkmpetn cdjb cbks b chtlcndf b cbks b chtlcndf vtéleyfhjlyjq rjfkbwbb, xnjås yfxfnm åjhmåe c ≤Fkm-Rfqljq≥. Ecnfyjdktyj, xnj nfkbåcrjt ghfdbntkmcndj Faufybcnfyf erhsdftn b gjllthébdftn ≤Fkm-Rfqle≥. Gjckt njuj rfr Nfkbåfy d jxthtlyjq hfp jnrfpsdftncz ghbyznm vths ghjnbd ≤Fkm-Rfqls≥, djpukfdkztvfz CIF rjfkbwbz htiftn fnfrjdfnm Nfkbåfy b ≤Fkm-Rfqle≥ d Faufybcnfyt. 13 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf: Ghtpbltyn Åei b vbybcnh ñcnbwbb CIF Léjy Äirhjan ghbpsdfñn fvthbrfycrbq yfhjl yt dpdfkbdfnm dbye pf nthfrns yf fvthbrfywtd fhfåcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz b vecekmvfy b jåtofñn ytpfvtlkbntkmyj htfubhjdfnm yf frns yfcbkbz ghjnbd ybö. 15 ctynzåhz 2002 ujlf: Ghtpbltyn Åei dcnhtxftncz cj cdjbvb cjdtnybrfvb gj yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb d Rävg-Lädblt (in. Vähbktyl). Jy gjlndthélftn d åtctlt c éehyfkbcnfvb, xnj ≤ukfdysv gjljphtdftvsv≥ zdkztncz Ecfvf åby Kflty. Ujcelfhcndtyysq ctrhtnfhm CIF Rjkby Gfeäkk dshféftn ghbpyfntkmyjcnm pf gjcnegfñobt cj dctuj vbhf dshfétybz gjllthérb: ≤Ltcznrb cnhfy gjnthzkb cdjbö uhfélfy (d Wtynht vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb), b jyb gjybvfñn, xnj änj åskj yfgfltybtv b ghjnbd ybö≥. 7 jrnzåhz 2001 ujlf: Ghtpbltyn Åei jåüzdkztn, xnj d jndtn yf nthfrns 11 ctynzåhz b d cjjndtncndbb c ytjnütvktvsv ghfdjv CIF yf bylbdblefkmyeñ b rjkktrnbdyeñ cfvjjåjhjye fvthbrfycrbt djjheétyyst cbks yfxbyfñn yfyjcbnm elfhs gj kfuthzv nthhjhbcnjd ≤Fkm-Rfqls≥ b djtyysv jåütrnfv Nfkbåfyf yf nthhbnjhbb Faufybcnfyf. 18 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf: Cjdtn Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY ghbpsdftn Nfkbåfy dslfnm Ecfve åby Kfltyf, d cjjndtncndbb c Htpjkñwbtq Cjdtnf Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY § 1333, ghbyznjq 19 ltrfåhz 2000 ujlf. Änf htpjkñwbz nhtåjdfkf, xnjås Nfkbåfy ghtrhfnbk ghtljcnfdkznm eåtébot b gjllthére nthhjhbcnfv b dslfk åby Kfltyf jhufyfv, dtleobv cktlcndbt gj ltke j tuj ghtlgjkfuftvjq ghbxfcnyjcnb r lheubv nthfrnfv. 10 jrnzåhz 2001 ujlf: Jabwbfkmysq ghtlcnfdbntkm Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF Hbxfhl Ä. Åfexth cjjåoftn jå fhtcnt bkb pflthéfybb gjljphtdftvsö nthhjhbcnjd d 23 cnhfyfö: 10 – d Tdhjgt, 7 – yf Åkbéytv Djcnjrt, 4 – d Fahbrt b gj 1 – d Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt b Djcnjxyjq Fpbb. D 112 cnhfyfö dkfcnb ghbybvfñn vths ghjnbd abyfycjdsö frnbdjd nthhjhbcnjd. 20 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf: Ghtpbltyn Åei dscnegftn yf cjdvtcnyjv pfctlfybb jåtbö gfkfn Rjyuhtccf b gthtl fvthbrfycrbv yfhjljv, bpkfufz ghjuhfvve dctcnjhjyybö ecbkbq CIF b vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjjåotcndf gj åjhmåt c vtéleyfhjlysv nthhjhbpvjv. Jy yfpsdftn ≤Fkm-Rfqle≥ b ibhjreñ ctnm nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö uheggbhjdjr ukfdysvb gjljphtdftvsvb d cjdthitybb nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz. 11 jrnzåhz 2001 ujlf: Ghtpbltyn Åei ghjdjlbn cdjñ gthdeñ c vjvtynf nthfrnjd ghtcc-rjyathtywbñ d cfvjt gjgekzhyjt ntktdbpbjyyjt dhtvz. Jy pfzdkztn éehyfkbcnfv, xnj Nfkbåfye ghtljcnfdkztncz tot jlby ifyc – tckb jyb dslflen åby Kfltyf b tuj ghbcgtiybrjd, ≤vs gthtcvjnhbv yfie gjkbnbre gj jnyjitybñ r bö cnhfyt≥. Jy nfrét cjjåoftn, xnj CIF ujnjds gjvjxm JJY cjplfnm cnfåbkmyjt b ghtlcnfdbntkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj Faufybcnfyf, rjnjhjt yt åeltn pfvtifyj yb d nthhjhbpvt, yb d njhujdkt yfhrjnbrfvb. 24 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf: Ghtpbltyn Åei gjlgbcsdftn ghfdbntkmcndtyyjt hfcgjhzétybt j pfvjhfébdfybb frnbdjd 27 jhufybpfwbq b kbw, gjljphtdftvsö d abyfycbhjdfybb nthhjhbpvf b gjllthért ≤Fkm-Rfqls≥. 25 jrnzåhz 2001 ujlf: D Kjyljyt ghtvmth-vbybcnh Dtkbrjåhbnfybb Njyb Åkäh edtljvkztn kblthjd Rjycthdfnbdyjq gfhnbb j gkfyfö gj gthtåhjcrt åhbnfycrbö ceöjgenysö djqcr d Faufybcnfy. Ghtpbltyn Åei yfpsdftn Åföhtqy ≤dféysv cjñpybrjv CIF, yt döjlzobv d YFNJ≥. 28 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf: Cjdtn Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY tlbyjukfcyj ghbybvftn Htpjkñwbñ § 1373, ghtlecvfnhbdfñoeñ ghbyznbt dctjåütvkñobö vth gj åjhmåt c nthhjhbpvjv b, d xfcnyjcnb, vth, yfghfdktyysö ghjnbd abyfycjdjq gjllthérb, ytjåöjlbvjq nthhjhbcnfv lkz cjdthitybz cdjbö nthfrnjd. 