Защита прав потребителей финансовых услуг

.
,
.;
.
.:
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
, 2010. 368 .
I.
1.
§ 1.
§ 2.
1.
2.
§ 3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
2.
§ 1.
"
"
1.
2.
2.
§
:
1.
(
,
2.
)
"
"
§ 3.
1.
2.
3.
§ 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(
(
6.
§ 2.
1.
"
2.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
"
)
)
"
"
3.
4.
5.
6.
,
7.
8.
§ 3.
1.
2.
3.
,
4.
5.
6.
II.
4.
§ 1.
"
"
1.
2.
§ 2.
"
1.
2.
3.
"
"
"
"
"
,
,
4.
"
"
§ 3.
1.
2.
,
,
§ 4.
1.
2.
,
,
5.
§ 1.
1.
.
2.
3.
"
"
4.
.
5.
(
)
(
)
(
§ 2.
:
1.
2.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
)
(
)
§ 3.
III.
6.
§ 1.
"
"
.
1.
2.
3.
.
,
,
§ 2.
§ 3.
1.
(
(
(
§
)
)
2.
3.
4.
4.
1.
2.
3.
,
,
4.
)
)
§ 5.
1.
.
(
.
)
2.
7.
(
)
§ 1.
§ 2.
§ 3.
(
)
1.
2.
§ 4.
§ 5.
§ 6.
§ 7.
,
,
,
§ 8.
§ 9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
§ 10.
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
:
.,
-
,
.
., Master of Laws (LL.M.) International and European Law,
.
.,
-
.
.,
-
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
;
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
<1>
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
?
,
,
,
,
,
?
--------------------------------
<1>
-
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
. 7
,
.
,
"
.
,
.
,
"
"
.
"
",
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
,
,-
,
.
,
2009 .
,
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
.
.
12
1933 .
,
30
;
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
<1>
,
,
,
.
<2>
(UNCDF)
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
: www.worldbank.org.
<2>
.: http:// www.uncdf.org/ english/ microfinance/ pubs/ bluebook/ pub/
Building_ Inclusive_ Financial_ Sectors_ The_ Blue_ Book.pdf.
<3>
.: http:// www.uncdf.org/ english/ microfinance/ pubs/ bluebook/ pub/
Building_ Inclusive_ Financial_ Sectois_ The_ Blue_ Book.pdf; .
:
.,
.
:
-
.
.
.
., 2004.
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
:
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
;
-
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
;
,
.
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
"
".
.
.
,
"
"
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
-
.
1933 .
.
.
,
,
<1>.
.
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. Trusting the Stock Market // The
Journal of Finance. 2008. Vol. LXIII. No. 6.
,
,
"
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
,
,
<2>.
"
,
,
,
,
,
"
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
:
.
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Ibid.
<2>
//
.
. 1999. N 1-2. . 171 - 181.
,
,
"
",
,
.
.
,
<1>.
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
).
(
., 2002;
.
//
Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. Op. cit.
. 2006. N 11;
.
.
.
.
.;
,
(
.
),
:
-
(
,
.);
,
-
,
(
,
,
) <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. Op. cit.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
.
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
(Thlimmenos)
.
14
,
.
:"
.
. 44
,
,
14
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
14
.
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
:
.
.
.
,
:
1960
2002 .
.
.
., 2004. . 748.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
: "...
,
19
34
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
23
//
1999 . N 4-
. 1999. N 3.
,
,
,
,
.
,
, -
.
,
.
I.
1.
.
§ 1.
,
,
.
,
(
,
),
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
(
),
,
<1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
.
.
30.
. XX .
,
,
,
,
<1>.
70-
. XX
.
<2>,
.
.
.
,
(
),
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
:
-
/
,
.
.
. ., 2006. . 391.
. . 401 - 407.
<2>
<3>
11
2003 . N 152-
"
".
.:
.,
. 2005. N 7, 8.
//
.
-
.
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
//
. 2007. 29
.
,
.
,
,
-
,
<1>.
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
l/ hi/ business/ 7096845.stm
.: http:// news.bbc.co.uk/
http:// news.bbc.co.uk/ 2/ hi/ business/ 7073131.stm.
.,
: Randall D. Subprime Tentacles of a Crisis // http:// www.imf.org/
external/ pubs/ ft/ fandd/ 2007/ 12/ dodd.htm.
.
2007 .: Global
Financial Stability Report. Financial Market Turbulence. Causes, Consequences and
Policies. Oct. 2007. IMF Washington DC, 2007. P. 2 - 39.
<2>
.:
.
800
. //
.
2008. 20
.
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
(
)
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
".
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
9
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
"
" <1>.
,
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
:
.
., 2004. . 185.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
§ 2.
1.
,
.
2004 .
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
. <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
// http:// www.utro.ru/ articles/ 2005/ 01/ 24/ 399766.shtml.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
<1>.
-
,
.
2005 .
,
(
)
,
<3>.
--------------------------------
.
<2>,
,
2006 .
<1>
Bankir.ru: http:// bankir.ru/ news/ newsline/
18.04.2007/ 81505.
<2>
.:
<3>
.:
11, 18
2007 . N 09
14121/2007- .
//
-11031/2007-
,
. 2005. N 3.
31
2007 . N 09
2005 .
(
-
-
)
<1>,
2007 .
,
2006 - 2007
<2>,
,
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 77- //
<2>
.:
26
2005 .
N
/7235,
. 2005. N 28.
1
2007 . N 78-
//
. 2007. N 34.
.
,
-
),
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
<1>.
<2>,
<3>.
7
,
1992 . N 2300-1 "
),
.
.4
" <4> (
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
-
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2007 . N
40/5013-07,
15
2007 . N 12235/07.
<2>
.
http://www.insur-info.ru/news/10272/.
<3>
.:
23, 1
2009 . N 5- 09-83, N 5- 09-84.
<4>
.
,
4
2007 .,
9
"
":
23
2008 . N 4- 08-
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
:
.
,
,
,
.
2.
,
,
.
.
.
(
-
,
. 940, 943
)
.
,
,
,
( . 1
2001 . N 156-
"
)).
. 11
29
" (
-
( .1
N 75-
.9
7
"
1998 .
" (
-
)).
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
",
)
: "
",
"
"
".
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
2007 . (
)
. 395
,
22,7% <1>.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2007 . // http:// www.cbr.ru/ publ/ root_ get_ blob.asp?doc_ id=8136.
,
,
.
,
, .2 .2
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
. 15
,
.
.
.
.
<1>.
,
,
,
;
,
,
,
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.:
.
.
:
//
., 2006. . 68 - 137.
.
:
.
/
.
,
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
//
:
.
/
.
.
.
. . 566.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
"
"
.
,
.
,
,
unequal bargaining power (
,
.
,
).
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
2007
.
,
- 869,
962,
- 1114,
6.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
:
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
§ 3.
1.
:
-
;
;
.
(
,
,
,
.).
,
.
,
,
.
,
",
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
:
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
(
)
).
(
"
"
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
6 "
,
"
<1>
24
.
1994 .,
. " "
. 5
,
15
1994
. <2> (
"
-
.
).
".
--------------------------------
<1>
,
,
,
//
,
. 1998. N
16.
. 1802.
<2>
"International Investment Instruments" (Vol. I. N.Y.; Geneva, 1996. P. 285 - 323).
,
"
"
"
".
,
:
-
,
,
.
,
,
<1>
,
;
--------------------------------
<1>
II.
:
./
.
.
.
.:
. ., 2007;
. ., 2007.
-
,
.
II:
,
,
-
,
.
.
,
(
),
;
-
,
,
:
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
"
".
,
,
,
.
"
,
"
,
,
,
,
"
".
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.3
22
1996 . N 39-
"
"
.
:
.
,
,
( . 368
).
,
,
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
2.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
.
,
, .
.
,
.
,
:
,
,
.
,
30
.
30
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
"
.
. 4
.
.
<1>
"
".
.
,
.
,
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/3780-05.
14
,
2005 . N
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
"
",
,
"
,
"
,
.
.
,
,
. 6,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
2004 .
.
.
"
"
"
.
"
<1>.
,
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
. 2004. 7
.
:
,
-24,
.
,
<1>.
.
,
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 40-40374/04-89-467
.
20, 27
2004 .
.
.
300
.
.,
10
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.2
. 1101
.
,
,
.
.
,
700
.
2008 - 2009
100
.
.
. <1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
. 1
13
2008 . N 174-
11
"
"
"
".
.
,
,
,
56
,
.
10
2002 . N 86)" (
-
(
.
"
)
:"
".
,
.
,
.
2004 . N 254- ) <1>.
.
,
.
(26
,
,
.
,
--------------------------------
<1>
. 2004. N 28.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
N
<1>
.:
40/13650-06.
17, 19
2007 .
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
,
,
,
.
3.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
15
10 - 15
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.3
. 958
,
.
.
,
"
"
.
"
"
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
1912 .
.
:"
,
,
,
:"
".
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
,
.
:
., 1912. . 41.
,
,
,
,
,
<1>.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2
2008 .,
2008 . //
28
.
. 2008. N 8.
.
.
:
<1>
"
"
,
<2>,
,
,
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
N 17- //
<2>
//
.:
26
2002 .
31
2005 . N 6-
. 2003. N 1.
.:
. 2005. N 4.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
--------------------------------
<1>.
<1>
91- ,
.:
2
1995 . N
2006 . N 487- //
2
. 2007. N 2.
. 4,
,
".
"
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
2
,
. N 90 .
2001
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
2009 .
:
9
N 56-23644/2008.
:
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
)
,
,
.
,
.
,
22
1999 . N 16 .
,
.
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
:
3, 5
2007 . N 09
-252/07-
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
2009 . N
.,
:
40/2266-09- .
31
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
4.
.
", "
. 2
"
".
,
,
"
",
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
. N 46" (
5
1999
"
-
),
.
,
,
.
(
,
)
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
41/5852-09.
3
2009 . N
-
4
2009 . N
-
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/4765-09.
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/13255-07.
19
2007 . N
,
.
,
. 3
. 52
,
,
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
20
2009 . N 09
-7066/2009-
.
,
,
-------------------------------: PRESSI ( HERSON )
<1>.
<1>
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
2
. 7.9
,
1997 . N 27,
.
"
,
1991
.
"
18
. N 1026-1 "
",
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
12, 19
.:
2007 . N 09
-10228/07-
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
22
.2
1996 . N 39)
.3
" (
"
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
( . 428
,
,
),
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/7514-08.
11
,
2008 . N
,
,
.
,
,
,
.,
,
.
,
.
,
,
. 3.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
50 ( . 3.7.2
,
N 07-21/
6
2007 .
).
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 40-34249/08-130-366.
.
3
2008 .
,
24
2007
. N 07-50/
.
,
.
,
20
2008 . N 08-19/
.
,
.
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/5538-08.
30
2008 . N
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
2.
"
"
§ 1.
,
. 1, -
.
,
,
",
.
"
".
,
,
,
.
,-
,
,
.
1.
. 4
26
"(
-
"...
2006 . N 135)
,
,
,
,
"
:
,
)
(
".
,
"
.
,
.
"
"
".
,
.
, -
"
"
.
,
,
,
.
:
(
-
.
);
-
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
. 3.
.
,
.
6
,
.
.
,
.
:
A.
1.
i)
ii)
2.
3.
.
(
):
;
.
.
,
,
.
4.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
B.
1.
2.
(
).
.
,
,
,
.
3.
4.
.
,
,
5.
6.
.
.
,
,
,
:
a)
,
,
,
b)
c)
.);
;
,
;
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
d)
,
,
;
e)
f)
;
,
.
7.
,
)
,
.
8.
9.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
10.
,
,
.
11.
,
.
12.
,
1 - 11,
,
,
".
,
,
,"
"
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
A4
B12
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
:
,
,
.
,
, -
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
<1>,
,
-
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
§3
." " .5
:
,
(
).
.
:
i)
)
)
ii)
iii)
iv)
(
):
;
;
;
,
,
;
,
,
,
,
.
(
):
v)
;
vi)
,
vii)
viii)
,
,
;
;
,
,
,
;
ix)
x)
;
,
:
a)
(
,
,
);
b)
c)
;
,
,
,
;
d)
,
,
,
;
e)
;
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
f)
,
;
xi)
,
,
(
),
,
;
xii)
xiii)
;
,
,
,
,
,
xiv)
,
;
,
,
;
xv)
;
xvi)
,
,
"v" - "xv",
,
,
,
".
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
2.
.
.
<1>.
.
:"
...
...
" <2>,
: "
)
(
,
...
,
,
" <3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
:
<2>
.
.
.
. 14.
,
<3>
.
.
. ...
., 2005.
.
.
.
. 15.
,
,
,
(
<1>,
),
.
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
"
"
.
,
§2
,
.4
"
(
-
).
",
,
,
.
.
,
<2>
.
,
.
"
)" ( ., 2005)
:
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
<1>,
,
,
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
,.
,
:
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
.,
".
"
(
)
?
,
.
§ 2.
:
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
. 1
,
.
,
,
,
.
1.
.
"
.
,
- "an investment".
"die Investition",
,
;
:
.
,
.
"
"
.
:
.
.
.
" (
,
)
, -
. "
,
, -
,
,
.
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
.
.
., 2005. . 27.
,
,
,
,
<1>.
,
,
.
("
",
.
),
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.,
.
.
.
.:
.,
:
.,
.,
.
., 2003. . 137 - 138.
, .
.
.
., 1999.
.
.
.
. 1.
., 2005. . 103.
,
.
, .
.
,
"
,
.
"
"
: "
,
" <1>.
,
,
.
,
-
"
,
,
.
" <2>.
"
"
"
"
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
.,
.,
.
.
.
.
. . 1.
., 2006. . 7.
.
"
" <1>. .
.
,
(
" <2>.
,
.
)
"
.
"
.
:
(
.
-
"
)
"
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
<3>
2008. . 22.
.
.
.,
.
/
.
.
., 2005. . 227.
. ., 1997. . 10.
,
.
,
.
.
.,
,
:
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
<1>:
--------------------------------
<1> "
.,
"
.
. 2-
.:
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
50 . . 23.
., 1960. . 176).
-
(
- ,
,
),
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
<1>.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
., 1998. . 343.
/
.
.
.
.
("
"):
-
- ',
'=( +
),
,
.
,
.
( )
,
,
,
-
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
<1>.
(
,
)
.
.
,
,
<2>.
(
).
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
.:
.,
.
.
. . 18.
,
,
",
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.:
.,
.
.
., 2001. . 188.
,
.
,
.
(
,
,
).
,
,-
,
.
,
.
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
,
: "...
.
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
:
.
. ...
.
.
(
.
., 1998. . 6.
)
.
.
:
- ... ... ' - ',
-
, '-
,
.
<1>.
( ' -
')
,
,
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
,
(
).
.
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
.:
/
(
.
.
.
., 2003. . 211.
)
).
(
,
,
(
<1>.
- ')
-
.
,
.
,
.
,
(
.
,
-
).
.
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
. 1136.
.:
/
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
<1>.
"
"
" <2>.
"
.
,
.
,
"
,
,
.
.
:"
-
,
...
" <3>.
,
<4>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
. 201 - 227.
<2>
<3>
/
.
.,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.:
.,
.
.
. 2006. N 1. . 56.
. . 136.
-
.
.
. . 14.
//
<4>
.
