Александр Гамильтон и создание конституции США - My
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М. А. Филимонова Александр Гамильтон и создание конституции США Москва Издательство Нобель Пресс УДК 93 ББК 63.3 М11 М11 М. А. Филимонова Александр Гамильтон и создание конституции США / М. А. Филимонова – М.: Lennex Corp, — Подготовка макета: Издательство Нобель Пресс, 2013. – 262 с. ISBN 978-5-458-60142-9 Монография посвящена Александру Гамильтону (1757-1804) - одному из "отцов-основателей" США, министру финансов США, лидеру федералистской партии. Рассматривается ранний период его деятельности, становление его политической теории и его вклад в процесс создания и ратификации конституции 1787 г. Монография рассчитана на специалистов, а также на всех интересующихся историей американского конституционализма. ISBN 978-5-458-60142-9 © Издательство Нобель Пресс, 2013 © М. А. Филимонова, 2013 ǼȑșȎȐșȓțȖȓ Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ___________________________________________________ 3 ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ _____________________________________________________ 4 ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ___ 17 ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ «ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɢ» _______________ 72 Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ «ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ» __________________________ 110 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɬ __________________________________ 154 Ɋɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ __________________________________ 187 Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ _________________________________________________ 220 Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ______________________________________________ 227 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ________________________________________________ 252 3 ɇɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɞɨɛɥɟɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɛɨɝɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ. ɐɢɰɟɪɨɧ ǰȐȓȒȓțȖȓ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ… ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɋɒȺ ɛɟɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ. ɂ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɱɶɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. ɋ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼ 1789–1795 ɝɝ. ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɭɸ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɋɒȺ. «Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ» ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɋɒȺ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɪɟɲɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ. Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɫɟɪɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪ: ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ-ɞɭɛɥɢɤɚɬɵ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ; ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ; ɩɪɟɦɢɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ; ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ ɡɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ; ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ. Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢɡ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɟɞɢɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɚ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ «Ɉ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɚɯ»: ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ. 4 ɐɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ, ɫɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ: ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ, ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɧɚɞɟɹɥɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɟ, ɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ. Ɂɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɋɒȺ. ɂɞɟɢ «ɝɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ» ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɜ «ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ» Ƚ. Ʉɥɟɹ, ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ ɭ Ƚ. Ʉɷɪɢ, ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɜ XIX ɜ. Ⱥ. Ʌɢɧɤɨɥɶɧ ɜɟɥ ɜɨɣɧɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɞɥɹ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ. Ɉɧ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɞɥɹ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɣ. ȼɨɤɪɭɝ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɫɹ ɨɪɟɨɥ ɱɭɠɞɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɨɪɟɨɥ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɣ ɞɟɧɶ. ɑɭɠɚɤ, ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɟɡɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɵɫɤɨɱɤɚ ɫ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ ȼɟɫɬ-ɂɧɞɢɢ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɧɢɱɟɦ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɟɡɚɭɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɚ ɢ ɱɟɫɬɨɥɸɛɢɹ, ɨɧ ɭɠɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɶɸ-ɣɨɪɤɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɧɞɥɨɪɞɨɜ, ɜɢɪɝɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɬɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɬɨɦɤɨɜ ɦɚɫɫɚɱɭɫɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɭɪɢɬɚɧ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɥɢɬɭ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ. Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɥ ɜɟɪɵ ɜ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ – ɜ ɜɵɫɲɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɜ ɧɟɡɵɛɥɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ. Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɜɦɟɳɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ «ɨɬɰɚ-ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ». ȿɝɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ. ɂ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɥɹɞɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɬɨ ɫ ɜɨɫɯɢɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɬɨ ɫ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɨ ɢ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɭɦɟɧɢɟɦ. Ʉɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɧ – ɥɨɹɥɢɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪ, ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɟɰ, ɡɥɨɣ ɝɟɧɢɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɶ? ȿɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ ɞɚɜɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɟ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ, ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɋɟɜɟɪɭ, ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɚɛɨɥɢɰɢ- 5 ɨɧɢɡɦɨɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɚɛɨɥɢɰɢɨɧɢɫɬ P. ɏɢɥɞɪɟɬ1. ɋɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɢ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XX ɜɜ., ɤɚɤ ɋ.ɇ. ɒɦɭɤɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ɇɚɤɦɚɫɬɟɪ, Ⱦɠ.Ɍ. Ɇɨɪɡ, Ƚ.Ʉ. Ʌɨɞɠ, ɍ. Ʉɚɥɛɟɪɬɫɨɧ, Ⱥ.Ƚ. ȼɚɧɞɟɧɛɟɪɝ2. ɗɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ Ⱥ. Ȼɚɣɧ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ «ɂɞɟɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɟɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ»3. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɛɵɥ ɡɥɵɦ ɝɟɧɢɟɦ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɇ. ɒɟɤɧɟɪ, ȼ. ɉɚɪɪɢɧɝɬɨɧ, Ʉ. Ȼɚɭɷɪɫ, ɋ.Ʉ. ɉɚɞɨɜɟɪ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥɢ ɚɧɬɢɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɦ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ, ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ4. Ʉɚɤ ɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɜɲɢɟ ɤ ɲɤɨɥɟ «ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɚ», ɪɟɡɤɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɫɬɨɜ, ɪɢɫɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ, ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɡɦ, ɚɧ1 Hildreth R. The History of the U.S.A. from the Adoption of the Federal Constitution to the End of the 16th Congress, 1788–1821: 3 vols. – N.Y., 1851–1852. – Vol. 1–2. ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɢ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɜ Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɘɝɚ. ɋɦ.: Riethmüller C.J. Alexander Hamilton and His Contemporaries; or The Rise of the American Constitution. – L., 1864. 2 ɋɦ.: Schmucker S.N. The Life and Times of Alexander Hamilton. – Philadelphia, 1856; Morse J.T. Life of Alexander Hamilton: 2 vols. – Boston, 1876; McMaster J. A History of the People of the United States from the Revolution to Civil War: 8 vols. – N.Y., 1885–1913; Lodge H.C. Alexander Hamilton. – Boston–New York, 1898; Culbertson W.S. Alexander Hamilton. An Essay. – New Haven, 1916; Vandenberg A.H. The Greatest American, Alexander Hamilton. – N.Y.–L., 1921; Idem. If Hamilton Were Here Today: American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems. – N.Y.–L., 1923. 3 Bein A. Die Staatsidee Hamiltons in ihrer Entstehnung und Entwicklung. – München–Berlin, 1927. 4 Bowers C.G. Jefferson and Hamilton. The Struggle for Democracy in America. – Boston – New York, 1925; Schachner N. Alexander Hamilton. – N.Y.–L., 1946; ɉɚɪɪɢɧɝɬɨɧ ȼ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ: ȼ 3 ɬ. – Ɇ., 1962–1963. – Ɍ. 1. – ɋ. 367–382; Padover S.K. Introduction: The Controversial Mr. Hamilton // The Mind of Alexander Hamilton. – N.Y., 1958. – P. 1–28. 6 ɬɢɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɦ, ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ5. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XX ɜ. ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɭ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɣ6. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɝɟɪɨɸ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ Ⱦɠ.ɑ. Ɇɢɥɥɟɪɚ. ɍɠɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ «Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ: ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ» ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ. Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ ɞɥɹ Ɇɢɥɥɟɪɚ – ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ, ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬ, ɡɚɛɨɬɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ7. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹɦ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ8, ɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ9. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ Ʉ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɬɟɪɚ «Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ». ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɲɤɨɥɵ «ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɚ», ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ, Ʉ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɬɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɢ Ⱦɠ.ɑ. Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ, ɪɢɫɭɟɬ «ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ» Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɛɵɥ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɦ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɦ, ɬɨɪɢ ɢ ɜɢɝɨɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɬɟɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ «ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ» ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɇɚɩɪ.: ɏɨɮɫɬɟɞɬɟɪ Ɋ. Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ. – Ɇ., 1992. – ɋ. 26–27, 29–32, 54–55, 65; ɏɚɪɰ Ʌ. Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ. – Ɇ., 1993. – ɋ. 81, 105–106; Ȼɭɪɫɬɢɧ Ⱦ. Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɵ: ɤɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. – Ɇ., 1993. – ɋ. 146; Boorstin D.J. The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson. – Beacon Hill – Boston, 1964. – Ɋ. 240–241. 6 Mitchell B. Alexander Hamilton. The Revolutionary Years. – N.Y., 1970; Hendrickson R. Hamilton: 2 vols. – N.Y., 1976; McDonald F. Alexander Hamilton. A Biography. – N.Y., 1979; Cooke J.E. Alexander Hamilton. – N.Y., 1982; Hecht M.B. Odd Destiny. The Life of Alexander Hamilton. – N.Y., 1982. 7 Miller J.C. Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox. – N.Y., 1979. 8 Otenasek M. Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Politics. – N.Y., 1977; Park J. The European Origins of the Economic Ideas of Alexander Hamilton. – N.Y., 1977. Ɉɛ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹɯ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ: McNamara C.J. Political Economy and Statesmanship: Smith, Hamilton, and the Foundation of the Commercial Republic. – De Kalb (Ill.), 1998. 9 Looze H.J. Alexander Hamilton. And the British Orientation of American Foreign Policy, 1783–1803. – The Hague – Paris, 1969; Lycan G.L. Alexander Hamilton and American Foreign Policy. A Desire for Greatness. – Norman, 1970. 5 7 ɬɭɰɢɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɬɟɪ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɝɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɜ 1790-ɯ ɝɝ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɧ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ȼɨɣɧɵ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ10. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɭɡɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɹɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ʌ. Ʉɨɥɞɭɷɥɥɚ «Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɢ Ⱦɠɟɮɮɟɪɫɨɧɚ»11, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ «ɨɬɰɨɜ-ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ», ɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɋ. Ⱦɠ. Ʉɨɧɟɮɫɤɨɝɨ «Ⱦɠɨɧ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ: Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ», ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɝɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɨɥɢ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɸ12. Ⱦɨ 1960-ɯ ɝɝ. ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɸ. ɋ. Ʉɷɧɶɨɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɬ.ɤ. ɨɧ ɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ13. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1960-ɯ ɝɝ. ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɥɚ «ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ» – ɝɪɚɧɞɢɨɡɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɬɟɡɢɫ Ʌ. ɏɚɪɰɚ ɨ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɒȺ. Ⱥɬɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬɵ ɏɚɪɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ȼ. Ȼɟɣɥɢɧɚ «ɂɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ»14, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɞɟɣɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɭɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɞɟɣɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ Ȼɟɣɥɢɧ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɏɚɪɰɚ, ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɧɟ Ⱦɠ. Ʌɨɤɤɚ, ɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɮɥɟɬɢɫɬɨɜ (ɤɚɤ ɬɨɪɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɢɝɨɜ), ɨɬ Ƚ. Ȼɨɥɢɧɝɛɪɨɤɚ ɞɨ Ɍ. Ƚɨɪɞɨɧɚ ɢ Ⱦɠ. Ɍɪɟɧɱɚɪɞɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟ10 Rossiter C.L. Alexander Hamilton and the Constitution. – N.Y., 1964. Caldwell L.K. The Administrative Theories of Hamilton and Jefferson. Their Contribution to Thought on Public Administration. – N.Y.–L., 1988. 12 Konefsky S.J. John Marshall and Alexander Hamilton: Architects of the American Constitution. – N.Y.–L., 1964. 13 Kenyon C.M. Alexander Hamilton: Rousseau of the Right // Political Science Quarterly. – 1958. – Vol. 73. – June. – P. 161–178. 14 Bailyn B. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. – Cambridge (Mass.), 1967. 11 8 ɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ Ɂ. Ɏɢɧɤ ɢ Ʉ. Ɋɨɛɛɢɧɫ15. Ȼɟɣɥɢɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ Ƚ. ȼɭɞ, Ⱦɠ.Ƚ.Ⱥ. ɉɨɤɨɤ, Ʌ. Ȼɷɧɧɢɧɝ16. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɢ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɚɦ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ17. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ ɷɥɢɬɢɡɦ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ18. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɥɸɱɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɉ. ɗɣɞɟɥɶɛɟɪɝ, Ʉ. ɍɨɥɥɢɧɝ, P. Ȼɪɭɤ15 Fink Z. The Classical Republicans: An Essay in the Recovery of a Pattern of Thought in 17th-Century England. – Evanston (Ill.), 1949; Robbins C. The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmission, Development and Circumstances of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the 13 Colonies. – Cambridge (Mass.), 1959. 16 Wood G.S. The Creation of the American Republic. 1776–1787. – Chapel Hill, 1969; Shalhope R.E. Toward a Republican Synthesis: The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography // William and Mary Quarterly. – 1972. – Vol. 29. – January. – P. 49–80; Pocock J.G.A. The Machiavellian Moment. Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition. – Princeton, 1975; Banning L. Republican Ideology and the Triumph of the Constitution, 1789 to 1793 // William and Mary Quarterly. – 1974. – Vol. 31. – April. – Ɋ. 167–188; Idem. Jeffersonian Ideology Revisited: Liberal and Classical Ideas in the New American Republic // William and Mary Quarterly. – 1986. – Vol. 43. – January. – Ɋ. 3–19; ȼɭɞ Ƚ. Ɋɚɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɦ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ // Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɢɤ. 1994. – Ɇ., 1995. – ɋ. 9–27. 17 ɇɚɩɪ.: Appleby J.O. Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s. – N.Y.–L., 1984; Idem. Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination. – Cambridge (Mass.), 1992; Diggins J.P. The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism. – N.Y., 1984; Breen T.H. Narrative of Commercial Life: Consumption, Ideology, and Community on the Eve of the American Revolution // William and Mary Quarterly. – 1990. – Vol. 50. – P. 471–501. 18 Ben-Atar D., Oberg B.B. Introduction: The Federalists’ Paradoxical Legacy // Federalists Reconsidered / Ed. by D. Ben-Atar, B.B. Oberg. – Charlottesville – London, 1999. – P. 8, 10. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɟɳɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɝɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ Ⱥ. Ƚɚɪɨɲɢ: Garosci A. Il pensiero politico degli autori del Federalist. – Milano, 1954. – P.287. 9 ɯɚɣɡɟɪ19. Ⱦɠ. Ɋɢɞ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɦ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ, Ⱦɠ. Ɇɷɞɢɫɨɧɚ, Ⱦɠ. ɍɢɥɫɨɧɚ ɢ Ɍ. Ⱦɠɟɮɮɟɪɫɨɧɚ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ «ɨɬɰɨɜ-ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ». Ɉɧ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ ɲɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɥɨ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ20. Ƚ. Ɏɥɚɭɦɟɧɯɚɮɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɤɚɤ «ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ» (modern). ɉɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɝɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɏɥɚɭɦɟɧɯɚɮɬɚ, ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɥ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɸ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ21. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɟɡɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ ɢɦɟɥ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȿɝɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ «ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ» ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ laissez-faire ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨɜ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɝɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ⱥ. Ȼɚɣɧɚ, ɬ.ɤ. ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɭ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ22. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ 1970-ɯ ɝɝ. ɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɚ Ƚ. ɒɬɭɪɰɚ «Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ ɢ ɢɞɟɹ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ»23. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɣ ɪɚɤɭɪɫ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɜ 1983 ɝ. ɤɧɢɝɟ 19 Eidelberg P. The Philosophy of the American Constitution: A Reinterpretation of the Intentions of the Founding Fathers. – N.Y. – L., 1968; Walling K.F. Republican Empire: Alexander Hamilton on War and Free Government. – Lawrence, 1999; Brookhiser R. Alexander Hamilton, American. – N.Y., 2000. 20 Read J.H. Power versus Liberty. Madison, Hamilton, Wilson, and Jefferson. – Charlottesville – London, 2000. 21 Flaumenhaft H. The Effective Republic: Administration and Constitution in the Thought of Alexander Hamilton. – Durham (N.C.) – London, 1992. 22 Bein A. Die Staatsidee Hamiltons in ihrer Entstehnung und Entwicklung. 23 Stourzh G. Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government. – Stanford, 1970. 10 ȼ. Ȼɪɚɣɥɹ «Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɞɟɦɚɝɨɝɢɢ: ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɣ ɉɨɥɢɛɢɹ, ɐɢɰɟɪɨɧɚ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ»24. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɚ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. ȼ 1792 ɝ. ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬ ɝɪɚɮ ɋ.P. ȼɨɪɨɧɰɨɜ ɜ ɛɟɫɟɞɟ ɫ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ Ƚ. Ɇɨɪɪɢɫɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ «ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚɦ» Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ. Ɉɧ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɛɪɚɬɚ Ⱥ.P. ȼɨɪɨɧɰɨɜɚ, ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰ-ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ25. ȼ 1807 ɝ. ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɨ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɚɯ26. ȿɫɬɶ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ I ɛɵɥ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɦɢ ɜ «Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɫɬɟ»27. ȼ XX ɜ. ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ XVIII ɜ., ȼɨɣɧɨɣ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɟɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ, ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ (Ȼɨɥɯɨɜɢɬɢɧɨɜ ɇ.ɇ., Ɏɭɪɫɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., əɤɨɜɥɟɜ ɇ.ɇ., ɋɟɜɨɫɬɶɹɧɨɜ Ƚ.ɇ., ɍɬɤɢɧ Ⱥ.ɂ., ɋɨɝɪɢɧ ȼ.ȼ., ɍɲɚɤɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ., ɉɥɟɲɤɨɜ ȼ.ɇ., Ɍɪɨɹɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɇ.Ɉ., ɒɩɨɬɨɜ Ȼ.Ɇ. ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ28). ɗɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ 24 Breil W. Republik ohne Demagogie: Ein Vergleich der sozialpolitischen Anschauungen von Polybios, Cicero und Alexander Hamilton. – Bochum, 1983. 25 Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɋɒȺ: ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. 1765–1815 / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɋ.Ʌ. Ɍɢɯɜɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, Ʌ.ɂ. ɉɚɧɢɧɚ, ɇ.ɇ. Ȼɨɥɯɨɜɢɬɢɧɨɜɚ. – Ɇ., 1980. – ɋ. 188–189. 26 Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ Ⱥ. Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ-ɤɚɡɧɚɱɟɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ, ɭɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɒɬɚɬɚɦ ɜ 1791 ɝ. ɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɟ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɧɵɯ ɤ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɢɸ. – ɋɉɛ., 1807. Ɉ ɩɪɟɞɵɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɫɦ.: Bolkhovitinov N.N. The Beginnings of Russian–American Relations, 1775–1815. – Cambridge (Mass.) – London, 1975. – P. 352. 27 Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɋɒȺ: ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. – ɋ. 236. 28 Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ XVIII ɜ., ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ: Ȼɨɥɯɨɜɢɬɢɧɨɜ ɇ.ɇ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ // ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɋɒȺ: ȼ 4 ɬ. – Ɍ. 1. – Ɇ., 1983. – ɋ. 651– 658; Ʉɚɥɚɲɧɢɤɨɜ ȼ.Ɇ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɋɒȺ. – Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1987; Ȼɨɥɯɨɜɢɬɢɧɨɜ ɇ.ɇ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɭɬɶɟ: ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɞɨɝɦɵ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ // ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. – 1991. – ʋ 7–8; Ɉɧ ɠɟ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɋɒȺ // Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɢɤ, 1992. – Ɇ., 1993. – ɋ. 7–15; Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ V ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɒȺ. – Ɇ., 1998; Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ // ɋɒȺ–Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ: ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ. – 1999. – ʋ 9. – ɋ. 3–18; Ȼɨɥɯɨɜɢɬɢ- 11 ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɚ XVIII ɜ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɭ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɪɚɛɨɬ ȼ.ȼ. ɋɨɝɪɢɧɚ ɢ ȼ.Ɉ. ɉɟɱɚɬɧɨɜɚ. ɀɢɜɨ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ, ɷɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɚɦ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ. ɗɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɯɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ, ɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ29. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɢɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɤ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɭ, ɟɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1774–1788 ɝɝ., ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɜɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɦɮɥɟɬɚ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɞɨ ɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɛ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɮɥɟɬɵ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɚ 1774–1788 ɝɝ.: «ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ» (1774)30, «Ɉɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɟ Ɏɟɪɦɟɪɚ» (1775)31, «Ɂɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɨ Ʉɜɟɛɟɤɫɤɨɦ ɛɢɥɥɟ» (1775)32, «ɉɭɛɥɢɣ» (1778)33, «Ʉɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɢɫɬ» (1781–1782)34, «ɉɢɫɶɦɚ Ɏɨɤɢɨɧɚ» (1784)35, «Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɫɬ» ɧɨɜ ɇ.ɇ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 1814–1999 // ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ. – 2000. – ʋ 3 (121). – ɋ. 48–64. 29 ɋɨɝɪɢɧ ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɋɒȺ // ɇɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. – 1976. – ʋ 1–2; Ɉɧ ɠɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɋɒȺ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɵ. – Ɇ., 1983: ɉɟɱɚɬɧɨɜ ȼ.Ɉ. Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ ɢ Ⱦɠɟɮɮɟɪɫɨɧ. – Ɇ., 1984. 30 Hamilton A. The Papers: 27 vols. / Ed. by H.C. Syrett. – Vol. 1. – N.Y.–L., 1961. – P. 45–78. 31 Ibid. – P. 81–165. 32 Ibid. – P. 165–176. 33 Ibid. – P. 563–564, 568–570, 580–582. 34 Hamilton A. The Papers. – Vol. 2. – P. 649–652, 654–657, 660–665, 669–674; Vol. 3. – P. 75–82, 99–106. 35 Hamilton A. The Papers. – Vol. 3. – P. 483–496, 530–558. 12