30 31 jrnzåhz 2001 ujlf: Vbybcnthcndj jåjhjys CIF jåüzdkztn j njv, xnj d hzls djjheétyysö cbk åeltn ghbpdfyj åjktt 50 nsc. htpthdbcnjd. Futyncndj CIF vtéleyfhjlyjuj hfpdbnbz (FVH CIF) jåtoftn ghtljcnfdbnm JJY b lheubv uevfybnfhysv futyncndfv 11,2 vky. ljkk. yf pfregre 30 nsc. njyy gitybws d wtynhfkmyjpbfncrbö cnhfyfö lkz jrfpfybz gjvjob ébntkzv Faufybcnfyf. CIF zcyj lfñn gjyznm, xnj bö fnfrb d Faufybcnfyt b fynbnthhjhbcnbxtcrbt frwbb gj dctve vbhe yfghfdktys bcrkñxbntkmyj ghjnbd ≤Fkm-Rfqls≥, cnhfy b kñltq, tt gjllthébdfñobö, f nfrét ghjnbd lheubö nthhjhbcnjd. Yf nthhbnjhbb CIF ghjébdftn ghbvthyj 5 vky. vecekmvfy. Bv ufhfynbheñncz nt ét cfvst htkbubjpyst, gjkbnbxtcrbt b kbxyst cdjåjls, xnj b kñåsv lheubv uhfélfyfv bkb gjcnjzyysv ébntkzv CIF. Gjckt nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz jåotybt vtéle fvthbrfywfvb-vecekmvfyfvb b lheubvb fvthbrfycrbvb uhfélfyfvb ecbkbkjcm, xnj zdbkjcm jnhfétybtv ibhjrjuj cnhtvktybz yfctktybz gjåjkmit epyfnm jå bckfvt b edbltnm, rfrbv jåhfpjv kñlb, bcgjdtleñobt bckfv, jåhfpeñn ytjnütvktveñ xfcnm fvthbrfycrjq yfwbb. Gjgekzhyst chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb dsgecnbkb jåibhyst cgtwbfkmyst cnfnmb b gjlujnjdbkb gthtlfxb yf ntvs bckfvf, irjks frnbdyj cnhtvzncz drkñxfnm d cdjb ghjuhfvvs åjkmit byajhvfwbb jå bckfvt b fhfåfö, pyfxbntkmyj dshjckj xbckj kbw, pfgbcfdiböcz yf rehcs gj bpextybñ bckfvf b vecekmvfycrjuj vbhf. (Gjlhjåytt cv. http://www.usinfo.state.gov/usa/islam/) 27 yjzåhz 2001 ujlf: Dctvbhysq åfyr b Fpbfncrbq åfyr hfpdbnbz ghjdjlzn dcnhtxe d Bckfvfåflt, xnjås jåcelbnm djghjcs jrfpfybz gjvjob d djccnfyjdktybb Faufybcnfyf. 3 ltrfåhz 2001 ujlf: JJY jåüzdkztn j njv, xnj Dctvbhyfz ghjljdjkmcndtyyfz ghjuhfvvf yfqvtn yf hfåjne åjktt 2400 étyoby d hfvrfö cdjbö xhtpdsxfqysö ecbkbq gj hfcghtltktybñ ghjljdjkmcndbz d Rfåekt. Yftv étyoby lkz htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvvs uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob ghbpdfy ybdtkbhjdfnm gjcktlcndbz ghjdjlbditqcz Nfkbåfyjv yf ghjnzétybb gznb ktn gjkbnbrb pfghtnf yf hfåjne lkz étyoby. 4 ltrfåhz 2001 ujlf: Cjåhfdibtcz d Åjyyt (Uthvfybz) ghtlcnfdbntkb faufycrbö uheggbhjdjr gjlgbcsdfñn ghjvtéenjxyjt cjukfitybt j cjplfybb d Faufybcnfyt dgthdst gjckt 23 ktn djqys gjkmpeñotujcz ibhjrjq gjllthérjq yfctktybz, vyjujänybxtcrjuj, cnfåbkmyjuj b ghtlcnfdbntkmyjuj gjcnnfkbåfycrjuj ghfdbntkmcndf. Dj ukfdt ghjvtéenjxyjq flvbybcnhfwbb Faufybcnfyf cnfyjdbncz geineycrbq kblth bp Rfylfufhf Öfvbl Rfhpfq. 11 vfhnf 2002 ujlf: Ldf jlbyfrjdsö vjoysö cnjkgf cdtnf, yfghfdktyysö bp ägbwtynhf dphsdf åfity-åkbpytwjd gthgtylbrekzhyj ddthö d ytåj yfl Ymñ-Qjhrjv, cnfkb rfr ås rekmvbyfwbtq gjvbyfkmysö htkbubjpysö ckeéå b lheubö vtvjhbfkmysö vthjghbznbq. 23 vfhnf 2002 ujlf: D Faufybcnfyt dyjdm jnrhsdfñncz irjks, rjnjhst – dgthdst pf vyjubt ujls – hfphtiftncz gjctofnm yt njkmrj vfkmxbrfv, yj b ltdjxrfv. D hfvrfö cdjtq ghjuhfvvs gjvjob CIF ghtljcnfdkzñn irjkmyjgbcmvtyyst ghbyflktéyjcnb b extåyst gjcjåbz yf zpsrfö lfhb b geine yf cevve 10 vky. ljkk. 13 ltrfåhz 2001 ujlf: Vbybcnthcndj jåjhjys CIF hfcghjcnhfyztn dbltjpfgbcm jåceéltybz Ecfvjq åby Kfltyjv nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz. Yf ytq åby Kflty ujdjhbn, xnj hfpheitybz, dspdfyyst pfghfdktyysvb njgkbdjv htfrnbdysvb fdbfkfqythfvb, dhtpfdibvbcz d åfiyb-åkbpytws Wtynhf vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb, yfvyjuj ghtdpjikb tuj jéblfybz. 17 fghtkz 2002 ujlf: D Faufybcnfy djpdhfoftncz åsdibq rjhjkm Pföbh Ifö, yt ghtntyleñobq yf nhjy. 22 ltrfåhz 2001 ujlf: Lkz eghfdktybz Faufybcnfyjv cjplftncz gthtöjlyfz flvbybcnhfwbz – vyjujyfwbjyfkmysq jhufy, jnhféfñobq utjuhfabxtcrjt b htkbubjpyjt vyjujjåhfpbt Faufybcnfyf. 30 vfz 2002 ujlf: Yf vtcnt, ult yföjlbkcz Wtynh vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb, ghjdjlbncz njhétcndtyyfz wthtvjybz, pfdthifñofz ecbkbz gj bpdktxtybñ bp-gjl jåkjvrjd jcnfyrjd 2829 xtkjdtr, gjubåibö d htpekmnfnt nthfrnjd. Hfåjnfz rheukjcenjxyj, åhbufls dsdtpkb c vtcnf nhfutlbb 1,8 vky. njyy jåkjvrjd. 