(
'.
)
,
.
,
.
'
.
.
.
)
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
(
)
)
<1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
. 28.
.:
/
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
2.
"
"
"
"
.
:
"...
-
,
" <1>.
"
.
.
".
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
:
., 2002. . 20.
.
:
. ...
.
.
"
2
. 1
"
1991 . N 1488-1 "
26
" (
-
,
,
1999 . N 39,
).
25
. 1
"
"(
).
-
,
(
,
,
,
(
1991 . .
. 3
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
).
)
.
,
. 1
,
,
.
,
. 21
,
,
.
?
,
.1
. 21
(
.
.
) <1>.
,
,
,
<2>.
,
.1
.
,
,
,
"
",
<3>.
<4>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 68- -117/18-06.
<2>
.:
2008 .
N 78-3291/08- 1-26/154.
<3>
.:
N 29-1414/2006-4 .
<4>
.:
28-2845/2005-62/16.
,
.
9
2007 .
1
20
2007 .
21
2005 . N
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.2
.1
-
,
,
".
. 1
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
(
".
,
)
:
,
,
"
"
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
"
.
"
(
),
.
-
(
)
<1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
: "...
(
)
".
,
,
.
.
,
"
.
"
"
".
,
- "
",
.
"
"
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
<1>.
"
.
" <2>.
"
"
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
(
).
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
/
.
<2>
:
.:
., 2008. . 631.
.
"
". 2003. N 3. . 5 - 6.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
.
,
//
,
,
,
,
3
,
. 1 . 36
1996 . N 17-
(
,
.
.
) "
"
-
)
.
,
.
,
.
,
".
.
,
"
.
",
"
"
,
"
,
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
( . 4
. 2
).
,
(
"
).
".
--------------------------------
<1>
1935 - 1940;
: 4 ./
: http://slovari.yandex.ru.
.
.
.
.
.
.,
,
"
"
.
,
,
1991 .
,
.1
,
. 2
,
: "
,
,
,
,
(
,
,
,
)
".
,
,
<1>,
.
-
<2>,
,
<3>
.
--------------------------------
.
<1>
.:
29
2001
. N 156-
"
".
<2>
.:
1996 . N 17- ) "
<3>
.:
(
.
3
".
1998
7
. N 75-
"
".
,
:
,
.
,
.
"( .5
, "
.2
).
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
(
3
.7
.
).
( . 842
).
.
:
-
,
-
(
.
),
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
<1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
//
.
. 2007. N 2. . 14 - 17.
-
,
.
"
-
"
,
.
. 7
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
<1>
.
.
.
,
.:
.
(
., 2007.
. 94 - 130.
,
.:
. ., 2009. . 518 - 525;
//
.,
.
. 2006. N 5.
. 143 - 144;
.
,
. 2008. N 4. . 40 - 41;
.
(
) //
. 2008. N 2.
//
. 2003. N 6. . 113;
. ., 2006. . 14.
:
//
. 16;
.
).
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
:
.
.
,
,
. 6
. 2
,
.
.
,
"
",
,
,
,
).
,
,
.
.
?
,
.
(
)
.
.
,
,
) <1>
(
,
).
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
,
.
. 2007. N 8. . 19 - 26.
.
.:
//
,
,
.
,
( . 837
.
),
,
.
.3
. 2),
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
-
.
"
.
.
: 1)
,
"
,
"
,
"
.; 2)
,
<1>.
.
.
,
-
,
"
"
,
<2>.
,
,
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
., 1982. . 4. . 96.
<2>
//
:
4 .
.
. 2007. N 8. . 56.
,
.
(
),
,
<1>.
,
:
-
,
"
,
"
(
)"
<2>.
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
. 1994. N 3. . 50.
.
"
"
. 2003. N 6. . 26 - 28.
<2>
//
//
"
"
.
.
.
,
.
,"
,
,
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
2 . ., 2006. . 2. . 567.
.
:
5
.
5:
,
(
)
(
.
)
,
.
,
,
.
.
2002 . N 14-
22
:
"
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
:"
(
),
,
" <2>.
,
,
.
.
.
, "
-
,
,
" <3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
//
. 2002. N 6.
. 2004. N 9. . 830.
<3>
.
. 2005. N 10. . 7 - 8.
24
:
,
,
2004 . N 3//
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
(
,
).
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
:
?
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
§ 3.
1.
.
.1
,
(
)
:
-
,
(
),
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
;
-
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
:
(
,
,
)
(
).
-
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
(
) <1>.
.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
.
,
,
,
"
"
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,"
.
,
"
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
"
",
,
.
,
.
,
.
<1>,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
"
"
.
1
,
. 54.
"
",
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
2.
,
.
,
,
.
,
(
. 2
),
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
(
,
),
.
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
?
,
?
,
,
.
,
:
-
,
,
.
;
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
(
),
(
)
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
3.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
§ 1.
1.
.
,
.
.
,
.
"
,
,
" <1>,
.
.
.,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
2005. . 9.
.
:
. 3-
-
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
:
,
., 2006.
"
" ( . II:
/
.
.
.
.
)
"...
:
".
,
,
.
:
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
.
. . 7.
.1
: "...
-
,
:
,
,
,
,
".
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
20
,
,
.
,
- "
",
,
(
)
,
.
5
,
.
:
(
);
;
-
;
,
,
;
-
,
,
;
-
;
;
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
).
,
( . 368
(
).
,
("
")
.
,
.1
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
. 5
,
,
:
-
,
;
;
;
;
;
-
;
.
.5
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.6
:
-
,
;
-
,
;
-
,
;
;
(
)
,
.
.
,
"
",
,
.
"
"
(
),
§3
,
.
,
,
,
"
"
-
,
.
,
(
. 172 "
-
)-
".
,
171 "
".
. 172
-
,
.
,
.
,
. 171
,
,
,
.
.
.
<1>.
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
"
"
"
"
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
:
-
,
,
,
,
.
180
. 11),
.
.
.
;
-
(
180
.
. 11.2);
-
.
)
.
. 25) <1>.
.
:
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
. 63, 65 - 71
.
-
,
,
(
;
,
)
-
,
,
.2
,
-
. 15.26
;
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
.
.
.
,
,
.
. 7
,
.
(
),
,
23
.
2003 . N 177"
"(
,
700
.
-
).
,
.
. 26
25
)
).
1999 . N 40"(
-
"
,
700
-
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
. 44
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
"
"
,
(
19
-
)
2007 . N 1583/07
.
.
2.
(
)
-
.
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
.
. 15
:
-
(
)
;
;
;
-
(
)
,
;
;
-
(
)
.
(
)
,
-
(
):
,
,
(
)
;
-
,
,
(
)
;
(
,
)
;
-
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.2
. 11
.
.
2003 .
.
.
.
100
100%
190
. - 90%
.
400
. 90%
,
2008 .
700
.
.
,
.
.,
100
.
.,
2007 .
190
100
2006
100
.
.
.
400
100%
,
.
,
.
,
,
( .2
9
).
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
400
2
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
21
.:
2009 . N 09
-10168/2009-
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
3.
:
"
"
,
"
(
. 4).
)
(
)
,
(
)
).
(
),
,
(
),
(
)
,
(
).
<1>
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
(
)
,
,
(
)
,
(
)
,
(
)
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
:
,
-24
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
-
-24,
,
( . 846
).
,
,
.
846
: "
,
",
.
,
, -24,
.
4.
(
)
(
,
.
"
,
",
,
,
)
,
<1>.
,
,
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
,
,
.
,
. 75
.
.
,
(
,
,
,
),
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
<1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.6
.
. 56
"
".
,
.
. 75
,
, "
,
,
".
,
.
. 74
.
:
-
1%
,
1%
(
. 15.26
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
(
50
.
-
),
.,
<1>);
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/315-05.
28
2005 . N
;
-
,
,
,
;
-
;
.
,
,
.
,
. 26
.
,
"
"
"
,
,
<1>.
,
. 75
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/2688-07.
18
2007 . N
,
.
,
,
.
29
2004 . N 96-
"
,
".
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
5.
.
2004 . N 218,
2004 .
30
"
".
,
.
( . 3, 4
. 5).
-
-
,
.
,
.4
,
,
.
,
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: http://www.fcsm.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=24284.
.
. 5.53
.
,
,
,
. 183
(
,
.
),
,
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: http://ckki.www.cbr.ru.
,
,
,
,
:
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
. 14.29
,
,
,-
.
.
,
.
,
,
" <1>:
,
.
"
,
,
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
:
//
.
2007. N 3.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
//
. 2009.
N 4.
,
.
2008 .
.
2007 . N 120 "
24
30
"
.2
3
,
:
,
,
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/3837-09
24
N
16
40-59188/08-10-412;
2008 . N 08-1920/2008
2009 . N
N 53-
10530/2007- 3-16;
. N 09-2415/03- ;
13
2008 . N 09
613.
3
-8039/2008-
2003
N
40-66272/07-97-
14
2009 . N
),
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/8845-09
N
40-257/09
14
N 40-50308/09-8-404;
12
N 40-74771/08-62-664.
-47;
2009 . N 09 -13415/20092009 . N 09 -13873/2009-
,
.
,
,
.
6.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
2001
.
2009 .
7
2001
. N 117-
"
",
.
2009 .
2009 . N 190).
:
,
18
" (
(
"
)
,
.
,
.
.
"
"
:
,
( . 116
"
).
.
,
. 2
. 3
. 1
,
"
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
(
)
,
",
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 79-8113/2008.
11
.3
2009 .
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,-
.
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
.
. 30
.
,
<1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
2008 . N
.:
04-5595/2008(11481- 03-8).
11
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
11153/08.
.:
20
2008 . N 11153/08,
,
,
20
2009 . N
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
. N 04-4037/2009(10168- 45-23);
16
2009 .
N 12-904/2009;
3
2007 .
N 64-5521/06-16.
14
2009
. 6
,
.
:
-
,
6,
,
.1
,
. (
. 1
2
.
. 6
);
-
,
. 4
,
. 6,
. (
);
,
,
. 4
.5
. 6
,
.
.
. 1
. 5
: "...
,
,
-
,
".
,
.
,
.
.1
.5
.
,
,
,
.2
. 5).
,
.
§ 2.
1.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
. 4.1
27
1992 . N
" (
-
4015-1 "
)
:
-
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
-
,
,
-
,
.
:
-
,
,
;
,
;
-
", "
"
"
.
.
"
".
,
",
. 4.1
"
,
.
,
.
. 938
"
"
"
.
-
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
"
.
"
"
" -
:
. 6).
29
286-
"
"(
2007 . N
)
-
.
,
.
,
.
. 4.1
,
,
,
,
"
"
.
.
:
.
-
,
.
.4
.
,
,
-
:
,
(
-
,
);
,
,
(
,
).
,
,
:
-
,
(
);
);
-
(
).
,
"
,
,
",
.
. 929
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
2.
.
-
,
.
.3
. 25
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
,
. 2
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
. 52
.2
.6
,
:
-
;
(
);
;
;
;
;
.
:
"
"
"
".
.
,
"
",
,
.
,
,
(
).
-
,
(
,
)
.
,
"
"
"
"
,
"
"
".
, "
"
,
.
,
,
.
"
"
.
.
32.9
,
23
.
,
(
).
".
,
.
:
,
23
,
,
?
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
;
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
-
( . 171
,
).
-
,
.
.
,
- 30
,
"
",
,
,
60
"
. <1>.
.
", -
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
,
:
-
;
,
;
;
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
.;
-
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
(
),
-
.
.
,
.
,
.
3.
-
.
.
,
2007 .
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
"
,
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
. 2009. N 2.
-
.
<1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.:
N 26-1620/2008.
1
,
.
:
.3
. 7);
2008
,
.8
. 8).
,
.
.
.
<1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2009 . N 19-9959/08-12- 02-608/09.
10
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
4.
.
:
.
:
,
.
,
,
. 2
.
. 8
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
:
-
,
,
;
,
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
;
,
,
;
-
,
;
-
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
-
.
.
.
.
(
),
)
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
5.
-
,
,
,
,
( . 8.1
).
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
:
.
(
).
,
.
,
.
:
,
.
6.
,
.
.1
. 14
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
<1>.
.
,
.
2009
.
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
http://www.ins-union.ru.
:
,
.
(
. 24
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
) <1>.
"
",
.
,
,
,
(
.
,
.
. 7)
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
http://www.autoins.ru/index.wbp.
:
,
,
,
.
,
,
(
)
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
2009
2009 .
.:
,
. 2
.
3
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
7.
-
,
.
. 4
. 30
:
,
,
;
-
,
,
;
-
30
,
(
)
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
(
),
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
. 1
,
,
.
. 30
,
:
-
,
;
-
,
;
-
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
-
"
-
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/5013-07 -
9
2007 . N
-
,
"
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
,
."
".
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
:
,
,
(
,
),
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/6842-07- .
23
,
2007 . N
,
.
.
.
8.
.
,
,
.
(
. "surveyor")
,
.
,
. 10
(
-
. 2
. 293
).
.
(
)
,
.
(
. "commisair d'avaries")
,
(
. 293
).
.
,
. 10 . 2
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
(
,
).
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
§ 3.
- "
".
,
, .
,
1.
.
"
,
,
", "
", "
", "
".
.
.
,
,
.
.
. 2
.
,
,
:
-
,
,
;
-
;
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
.
-
,
,
,
.
. 22
.
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
." ( . 149
"
).
,
,
.
,
( . 2
).
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
. 51.2
.
.
,
,
. 51.2.
.
,
:
-
(
)
,
,
<1> (
3
.
.);
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
,
.
. 2008. N 19.
18
2008 . N 08-12/
//
<1>
(
)
(
,
-
<2>);
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
.
. . 2.1.
,
:
10
(
)
,
300
.
(
,
3
.
.
,
,
.
.
.,
)
.
,
.
.
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
//
.
. 2008. N 7.
.
"
.
,
, 5
1998 . N 44 <1>.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
. 1998. N 9.
3
N 39-
42
"
"
22
1996
-
),
:
,
1.
(
)
(
)
-
,
(
,
)
(
(
)
)
.
2.
,
,
,
.
3.
,
.
4.
1
1999
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
".
2.
,
.
24
2007 . N 07-50/
<1>
:
--------------------------------
<1>
. 2007. N 23.
-
-5
,
, - 35
.
.,
.
.;
- 10
-
.
.,
,
, - 35
-
- 40
.
.
- 10
.;
.
.;
.,
- 200
-
- 60
.
., 1
1
. N 09-29/
2009 . - 40
2010 .
<1>
.
.
.,
,
, - 200
.
.;
2009 . - 100
.
.;
- 60
.
.;
2009 . - 120
.
.;
,
,
- 30
.
., 1
- 100
.
., 1
.
30
2009
:
--------------------------------
<1>
. 2009. N 40.
35
(
.
.,
1
-
)
2011 . - 50
,
(
)
.
.;
,
, - 60
.
.,
1
2011 . - 80
.
.
,
, - 200
.;
.;
.
.,
- 250
1
.
2011 . .,
1
250
.
2011 . - 300
.
-
- 100
.
- 150
.,
1
.
.,
1
2011 . - 150
.
2011 . - 200
.;
.
.;
,
,
, - 60
- 80
.
.
.
.,
1
2011 .
,
.
3.
.
.3
. 2
,
.
. 3 -
-
.
1996 .,
.
