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Valentyna Matsapura
THE METHOD OF SELF-COMMENTARY IN GOGOL’S SKETCH «FOUR LETTERS TO
DIFFERENT PERSONS ON THE OCCASION OF “THE DEAD SOULS”»
Gogol’s Sketch «Four Letters To Different Persons On the Occasion of “The Dead Souls”» is
analyzed in this article as a part of the writer’s book «Selected Works From Correspondence With
Friends». The author of the article focuses her attention on the peculiarities of the usage of the author’s
self-commentary method in the mentioned work.
Key words: poem, author, self-commentary, addressee, sketch, epistolary style.
K<64N>;0 21.01.2010 4., 46=026;<0/>;0 <0 <4B=B 25.03.2010 4.
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