17 zydfhz 2002 ujlf: Ujcelfhcndtyysq ctrhtnfhm CIF Gfeäkk jabwbfkmyj djpjåyjdkztn hfåjne Gjcjkmcndf CIF d Rfåekt (Faufybcnfy), rjnjhjt åskj pfrhsnj c 1989 ujlf. 21–22 zydfhz 2002 ujlf: D Njrbj ghjdjlbncz Vtéleyfhjlyfz rjyathtywbz gj ghjåktvfv gjvjob Faufybcnfye. CIF jåtofñn dsltkbnm yf ecbkbz gj djccnfyjdktybñ Faufybcnfyf 296 vky. ljkk. 11 bñyz 2002 ujlf: Yf wthtvjybb d Gtynfujyt ghjbpdjlbncz pfrkflrf vtvjhbfkmyjq rfgceks d djccnfyjdktyyeñ pfgflyeñ cntye plfybz. Åhtim d cntyt pfltksdftncz gjcktlytq gkbnjq, ytceotq yf ctåt gjxthytdibt cktls fnfrb b yflgbcm ≤11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf≥. 29 zydfhz 2002 ujlf: Ghtpbltyn Åei d tétujlyjv ljrkflt Rjyuhtcce ≤J gjkjétybb d cnhfyt≥ gjlxthrbdftn, xnj dhfub Fvthbrb ≤levfkb, xnj Fvthbrf ckfåf b vfnthbfkbcnbxyf, xnj yfif cnhfyf hfcrjktncz yf xfcnb d cdjtv cnhföt b äujbpvt. Jyb åskb yfcnjkmrj ét ytghfds, yfcrjkmrj jyb pkjyfvthtyys≥. Gj ckjdfv Ghtpbltynf, fvthbrfyws ≤ljytcen cjcnhflfybt yfitq cnhfys lj dctö eujkrjd ptvyjuj ifhf≥. Jy jåtoftn jcjåtyyj ≤gjjohznm hfpdbnbt, jåhfpjdfybt b ärjyjvbxtcrbt djpvjéyjcnb d bckfvcrjv vbht≥. 12 bñyz 2002 ujlf: Ghtpbltyn Åei ghjdjlbn gthdjt pfctlfybt Cjdtnf dyenhtyytq åtpjgfcyjcnb. 13 bñyz 2002 ujlf: Njkmrj xnj cajhvbhjdfyyfz faufycrfz Kjqz-lébhuf bpåbhftn Öfvblf Rfhpfz Ghtpbltynjv yjdjuj Bckfvcrjuj gthtöjlyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf Faufybcnfyf. 18 bñyz 2002 ujlf: Ghtpbltyn Åei yfghfdkztn d Rjyuhtcc cdjt ghtlkjétybt j cjplfybb yf ehjdyt rfåbytnf vbybcnhjd yjdjuj Vbybcnthcndf dyenhtyytq åtpjgfcyjcnb, rjnjhjt 31 åeltn hfphfåfnsdfnm b rjjhlbybhjdfnm jåoeñ cnhfntubñ jnhfétybz nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö euhjp b fnfr. 15 bñkz 2002 ujlf: Ldflwfnbjlyjktnybq fvthbrfytw Léjy Ejrth Kbylö yf ghjwtcct d atlthfkmyjv celt ghbpyftn ctåz dbyjdysv d jrfpfybb gjvjob Nfkbåfye. Tuj ghbujdfhbdfñn r 20 ujlfv kbitybz cdjåjls. 6 bñkz 2002 ujlf: D Rfåekt eåbns dbwt-ghtpbltyn Faufybcnfyf Öfléb Fålek Rflbh b tuj djlbntkm. Yfcnjzobq ljrevtyn åsk gjlujnjdkty Jabcjv vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv yf jcyjdt byajhvfwbb d hfpkbxysö jnrhsnsö bcnjxybrfö c wtkmñ ghtlcnfdbnm jåpjh yfbåjktt dféysö cjåsnbq gjcktlytuj ujlf. Jy yt ghtntyletn yb yf nj, xnjås ckeébnm gjkysv b dctjåütvkñobv jnxtnjv j ltqcndbzö ukjåfkmyjq rjfkbwbb ghjnbd nthhjhbpvf, yb yf nj, xnjås zdkznmcz jabwbfkmysv dshfétybtv gjkbnbrb CIF. 12 bñkz 2002 ujlf: Ltgfhnfvtyn gjéfhyjq jöhfys YmñQjhrf yfuhfélftncz d Gfhbét Pjkjnjq vtlfkmñ pf veétcndj b cfvjjndthétyyjcnm. Kbxysq cjcnfd Ltgfhnfvtynf gjéfhyjq jöhfys b Ltgfhnfvtynf gjkbwbb Ymñ-Qjhrf eljcnfbdftncz gjxtcntq gj dctve vbhe pf cdjq cfvjjndthétyysq nhel b uthjbpv, ghjzdktyysq gjckt nthfrnjd. 32 Djccnfyjdktybt Faufybcnfyf Dslthérb bp ljrkflf Futyncndf CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ ≤D djpleöt dbnftn xedcndj Faufybcnfy ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jlye bp nhelytqibö uevfybnfhysö b cdzpfyysö c hfpdbnbtv ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvb rjulf-kbåj ghböjlbkjcm cnfkrbdfnmcz Futyncnde CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ (FVH CIF). yfltéls b cdjåjls, rjnjhjuj yt Vyjujktnyzz uhfélfycrfz djqyf d cjxtnfybb c ghfdktybtv ≤Nfkbåfyf≥ b étcnjxfqitq ljkujq pfceöjq jgecnjibkb cnhfye. Gjkjdbyf yfctktybz Faufybcnfyf, xbcktyyjcnm rjnjhjuj cjcnfdkztn 26,8 vky. xtkjdtr, ébdtn d fåcjkñnyjq ybotnt. Ibhjrjt hfcghjcnhfytybt gjkexbkj ytljtlfybt. 50fi faufywtd yt bvtñn hfåjns, 70fi – ytuhfvjnys. Cbcntvfnbxtcrbt ujytybz yf ghfdf xtkjdtrf ghb ≤Nfkbåfyt≥ juhfybxbdfkb ljcneg étyoby r jåhfpjdfybñ, plhfdjjöhfytybñ b chtlcndfv ébpytjåtcgtxtybz, kbifz étyoby chtlcnd lkz gjllthérb ctåz b cdjbö ctvtq. Ghfrnbxtcrb dct exhtéltybz cnhfys b åjkmifz xfcnm tt byahfcnhernehs åskb eybxnjétys. yfåkñlfkjcm yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn. Ghfdbntkmcndj CIF jceotcndkztn ljkujchjxyeñ ghjuhfvve, ghbpdfyyeñ Nfrfz jåcnfyjdrf, tckb jcnfdbnm dct, rfr tcnm, jåtcgtxbdftn åkfujlfnyeñ gjxde lkz hfcghjcnhfytybz nthhjhbpvf b lheubö ltcnfåbkbpbheñobö ntxtybq. Åjhzcm c nthhjhbpvjv b djgkjofz d ébpym fvthbrfycreñq nhflbwbñ gjvjob yeélfñobvcz, FVH CIF dpzkj yf ctåz dféyjt jåzpfntkmcndj gjvjufnm cnhjbnm åeleott lkz yfhjlf Faufybcnfyf, bcgjkytyyjt