(
,
.
)
,
.
11
1999 . N 9 <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
. 2000. N 4.
,
,
,
,
,
(
),
.
.
,
(
.3
),
.3
.
,
,
(
).
(
(
),
)
.
:
-
,
;
-
,
.
,
(
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
),
,
.3
. 3).
,
,
),
(
),
,
.
.
,
.
.
(
)
,
.
.
"
,
":
,
.
.
.
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
2002 . N
:
40/6531-02.
10
,
.
,
. 6
:
. 3
,
,
,
,
;
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
. 15.29
.
.
,
,
.
,
. 4
(
(
)
)
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
11
1999 . N 9.
,
,
,
,
.
-
.
,
. 2
. 51
:
2.1
,
-
.
:
;
-
. 15.30
,
3
.
5
.
.
,
1
.
.,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
"
1991 . N 948-1 "
"
" <1>.
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
. 4
22
(
)
,
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
,
, -
.
:
"
"
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
. 44
26
" (
1995 . N 208)
-
"
50.
-
(
).
-
,
,
.
.2
.8
.
,
.
:
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
<1>
,
,
<2>
.
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
,
2
1997 . N 27 //
. 1997. N 7.
<2>
.:
,
:
N 26.
22
2002 . N 13/
//
. 2002.
.
,
,
,
,
, -
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/10780-03.
14
2004 . N
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
15.22
,
,
-
1
.
.
-
,
.
. 44
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
<1>.
",
"
"
. <2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
. N 1150/07.
<2>
.:
2- .
:
28
28
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
2008
2010 . N
,
,
. 4
)
(
. 44
,
.
.
-
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
.
7
,
(
)
.
.
(
(
)
.
,
)
. 7
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/12220-06.
21
2006 . N
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
16
1997 . N 36 <1>.
,
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
. 1997. N 8.
.,
:
30
.
11
2006 . N 06-74/
//
,
. 2006. N
48.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
"
"
,
,
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
.
"
"
,
,
,
44
,
.4
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
3131/08.
.:
17
2008
. N
).
.
,
,
.
.
. 27.5-3
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
:
,
(
).
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
. 5
,
:
-
;
,
;
-
,
.
"
,
".
,
,
,
,
.
,
.,
.
. 53
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
,
2007. N 26.
.
3
2007 . N 07-37/
//
.
,
:
,
,
.
,
:
;
-
,
;
-
,
. 395
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.9
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
"
;
".
:
?
,
,
,
,"
,
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
40/13035-05.
10
2006 . N
-
,
( . 115
26
2002 . N 127-
"
)").
. 6
. 110
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
N 43-29892/2007-16-113.
8
2008 .
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
:
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
-
;
;
;
;
;
,
;
;
;
-
,
.
.
,
,
(
):
-
;
,
;
(
)
,
,
(
)
, -
(
)
-
;
;
.
,
.3
.9
,
,
,
,
.
,
(
)
)
,
,
.
9
2007 . N 07-102/
<1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
. 2008. N 8.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
.
.
,
,.
,
-
,
-
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
4.
.
,
,
,
"
"
"
".
,
,
,
,
, .
:
,
.
,
. VI
.
.
.
,
.
,
, -
,
.
. 35
,
:
-
;
;
,
;
-
.
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
,
,
( . 5
).
,
,
,
.
76
.
45
.
<1>,
:
,
,
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
. 2.3.1
5
-
,
,
2007 . N 07-39/
//
,
. 2007. N 24.
.
;
;
,
(
)
,
;
-
;
,
(
. 76
-
);
(
).
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
2009 . N
2
41/4453-09.
,
.
.
.
.
(
,
,
:
(
)
;
-
.
) -
,
,
.
,
. 10
.
,
,
,
.
:
.
-
,
,
:
-
-
;
-
-
,
,
;
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
(
).
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
:
,
21
1997
N 122-
"
",
".
,
(
,
),
,
.
(
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
)
.
,
,
.
. 2 . 1
,
. 11
,
,
,
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
:
2004 . N 56-1596/04.
28
.
. 1
. 11
,
.
(
),
,
.
,
. 434
.
(
)
-
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
:
6
. N 09
-15289/2007-
2009 . N 09
-6216/2009-
,
22
2007
.
.
,
<1>.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
27
-
25
2002 . N 633 (
. 2002. N 35. . 3385),
18
2002 . N 684 (
. 2002. N 39. . 3788),
2002 . N 564 (
. 2002. N 31. . 3113).
15
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
:
,
?
,
,
?
,
?
<1>,
,
:
,
:
--------------------------------
<1>
29
2009 . N
56-45466/2008,
24
2008 . N
40/13363-
07.
-
,
;
;
(
).
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.2
. 11
.
,
: "...
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
"-
.2
. 11
.
,
,
,
.
. 14
:
,
,
;
-
,
;
-
,
,
;
-
;
,
,
;
;
,
.
,
.
(
),
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
(
),
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
-"
".
.
,
,
, "
,
,
"
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
:
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
4
2003 . N 669 //
. 2003. N 45.
. 4388.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
:
-
;
;
.
,
",
",
- "
.
:
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
-
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.9
.
,
2004 .
.
-
,
<1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
2009 . N
:
09-5368/09- 5,
30
30
2007 . N
09-5900/07- 5.
(
)
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
6
,
2004 . N 60 <1>.
,
,
.
13
2004 . N 77
<2>.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
. X.1
. 2004. N 7.
. 2004. N 8.
. 530.
. 664.
,
,
.
.
.
.
:
(
),
),
.
,
,
.
,
,
24
"(
2002
. N 111-
"
-
).
,
30
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
( . 36.25
).
<1>
.
--------------------------------
<1>
. §2
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
. 1
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/5538-08.
30
,
2008 . N
,
,
,
(
.
).
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
-
"
"
"
"
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/8954-09.
16
2009 . N
5.
"
"
,
.
,
.
,
:
,
,
.
,
, -
. 13
,
.
,
, 36.26
.
,
,
.
,
,
:
-
,
;
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
. 7.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
( . V
"
").
6.
(
)-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
41/1661-07.
20
2007 . N
.
30
.
,
.
<1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
2009 . N
.,
:
40/3755-09,
30
3
2009 . N
40/777-09.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
<1>,
,
,
<2>.
,
,
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/5899-09.
<2>
.:
40/3280-08.
7
2009 . N
-
3
2008 . N
-
,
.
,
.
.
-
.
.
,
,
.
".
,
,
"
,
"
,
,
,
.
,
.
II.
4.
"
"
§ 1.
1.
,
,
"
-
.
",
-
.
<1>.
,
.
,
,
(
),
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
.
. . 80.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
"
"
,
.
,
,
: "
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
,
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
:
.
. ...
.
.
.
.,
2005. . 12.
,
,
,
<1>.
,
,
(
.
)
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
. ., 1996. . 147.
.
?
,
(
).
,
.
,
:
-
-
.
-
.
,
,
,
.
-
"
" <1>,
,
.
,
.
,
,"
.
-
,
" <2>.
"
",
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
3. . 334.
<2>
:
4 ./
.
.
.
.
:
.
., 1987. .
.
.
., 2005. . 4.
.
. ...
,
.
,
XX
.,
,
-
"
.
",
.
,"
XX .
" <1>.
,
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
:
:
.
. ...
.
.
. .,
2009. . 8.
<2>
.: Tong G. Chinese Consumer Protection Philosophy
// Journal of Consumer Policy. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 337 - 350; Verma D.P. S.
Developments in Consumer Protection in India // Journal of Consumer Policy. 2002.
Vol. 25. P. 107 - 123; Kishwar K., Sarwat A. Consumer Protection in Islam: The
Case of Pakistan // Australian Economic Papers. 2000. Vol. 39. No. 4. P. 483 - 503.
,
,
,
30-
. XX .
,
"
,
" <1>.
,
(
).
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
(1917 - 1990
.
.
.:
., 2001. . 235.
.
:
.) //
. 2007. N 2. . 33 - 38.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
XX .
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
XIX .
" ("welfare state"),
"
"
,
,
..." <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Reich N. Diverse Approaches to Consumer Protection Philosophy // Journal
of Consumer Policy. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 260.
,
,
,
,
"-
.
1960-
.
.
1962 .,
15
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
:
,
,
,
.
Aldridge A. Consumption. Cambridge, 2003. P. 132 - 133.
.:
,
"
".
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,"
,
.
...
,
,
" <1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
.
1999. . 53 - 54.
2.
.,
,
"
.
1932
,
",
1991 .
. 8)
,
<1>.
,
, "
..." <2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
,
10
1932 . "
" //
1932. N 74.
<2>
//
.
. 331.
30
. 1993. N 11.
. 400.
,
"
":
1992 . N 9-
"
"
",
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
-
"
"
...
,
,
,
..." <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
:
. ...
.
1980-
.
, 2007. . 15.
.,
(1985 .) <1>.
"
1988
"
.,
.
",
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
<2>.
,
",
--------------------------------
<1>
9
<2>
.:
.
.
1991 .
,
1985 . N 39/248
".
., 2006.
"
" <1>
.
"
,
,
,
".
,"
,
.
"
,
,
" <2>.
,
,
,
: 1)
; 2)
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
22
1991 . N 2184-1 "
. 1991. N 24. . 689.
//
<2>
"
.
:
. ...
.
.
.
, 2006. . 15.
7
"
.
.
,
1992 . N 2300-1 "
1992 .
"
,
. 1
",
.
"
,
,
,
,
,
(
)...".
,
: 1)
2)
;
,
.
"
.
"
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
-
.
"
"
"
".
"
-
,
".
,
,
,
,
.
,
"-
.
§ 2.
"
"
1.
.
,
.
17
(
1999 .)
,
,
(
,
,
)
,
,
.
,
. 9
"
1996 . N 15-
26
": "...
,
,
",
"
,
(
,
)
".
,
.
,
(1996
.
"
.)
"
,
,
.9
.
.
,
"
,
,
,
...
,
" <1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
,
-
//
. 2008. N 6.
,
"
-
-
-
":
;
,
(
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
)
,
("
");
-
-
,
,
,
.
,
"
, "
,
"
"
.
,
-
,
,
,
.
.
2.
"
"
,
.
.
,
-
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
.
., 2004.
. 175.
,
.
:
., 1981. . 2. . 147 - 149.
2 .
,
,
.:
-
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
"
"
.
.
,
,
1990-
.
.
.
31
2002 . N 62-
"
"
,
.
,
.
.1
. 34
,
"
".
.3
. 62
.4
(
2002 . N 115-
25
"),
,
,
.
,
"
,
,
,
.
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
//
17
1998 . N 6-
. 1998. N 3.
"
"
.
,
,
. 1),
.
. 1
. 2
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
. 3
"
)".
.
, "
,
"
"
<1>.
"
.
--------------------------------
<1>
2004. . 1. . 139 - 140.
.
:
2 ./
.
.
.
.,
.
)
,
.
,
,
-
.
(
,
. 426
),
"
.
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
539
:
-
-
,
;
-
(
)
.
,
;
-
,
,
,
.
,
(
.
)
.
.
,
,
.
),
(
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.: Goldring J., Maher L.W., McKeough J., Pearson G.
Consumer Protection Law. Sydney, 1998. P. 4.
,
.
(
,
).
.
,
.
: "...
,
.
,
,
,
" <1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
., 2006. . 83.
,
.
,
,
.
,
",
,
.
;
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
"
,
,
,
,
,
..." <1>,
.
: "...
,
" <2>.
.
,
,
.
-
.
--------------------------------
:
.
.
,
.
2)
"(
, 2002 (4-
<1>
.,
,
.
).
:
.
., 2006. . 76.
.
<2>
"
5
.
. 2.
.
.
.
:
.
.
. ...
, 2004. . 16.
,
"
"
.
,
,
<1>.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
"
,
"
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Herre J., Hondius E., Alpa G. The Notions of Consumer and
Professional and Some Related Questions // Official web-page of the Study Group on
a European Civil Code: http:// www.sgecc.net/ pages/ en/ texts/ index.draft_
articles.htm.
,
,
.
.6
7
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
,
,
:
,
<1>.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
:
. ...
.
.
.
, 2004.
. 35.
.
:
.
.
., 2009. . 349.
,
,
.
,
,
( . 116
,
,
. 110, 135
).
-
,
( . 3 . 50, . 5 . 116
1998 . N 66"
15
, .1
.6
,
").
,
.
"
.
.
,
: "...
,
,
,
,
,
?
,
,
...
,
"
"...
".
,
,
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
//
. 1999. N 4.
.
,
"
".
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
:
. ...
.
.
.
.,
1999. . 90.
,
100
:
,
?
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
XIX .
,
:
,
,
<1>.
,
,
.
(
,
<2>.
)
,
.
"
...
"
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
<3>
.:
.:
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
:
.
,
., 1998. . 135.
., 2003. . 139.
. ., 2003. . 463.
,
,
,
.
.
XIX
<1>,
.,
.
,
<2>.
,
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
,
,
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
<3>
.:
.:
.
.
.
.
, 2001. . 117.
.
,
,
"
. 2
. 8
"
.
,
.
,
,
(
)
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
( . 14, 15
.
,
.
).
: "
,
,
,
<1>.
,
?"
,
,
,
,
.
,
. 2, 3
1994 . N 10 (
20
N 10 1994 .)
.
,
-
,
,
,
<2>.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
<2>
.:
. 1995. 8
.
.
46,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
)
.
,
,
.
( . 6.1
N 7 1994
.).
.
,
"
"
-
.
"
".
,
(
-
),
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 40-75610/06-22-581.
.
18
2007 .
,
,
.
,
2009 .
. 28.2
,
.
.
. 6.
,
"
-
"
,
.
,
,
.
"
"
,
.
.
3.
.
"
"
.
"
"
:
,
(
,
)".
,
,
.
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
1990-
.
,
.
,
<1>.
,
,"
,
,
,
" <2>.
,
,
.
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
:
<2>
.
<3>
.:
. ...
.
.
.
., 1992. . 180.
.
., 1993. . 29, 87 - 91.
.
.
. . 85 - 91.
.
,
.
:
"
,
(
)
,
,
,
,
,
)
" <1>.
: "...
,
" <2>.
,
"
"
<3>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
<3>
.
. . 21.
.
. . 178.
.:
.
:
,
.
//
., 2006;
:
,
,
.
,
,
. 2009. N 1.
.
,
,
<1>.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
)
.:
:
.
. ...
(
.
.
.
, 1999. . 60 - 61.
,
.
-
",
.
"
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
: "...
,
,
,
,
",
,
.
(
)
.
,
.
-
,
,
:
-
,
,
,
,
;
-
-
(
-
);
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
(
)
,
,
.
.
"
,
,
,
,
.
"
",
,
.
,
.
,
"
".
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
".
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
,
,
(
)
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
"
.
"
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
(
(
).
)",
,
,
-
,
.
,
"
.1
(
,
).
,
,
,
. 10
. 2
,
,
,
.
?
.
,
.
,
,
"
" <1>.
<2>.
.
,
",
,"
(
)
<3>.
. 2
. 779
,
.
,
<4>.
:
"
"
"
",
,
,
?
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
., 2003.
2006.
.
.
N
.
261.
<2>
.:
.
-
//
.
/
. ., 2004. . 715.
<3>
.:
:
<4>
.:
//
.
.
.
. ...
.
. 2007. N 3.
