221 ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ
Ââåäåíèå ............................................................................................... 3
Ãëàâà 1. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îñíîâû âîñïèòàíèÿ ................................. 5
1.1. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåîðèÿõ .............................. 5
1.1.1. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â òåîðèè Ç.Ôðåéäà ................................... 5
1.1.2. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â ïîâåäåí÷åñêîé ïñèõîëîãèè .................. 9
1.1.3. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â ãóìàíèñòè÷åñêîé ïñèõîëîãèè ............ 11
1.1.4. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â êîãíèòèâíîé ïñèõîëîãèè ................... 16
1.1.5. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â ýêçèñòåíöèîíàëèçìå .......................... 18
1.1.6. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â îòå÷åñòâåííûõ ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ
øêîëàõ ................................................................................ 24
1.2. Çàäà÷è âîñïèòàíèÿ ...................................................................... 31
1.3. Îáùèå ïðèíöèïû âîñïèòàíèÿ ................................................... 33
1.4. Ñìûñëîâàÿ ñôåðà ëè÷íîñòè êàê ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèé îáúåêò
âîñïèòàíèÿ .................................................................................. 41
1.4.1. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèé îáúåêò âîñïèòàíèÿ .............................. 41
1.4.2. Ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ëè÷íîñòüþ îáðàçà ñâîåãî
èäåàëüíîãî áóäóùåãî ......................................................... 46
Ãëàâà 2. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ìîäåëåé, ìåòîäîâ,
ñòèëåé è ôåíîìåíîâ âîñïèòàíèÿ ....................................................... 50
2.1. Ìîäåëè âîñïèòàíèÿ ..................................................................... 50
2.1.1. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î âîñïèòàíèè â Íîâîå è Íîâåéøåå
âðåìÿ ................................................................................... 50
2.1.2. Ñîâðåìåííûå ìîäåëè âîñïèòàíèÿ .................................... 57
2.2. Ìåòîäû âîñïèòàíèÿ .................................................................... 67
2.3. Ñòèëè âîñïèòàíèÿ ....................................................................... 72
2.4. Ôåíîìåíû âîñïèòàíèÿ ............................................................... 79
2.4.1. Ôåíîìåí «âûó÷åííîé áåñïîìîùíîñòè» .......................... 79
2.4.2. Ôåíîìåí çàïðîãðàììèðîâàííîãî ñîçíàíèÿ .................... 82
2.4.3. Ôåíîìåí ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé óÿçâèìîñòè ........................... 85
Ãëàâà 3. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå çàäà÷è âîñïèòàíèÿ ................................ 91
3.1. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå óñòàíîâîê òîëåðàíòíîãî ñîçíàíèÿ .................. 91
3.1.1. Òîëåðàíòíîñòü â ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè
ïåäàãîãà .............................................................................. 92
3.1.2. Ìîäåëü òîëåðàíòíîñòè ....................................................... 93
3.1.3. Èíòîëåðàíòíîñòü â äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïåäàãîãà ...................... 97
3.1.4. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ó ó÷àùèõñÿ óñòàíîâîê òîëåðàíòíîãî
ñîçíàíèÿ ........................................................................... 100
221
3.2. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ëè÷íîñòíîé àâòîíîìèè è ñïîñîáíîñòè
ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîìó âûáîðó .................................................... 104
3.2.1. Ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèå ïðèåìû ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ëè÷íîñòíîé
àâòîíîìèè è ñïîñîáíîñòè ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîìó
âûáîðó .............................................................................. 104
3.2.2. Îáðàçîâàòåëüíûå òåõíîëîãèè, íàïðàâëåííûå
íà ñòèìóëÿöèþ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè ............................... 112
3.2.3. Îöåíî÷íûå ïðîöåäóðû, ñòèìóëèðóþùèå
ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü è àêòèâíîñòü ó÷àùèõñÿ ................... 118
Ãëàâà 4. Ïñèõîëîãî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêàÿ êîìïåòåíòíîñòü
âîñïèòàòåëÿ ....................................................................................... 125
4.1. Âîçðàñòíûå îñîáåííîñòè ó÷åíèêà, òðåáóþùèå ó÷åòà ............ 125
4.1.1. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè ìëàäøèõ øêîëüíèêîâ .... 125
4.1.2. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè äåòåé 10—12 ëåò ......... 129
4.1.3. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè ñòàðøèõ ïîäðîñòêîâ ... 132
4.1.4. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîääåðæêà ìîëîäåæè â óñëîâèÿõ
âóçà .................................................................................... 136
4.1.5. Ëè÷íîñòíûå çàäà÷è, ðåøàåìûå ó÷àùèìèñÿ ïî õîäó
âçðîñëåíèÿ ........................................................................ 137
4.2. Ëè÷íîñòíûå îñîáåííîñòè ó÷àùèõñÿ, òðåáóþùèå
ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîääåðæêè ................................................... 139
4.2.1. Ñêëîííîñòü ó÷àùåãîñÿ êî ëæè è íàðóøåíèþ
çàïðåòîâ ............................................................................ 139
4.2.2. Ñêëîííîñòü ó÷àùåãîñÿ ê àãðåññèè ................................. 141
4.2.3. Ñêëîííîñòü ó÷àùåãîñÿ ê íàðóøåíèþ ïîâåäåíèÿ .......... 145
4.2.4. Ñêëîííîñòü ê àêöåíòóàöèÿì ........................................... 146
4.3. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîääåðæêà ãðóïïû è ëè÷íîñòè â ãðóïïå .... 151
4.3.1. Ïåäàãîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîìîùü ãðóïïå â îñîçíàíèè
ïðîáëåì ............................................................................ 152
4.3.2. Ãðóïïîâîå îáñóæäåíèå ïðîáëåìû .................................. 153
4.3.3. Ôàêòîðû, îñëîæíÿþùèå ïðîöåññ ãðóïïîâîãî
ðåøåíèÿ ............................................................................ 154
4.3.4. Èíòåãðàöèÿ ãðóïïû êàê ôàêòîð ðàçâèòèÿ îòäåëüíîé
ëè÷íîñòè ........................................................................... 155
4.3.5. Ãðóïïîâàÿ ñïëî÷åííîñòü è åå äèàãíîñòèêà ................... 156
4.3.6. Ãðóïïà êàê èñòî÷íèê ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé òðàâìû
ëè÷íîñòè ........................................................................... 157
Ïðàêòèêóì ........................................................................................ 160
Ïðàêòèêóì ïî ðàçâèòèþ íàâûêîâ òîëåðàíòíîñòè ó ïåäàãîãà ..... 160
Ïðàêòèêóì ïî âîñïèòàíèþ ............................................................. 168
Ïðàêòèêóì ïî ðàçâèòèþ êîììóíèêàòèâíûõ íàâûêîâ
è ñòðåññîóñòîé÷èâîñòè .................................................................... 190
Òåñòû è ìåòîäèêè äëÿ äèàãíîñòèêè ëè÷íîñòíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé
ó÷àùèõñÿ ........................................................................................... 195
Ïåðñîíàëèè ...................................................................................... 211
Ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ ............................................................................ 217
Ëèòåðàòóðà ........................................................................................ 220
ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ
Öåëü äàííîãî ïîñîáèÿ — îçíàêîìèòü ÷èòàòåëÿ ñ âîñïèòàòåëüíûìè ïðîáëåìàìè, ñ êîòîðûìè îí ìîæåò ñòîëêíóòüñÿ, ðàáîòàÿ â
îáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ó÷ðåæäåíèÿõ. Îíî ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ
ïñèõîëîãî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèõ ôàêóëüòåòîâ, îáó÷àþùèõñÿ ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «Ïåäàãîãèêà è ïñèõîëîãèÿ». Ïî÷åìó èìåííî äëÿ íèõ?
Îòâåò ïðîñò: áîëüøèíñòâî èç âûïóñêíèêîâ ïñèõîëîãî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèõ âóçîâ áóäóò ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿìè, à ïðåïîäàâàòåëü äîëæåí íå
òîëüêî îáó÷àòü, íî è âîñïèòûâàòü. Êîìó, êàê íå ïåäàãîãàì, âàæíî
óìåòü íå òîëüêî èíòóèòèâíî, íî è íàó÷íî îðãàíèçîâûâàòü âîñïèòàòåëüíûé ïðîöåññ?
Ïðîáëåìà âîñïèòàíèÿ â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ñòàëà îñîáåííî àêòóàëüíîé. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî ïðèõîäèò ñìåíà îáùåñòâåííûõ îðèåíòèðîâ.