yfltél. jåtcgtxbnm faufywfv djpvjéyjcnm pfhfåfnsdfnm ctåt yf ghjgbnfybt, gjkexfnm FVH CIF ghbkjébkj åtcghtwtltynyst ecbkbz lkz ljcnfdrb rhbnbxtcrb ytjåöjlbvjq gjvjob faufywfv. Tot lj nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz Faufybcnfy åsk jcyjdysv gjkexfntktv uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob jn CIF, jåütv rjnjhjq d 2001 åñlétnyjv ujle cjcnfdbk 174 vky. ljkk. jåhfpjdfybt b gjkmpjdfnmcz rfxtcndtyysvb eckeufvb Gjckt nthfrnjd CIF ghjljkébkb buhfnm dtleoeñ hjkm d eljdktndjhtybb yfceoysö gjnhtåyjcntq faufywtd d ghjljdjkmcndbb, djlt, rhjdt b vtlbrfvtynfö. Ljcnfdrf Dctvbhyjq ghjljdjkmcndtyyjq ghjuhfvvjq JJY (DGG) d htrjhlyst chjrb åtcghtwtltynysö gfhnbq ghjljdjkmcndbz ghb abyfycjdjv cjltqcndbb FVH CIF pyfxbntkmyj cjrhfnbkf xbckj cvthntq. Bp CIF gjcnegfkf åjkmifz xfcnm gitybws, vfckf b xtxtdbws, rjnjhst ckeébkb gbotq lkz åjktt 9 vky. veéxby, étyoby b ltntq. plhfdjjöhfytybz d cnfåbkmyjv jåotcndt, eghfdkztvjv cghfdtlkbdsvb kblthfvb≥. D 2002 åñlétnyjv ujle CIF jåzpfkbcm dsltkbnm yf gjvjom Faufybcnfye b tuj htrjycnherwbñ gjxnb 300 vky. ljkk. Hfcghtltktybtv 184 vky. ljkk. bp änbö ltytu dtlftn FVH CIF. C gfltybtv ≤Nfkbåfyf≥ b cjplfybtv Gthtöjlyjq flvbybcnhfwbb Faufybcnfyf (GFF) Faufybcnfy yfxbyf- Lbhtrnjh FVH CIF Äylhñ C. Yfncbjc 33 tn frwtynbhjdfnm dybvfybt yf djccnfyjdktybb b htrjycnherwbb, ytcvjnhz yf ghjljkéfñoeñcz pfceöe. FVH CIF Ghb cjöhfyzñotqcz gjnhtåyjcnb d uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob, FVH CIF yfhfobdftn ecbkbz gj htrjycnherwbb. FVH CIF yfvtnbkj xtnsht wtkb htrjycnherwbb: 1) djccnfyjdktybt ghjljdjkmcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, jébdktybt ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf b htfkbpfwbz lheubö ajhv ébpytjåtcgtxtybz; 2) djccnfyjdktybt hfpheityyjq cbcntvs jåhfpjdfybz; 3) erhtgktybt cbcntvs plhfdjjöhfytybz; b 4) erhtgktybt faufycrbö exhtéltybq lkz jåtcgtxtybz ljkujchjxyjq cnfåbkmyjcnb. Ghb änjv rhfteujkmysv rfvytv ecnjqxbdjuj hfpdbnbz zdkztncz bvtyyj ctkmcrjt öjpzqcndj. FVH CIF cjnhelybxftn c GFF, uevfybnfhysvb jhufybpfwbzvb b vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcndjv, cnhtvzcm ecrjhbnm ghjwtcc gjcnhjtybz åtpjgfcyjuj b cnfåbkmyjuj jåotcndf, eljdktndjhzñotuj gjnhtåyjcnb cdjtuj yfhjlf b kbrdblbheñotuj chtle, rjnjhfz ckeébn hfccflybrjv nthhjhbpvf. cjnhelybxftn cnhtvzcm ecrjhbnm ghjwtcc gjcnhjtybz åtpjgfcyjuj b cnfåbkmyjuj jåotcndf, eljdktndjhzñotuj gjnhtåyjcnb cdjtuj yfhjlf b kbrdblbheñotuj chtle, rjnjhfz ckeébn hfccflybrjv dtyysö rekmneh: bpñvf, ahernjd b jdjotq. D hfvrfö ghjtrnjd ≤ltymub pf hfåjne≥ jceotcndkztncz yftv vtcnysö ébntktq Faufybcnfyf lkz djccnfyjdktybz jåütrnjd rhbnbxtcrjq byahfcnhernehs, ljhju vtéle athvfvb b hsyrfvb b bhhbufwbjyysö cbcntv. D ghjdbywbb Ötkvfyl athvths, rjnjhst ghtélt dshfobdfkb jgbevysq vfr, c äynepbfpvjv jnhtfubhjdfkb yf gjgsnrb FVH CIF jrfpfnm bv gjvjom d djpdhfotybb yf ärcgjhnyst hsyrb, enhfxtyyst bvb dj dhtvz rjyakbrnf, drkñxfz hsyrb ökjgrf, fhföbcf b ctvzy. Ärcgthns nfrét jåexfñn faufycrbö athvthjd vtnjlfv hfcntybtdjlcndf, pfobns hfcntybq b ébdjnyjdjlcndf. FVH CIF abyfycbhetn ltzntkmyjcnm ≤Vtéleyfhjlyjuj rjhgecf vbkjcthlbz≥ gj cjplfybñ gbnjvybrjd ahernjdsö lthtdmtd, ghtljcnfdktybñ athvthfv gjåtujd b jhufybpfwbb åhbufl dtnthbyfhjd. nthhjhbpvf. Ytödfnrf djls zdkztncz ukfdysv ghtgzncndbtv lkz djccnfyjdktybz ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf Faufybcnfyf. FVH CIF abyfycbhetn ghjtrns åehtybz crdféby, htrjycnherwbb vtcnysö bhhbufwbjyysö cbcntv, djccnfyjdktybz djljcyfåétybz b djljcåthtétybz. Gfhnyth FVH CIF d htfkbpfwbb änbö ghjtrnjd – jhufybpfwbz AJREC – dtltn åehtybt crdféby yf dctq nthhbnjhbb ghjdbywbq Åfkö b Åfukfy b gjcnhjbn nheåjghjdjlyst cbcntvs djljcyfåétybz d ghjdbywbb Åfvbzy. Lheubt jhufybpfwbb djccnfyfdkbdfñn rfyfks b djljöhfybkbof b cjjheéfñn pfuhféltybz ghjnbd ähjpbb. FVH CIF abyfycbhetn jåotyfwbjyfkmyeñ ghjuhfvve jwtyrb djlysö htcehcjd d wtkzö åjktt ljcrjyfkmyjuj bpextybz gjcktlcndbq xtnshtöktnytq pfceöb b åjktt äaatrnbdysö cgjcjåjd tt ghtjljktybz. Djccnfyjdktybt ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf Nhflbwbjyyj ctkmcrjt öjpzqcndj zdkztncz rhegytqibv b dféytqibv ctrnjhjv ärjyjvbrb, yj ytcnfåbkmyjcnm dvtcnt