.
.
.
., 2009. . 12.
11;
,
.
,
.
1
,
.
1
,
.
,
. 779
: "
.
-
,
,
.
,
)
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
.
<2>.
2005 . N 0100/1745-
11
05-32
"
".
,
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
.
.:
:
.
.
. . 25 - 26.
.
, 1996. . 8 - 9.
.
,
"
"
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
."
(
,
,
),
" <1>.
. 779
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
. . 114.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
" <1>.
"
,
,
,
. "
,
", -
,
.
, -
,
,
,
".
(
,
,
)
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
. . 74.
.
"
",
: "
...
.
..."
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
.
,
:
2 .
.
. 5.
.
,
., 2006. . 1. . 504.
.1
29
N 7 1994
1994 . N 7 "
" <1> (
-
.),
"
,
,
,
,
,
,
...",
.
--------------------------------
<1>
. 1994. 26
.
,
.
<1>
20
1998
"
,
"(
-
.
. N 160 "
1998 .)
2008 .
<2>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
<2>
.:
2
28
,
2008
2008 .
,
,
"
"
.
.,
.
:
,
.
. 1
,
,
.
"
"
,
,
,
,
.
,
"
"
.
"
".
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
".
,
"
"
,
,
,
,
".
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
: "...
(
:
)
(
)
,
,
,
,
..." <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
. . 11.
,
"
"
,
.
.
: "...
,
,
..." <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
. . 176.
.
"
(
"
)
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
. 1999. N 9.
//
.
,
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
-
"
".
.
,
,
-
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2001. N 2.
.
//
.
,
,
-
,
.
?
.
?
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
?
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
"
",
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
( . 506
)
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
"
-
...
,
,
,
" <1>.
,
,
,
.
"
"
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
. . 11.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
(
),
,
: "...
,
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
:
.
"
.
<1>
., 2007.
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
"
"
.
".
,
.
,
.
,
,
?
"
"
,
,
,
,
",
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
:
,
,
,
,
<1>
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 33-3177/2006.
15
2006 .
.
N 7 1994 .
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
de lege ferenda,
"a contrario",
"
,
,
"
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
"
,
" <1>.
.
.
.
--------------------------------
:
.
.
,
.
"
" (
.
3)
, 2002 (
).
<1>
.,
.
., 2007. . 219.
.
,
"
1999 . .
.
1992
(
. 3.
1996
.
,
".
)
,
,
.
,
"
,
,
,
"
"
(
1999
)
" <1>.
,
.
.
.
"
"
"
",
,
"
"
".
,
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
., 2008.
.
/
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
"
: "
,
"
,
,
,
,
".
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
?
"
",
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
"
"
.
"
.
1.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
".
:
,
,
2.
"
",
.
"
,
,
"
,
.
:
,
,
,
.
.
.
, "
.
,
,
,
"
"
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
,
"
.
., 2002.
"
"
,
,
"
.
.
N 7 1994 .
1998 .
.
,
.
,
",
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
4.
"
".
,
,
.
.
,
(
: "...
"
)
",
,
"
<1>.
.
<2>.
: "...
"
"
,
" <3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
. . 26.
.:
<2>
.
. . 91.
<3>
9761/04-1.
1
.
.
2005 . N
55-
,
.
,
,
: "...
,
(
), Whiskas " <1>.
"
(
,
"
,
,
)...
,
,
.
,
(
:
,
.
,
.).
,
,
. 137
.
,
)
,
.
,
,
,
.
(
,
,
)
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
:
. 2008. N
//
10.
,
,
.
.
.
: "...
-
,
"
,
,
,
-
<1>.
:
- "
" <2>.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
(
),
.
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
1857 - 1859
//
.,
.
. 2.: 50 . . 46. . 1. . 25.
<2> Campbell P. The Consumer Interest: A Study in Consumer Economics.
N.Y., 1976. P. 2.
:
.
-
"
" <1>.
(
,
.
,
.)
.
,
,
(
,
)
" (
).
,
,
. "
,
" <2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
.:
.
.
.
. . 14.
.
., 2003.
.
149.
,
,
,
(
,
).
,
(
),
(
).
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
?
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
)
"
"
,
,
.
,
.
"
.
,
.
,
,
,
)
(
,
,
,
,
-
.)" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
. . 349.
.
. 1
,
. 50
,
(
)
(
).
,
-
.
.
.
,
,
;
,"
-
,
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
.
/
.
., 2005. . 122.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
. 1095
,
. 1, 2
. 50 (
.-
.)
"
.2
,
.
. 2,
,
,
" <1>.
. 1095
"
,
"
-
),
.
--------------------------------
<1>
40/4334-00.
28
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
2000 . N
-
,
,
,
(
)
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
)
.
,
(
)
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
2009 . N
.:
04-8211/2008(18947- 03-13)
20
N 03-8568/2007.
,
<1>
,
.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
. 3
11
(
)
2003 . N 74-
"
".
,
,
(
,
).
.
,
"
"
"
,
,
"
,
,
"
",
,
,
,
.
"
,
,
"
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
. 19
20
24
2007 . N 209-
"
".
§ 3.
1.
.
.
1992
,
.
.
"
",
"
".
"
"
1996 .
: "
(
" <1>.
1999
)
.
"
,
: "...
,
,
,
".
--------------------------------
<1>
9
1996 . N 2"
"
"
. 1996. N 3.
" //
. 140.
1996
.
.
,
,
<1>.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
. 2007. N 4. . 13 - 16.
//
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
"
1996 . <1>.
,
"
"
",
<2>.
,
,
.
,
)
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
<3>.
--------------------------------
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
<1>
.:
//
.:
<2>
<3>
.
. 1996. N 6.
.,
"
//
.:
16;
12 - 16.
,
.
"
,
. 1997. N 12. . 134 - 138.
,
,
:
. ., 1999. . 15 //
. 1998. N 4. .
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
. 36
.1
-
.
:
"...
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
22
//
2002 . N 14-
. 2002. N 6.
,
.2
.I
1998 .
,
.
:"
"
"
(
)
,
"
"
.
,
"
.
,
,
"
,
,
(
)" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
. . 261.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
"
"
"
,
"
"
" 1999 .
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
(
,
)
.
,
,
,
.
:
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
, .
, "
.
(
,
,
.
),
.
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
,
. . 15.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
"
"
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
<1>.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
10
N 7 1994
.,
.
2.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
. 10
.
,
2
,
.
,
,
,
,
(
,
,
)
.
: "...
(
,
,
),
,
,
,
".
.
,
,
. 42
.
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
:
. 6
;
2006 . N 06-117/
10
;
. 30
"
".
(
,
)
,
. 1,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
. 16
,
"
,
".
.
,
,
.
. 16
,
,
.
,
. 180
.
§ 4
. 4
"
,
".
(
)",
. 2
,
,
,
,
. 10
,
.
,
.
,
.
10
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
. 8
,
. 9
.
. 12
,
.
-
.
,
(
,
. 39
),
,
.
.
,
,
:
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
3%
( .5
. 28, .
3
. 31) <1>,
. 2
. 13),
. 6 . 13) <2>,
. 15).
--------------------------------
<1>
. 333
20
2008 . N 824-
28
<2>
,
,
.
(
N 12-76/07- 22).
2007 .
. 333
,
,
.
.
:
,
,
1
2007 .
1
2007 .;
1
2008 .;
2008 . N 01-19/486
11
2008 .
.
,
. 17
1
.
.
.
.
,
.
. 12
N 7 1994
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
N
<1>
.:
40/13546-05-
8, 15
2006 .
N 40-42415/04-44-31 .
. 30
31
,
.
. 29)
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> .
.
//
. 2005. N 7.
.:
.
.
"
"
.
,
,
,
100%, -
.
.
,
.
,
7 - 10
.
.
. 39
.
,
. 39
,
,
.
.
. III
. 39,
,
: "
,
,
".
,
. III
.
,
,
. 39
.
,
,
.
.
,
:
3%
,
,
.
39
.
"
",
.
,
.
.
1998 .
,
,
,
. 39.
,
.
N 7 1994 .,
.3 .2
,
,
<1>.
.
,
,
<2>,
<3>
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2007 . N 887
N 44 -432/07;
2004 . N
04-418
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
12
28
<2>
.:
2002 .
10
2002 . //
. 2002. N 11.
2
2005 .
<3>
.:
N 33-70.
,
,
,
.
<1>
,
( .1
).
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
:
27
,
1992
".
. N 4015-1 "
. 39
,
.
§ 4.
<1>
--------------------------------
<1>
1
2010 .
,
,
,
,
,
,
. 39
.
.
. 10
.
,
,
,
1998 .
N 7 1994 .
,
.
,
:
;
-
:
,
.
.
1.
,
N 7 1994 .,
. 10
.
,
,
,
.9
:"
,
,
,
,
(
,
)
,
,
,
"
"
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
2010 .
6
:
N
1
31-4920/2009;
2009 .
N 43-31592/2008-42-496;
2
2009 . N 09-4622/09- 1
N 3482/2009;
21
2009 .
N 04-2283/2009(4818- 27-43);
20
2010 .
N 58-6497/09;
4
2008 . N 33-13310/07- 02-1636/08
N 33-13310/07;
6
2009
.
N 55-3848/2009.
,
<1>,
N 7 1994 . <2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
19
3465/05<2>
, 26
2005 . N 09
-
.
12
2008 . N 33-744;
(
29
2006 .);
2006 . N 724
.
25
N 44 -427/06;
6
2005 . N 33-2137.
.
,
.
--------------------------------
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
<1>,
<1>
487- .
.:
2
2006 . N
:
11
2007 . N 44- -204;
2007 .;
1
2008 .
,
,
.
. 39
,
(
. 25
,
,
),
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2007
12
. N 887
28
N 44 -432/07;
2007 . N 33-4079.
,
.
2006 .:
"...
2006
,
,
,
"
",
,
...
20.02.2006,
.
.
2006
,
"
",
,
,
),
,
,
,
,
,
"
".
,
,
..."
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2008 . N 132;
24
2008
20
.
N 44 -20;
4
2007 . N 44- -96/2007;
2008 . N 01-19/155.
14
<1>,
<2>.
,
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
28
2006
.
.
//
:
,
7, 14
2006
.
.:
.
. 2007. N 9.
,
<2>
.:
N 33-3218/2007.
26
2007 .
,
.
1998 .
,
2006 .:
"...
,
,
"
".
28
2004
N
04-418
.
2
"
5
2
,
"
",
20.05.1998 N
160,
,
,
,
"
,
"
,
.
..." <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
2006 . N 44- -50;
.
2007 . N 33-4079.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
5
28
,
,
.
,
1998
:
.,
"...
2008
.
,
,
,
"
"..." <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
N 33-6258/2006.
5
2006 .
2008 .
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2
2008 .
28
<1>,
2008 .
<2>
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2008 .
16
4
N 33-6012;
2008 . N 33-7281/2008;
29
12
,
.
2009 .;
2009 .
<2>
.:
40/9735-08.
2009 . N 1769/09.
,
. 4
IV
2008 .; . 13
N 33-1050/09;
14
2009 . N 44 -44/09.
6
2008 . N
6
,
:
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
25
3778).
( .,
2008 .
,
N 33-
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
. 10
,
,
. <1>, .
,
,
--------------------------------
<1>
.
:
. 2008. N 3.
?! //
,
"
"
.
.
,
<1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
(
N 69
30
2009 .), § 7
. 2009. N 2. . 9. . 74 - 143.
: http://www.privlaw.ru/vs_info5.html.
" //
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
"
"
"
,
"
".
"
.
2.
,
.
,
.
-
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
( . 14.7, 14.8
),
.
,
.
,
.
,
:
-
,
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
09-1803/08- 1.
2009 . N 386 "
24
.
2008 . N
30
:
".
-
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
09-1794/09- 1.
-
1
2009 . N
10
2009 . N
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/10373-09
N
40-5236/09-17-45,
1
2009
. N 09
-7856/2009:
N
40-5236/09-17-45.
".
(
)
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
09-1803/08- 1.
24
2008 . N
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.:
N 56-2137/2008.
4
2008
,
,
:
,
. 421
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
09-1803/08- 1;
N
48-2322/08-18.
24
2008 . N
2009 .
. 3
2
30
2009 . N 386 "
",
.
,
(
-
)
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
. N 33-12575/07- 02-1933/08,
4
14
2008
2008 . N 33-13310/07- 02-1636/08.
-
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2009 . N 78-4803/08- 02-264/09;
2009 . N
09-1794/09- 1.
.
2009 .
N 43-31592/2008-42-496.
19
1
6
-
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
09-5792/08- 1;
2008 . N 33-13310/07- 02-1636/08.
-
18
2008 . N
4
11
2008 . N
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
09-5616/08- 1.
-
<1>;
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
. N 03-5716/2009
29
N
19
2009
-
73-8499/2009;
2009 . N 78-4803/08- 02-264/09.
,
, <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2008 . N
04-7260/2008(16495- 45-32),
6
6724/2008(15327- 45-6), 04-6724/2008(16231- 45-6).
2
2008
. N
,
.
(
)
.
,
(
.
04-
.
.).
.
,
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/-
+
-
+
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
-
+/+
+/-
-
+
+
+
+
.
"+"
,
"-" "+/-" -
,
"
.
"
.
,
2
.
.
. 17
,
,
,
(
,
).
?
.
,
,
:
-
.2
. 17
<1>,
<2>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2009 .
N 33-13515/2009,
24
2009 . N
1010/09;
29
72-96/2008-10/9;
N 09-9904/09- 1
N 47-3117/2009,
3
9694/09- 1
N 50-16981/2009.
<2>
.:
. N 33-8727/08- 02-2223/09
N 33-8727/08.
28
19-11940/08-65- 022008 .
N
9
2009 .
2009 . N 0925
-
2009
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 03-951/2009;
N 72-8123/07-4;
. N 09-1794/09- 1.
23
16
1
2009 .
2008 .
2009
,
,
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 68-3489/09.
9
,
,
.
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
2009 .
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 56-29841/2009,
.
53-15969/2009.
3
,
14
2010
N 66-6263/2009;
2010 .
N
,
2009 .
21
,
.
:
.
,
,
.
:
. 32
(
-
)
<1>.
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 40-10023/08;
2009
.
21
2009 . N
-7171/09
4
N
14
45-14083/2009;
2008 . N
03- 73/08-2/2565;
21
2009 . N 042283/2009(4818- 27-43),
3
2008 . N 04-3371/2008(5843- 45-23);
27
2009 . N
40/11152-09
N 40-11845/09-94-77,
24
2009 . N
40/422-09, 29
2008 . N
40/9960-08.
<2>
.:
19
1999 .;
11
2008 .
N
33-7177/2008;
,
,
3
2005 .
:
,
.
32
,
.
,
. 26, 27
30
,
.
( .3
. 154
),
(
,
.
),
,
,
,
. 32
,
,
.
,
,
,
..." <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
20
2009 . N 8/
,
,
-1936.
.
,
,
,
,
,
",
"
,
,
,
".
:
,
?
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
<1>.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N
24
N
2009 .
72-6043/2008,
19
2009 .
72-6870/2008.
14
2008 . N 33-12575/07- 02-1933/08.
,
.
,
: "...
...
,
,
,
,
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
..." <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
2325/2009.
26
2009 . N 33-
.