Äàííûé ïðîöåññ çàòðóäíåí, ÷òî îáóñëîâëåíî èñòîðèåé íàøåãî
ãîñóäàðñòâà è «ñâîåîáðàçèåì òåêóùåãî ìîìåíòà», — ìû ïîêà íå
çíàåì, êàêîå îáùåñòâî õîòèì ïîñòðîèòü.
Ñìóòíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î áóäóùåì çàòðóäíÿåò îðãàíèçàöèþ
âîñïèòàòåëüíîãî ïðîöåññà â ó÷åáíîì çàâåäåíèè, âåäü íà âîïðîñ:
«Íà êàêèå öåííîñòè îðèåíòèðîâàòü ðàñòóùåå ïîêîëåíèå?» —
ó ìíîãèõ ïðàêòèêîâ è òåîðåòèêîâ âîñïèòàíèÿ âíÿòíîãî îòâåòà
ïîêà íåò.
Îäíàêî çíà÷èìîñòü òåõ öåííîñòåé, êîòîðûå íàçûâàþò îáùå÷åëîâå÷åñêèìè, áåçóñëîâíà äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà ïåäàãîãîâ. Î òîì, êàêîâû ïñèõîëîãî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ ïðèñâîåíèÿ èõ îòäåëüíîé ëè÷íîñòüþ, è ïîéäåò ðå÷ü â äàííîì ó÷åáíîì ïîñîáèè.
 ïîñîáèè ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ îáðàç ÷åëîâåêà, êîòîðûé ñëîæèëñÿ
â çàïàäíîé è îòå÷åñòâåííîé ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ øêîëàõ. Îáðàùåíèå
ê ýòîé ïðîáëåìå íåñëó÷àéíî — âåäü îò òîãî, êàê ìû ïðåäñòàâëÿåì
ñåáå ïðèðîäó ÷åëîâåêó, çàâèñèò âûáîð ñðåäñòâ âîçäåéñòâèÿ.
Íà ÷òî äîëæíû áûòü íàïðàâëåíû âîñïèòàòåëüíûå âîçäåéñòâèÿ,
èíà÷å ãîâîðÿ, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèì îáúåêòîì âîñïèòàíèÿ?
Ýòîò âîïðîñ òàêæå çàòðàãèâàåòñÿ â äàííîì ïîñîáèè. Îò îòâåòà íà íåãî çàâèñÿò âûðàáîòêà îáùåé ñòðàòåãèè è ïîñòðîåíèå
ïðèíöèïîâ âîñïèòàíèÿ. Ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè ýòîé ïðîáëåìû àâòîð îïèðàåòñÿ íà ìåòîäîëîãèþ îòå÷åñòâåííîé ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé
øêîëû.
×òî èç ìíîãîëåòíåé èñòîðèè ïåäàãîãèêè ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü
äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ñåãîäíÿøíèõ çàäà÷ âîñïèòàíèÿ? Ýòî ÷èòàòåëü ñìî3
æåò îïðåäåëèòü äëÿ ñåáÿ ñàì, ïîçíàêîìèâøèñü ñ îïèñàíèåì íåêîòîðûõ âîñïèòàòåëüíûõ ìîäåëåé è ñòèëåé, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ â ïîñîáèè.
Êàêèå âîñïèòàòåëüíûå çàäà÷è íàèáîëåå àêòóàëüíû ñåãîäíÿ?
Îòâåò íà ýòîò âîïðîñ ñâÿçàí ñ òåì, êàê ñïåöèàëèñò ïðåäñòàâëÿåò
ñåáå èäåàëüíûé îáðàç ÷åëîâåêà, ê êîòîðîìó ìîæíî è íóæíî ñòðåìèòüñÿ.
Ïî íàøåìó ìíåíèþ, «èäåàëüíûé» ÷åëîâåê — ýòî ÷åëîâåê-äåÿòåëü, ñòàâÿùèé ïåðåä ñîáîé ñâåðõçàäà÷è, èùóùèé è ðåàëèçóþùèé ñåáÿ â äðóãèõ, ñîâåñòëèâûé è ñòðîÿùèé ñìûñëîâûå îðèåíòèðû ñâîåé æèçíè.