c xtnshtöktnytq pfceöjq gjljhdfkb gjntywbfk ghjbpdjlcndf ghjljdjkmcndbz d cnhfyt b ljdtkb athvthjd lj ybotns. Pfceöf d Faufybcnfyt, gj dctq dthjznyjcnb, åeltn ghjljkéfnmcz tot 12–18 vtczwtd, jlyfrj FVH CIF ghbdthétyj jrfpfybñ änjq cnhfyt ljkujchjxyjq gjvjob. Ctkmcrjt öjpzqcndj zdkztncz jåhfpjv ébpyb lkz 70fi faufywtd, b FVH CIF gjvjuftn athvthfv djpjåyjdkznm ghjbpdjlcndj b gjdsifnm tuj htynfåtkmyjcnm b äaatrnbdyjcnm. Änb ecbkbz drkñxfñn d ctåz htrjycnherwbñ bhhbufwbjyyjq cbcntvs b ghtljcnfdktybt jhelbq nhelf, ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq ntöybrb, 15 nsc. njyy eljåhtybq, dfrwby lkz ljvfiytuj crjnf b 7 nsc. njyy ctvzy lkz dtctyytuj ctdf, rjnjhst vjukb ås jåtcgtxbnm 125 nsc. njyy ghjljdjkmcndbz. D åkbéfqibt ldf ujlf FVH CIF ghtljcnfdbn Faufybcnfye d jåotq ckjéyjcnb 48 nsc. njyy ctvzy, åkfujlfhz xtve jåütv ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjuj ghjbpdjlcndf vjéyj åeltn edtkbxbnm yf wtksö 772 nsc. njyy. Änb ekexityyst cjhnf ctvzy ecnjqxbds r pfceöt b ghbpdfys edtkbxbnm jåütv ghjbpdjlcndf yf 80-100fi. Gjlütv jåhfpjdfybz Jåhfpjdfybt zdkztncz jlybv bp dféytqibö äktvtynjd kñåjuj cnfåbkmyjuj b ärjyjvbxtcrb cfvjljcnfnjxyjuj jåotcndf. Ghb htébvt Nfkbåfyf faufycrbv ltdjxrfv cnfhit djcmvb ktn åskj pfghtotyj gjctofnm extåyst pfdtltybz. D 1999 ujle d irjks åskj pfxbcktyj ghbåkbpbntkmyj 32fi bp 4,4 vky. faufycrbö ltntq irjkmyjuj djphfcnf. 92fi ltdjxtr yt gjctofkb irjke. Exbntkz-étyobys, rjnjhst d yfxfkt 1990-ö ujljd cjcnfdkzkb 70fi dctö gtlfujujd cnhfys, åskb dsyeéltys eqnb c hfåjns. Vyjubt bp 3600 faufycrbö irjk pf ltcznbktnbz rjyakbrnf åskb gjdhtéltys bkb hfpheitys b bcgsnsdfkb ytljcnfnjr d jcyjdysö irjkmyj-gbcmvtyysö ghbyflktéyjcnzö. Pf ujls pfceöb b ytcnfåbkmyjcnb athvths b dkfltkmws vfksö ghtlghbznbq ljkéys åskb jlfkébdfnm rhegyst cevvs. Xnjås hfcgkfnbnmcz c ljkufvb, athvths dsyeéltys dshfobdfnm vfr lkz yfhrjåbpytcf b jnlfdfnm d étys cdjbö vfkjktnybö ljxthtq. FVH CIF jébdkztn ctkmcreñ ärjyjvbre, ghjgfufylbhez dshfobdfybt wtyysö ctkmcrjöjpzqcn- Ntgthm – dgthdst pf vyjubt ujls – ltdjxrb bvtñn djpvjéyjcnm gjkexbnm jåhfpjdfybt. D irjks dthyekbcm exbntkzétyobys, rjnjhsv rjulf-nj pfghtofkjcm ghtgjlfdfnm b exfcndjdfnm d ébpyb jåotcndf. GFF, ghfdbntkmcndj CIF, 34 Idtlcrbq rjvbntn d gjllthére Faufybcnfyf, ÑYBCTA b vyjubt lheubt jhufybpfwbb hfåjnfñn cjjåof, xnjås dthyenm faufycrbö ltntq b exbntktq ≤cyjdf d irjke≥, cyfålbd bö extåybrfvb, irjkmyj-gbcmvtyysvb ghbyflktéyjcnzvb b extåysvb vfnthbfkfvb. D hfvrfö jceotcndkztvjq tñ ghjuhfvvs ≤Ghjljdjkmcndbt d jåvty yf jåhfpjdfybt≥ DGG ghb gjllthért FVH CIF gjcnfdkztn dscjrjrfkjhbqyst ghjlerns gbnfybz lkz 47 nsc. irjkmybrjd d Rfåekt b yf ctdthj-djcnjrt Faufybcnfyf. Gj vtht hfcibhtybz änjq ghjuhfvvs yf dcñ cnhfye gkfybhetncz jödfnbnm jlby vbkkbjy ltntq. Ltdjxrb rfélsq vtczw gjkexfñn gj gznm kbnhjd hfcnbntkmyjuj vfckf d rfxtcndt cnbvekf r htuekzhyjve gjctotybñ irjks. Änf ghjuhfvvf cjrhfoftn xbckj ntö, rnj åhjcftn irjke, gjdsiftn gjctoftvjcnm b cnbvekbhetn ctvmb jnlfdfnm ltdjxtr d irjke. Jåhfpjdfybt ghbyjcbn faufycrjve jåotcnde gjkmpe rfr d cjwbfkmyjv, nfr b d ärjyjvbxtcrjv gkfyt. Gjckt vyjujktnytuj rjyakbrnf cnhernehbhjdfyyfz irjkmyfz chtlf yfcnhfbdftn vjkjltém yf yjhvfkmyeñ ébpym b gjdctlytdysq nhel. Dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj gjlhjcnrb åelen pfdthåjdfys d jnhzls yfhjlyjuj jgjkxtybz b ghtcnegyst åfyls, evtymiftncz. Dct bvtñn djpvjéyjcnm ghbjåhtcnb wtyyst yfdsrb, rjnjhst, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, gjpdjkzn Faufybcnfye cjplfnm rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyeñ hfåjxeñ cbke, cjcnjzoeñ yt njkmrj bp veéxby, yj b bp étyoby. Cbcntvf jåhfpjdfybz dthyekf étyoby d hfphzl hfåjxtq cbks b gjpdjkbkf bv cjlthéfnm cdjb ctvmb. Ltqcndez gj kbybb DGG b Vtéleyfhjlyjq jhufybpfwbb gj vbuhfwbb (VJV), FVH CIF dtltn htrjycnherwbb åjktt 600 irjk b cjplftn eckjdbz lkz njuj, xnjås gtrfhyb, rjnjhsvb herjdjlzn étyobys, gjcnfdkzkb öktå irjkmybrfv. 