,
,
,
(
)
,
,
. 32
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
:"
32
.
.
(
-
.)
,
"
,
(
N 58-6498/09).
20
2010 .
.
,
.
,
.
-
:
,
,
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 50-17244/2008,
24/111;
03- 04/08-2/243, 11
7
2009 . N
-8274/09
11
2009 . N 2136/09
N 04-3022/0823
2008 . N
2008 . N 03- 04/07-2/6096.
,
. 2
. 16
,
(
(
,
,
)
) <1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
9
2009
. N 04-2107/2009(4217- 70-43), 04-2107/2009(4218- 70-43);
3
2008 . N 09-6296/08- 1,
27
2008 . N
09-1930/08- 1,
13
2006 . N
09-11016/06- 1.
15
2009 . N
-7751/09
N 70-7444/22-2008.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
21
2008
N 56-6857/2008.
:
-
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
400/3309-08.
28
2008 . N
,
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
41/10745-08
27
2008 . N
N 41-12747/08.
.2
. 16
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 39-4788/2007;
2009 . N 09-1959/09- 1.
16
2008 .
8
:
,
.
26
/7235
N 77-
2005 .
N
"
",
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 39-4788/2007;
2008 . N 09-1803/08- 1
12
16
N
2008 .
2008 .
21
60-29973/07;
N 23-3066/07 -3-201.
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
17
<1>.
2009 . N 8274/09,
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 40-10023/08;
2010 .
N 65-12170/2009.
,
21
2009 . N
-7171/09
15
:
,
. 16
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
-
. 5.1
,
N 254- ,
,
,
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
1
2007 . N 7826
2004
"
5.1
N 254-
,
"
"
.
"
"
".
13
2008 . N 2008- "
-
",
;
,
.
(
)
.
(
,
,
)
,
.
,
:
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
14
. N 33-12575/07- 02-1933/08;
23
2008 . N 03- 04/08-2/243;
13
2006 . N
09-11016/06- 1;
23
2009 .
N 78-7046/08.
,
2008
, ,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/1993-09.
23
,
2009 . N
,
,
,
(
)
.
:
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
..." <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
9904/09- 1
9
2009 . N
09-
N 47-3117/2009.
.
,
,
. 2
. 810
.
,
:
,
.
,
,
:
,
,
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
N 162078-5
810
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
"
(
,
6
2009
(
)
.),
-
,
.
.
?
.
,
,
,
: "...
5.1,
,
,
.
,
,
5.1
..." <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
33-12575/07- 02-1933/08.
14
2008 . N
,
,
<1>
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
09-9904/09- 1
N 47-3117/2009,
1
N 50-16981/2009.
9
2009 . N
3
2009 . N
09-9694/09-
,
,
<1>,
,
,
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.:
24
2007
N 05-3518/2007.
,
,
,
(
) <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/8283-09
1
N
,
40-74607/08-92-611.
2009 . N
,
.
(
)
<1>.
,
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.:
N 33-1809.
<2>
.:
N 40-10023/08.
8
21
2009 . N
,
2009
-7171/09
,
,
,
23
1999 . N 4- .
,
(
),
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
09-461/10- 1
15
2010 . N
N 50-29498/2009.
,
.
15
2010 . N 11-
. 29
,
,
,
(
,
):
-
;
(
)
;
.
,
,
. 168
,
.
,
,
:
.
.
,
,
.
( .2
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
. 935
) <1>.
,
-
,
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
22
2010
. N 03-8374/2009
N 04-5826/2009,
12
2009 . N 031875/2009
N 04-8045/2008,
18
2008 . N 03- 04/08-2/3345
N 04-2229/08-5/108,
25
2007 . N 03- 04/07-2/4432
N 04-1931/07-5/109;
29
2009 . N 09-7322/09- 1
N 07-6269/2009;
15
2009 .
N
43-28456/2008-9-279.
:
25
03- 04/07-2/4432
N 04-1931/07-5/109.
<2>
.:
N 48-2322/08-18;
2
2008 . N 33-15226/2007-03
15226/2007.
2007 . N
2
2009 .
-352/2008
N
33-
,
,
.2
. 16
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.:
N 56-29841/2009;
2009 . N 09-9904/09- 1
16
14
2010
9
N 47-3117/2009;
2009 .
N 48-3851/2009.
-
:
"...
...
" <1>.
--------------------------------
N
<1>
04-4741/2009(12361- 75-32)
2009
. N 18
4
75-479/2009.
N
-7311/2009
N
3
2009 .
.
:
6
76-5341/2009;
2009 .
8313/2009- 9.
"
".
: "
,
,
N
60-
,
,
" <1>
.
--------------------------------
<1>
40/5866-09
3
2009 . N
-
N 40-10870/09-106-70.
,
,
(
),
. 2 . 16
. 2 . 935
,
.
,
.
,
:
-
,
;
-
,
.
,
"
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
(
)
,
.
.
ad hoc ,
,
,
.
5.
,
,
,
",
.
-
-
(
).
,
,
-
,
.
,"
.
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
"
§ 1.
1.
.
: "
,
".
,
2007 - 2013 . <1>.
,
2005 .,
:"
,
,
" <2>.
--------------------------------
<1> Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European
Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee "EU Consumer Policy
Strategy 2007 - 2013" // Commission of the European Communities. 13.03.2007.
COM(2007) 99 final.
<2> Consumer Protection in the European Union: Ten Basic Principles.
Brussels: Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection, 2005. P. 2.
: http:// europa.eu.int/ comm/ consumers/
cons_info/ 10principles_en.htm.
,
,
.
" (consumer welfare),
.
"
,
,
"
"
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
:
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Reich N. Op. cit. P. 257.
.
1950 - 1960-
.
,
,
.
" <1>.
,
,
<2>.
.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Ibid. P. 259.
<2>
,
(
,
.
.),
.
,
,
.: Reich N. Op. cit. P. 259 - 260.
.
"
",
,
:
-
(
),
;
-
;
(
);
;
-
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Consumer Protection in Financial Services / Ed. by P. Cartwright. The
Hague; L.; Boston, 1999. P. 8.
,
economicus" -
"homo
.
(1970.)
,
.
,
.
,
.
,"
"homo economicus"
,
,
...
,
...
,
" <1>.
(
),
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Reisch L.A. Principles and Visions of a New Consumer Policy: Discussion
paper. Stuttgart-Hohenheim; Berlin, 2003. P. 13.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
(counter-weight
,
,
model)
,
<1>.
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Reisch L.A. Op. cit.
,
1975
.
(
-
).
,
13
.
3
,
,
§ 3
,
:
-
;
;
;
;
) <1>.
(
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Preliminary Programme of the European Economic Community for a
Consumer Protection and Information Policy // Official Journal of the European
Union. 1975. April. No. C 092. P. 2 - 16.
,
,
( . 3,
"
. 3
. 19).
"
- "
",
,
,
producers and consumers): "
,
. 3
, 1985 .
" (imbalance of power between
,
,
..." ( . 7, 8
) <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
: Howells G., Wilhelmsson T. EC Consumer
Law. Aldershot: Ashgate. Dartmouth, 1997. P. 6 - 16.
.
"
"
,
, )
<1>.
.
(
.
.
,
,
, caveat emptor <2>
.
<3>.
,
,
,
(
) <4>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Osti C. Interpreting
Convergence: Where Antitrust Meets Consumer Law // European Competition
Journal. 2009. Vol. 5. No. 2. P. 377 - 408.
<2>
,
,
.
,
.
<3>
.: Reich N. Op. cit. P. 261.
<4>
.: Loos M. The Influence of European Consumer
Law on General Contract Law and the Need for Spontaneous Harmonization //
Centre for the Study of European Contract Law: Working Paper Series. 2006. No. 2.
P. 2 - 4.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
).
).
1980-
,
. (
),
,
.
,
,
" (freedom to compete and consume) <1>.
"
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.: Reisch L.A. Op. cit. P. 14.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
.
.
,
: "
,
XX .
" <1>.
<2>.
.
: "
, ,
,
,
,
.
" <3>.
--------------------------------
<1> Hondius E. The Protection of the Weak Party in a Harmonised European
Contract Law: A Synthesis // Journal of Consumer Policy. 2004. Vol. 27. P. 245.
,
: Micklitz H.-W.
The Principles of European Contract Law and the Protection of the Weaker Party //
Journal of Consumer Policy. 2004. Vol. 27. P. 339 - 356.
<2>
.: Hartlief T. Freedom and Protection in Contemporary Contract Law //
Journal of Consumer Policy. 2004. Vol. 27. P. 253 - 254.
<3> Poillot E. Consumer and Contract Law // ERA-Forum. 2005. Vol. 6. No. 1.
P. 36.
,
30
.
,
,
.
,
"
, "
(inequality of bargaining power)
.
:"
...
,
,
,
.
" <1>.
,
,
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1> Goldring J. Consumer Law and Legal Theory: Reflections of a Common
Lawyer // Journal of Consumer Policy. 1990. Vol. 13. P. 121.
<2>
.: Nicolini G. A Regulatory Perspective on Consumer Financial
Capability // Consumer Financial Capability: Empowering European Consumers.
Brussels, 2006. P. 78 - 91.
,
2007 .,
,
: )
,
; )
;
)
,
.
,
. " ",
,
." "
,
" "-
.
.
,
,
,
"
",
(
)
(
,
),
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Czech Republic: Technical Note on Consumer Protection in Financial
Services / Head of research team S. Rutledge. The World Bank: Washington D.C.,
2007. P. 6, 8 - 9.
,
.
N 93/13/EEC
<1>
,
: "...
,
,
,
(
. -
.),
,
" <2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Council Directive No. 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on Unfair Terms in
Consumer Contracts // Official Journal. 1993. 21 Apr. No. L 95. P. 29 - 34.
<2> Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 27 June 2000, joint cases C240/98 to C-244/98 // European Court Reports. 2000. P. I-04941.
.
,
,
- "
consumers).
,
,
" (vulnerable
,
,
. <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Vulnerable Consumers and Financial Services: Report of the Office of
Fair Trading of Great Britain. L., 1999. P. 13.
"vulnerable
,
consumers"
,
.
"
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
"
,
,
N
2005/29/EC
6) <1>.
(
"
.
.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11
May 2005 Concerning Unfair Business-to-Consumer Commercial Practices in the
Internal Market and Amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC,
98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and
Regulation (EC) No. 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
"
"
"
"
,
.
(Consumer Acquis).
,
(
).
,
"
"
Consumer Acquis
.
,
,
,
,
.
2.
"
"
,
.
"
"
,
,"
.
"
.
,
- "
.
"
.
,
,
<1>.
,
,
.
,
,
,
<2>.
"
"
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Key Aspects of German Business Law / Ed. by M. Wendler, B.
Tremml, B. Buecker. Berlin; Heidelberg, 2008. P. 366 - 370.
<2>
.:
.
. ., 1998.
,
"
.
",
.
(
1957 .)
.
,
.
1968 .
.
"
"
13
"
,
,
,
.5
, 1980 .
".
,
1992 .
(
),
,
"
"
.
,
1980
.
1968
.
"
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
(Consumer Acquis),
,
,
".
:"
N 93/13/EEC
N
97/7/EC
<1> (
)
.
N 85/577/EEC
,
,
,
N 98/6/EC
,
,
N 99/44/EC
N 2008/122/EC
,
<2>.
,
,
,
N 90/314/EEC
,
<3>,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May
1997 on the Protection of Consumers in Respect of Distance Contracts // Official
Journal. 1997. 4 June. No. L 144. P. 19 - 27.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
<2>
.: Council Directive 85/577/EEC of 20 December 1985 to Protect the
Consumer in Respect of Contracts Negotiated Away from Business Premises //
Official Journal. 1985. 31 Dec. No. L 372. P. 31 - 33; Directive 98/6/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 on Consumer
Protection in the Indication of the Prices of Products Offered to Consumers // Official
Journal. 1998. 18 March. No. L 80. P. 27 - 31; Directive 99/44/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 on Certain Aspects of the Sale of
Consumer Goods and Associated Guarantees // Official Journal. 1999. 7 July. No. L
171. P. 12 - 16.
,
N 2008/122/EC
Consumer Acquis.
N 1994/47: Directive 2008/122/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 14 January 2009 on the Protection of Consumers in
Respect of Certain Aspects of Timeshare, long-term Holiday Product, Resale and
Exchange Contracts // Official Journal. 2009. 3 Feb. No. L 33. P. 10 - 30.
<3> Council Directive 90/314/EEC of 13 June 1990 on Package Travel, Package
Holidays and Package Tours // Official Journal. 1990. 23 June. No. L 158. P. 59 - 64.
"
"
"
,
Consumer Acquis,
,
:
N
;
2005/29/EC,
N 87/102/EEC
,
<1>;
N 2002/65/EC
<2>
.
--------------------------------
<1> Council Directive 87/102/EEC of 22 December 1986 for the Approximation
of the Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions of the Member States
Concerning Consumer Credit // Official Journal. 1987. 12 Feb. No. L 42. P. 48 - 53.
<2> Directive 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23
September 2002 Concerning the Distance Marketing of Consumer Financial Services
and Amending Council Directive 90/619/EEC and Directives 97/7/EC and 98/27/EC
// Official Journal. 2002. 9 Oct. No. L 271. P. 16.
,
"
"
.
.
(
.
,
:
-
1)
2)
3)
:
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
( . 2
3
).
,
),
(
)
.
.: EC Consumer Law Compendium: Comparative Analysis / Ed. by H. SchulteNolke, C. Twigg-Flesner, M. Ebers. Univeraitat Bielefeld, 2007. P. 673.
,
.
,
.2
,
N
93/13/EEC
,
(profession).
"
"
N 87/102/EEC (
"
" (trade).
,
"
"
"
,
,
N 2005/29/EC
"
"
" (craft),
)
"
"
"
"
.
.
:"
"(
"
". -
,
,
.),
" <1>.
,
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Bradgate R., Twigg-Flesner C., Nordhausen A. Review of the Eight Eu
Consumer Acquis Minimum Harmonization Directives and Their Implementation in
the UK and Analysis of the Scope for Simplification. L., 2005. P. 168.
.
,
.
"
"
. 4
,
"
".
,
.
3.
.
,
,
(natural
persons).
,
,
N 2007/64/EC ( . 20)
:
(
.-
.),
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 2007/64/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13
November 2007 on Payment Services in the Internal Market Amending Directives
97/7/EC, 2002/65/EC, 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and Repealing Directive 97/5/EC
// Official Journal. 2007. 5 Dec. No. L 319. P. 1 - 36.
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
:
"
"
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Houndius E. The Notion of Consumer: European Union Versus
Member States // Sydney Law Review. Vol. 28. P. 95.
(
.
.
. 4).
.
,
,
N 93/13/EEC
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
"
,
,
"...
,
...".
",
"
:
,
...
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Third
Chamber) of 22 November 2001, No. C-541/99 (Cape Snc v. Idealservice Srl) and
No. C-542/99 (Idealservice MNRE Sas v. OMAI Srl) // European Court Reports.
2001. P. I-09049.
,
,
N 93/13/EEC.
N 2007/64/EC ( . 20
: "
...
".
)
,
,
,
"
,
,
"
,
(
),
.
(
Consumer Aequis)
,
(
,
N 93/13/EEC
. 9 . 3
) <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
//
. 2007. N 3. . 55 - 57.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
"
,
. 3
. 2
"
,
.