50 nsc. exbntktq d ljgjkytybt r pfhfåjnyjq gkfnt gjkexfñn tétvtczxyst ghjljdjkmcndtyyst gfqrb d hfvrfö hfpdthyenjq gj dctq cnhfyt ghjuhfvvs ≤Ghjljdjkmcndbt lkz ujcelfhcndtyysö ckeéfobö≥. Änf ghjuhfvvf zdkztncz xfcnmñ jrfpsdftvjq FVH CIF c jrnzåhz 2001 ujlf dctjåütvkñotq gjllthérb ecbkbq DGG d Faufybcnfyt d jåütvt 118 vky. ljkk. Yf chtlcndf uhfynf, ghtljcnfdktyyjuj Ytåhfccrjve eybdthcbntne d Jvföt, d hfpvtht 7,75 vky. ljkk. FVH CIF jceotcndbkj htlfrnehe b jngtxfnfkj gjxnb 10 vky. extåybrjd gj ghbhjljdtltybñ, vfntvfnbrt, xntybñ, jcyjdfv uhfélfycndtyyjcnb b cjwbjkjubb lkz extybrjd c 1 gj 12 rkfccs. Rj lyñ jnrhsnbz irjk 23 vfhnf ÑYBCTA ljcnfdbkf d Faufybcnfy åjktt 5 vky. rybu d hfvrfö jceotcndkztvjq faufycrbv ghfdbntkmcndjv ghjuhfvvs ≤Cyjdf d irjke≥. Extåybrb jngtxfnfys yf faufycrbö zpsrfö geine b lfhb b cjghjdjélfñncz rjvgktrnfvb extåysö gjcjåbq lkz exbntktq b lheubvb irjkmysvb ghbyflktéyjcnzvb. (Gjkysq ntrcn yfcnjzotuj ljrkflf ljcnegty d Bynthytnt gj flhtce: http://www.usaid.gov/about/afghanistan/rebuilding_afghanistan.pdf) FVH CIF abyfycbhetn ghjdtltybt ldeöytltkmysö rehcjd gjdsitybz rdfkbabrfwbb cbkfvb gznb uhegg, d rféleñ bp rjnjhsö döjlzn gj xtnsht bycnhernjhf gj gjlujnjdrt exbntktq. R rjywe 2002 ujlf jåextybt yf änbö rehcfö ghjqlen nsczxb faufycrbö gtlfujujd, vyjubt bp rjnjhsö – étyobys. 35 Åbåkbjuhfabz Rybub b ljrevtyns Falk, Richard THE GREAT TERROR WAR: THE WORLD AFTER SEPTEMBER 11 Interlink Publishing Group, Inc., 2002, 256 pp. Alexander, Dean C. and Yonah Alexander TERRORISM AND BUSINESS: THE IMPACT OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 Transnational Publishers Inc., 2002, 272 pp. Friedman, Thomas L. LONGITUDES AND ATTITUDES: THE WORLD IN THE AGE OF TERRORISM Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2002, 224 pp. Barletta, Michael and others, editors AFTER 9/11: PREVENTING MASS-DESTRUCTION TERRORISM AND WEAPONS PROLIFERATION Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 2002, 80 pp. Available at: http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers.htm Goldberg, Danny and others, editors IT’S A FREE COUNTRY: PERSONAL FREEDOM IN AMERICA AFTER SEPTEMBER 11 Akashic Books, 2002, 250 pp. Beamer, Lisa and Ken Abraham LET’S ROLL: FINDING HOPE IN THE MIDST OF CRISIS Tyndale House Publishers, 2002, 280 pp. Halberstam, David FIREHOUSE Hyperion, 2002, 224 pp. Bennett, William J. WHY WE FIGHT: MORAL CLARITY AND THE WAR ON TERRORISM Doubleday, 2002, 176 pp. Hanson, Victor Davis AN AUTUMN OF WAR: WHAT AMERICA LEARNED FROM SEPTEMBER 11 AND THE WAR ON TERRORISM Vintage Anchor Publishing, 2002, 240 pp. Bremer, L. Paul 3rd and others DEFENDING THE AMERICAN HOMELAND: A REPORT OF THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION HOMELAND SECURITY TASK FORCE Heritage Foundation, 2002, 112 pp. Harmon, Christopher C. TERRORISM TODAY Frank Cass, 2000, 316 pp. Heyen, William and others SEPTEMBER 11, 2001: AMERICAN WRITERS RESPOND Etruscan Press, 2002, 440 pp. Campbell, Kurt M. and Michele A. Flournoy TO PREVAIL: AN AMERICAN STRATEGY FOR THE WAR AGAINST TERRORISM Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2001, 416 pp. Heymann, Philip B. TERRORISM AND AMERICA: A COMMONSENSE STRATEGY FOR A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY MIT Press, 2000, 208 pp. Carr, Caleb THE LESSONS OF TERROR: A HISTORY OF WARFARE AGAINST CIVILIANS: WHY IT HAS ALWAYS FAILED AND WHY IT WILL FAIL AGAIN Random House, 2002, 272 pp. 36 Kornbluth, Jesse and Jessica Papin, editors BECAUSE WE ARE AMERICANS: WHAT WE DISCOVERED ON SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 Warner Books, 2001, 200 pp. Pleszcynski, Wladyslaw, editor OUR BRAVE NEW WORLD: ESSAYS ON THE IMPACT OF SEPTEMBER 11 Hoover Institution Press, 2002, 144 pp. Lansford, Tom NATO’s RESPONSE TO THE TERRORIST ATTACKS ON THE UNITED STATES: ALL FOR ONE Ashgate Publishing Company, 2002, 220 pp. Rose, Gideon and James F. Hoge, Jr., editors HOW DID THIS HAPPEN? TERRORISM AND THE NEW WAR Public Affairs, 2001, 352 pp. Lieber, Robert J. EAGLE RULES? FOREIGN POLICY AND AMERICAN PRIMACY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Prentice Hall PTR, 2001, 384 pp. Rosenblatt, Roger WHERE WE STAND: 30 REASONS FOR LOVING OUR COUNTRY Harcourt Trade Publishers, 2002, 208 pp. Lutnick, Howard and Tom Barbash ON TOP OF THE WORLD: CANTOR FITZGERALD AND 9/11: A STORY OF LOSS AND RENEWAL HarperCollins, 2002, 352 pp. Salon.com Editors AFTERWORDS: STORIES AND REPORTS FROM 9/11 AND BEYOND Atria Books, 2002, 288 pp. McCourt, Frank BROTHERHOOD Sterling Publications, 2001, 240 pp. Simon, Jeffrey D. THE TERRORIST TRAP: AMERICA’S EXPERIENCE WITH TERRORISM Indiana University Press, 2001, 484 pp. Mote, Kevin, compiler ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS RELATED TO THE THREAT OF TERRORISM & THE ATTACKS OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 Oklahoma Department of Libraries, 2002, 95 pp. Available at: http://www.odl.state.ok.us/usinfo/ terrorism/911.htm Talbott, Strobe, editor THE AGE OF TERROR: AMERICA AND THE WORLD AFTER SEPTEMBER 11 Basic Books, 2002, 232 pp. United States. Congress. House Committee on Government Reform Staff PREPARING FOR THE WAR ON TERRORISM: HEARING BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION, SEPTEMBER 24, 2001 United States Government Printing Office, 2002, 182 pp. Available at: http://reform.house.gov/hearings.htm Nye, Joseph S. THE PARADOX OF AMERICAN POWER: WHY THE WORLD’S ONLY SUPERPOWER CAN’T GO IT ALONE Oxford University Press, 2002, 240 pp. O’Hanlon, Michael E. and others PROTECTING THE AMERICAN HOMELAND: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS Brookings Institution Press, 2002, 108 pp. Wakin, Edward BETTING ON AMERICA: WHY THE U.S. CAN BE STRONGER AFTER SEPTEMBER 11 Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2002, 274 pp. Pillar, Paul R. and Michael H. Armacost TERRORISM AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY Brookings Institution Press, 2001, 272 pp. Wilkinson, Paul TERRORISM VERSUS DEMOCRACY: THE LIBERAL STATE RESPONSE Frank Cass, 2001, 255 pp. 37 Klinger, David A. and Dave Grossman RESPONSES TO THE SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS: WHO SHOULD DEAL WITH FOREIGN TERORISTS ON U.S. SOIL?: SOCIO-LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF SEPTEMBER 11 AND THE ONGOING THREAT OF TERRORIST ATTACKS IN AMERICA Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 25, Spring 2002, pp. 815-834 Zelizer, Barbie and Stuart Allan, editors JOURNALISM AFTER SEPTEMBER 11 Routledge, 2002, 288 pp. Cnfnmb Aftergood, Steven and Henry Kelly MAKING SENSE OF INFORMATION RESTRICTIONS AFTER SEPTEMBER 11 FAS Public Interest Report, Vol. 55, No. 2, March/April 2002, pp. 1-2, 12 Landgraf, Kurt M. INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION: THE BEST DEFENSE AGAINST TERRORISM The Washington Post, July 26, 2002, p. A31 Available at http://www.ets.org/aboutets/issues13.html Berns, Walter FROM THE ASHES, PATRIOTISM REBORN The Boston Globe, September 23, 2001, p. D2 Available at http://www.press.uchicago.edu/News/911berns.html Lum, Lydia A RENEWED INTEREST Black Issues in Higher Education, Vol. 19, No. 6, May 9, 2002, pp. 24-27 Cooper, Mary H. FOREIGN AID AFTER SEPT. 11 The CQ Researcher, Vol. 12, No. 16, April 26, 2002, pp. 361-392 Masci, David and Patrick Marshall CIVIL LIBERTIES IN WARTIME The CQ Researcher, Vol. 11, No. 43, December 14, 2001, pp. 1017-1040 Easterbrook, Gregg SAFE DEPOSIT: THE CASE FOR FOREIGN AID The New Republic, Vol. 227, No. 5, July 29, 2002, pp. 16+ Nacos, Brigitte TERRORISM, THE MASS MEDIA, AND THE EVENTS OF 9-11 Phi Kappa Phi Forum, Vol. 82, No. 2, Spring 2002, pp. 13-19 Easterly, William THE CARTEL OF GOOD INTENTIONS Foreign Policy, No. 131, July/August 2002, pp. 40-49 Parker, Richard D. HOMELAND: AN ESSAY ON PATRIOTISM Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 25, Spring 2002, pp. 407-427 Gorman, Siobhan POWER TO THE GOVERNMENT National Journal, Vol. 34, No. 30, July 27, 2002, pp. 2242-2246 Peterson, Andrew FOREIGN AID REFORM IS CRUCIAL TO THE UNITED STATES’ CAMPAIGN AGAINST TERRORISM CSIS Prospectus, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring 2002 Available at http://www.csis.org/pubs/prospectus/02 spring_peterson.htm Graham, Carol CAN FOREIGN AID HELP STOP TERRORISM? NOT WITH MAGIC BULLETS The Brookings Review, Vol. 20, No. 3, Summer 2002, pp. 28-32 Available at http://www.brookings.org/press/REVIEW/ summer2002/graham.htm Putnam, Robert BOWLING TOGETHER; THE UNITED STATE OF AMERICA The American Prospect, Vol. 13, No. 3, February 11, 2002, pp. 20-22 Heymann, Philip