,
-
<1>.
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Consumer Affairs Act of Malta, XXVIII of 1994, CAP. 378 // Official
web-page of the Ministry for Justice and Home Affairs of Malta: http:// docs.justice.gov.mt/ lom/ legislation/ english/ leg/ vol_10/ chapt378.pdf.
<1>.
,
1987 .,
,
,
(R&B Customs Brokers
Company Limited v. United Dominions Trust Limited) <2>.
,
:
--------------------------------
<1>
"
"
.: Maclntyre E. Business Law. 4th ed. Harlow,
2008. P. 152 - 153.
<2> R&B Customs Brokers Company Limited v. United Dominions Trust
Limited, [1988] 1 WLR 321 // Database of British and Irish Legal Information
Institute. http:// www.bailii.org/ ew/ cases/ EWCA/ Civ/ 1987/3.html.
,
(
,
);
;
-
.
(2004 .),
",
(Feldarol Foundry v. Hermes Leasing (London) Ltd) <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Feldarol Foundry PLC v. Hermes Leasing (London) Ltd, [2004] EWCA Civ
747 // Database of British and Irish Legal Information Institute: http://
www.bailii.org/ ew/ cases/ EWCA/ Civ/ 2004/747.html.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
-
,
.
,
N 93/13/EEC
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
3
: The Unfair Terms in
Consumer Contracts Regulations of 22 July 1999. No. 2083 // The UK Statute Law
Database of Office of Public Sector Information: http:// www.statutelaw.gov.uk/
AZIndex.aspx?LegType= All%20Primary&BrowseLetter=U.
,
,
(
)
-
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
(final addressee, final consumer, end consumer),
,
.
: EC Consumer Law Compendium: Comparative
Analysis / Ed. by H. Schulte-Nolke, C. Twigg-Flesner, M. Ebers. P. 678 - 679.
4.
.
"
"
<1>.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
"
"
: "...
.
1
. 54
§2
. 4.
,
,
(
)"
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
?
,
,
,
(
N 7 1994
,
. 1
.
)?
.
,
.
.
.
50
.
,
.
,
N 1985/577 (
).
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
(
,
).
.
, "
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Fifth
Chamber) of 17 March 1998, No. Case C-45/96 (Bayerische Hypotheken- und
Wechselbank AG v. Edgard Dietzinger).
.
-
. 4,
.
,
)
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
N 1985/577
"
,
",
"
: "
,
,
"
,
".
,
.
: "...
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Fifth
Chamber) of 17 March 1998, No. Case C-45/96 (Bayerische Hypotheken- und
Wechselbank AG v. Edgard Dietzinger).
. 4,
.
.
: "
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
".
,
"
,
.
,
,
,
" <1>.
.
<2>.
,
"
": "...
,
,
,
,
"
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1> Cartwright P. Optimal Consumer Protection in Financial Services // Thesis
of ECRI/CEPS Seminar. 2001. 7 June.
.: Consumer Protection in Financial
Services / Ed. by P. Cartwright. The Hague; L.; Boston, 1999. P. 5 - 7.
<2>
.: Hondius E. The Notion of Consumer: European Union v. Member
States // Sydney Law Review. 2006. Vol. 28. P. 94.
<3>
N 2002/65/EC (
)
,
N 2005/29/EC (
).
,
,
,
)
,
.
(
,
).
.
,
,
.
5.
(
,
)
,.
.
"
:
"
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Herre J., Hondius E., Alpa G. Op. cit.
.
,
:
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
:
,
a priori,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
"
"
",
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
(
)
.
,
-
,
,
,
.-
,
(
.),
,
,
,
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Judgment of the European Court of Justice (Sixth Chamber) of 3 July 1997.
No. Case C-269/95 (Francesco Benincasa v. Dentalkit Srl) // European Court
Reports. 1997. P. I-03767.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
"
").
,
,
,
.
.
"
"
,
-
,
<1>.
,
,
.
,
,
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
/
.
.
,
.
,
.
. ., 1984. . 407.
<2> Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Second
Chamber) of 20 January 2005. No. C-464/01 (Johann Gruber v. Bay Wa AG) //
European Court Reports. 2005. P. I-439.
,
,
,
"
"
.
,
,
.
(
).
,
,
,
,
("mixed purposes").
.
,
.
60%
40% -
(
,
)
(
).
,
,
.
,
40%
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Ibid.
: Loos M. Review of the European
Consumer Aquis // GPR: European Community Private Law Review. 2008. No. 3/08.
P. 118.
:
,
"
,
<1>.
-
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1> Wallis D. Working Document on European Contract Law and the Revision
of the Acquis: State of Play and the Notion of Consumer // Committee on the Internal
Market and Consumer Protection of the European Parliament. 2006. 17 May. P. 4.
<2>
.: . 3 Consumer Protection Act, entered into force on 1 September
1978 No. 38/1978 (http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1978/).
(
).
.
,
"
.
"
,
,
..."
("purposes which can be regarded as outside..."),
-"
,
..." ("purposes which are outside...").
,
,
.2 .1
N 87/102/EEC (
).
11
2010 .
2008/48/EC <1>,
.
: "...
,
..." ("purposes which
are not related to...") (
,
.2 .1
N 99/44/EC) <2>.
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 2008/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23
April 2008 on credit agreements for Consumers and Repealing Council Directive
87/102/EEC // Official Journal. 2008. 22 May. No. L 133. P. 66 - 92.
<2>
,
.
,
.
,
(
)
<1>.
"
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Bradgate R., Twigg-Flesner C., Nordhausen A. Op. cit. P. 168.
,
"
,
)
"
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
?
,
,
.
§ 2.
:
1.
.
,
-
: 50
,
.
.
,
<1>.
- 50
,
"
",
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Waller S.W. In Search of Economic Justice: Considering Competition
and Consumer Protection Law // Loyola University Chicago Law Journal. 2005. Vol.
36. P. 635.
,
"
,
<1>.
?
--------------------------------
<1>
.: E-Commerce Law in Europe and the USA / Eds. by G. Spindler, F.
Bonier. Heidelberg, 2002. P. 704.
,
.
(
,
)
,
(U.S. Code).
"
Debt Collection Practices Act).
"
,
" (Fair
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> U.S. Code, Title 15, Chapter 41 "Consumer Credit Protection", § 1692a //
Cornell University Law School: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/.
,
.
-
-
"
" <1>.
,
"
,
,
(Gramm - Leach - Bliley Act):
,
,
,
"
"
"
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> U.S. Code, Title 15, Chapter 94 "Privacy", § 6809 (9) // Cornell University
Law School: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/.
"
" (Truth in Lending Act).
(§ 1602 ( )):
,
,
,
-
,
" <1>.
"
,
"(
(§ 1603).
)
"
",
.
.
--------------------------------
<1> U.S. Code, Title 15, Chapter 41 "Consumer Credit Protection", C // Cornell
University Law School: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/.
,
.
,
,
"
"
-
.
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
2009 .
www.consumercal.org/ downloads/ 2009%20Scorecard_1.pdf.
,
Affairs Act)
: http://
"
"
(
,
)
,
(
" (Consumer
,
)
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Business and Professions Code, Section 302 (c) // http://
www.leginfo.ca.gov/ cgi-bin/ displaycode?section= bpc&group= 00001-01000&file=
300-303.
.
,
Practices Act)
,
( . 1): "
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
"
" (Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business
"
"
,
,
".
"
"
"
,
,
.
,
,
"
"
,
,
,
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Ace. 815ILCS505 //
http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/.
.
,
.
,
<1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1> E-Commerce Law in Europe and the USA / Eds. by G. Spindler, F. Bonier.
Heidelberg, 2002. P. 704.
,
,
:
(natural persons);
,
,
.
,
,
:
-
"
.
"
,
);
-
(
,
)
)
(
.
2.
: "
-
...
;
,
,
,
,
;
,
...
:"
", ,
" <1>.
"
"
.
--------------------------------
,
<1>
.,
., 1996. . 275.
.
.
.
,
.
.
"
".
,
,
"
"
,
,
.
,
.
,
"
" (Law Offices Stogsdill v. Cragin Federal Bank).
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
"
,
",
,
.
,
.
"
"
"
"
,
,
,
"
,
,
"
" <1>.
,
--------------------------------
<1> Law Offices Stogsdill v. Cragin Federal Bank. Illinois App. 645 NE 2d 564
(1995) // http:// scholar.google.com/ scholar_case?case= 8174487423941475276&q=
Law+ Offices+ Stogsdill+ v.+Cragin&hl= en&as_sdt= 400002.
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
,
,
,
Gould&Ratner: The Illinois Consumer Fraud Act - a Potential Weapon that
Businesses Can Utilize to Combat Misrepresentation, Concealment, Unfair or
Deceptive Practices // http:// www.gouldratner.com/ assets/ attachments/ Taking+
Stock- consumer+ fraud.pdf.
.
"
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
"
,
"
",
"
"
.
,
?
,
,
-
-
,
,
.
.
"
" (Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection
,
"
",
,
,
.
.
201-9.2
,
,
,
..." <1>.
Law).
,
"
,
--------------------------------
<1> Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law. 73 P.
S. § 201-1 - 201-9.3 // http:// www.attorneygeneral.gov/ uploadedFiles.
(Denison v. Kelly) <1>.
,
.
,
,
"
".
,
.
"
"
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
:"
,
,
,
,
.-
(
.)".
--------------------------------
<1> Denison v. Kelly, 759 F. Supp. 199 (1991) - US: Dist. Court, MD // http://
scholar.google.com/ scholar_case?q= %22Denison+ v.+ Kelly%22&hl= en&as_sdt=
400002&case= 14616084240777481133.
,
"
,
,
.
"
"
: "...
,
".
,
(§ 201-9.3)
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
"
,
".
,
(
.
"
",
).
.
,
.
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Fox v. Industrial Casualty Insurance Co., 424 NE 2d 839 (1981) - Illinois
App.
Court
//
http://
scholar.google.com/
scholar_case?case=
10026755476731345206&q= McCarter&hl= en&as_sdt= 400004.
<1>,
<2>
.
--------------------------------
<1>
".
.: Hagan D. Illinois Consumer Protection Law. Springfield, 2008. P. 1 -
<2>
3.
(
)
.
,
"
",
,
",
"
,
".
.
(Cashmere
Valley Bank v. Brender),
<1>.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Cashmere Valley Bank v. Brender. 128 Wash. App. 497, 116 P. 3d 421
(2005)
//
http://
scholar.google.com/
scholar_case?case=
14597132978105817045&hl= en&as_sdt= 400003.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
: Cashmere Valley Bank
v. Brender, 146 P. 3d 928 (2006) // http:// scholar.google.com/ scholar_case?case=
12980706108562533809&hl= en&as_sdt= 400003#[5].
(quantitative approach).
.
,
(Bokros v. Associates Finance, Inc.).
17
.
.
.
.
(
),
9
.
.
"
".
,
,"
".
,
8
,
,
,
.-
,
,
.
:
,
"
,
"
,
<1>.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Bokros v. Associates Finance, Inc. 607 F. Supp. 869 (1984) // http://
scholar.google.com/ scholar_case?case= 5127390093704002351&q= Bokros+ v.+
Associates+ Finance&hl= en&as_sdt= 400003#[1].
.
(original purpose approach).
(Toy National Bank of Sioux City v. McGarr).
,
.
:
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
(
).
,
),
"
".
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
",
"
,
,
.
"
,
,
":
".
,
"
"
"
",
,
,
,
.
,
,
?
,
,
.
,
:
,
"
("
". -
.
)
.
-
,
,
,
".
,
,
,
,
,
.
".
"
,
.
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Toy Nat. Bank of Sioux City v. McGarr. 286 NW 2d 376 (1979). Iowa //
http:// scholar.google.com/ scholar_case?case=
7489539577958448331&hl=
en&as_sdt=400003.
,
,
,
"
,
" (all circumstances test).
(Conrad v. Smith),
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
"
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
".
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
"
",
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Conrad v. Smith, 712 P. 2d 866. Wash: Court of Appeals, Div. 3 (1986) //
http:// scholar.google.com/ scholar_case?case=
2782527991490692097&hl=
en&as_sdt= 400003#[1].
,
,
"
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
,
(
,
).
,
: Rohner R.J., Miller F.H. Truth in Lending. Chicago, 2000. P.
38 - 49; Creditors' Rights in Illinois / Ed. by R.G. Markoff. Springfield, 2009. P. 7-13
- 7-15.
§ 3.
"
"
.
"
",
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
1990-
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
?
,
(
)
,
.
,
,
.
,
<1>.
"
"
,
,
(
)
"
.
"
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
"
.
"
-"
"
",
".
,
,
,
.
:
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.9
"
",
.
-
,
,
.
"
"
;
.
.
"
,
,
,
,
,
,
(
)
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
-
.
.
,
"
"
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
III.
6.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.7
.
.
,
-
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
§ 1.
.
1.
,
,
,
".
,
,
<1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Cheshire H. Fifoot D. The Law of Contract / 11th ed. by Furmston.
1986. P. 28f.
,
<1>,
,
,
.
:
,
,
"
".
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Fuller L.L. and Perdue W.R. Jr. Reliance Interest in Contract Damages
// Yale Law Journal. Vol. 46. P. 52 - 96, 373 - 420, 1936 - 1937.
: http:// www.cisg.law.pace.edu/ cisg/ biblio/ fuller.html.
-
.
,
,
,
,
<1>.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
.
,
.
.
., 2006.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
:
,
( . 302
,
-
);
,
,
(
)
,
,
(
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
N
93/13/EEC
<1>);
5
1993 ., § 308, 309
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
/
.
.
.;
.
.
., 2004.
-
,
,
,
,
( . 74
<1>).
--------------------------------
<1>
"(
.:
"
11
1980 .) //
. 1994. N 1.
,
.
,
,"
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
//
.
.
., 1916. N 6. . 81.
,
,
"
",
<1>.
1978 . .
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
//
.
., 1995. . 54
- 72.
2.
.
,
:
-
,
;
,
,
.
,
,
;
-
;
,
,
-
"-" ,
,
,
,
"-
;
-
;
,
,
"
.
:
:
-
"
, , , .
.
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
;
-"
"
;
.
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
:
.,
.
:
,
.
.,
,
,
., 2006.
,
.
1.
,
.
( . 31
).
2003 .
2009 .
12%
.
,
.
: http://www.pfrf.ru.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
2.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
.
,
,
.
3.
.
2006 - 2007
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
:
-
.
,
,
.
,
.
4. "
"
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.,
.
,
,
,
.
.1
,
",
.
-
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
",
.
, "
,
",
,
,
,
.
"
,
.
"
".
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
"
(
.
)"
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
.
(
,
,
),
.
,
.
,
,
)
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
)
,
,
(
,
,
,
(
)
.
,
,
,
,
10
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,"
",
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
(
"welfare state")
,
:
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
welfare state
:
,
,
.
,
.
3.
.
.
,
,
,
,
".
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
1134: "...[
]
",
§ 157: "
",
",
§ 242: "
. 2: "
",
-
.
1337: "
", . 1366: "
. 1375: "
",
",
-
. 1-203: "
...
".
lex mercatoria
.
,
. 1.7
: "
.
" <1>.
,
-
,
.
: "
. 1.106
,
.
" <2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
. ., 2003. . 18.
<2> Lando O., Beale H. Principles of European Contract Law, Part I and II. The
Hague, 1999.
,
XX .,
laissez fair
laissez passer (
),
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
<1>.
,
" <2>.
.
.
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
. Anson's Law of Contract XXVII ed. / Ed. by J. Beatson. Oxford, 1998;
: Posner R.A. Law and Legal Theory in the UK and USA "Lecture Three:
Functional, Systemic Comparison of Legal Systems" // Clarendon Law Lectures.
Oxford, 1996.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
<2>
.
//
:
/
<3>
.
.
.:
.
.
.,
:
2 .
,
,
., 2006.
.
.
., 2000. . 2. . 29 - 31.
.
<1>,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
// Forging a Common Legal Destiny: Liber Amicorum in Honor
of William E. Buttler / Eds. by N. Erpyleva, M. Gashi-Battler, J. Henderson. L.,
2005.
: http:// new.hse.ru/ sites/
secondlevel/ rf/ DocLib1/ indgrantotchetpravoFogelson- 05-01-0038-HSE.zip.
.
,
,
.
,
. 3,
.
<1> -
13
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
.
<1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
.
. . 56 - 57.
,
,
<1>.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
,
,
"
".
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
, -
.
,
,
:
,
.
,
,
.
(
)"
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Eisenberg M.A. The Limits of Cognition and Limits of Contract //
Stanford Law Review. Vol. 47. No. 2 (Jan., 1995).
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
" <1>.
.
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
:
"...
,
,
,
.
(
cooperativo")
<2>.
,
<3>.
,
"surplus
"
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
//
. 2002. N 11.
<2> Monti A. Buona fede e assicurazione. Milano, 2002. P. 14.
<3>
.: Good Faith in Contract: Concept and Context / Eds. by R.
Brownsword, N.J. Hird, G. Howells. Ashgate; Dartmouth, 1999; Good Faith and
Fault in Contract Law / Eds. by J. Beatson, D. Friedman. Oxford, 1995.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
: "...
,
,
" <1>.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
.
. . 65.
,
.
"culpa in contrahendo",
.
.
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
"
",
,
.
"
,
" (fairness of exchange),
,
.
(inadequacy of consideration),
"
" (fair price)
"
" (fair salary)
<1>,
.
.
. 21
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
Fall of Freedom of Contract. Oxford, 1979.
.,
: Aliyah P.S. The Rise and
,
"
,
,
,
"
,
,
.
.
,
<1>.
XX .
,
,
.
(welfare state),
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
1912. . 9 - 12.
.
/
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
<1>.
;
"
:
",
,
-
?
,
,
.
"
,
",
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
,
:
,
,
,
,
welfare state,
.
.
,
,
-
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
.
, 1995.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
:
-
;
;
;
;
-
;
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Monti A. Op. cit. P. 10.
<1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Eisenberg M.A. The Limits of Cognition and the Limits of Contract //
Stanford Law Review. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 211.
,
XIX
.
,
,
,
XX .
,
. 4,
.
"
".
XXI
.5
.
.
,
.
.
: "...
"
(Vertragsgerechtigkeit, justice contractuelle);
,
,
"
,
" <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Kotz. H., Flessner A. European Contract Law / Transl. by T. Weir. Oxford,
1997. P. 12.
§ 2.
,
,
2006
.
,
.
(
,
,
).
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
(uneven bargaining position),
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
<1>
,
,
,
.
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
(
<1>)
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
"vulnerable consumer"
.
. 5.
,
,
,
.
.
(
.
)
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
:
1)
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
;
2)
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
;
,
3)
.
,
,
.
;
4)
.
,
,
,
,
,
5)
;
,
.
,
,
,
,
;
6)
.
,
,
,
.
:
-
.
,
,
;
-
.
.
,
;
-
,
.
,
,
;
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
-
.
,
(
),
,
,
,
;
-
.
,
,
;
-
;
.
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
;
-
,
.
,
;
-
.
;
.
(
).
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
(economic
operators)
transactions)
(economic
(
,
).
consumer
(
B2C)
business-to-
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
§ 3.
1.
(
)
,
"
)".
"
"
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
(
)
.
N 93/13/EEC
5
1993 .
. 1
. 3
,
:
-
;
.
.
,
,
<1>.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Collins B. Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994 //
http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles3/collins3.html.
:
1)
2)
3)
;
4)
;
;
,
,
.
"
"
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
. 5
,
,
.
,
.
<1>,
"
"
(
).
,
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
. 2
,
N 93/13/EEC
. 4
,
,
.
<2>
.: Howells G., Weatherill S. Consumer Protection Law. Hampshire,
2005. P. 279.
,
1
,
,
,
.
:
-
,
,
);
;
.
,
:
;
-
"
"
,
.
,
,
,
(
).
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
"
N 93/13/EEC
,
-
"
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> On the Implementation of Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Report of the Commission of the European
Communities: of 27.04.2000 COM(2000) 248 final // http:// ec.europa.eu/ consumers/
cons_int/ safe_shop/ unf_cont_terms/ uct03_en.pdf.
(
)
.
,
.
(
)
,
"
.
,
,
N 93/13/EEC,
,
.
"
.2
",
. 14.8
. 16
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
"
,
".
,
.
,
,
,
.
. 4
,
,
.
.5 .1
. 11
,
"
,
(
,
,
,
,
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
)".
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
. 2
.
. 428
,
,
(
)
.
,
,
,
,
;
-
:
;
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
. 16
. 2
. 14.8
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
2006 . N
.:
08-4760/2006.
28
(
)
,
,
,
N 93/13/EEC,
"
,
.
,
. 2
. 428
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
( . 452
).
,
,
.
,
(
)
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
2.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
2020 . <1>.
,
"
.
".
--------------------------------
<1>
.
13
).
. 1
2006 . N 38. 5
29
2008 . N 2043- .
"
"(
,
.
.
.7
.5
,
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
. 28,
.
.1
. 28
,
.2
.
. 28
:
)
,
,
(
)
;
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
. 3
. 28
:
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
15340/08, N 15275/08.
31
2009 . N
. 28
:
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
15340/08.
.:
. 3
31
. 28
2009 . N
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
:
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
N
<1>
.:
03-2386/2009.
3
2009 .
,
.
,
,
.
(
),
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/11352-08
10
2008 . N
N 40-38983/08-149-347.
,
,
,
,
.
.
. 4 - 12
.
. 28
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
;
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
:
-
(
),
,
,
,
,
.
:
-
,
;
-
,
(
)
,
,
,
,
, ;
,
;
-
,
(
)
;
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
<1>.
:
,
,
,
,
,
,
<2>.
.
,
--------------------------------
<1>
15340/08.
<2>
15275/08.
.:
31
2009 . N
.:
31
2009 . N
. 14.3
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: . 1
7
";
.
2004 . N 189
1.3
(
9
2007
. N 105 "
").
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
3.
(
,
.).
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
:
-
;
.
,
.
,
.
N
.
2002/65/EC
. 3
:
1)
(
,
,
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,-
,
);
2)
-
,
:
;
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, -
,
;
-
,
,
;
-
,
,
;
-
;
;
,
,
3)
-
,
;
:
,
,
,
,
,
;
-
,
;
,
;
-
,
,
,
;
4)
-
,
:
(
);
-
(
)
.
,
.
,
,
14
(30
)
cooling-off period -
,
.
,
).
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Federal Trade Commission. 16 CFR Part 310 Telemarketing Sales
Rule; Final Rule // http://www.ftc.gov/os/2003/01/tsrfrn.pdf.
4.
. 9
10
"
(
,
)".
(
,
)"
.4
"
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
. 30
.
.6
,
,
,
.
,
. 5
,
. 6
"
,
".
. 35.1
.
,
:
-
,
(
),
;
-
;
,
,
;
-
,
;
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
-
,
;
-
,
;
-
,
,
),
,
;
-
,
,
,
;
-
,
;
-
,
,
;
-
,
,
,
,
,
;
-
;
.
,
,
.
. 35.2
,
.
§ 4.
1.
,
"
"
.
. III
- 3%
,
.
,
. III
.
1998 .
,
. 13
,
.I
,
.6
.
,
,
<1>.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 44 -0014/2009.
23
2009 .
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
2006 .
16
N 33-1786.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
, "
. 100
- 10
).
.
.
"
"( .1
7
"
"
",
<1>.
,
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
N 33-2022.
:
20
2006 .
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
382-
.:
17
2007 . N
.
,
,
,
.
,
, . 395
.
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
2.
,
.
,
.
N 2005/29/EC
,
2005 .
11
(
"business-to-consumer
,
commercial
practices"),
.
-
"
,
,
,
,
,
".
,
"
.
,
"
"
"
,
.
,
".
,
,
"
"
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Howells G., Micklitz H., Wilhelmsson T. European Fair Trading Law:
The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive. Ashgate Publishing, 2006. P. 54.
.
:
-
;
,
)
(
.
.
"h"
.
2
"
,
,
,
,
,
".
,
,
(
)
,
.
:
-
,
;
.
,
,
.
:
1)
;
2)
;
3)
,
(
),
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
, "
(
)
,
"
,
.
,
,
),
(
,
.
,
"
"average consumer") <1>.
,
.
":
,
,
"
"
" (
,
"
" <2>.
,
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: The Yearbook of Consumer Law 2007 / Ed. by G. Howells. Ashgate
Publishing, 2006. P. 168 - 170.
<2> Case C-210/96, Gut Springenheide GmbH and Rudolf Tusky v.
Oberkreisdirektor des Kreises Steinfurt - Amt fur Lebensmitteliiberwachung //
European Court Reports. 1998. P. I-04657.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
<3>
.: Incardona R., Poncibo C. The Average Consumer, the Unfair
Commercial Practices Directive, and the Cognitive Revolution // Journal of
Consumer Policy. 2007. Vol. 30. P. 30.
,
,
,
.
,
"
.
,
"
,
,
"...
:
,
,
.
"
.
-
",
,
" <1>.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Hondius E. The Notion of Consumer: European Union versus Member
States // Sydney Law Review. 2006. Vol. 28. No. 1. P. 94.
3.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
2008
109
.
,
86
,
. 19
,
<1>.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
30
" //
2004 . N 322 "
. 2004. N 28.
.
,
. 2899.
,
,
.
FIN-NET ,
,
.
,
,
,
35
.
,
(
,
),
.
N 98/257 1998 .
,
.
,
FIN-NET
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Area of Financial Services.
Consultation Document MARKT/H3/JS D (2008). http:// ec.europa.eu/
internal_market/ consultations/ docs/ adr/ adr_consultation_en.pdf.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
. 3
. 5
.
2002
24
"
:"
,
(
),
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
. N 102-
"
".
.
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
2718/06.
.:
25
2006
. N
,
(
)
,
,
.
,
,
.
(
)
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
. 7
. 29
,
,
.
,
,
.
( . 1212
)
.
1
.
,
,
,
,
,
:
-
,
,
,
;
;
-
,
,
.
.
. 1212
.
. 1
. 1212
.
,
. 4,
,
"
. 1212
".
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
1988
.
. 14
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
:
,
.
,
.
1968 .,
-
.
593/2008
"
("
,
I")".
. 6
) <1>
(
,
,
,
(
),
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
"
.
.5
",
,
,
.
4.
(
)
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
. 46
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
//
"
".
,
,
(
,
,
,
,
)
.
,
(
)
,
(
),
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2008 .
28
,
:
-
,
(
);
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
,
(
.,
,
N 44 -297).
2008 .
10
?
(
,
)
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
(class action)
//
(
-
(
. 2003. N 3.
):
)
,
.
.
,
)
,
(
-
,
(
;
.);
)
(
);
-
(
(
)
).
,
<1>.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
--------------------------------
<1>
.
,
"
",
(
.
,
,
)
.
,
,
,
,
. 46
)
(
-
,
,
.
-
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
(
//
.
.
. 2.
)
.
., 2008. . 7 - 84.
19
.
:
2009 . N 205-
"
.
",
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
28.2
21
2009 .
,
"
",
"
",
. 225.11
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
225.10
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
3
,
,
,
.
,
( .2
,
,
. 225.10
).
,
,
,
.
.
225.11
,
.
-
:
;
,
;
-
,
,
. 225.10
.
,
,
.1
. 225.10
"
,
,
".
,
. 46
,
.
,
<1>,
,
46
.
.
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
-
.
. 28.2
,
.
"
",
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
(
)
,
,
,
,
(
),
<1>.
--------------------------------
N
<1>
.:
53-5573/2008- 2-32;
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
16
2009 . N
-8193/09
4
2008 .
5
N 56-39375/2006,
2008 . N
40/7844-08
N 40-55192/07-55-480.
,
(
)
,
.
,
.
.
"
"
.
.
,
"
" <1>.
,
,
.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
1870/09- 4
8
2009 . N
09-
N 60-12414/2008- 3.
,
"
,
,
",
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 56-5036/2008.
22
2009 .
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
N 79-9187/2007.
31
2008 .
,
.
. 225.12
,
:
-
,
,
;
-
,
;
,
-
,
,
:
;
,
,
,
.
.
. 2
. 72
,
(
).
,
"
".
,
<1>.
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
40/1144-04,
20
2005 .
,
10
N 09
-7446/05-
2004 . N
.
. 225.12
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
1
.
,
,
. 225.13
,
,
.
,
,
:
-
,
;
-
,
,
;
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
. 225.14
.
,
(
,
,
.),
:
,
;
,
. 28.2
-
;
,
,
,
;
-
,
,
,
,
;
-
,
(
).
. 4
.
:
;
-
,
;
-
,
;
;
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
;
.
5
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
. 1
. 225.15
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
. 5
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
. 225.16
.
:
-
,
,
,
;
-
,
,
,
,
,
;
-
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
,
.2
. 225.17
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
:
-
"
" <1>,
("
,
"
)
;
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
:
2007 . N 1- ,
N 79-10769/2006.
23
21
2008 . N 8959/08
,
,
,
( .1
. 98
, .1
. 110
).
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
"
".
,
,
,.
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
§ 5.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
1.
.
.
.
. 3
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
. 62
:
. 11, 11.2, 24, 25
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
14
. 2004. N 15;
. 2004. N 11;
. 2007. N 68
-
2004 . N 109- //
16
2004 . N 110- //
14
2007 . N 313.
-
<1>;
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
//
. III
--------------------------------
<1>
8
36;
2005 . N 100 //
. 2005. N
2005 . N 149 //
. 2006. N 6
2001 . N 90 //
. 2002. N 1.
16
2
-
<1>,
.3
. 44
;
--------------------------------
<1>
24
2007 . N 07-50/
//
. 2007. N
23.
-
(
)
-
. 3,
. VI
<1>
<2>;
--------------------------------
<1>
31
2002 . N 28/
//
. 2002. N 8.
<2>
23;
24
2007 . N 07-50/
2008 . N 08-19/
//
20
//
. 2007. N
. 2007. N 16.
2007 . N 07-50/
;
24
,
-
-
. 2
. 7,
. V
VI
,
1
2007 . N 63
2007 . N 07-50/
.
,
180
.
. ( . 11
,
.
24
),
.
,
60
30
.,
.
.
.,
( . 25
).
,
,
.
. 44
.
,
,
,
100
.
,
.,
,
,
,
,
60
.
.
,
50
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
16
2003 . N
242.
,
. 62
.
,
,
.
,
20
,
2006 . N 283- .