B. CIVIL LIBERTIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AFTERMATH OF SEPTEMBER 11 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 25, Spring 2002, pp. 441-456 38 Rosenblatt, Roger AMERICANS’ DIGNITY HAS BEEN ON DISPLAY SINCE SEPT. 11 The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 7, 2002, p. E1 Wechsler, William LAW IN ORDER: RECONSTRUCTING U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY The National Interest, No. 67, Spring 2002, pp. 17-28 Rumsfeld, Donald H. TRANSFORMING THE MILITARY Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 3, May/June 2002, pp. 20-32 Wedgwood, Ruth AL QAEDA, TERRORISM, AND MILITARY COMMISSIONS The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 96, April 2002, pp. 328-337 Sheler, Jeffery L. and others FAITH IN AMERICA U.S. News & World Report, Vol. 132, No. 15, May 6, 2002, pp. 40-49 Ward, Geoffrey C. MONGREL NATION: TIME AND AGAIN, AMERICA HAS DEMONSTRATED A RESILIENCE THAT IS ROOTED IN THE REMARKABLE DIVERSITY OF HER PEOPLE Smithsonian, Vol. 32, No. 8, November 2001, pp. 18-19 Available at http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/ smithsonian/issues01/nov01/presence.html 39 Jcyjlst cfqns Bynthytnf Association of American University Presses Books for Understanding http://www.aaupnet.org/news/bfu/september11.html Library of Congress September 11 Web Archive http://september11.archive.org/ Brookings Project on Terrorism and American Foreign Policy http://www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/terrorism/ Library of Congress THOMAS: Legislative Information on the Internet Legislation Related to the Attack of September 11, 2001 http://thomas.loc.gov/home/terrorleg.htm Coalition Information Centers The Global War on Terrorism: The First 100 Days http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/12/ 100dayreport.pdf Federation of American Scientists http://www.fas.org/terrorism/index.html Meyerowitz, Joel After September 11: Images from Ground Zero Sponsored by the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs http://www.911exhibit.state.gov/index.cfm Federation of American Scientists Intelligence Resource Program http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/terror.htm Museum of the City of New York Smithsonian National Museum of American History http://www.911history.net/ FirstGov America Responds to Terrorism http://firstgov.gov/Topics/Usgresponse.shtml National Security Archive The September 11th Sourcebooks Online Readers on Terrorism, Intelligence and the Next War http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/sept11/ InterAction American Council for Voluntary International Action http://www.interaction.org/ New York Newsday New York City Rebuilds http://www.newsday.com/other/special/ ny-rebuilds-main.htmlstory International Center of Photography Aftermath: Photography in the Wake of September 11 http://www.icp.org/exhibitions/aftermath/events. html#archive U.S. Department of Defense Defend America http://www.defendamerica.mil/ Law Library Resource Exchange: 9-11-2001 News and Legal Resources http://www.llrx.com/newstand/wtc.htm U.S. Department of Defense Defense Link http://defenselink.mil/ 40 U.S. Department of State Countering Terrorism http://www.state.gov/s/ct/c4291.htm U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation War on Terrorism http://www.fbi.gov/terrorinfo/terrorism.htm U.S. Department of State Diplomacy and the Global Campaign Against Terrorism http://www.state.gov/coalition/ University of Chicago Press The Days After http://www.press.uchicago.edu/News/daysafter.html White House America Responds http://www.whitehouse.gov/response/ U.S. Department of State Rewards for Justice http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/ White House Millennium Challenge Account-Helping Developing Nations http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/developingnations/ U.S. Department of State Office of International Information Programs Response to Terrorism http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror/ 41 11 ctynzåhz: ujl cg ec nz Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF Ctynzåhm 2002 ujlf