.
23
2009 . N 2219- .
,
:
,
.
,
,
. 1,
,
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
, 2
31
2006 . N 09
40/13650-06
-11350/2006(
17, 19
. 1
2007 . N
-
).
,
,
,
.
.4
. 25
.
,
2
2001 . N
90 .
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
24
2007 . N 07-50/
,
.
,
,
. VI
,
.
14
,
(
.
. 3).
,
.
,
( . 15 - 17
. 38
).
,
. 38
.
"
"
<1>.
,
,
--------------------------------
<1>
,
"
.:
.
.
"
.
.
,
,
.
,
. VI
1
2007 . N 63.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
. 21
",
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
2001 . N 15 //
12
. 2001. N 3.
,
,
,
,
,
.
:
-
.
,
.
.
.
.
:
-
. 13
;
;
-
-
. 4.1
-
. 39
;
-
,
-
. 2, 38, 44
;
-
-
. 7
.
. 1
,
. 34
,
.
,
.
8
128-
"
2001 . N
. 2
. 1).
"
:
. 5);
-
. 13).
,
,
,
-
:
-
. 14 - 16
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
. 2004. N 15.
-
14
2004 . N 109-
//
,
-
,
. 32, 32.1, 32.3
;
-
<1>
<2>;
--------------------------------
<1>
21/
//
<2>
.:
,
.
. 2007. N 23.
.:
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
6
2007 . N 07-
21
2007 . N 07-90/
-
,
.
. 2007. N 47.
//
,
-
. 60.1
-
;
. 7.1
.
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
,
.
:
,
.
,
(
)
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
. 3,
,
.
.
(
)
.
,
,
,
,
.
(
)
-
-
. 20
,
:
. 74
;
-
,
-
,
. 32.8
;
-
6
07-21/
<1>;
--------------------------------
<1>
. 2007. N 23.
-
,
-
. 61.2
;
. 42
44
2007 . N
-
-
. 7.2
.
,
,
,
.
"
( . 26
"
).
.
(
),
.
,
,
.
.
,
. 8
:
-
;
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
"
,
".
,
,
.
.
.5
:
;
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
(
).
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
. 5
. 32.8
,
:
-
;
,
),
;
-
,
),
(
)
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
, . 6.9
. 42
44
2007 . N 07-21/
6
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
. 6.12, 6.13
,
:
-
;
;
,
;
-
.
:
;
-
,
(
,
).
.
,
,
,
. 61.2
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
-
:
,
,
,
;
-
"
",
"
"
"
",
.
,
:
-
,
,
;
-
"
"
"
"
",
",
.
.
,
. 61.4
.
.
,
. 7.2
.
,
.
. 13 - 20
. 7.2
.
.
,
,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
. 6
,
. 34.1
,
. 7 - 13
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
N 19.
.:
3
2009 . N 09-6/
//
. 2009.
.
,
,
.
.
:
-
;
-
,
;
-
-
:
,
,
.
.3
,
.
. 75, 83, 103
,
.1
.
,
-
,
.
,
, "
"( . 2
<1>).
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
. 2004. N 28.
30
2004 . N 330 //
. 2904.
. 25
,
<1>.
,
,
,
,
<2>.
-
-
.
.
--------------------------------
.
,
,
.
.
<1>,
,
.
,
,
2005
2006
.,
2007 .
.
.
,
.
--------------------------------
,
2007 . N 198"
2009
2010
.
.
2008
"
,
.
2008 .
- 903,6
.
.,
.,
24
201,5
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
. 56
,
:
-
;
.
. 30
.
:
-
;
;
,
;
-
.
-
,
,
<1>.
,
;
,
.
2006 .
<2>
:
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
9
. 2004. N 16. . 1564)
30
2004 . N 317 (
2780).
<2>
.: http://www.fcsm.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=43083.
-
2004 . N 206 (
. 2004. N 27. .
;
,
,
;
<1>.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
--------------------------------
<1>
"
"-
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
. 11, 14
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
. 2009. N 1.
.
//
2.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
(
).
,
. 14.8
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
(
,
),
,
,
,
"
,
".
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
§ 1
3
. 3
,
.
.
: "
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
(
,
)
" <1>.
--------------------------------
7.
(
)
<1>
--------------------------------
<1>
",
.
.
§ 1.
(
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
)
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
-
.
(
)
-
(
).
)
(
-
,
,
.
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
.
,
.
<1>,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1> Ibid.
<2>
1998 .
1933 .
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
-
(
).
,
(
)
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
,
:
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: A Framework for the Guarantee Schemes in the EU...
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
:
-
;
;
;
,
;
,
;
,
;
;
.
§ 2.
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
, Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS)
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
-
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: A Framework for the Guarantee Schemes in the EU...
Insurance Corporation, FDIC) . FDIC
9
.
(Federal Deposit
1934 .
,
1929 . <1>.
1929 .
1933 .
.
1,3
.
,
,
.
FDIC,
1934 . (
:
1
1934
.)
9
.
.
FDIC
FDIC,
"
"
<2>.
--------------------------------
70
<1>
32,
- 14,
,
- 10,
-9
.
<2>,
2004 .
.
--------------------------------
<1>
-
,
.
.
1970 .
,
(The Securities Investor Protection
Corporation, SIPC),
,
,
SIPC,
.
99%
SIPC,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
,
1988
.
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
(
,
,
,
).
,
,
,
.
,
1975 .
.
(Financial
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
Services Compensation Scheme, FSCS).
1982 .
(Insurance Guaranty Association) <1>
,
)
.
<2>.
2001
50
,
,
.
<3>.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
(
).
--------------------------------
<1>
,
.
"
"
(National Conference of Insurance Guaranty Funds, NCIGF).
<2>
;
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
2003 .
(
).
§ 3.
,
.
,
<1>
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.,
: Description and Assessment of the National Investor
Compensation Schemes Established in Accordance with Directive 97/9/EC. Report
prepared for European Commission (Internal Market DG)
(
)
,
,
,
<1>.
,
,
(
),
,
,
<2>.
,
--------------------------------
<1>
,
,
,
(
<2>
,,
).
.:
.
,
:
-
(
)
;
.
1.
,
,
.
,
(
),
),
(
(
),
).
,
(
),
),
).
(
),
(
(
),
(
) .
,
,
,
<1>.
)
(
,
(
)
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: A Framework for the Guarantee Schemes in the EU...
2.
,
,
,
,
-
:
,
)
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
;
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
"
"(
).
,
(
)
,
"
"
".
"
,
.
,
,
-
.
-
,
Medicator
.
(
)
,
,
.
§ 4.
(
)
(
),
.
,
,
,
,
(
)
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
(
)
.
(
- FDIC
SIPC,
,
- FSCS).
.
,
-
.
.
.
,
,
,
<1>.
,
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
Schemes in the EU...
,
§ 5.
, : A Framework for the Guarantee
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
(
).
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
, FDIC
5160
,
.
.
,
,
. FDIC
,
.
,
FDIC
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
.
.
(
)
.
Commission Bancaire (
)
,
(
,
)
,
,
.
(
)
,
,
,
,
.
.
(
,
).
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
(FSCS)
.
§ 6.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
<1>.
,
,
,
,
(
.
) <2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
<2>
.: A Framework for the Guarantee Schemes in the EU...
.:
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
(
)
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
,
, : Description and Assessment of the
National Investor-Compensation Schemes...
.
FSCS
,
.
,
5,6
,
-
: 1)
.
.
,
; 2)
2,8
(
.
; 3)
50
)
;
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
: Description and Assessment of the National InvestorCompensation Schemes...
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
<1>
. 4(2)
1)
,
:
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 97/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3
March 1997 on Investor-Compensation Schemes // Official Journal. 1997. 26 March.
No. L 084. P. 0022 - 0031.
-
,
: 1)
N 2004/39/EC <1>; 2)
N
. 1(6)
; 5)
,
,
2006/48/EC <2>; 3)
N 2006/48/EC <3>; 4)
; 6)
--------------------------------
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
;
<1> Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21
April 2004 on Markets in Financial Instruments Amending Council Directives 85/61
1/EEC and 93/6/EEC and Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of
the Council and Repealing Council Directive 93/22/EEC // Official Journal. 2004. 30
Apr. No. L 145. P. 0001 - 0044.
<2> Directive 2006/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14
June 2006 Relating to the Taking up and Pursuit of the Business of Credit Institutions
// Official Journal. 2006. 30 June. No. L 177. P. 1 - 200.
-
,
;
-
,
,
;
,
,
,
,
5%
,
,
;
-
,
,
;
-
;
,
,
,
,
,
-
;
,
. 11
N 78/660/EEC
25
1978 . <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Fourth Council Directive 78/660/EEC of 25 July 1978 Based on Article 54
(3) (g) of the Treaty on the Annual Accounts of Certain Types of Companies //
Official Journal. 1978. 14 Aug. No. L 222. P. 11 – 31
,
: 1)
1
.
; 2)
2
.
; 3)
50.
,
.
,
,
)
,
,
.
,
,
,
(
,
,
)
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: Description and Assessment of the National Investor Compensation
Schemes...
SIPC,
.
:
-
,
,
;
-
5%
(
);
,
-
5%
;
-
,
;
-
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
.2
.7
<1>
.
1
,
(
):
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 94/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30
May 1994 on Deposit-guarantee Schemes // Official Journal. 1994. 31 May. No. L
135. P. 0005 - 0014.
-
;
;
;
;
;
,
:
,
,
;
5%
,
;
,
;
;
-
,
,
,
,
,
;
-
,
;
(Non-nominative deposits);
,
,
,
;
-
,
,
,
;
,
-
,
;
,
. 11
78/660/EEC
25
1978 .
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
N
.
,
:
;
-
;
,
25%
-
;
,
I
II
,
;
-
,
,
.
(
)
,
.
(
)
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
5%
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
(
(
-
)
.
):
,
(
,
)
,
,
,
)
;
-
,
(
)
;
-
;
,
.
§ 7.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
9
...
" <1>.
,
,
,
.
<2>.
,
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.
,
.
,
:
,
,
,
,
. <1>.
--------------------------------
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
(
) <1>
,
N 2004/39/EC
<2>.
(
1)
:
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 97/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3
March 1997 on Investor-Compensation Schemes. P. 0022 - 0031.
<2> Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21
April 2004 on Markets of Financial Instruments Amending Council Directives 85/61
1/EEC and 93/6/EEC and Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of
the Council and repealing Council Directive 93/22/EEC.
-
;
;
)
;
;
;
(
)
;
-
;
.
.
.
.
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
(
,
,
,
,
(
),
).
-
,
(
(
,
,
)
,
,
-
,
,
).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
).
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
§ 8.
,
,
<1>.
:
?
--------------------------------
<1>
.: A Framework for the Guarantee Schemes in the EU...
,
,
,
.
. 1(3)(i)
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
<1>,
,
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1>
21
,
,
.
. FDIC
,
.
,
,
(the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency)
(the Office of Thrift Supervision) <1>.
--------------------------------
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
,
( . 2, § 2) <1>
,
:
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 97/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3
March 1997 on Investor-Compensation Schemes. P. 0022 - 0031.
-
,
;
-
,
.
,
,
( . 2(2)
),
:
-
,
,
,
,
;
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
-
,
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 97/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3
March 1997 on Investor-Compensation Schemes.
SIPC
,
,
.
, SIPC
.
, SIPC
<1>.
--------------------------------
,
,
.
,
:
.
,
?
,
,
,
,
,
-
:
,
;
;
?
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
FSCS
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
N 2004/39/EC
,
<1>
.
N 2004/39/EC
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21
April 2004 on Markets in Financial Instruments Amending Council Directives 85/61
1/EEC and 93/6/EEC and Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of
the Council and repealing Council Directive 93/22/EEC.
30
2006
. (24
. 70
).
§ 9.
:
1)
;
2)
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
:
-
(ex-ante),
;
-
(ex-post),
post factum,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
100,
.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
<1>.
ex-post
.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: A Framework for the Guarantee Schemes in the EU...
.
1.
,
,
.
(
11)
,
.
,
,
.
,
(
ex-ante),
ex-post),
ex-ante
ex-post.
.
,
ex-ante
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
ex-ante,
<1>
<2>.
,
,
.
,
.
(
,
).
--------------------------------
<1>
.
,
1,44% (
:
. 2007. N 3).
,
.:
,
.
//
<2>
.:
.
ex-ante
ex-ante.
,
,
,
.
,
,
)
,
,
.
,
.
ex-ante
.
ex-post
.
ex-post
,
,
.
ex-post
(
),
,
.
-
,
,
,
ex-post.
,
.
ex-post,
- ex-ante.
ex-
ante
,
ex-post
.
2.
,
.
.
)
,
(
,
.
,
.
,
,
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
.
.
(
)
,
,
.
3.
.
,
:
-
;
;
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
(
).
.
,
.
(
(
)
),
,
,
,
.
,
.
(
)
,
1
.
.,
,
1
.
. ( . 41
).
.
(
)
.
FDIC
(
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Improvement Act of 1991 (P.L. 102 - 242, 105 STAT. 2236)).
. 1991 .
30
.
.
,
2009 .
100
.
.
.
FDIC
.
FDIC,
.
,
FDIC
<1>.
--------------------------------
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
2004 . N 96-
29
"
,
".
4.
.
,
(
)
.
,
.
(
)
,
.
(
)
)(
:
(
(
)
)
,
.
,
,
.
5.
,
.
<1>
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
<2>.
--------------------------------
Funding of the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. Report prepared for
The Financial Services Authority. March 2006.
<2> Funding of the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. Report prepared
for The Financial Services Authority. March 2006.
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Ibid.
.
Financial Services and Markets Act <1>
,
,
,
FSCS
,
,
.
,
,
FSCS
,
.
--------------------------------
§ 10.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
,
.
,
,
,
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.: A Framework for the Guarantee Schemes in the EU...
.
:
-
;
-
(co-insurance).
,
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Ibid. 3.25.
.
,
<1>.
,
,
,
.
--------------------------------
<1> Ibid.
(
9)
:
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
<1>.
2 - "
",
<2>.
--------------------------------
<1>
.:
.
250
.
.
1
100
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
2014 .
.,
250
50
.
.
,
. <1>.
100
.
<2>.
--------------------------------
( . 4, § I) <1>
,
20
.
20
(
30
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
)
25
.
,
,
:
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 97/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3
March 1997 on Investor-Compensation Schemes.
-
70
.
70
.
.
,
;
48
(
)
.
(
1988 .,
55
.
2009 .).
.
,
,
,
,
.
20
- 20
.
.
).
10
20
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
40
,
,
20
.
<1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Description and Assessment of the National Investor Compensation
Schemes...
,
,
"
,
",
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
(
10%
)
(
,
20
.
,
) <1>.
--------------------------------
<1> Directive 94/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30
May 1994 on Deposit-guarantee Schemes.
15
-
2002 . 11
100-
.
100%
,
90%
,
,
.
90%
.
,
"
"
.
100-
.
:"
,
,
,
" <1>.
"
,
"
)
.
<2>,
<3>.
--------------------------------
<1> Improvement of Depositors' Protection. Citizens' Summary.
<3>
.: Improvement of Depositors' Protection. Citizens' Summary.
"
.
100%
100
,
(
,
.
"
100
.,
400
.
- 700
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
.
.
.
.,
.
)
90%
.
100-
,