Качество городского воздуха (Экологический доклад, №1)

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Rfxtcndj
ujhjlcrjuj djpleöf
1
Rähnbc Veh
Tldf kb d vbht yfqltncz öjnm jlby
ujhjl, rjnjhjve elfkjcm bpåtéfnm
pfuhzpytybz djpleöf, änjq xevs yfituj dhtvtyb. Lfét d ujhjlfö, ytrjulf
ckfdbdiböcz xbcnjnjq b ytpfuhzpytyyjcnmñ fnvjcaths, nfrbö rfr ÅeäyjcFqhtc, Ltydth b Vflhbl, djpleö
ntgthm yfcnjkmrj jnhfdkty dhtlysvb
dtotcndfvb, xnj cgjcjåty eåbnm bkb
ekjébnm yf åjkmybxyeñ rjqre yt
njkmrj åjkmysö b jckfåktyysö, yj b
ghfrnbxtcrb pljhjdsö kñltq. Jlyfrj
gjkjétybt ytåtpyfltéyj, gjcrjkmre
ujhjlf b cnhfys dj dctv vbht yfxbyfñn ghbybvfnm ecgtiyst vths gj
åjhmåt c pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf. Bö
lbfgfpjy ljcnfnjxyj ibhjr, jn pfghtnjd yf gfhrjdre fdnjvjåbktq b ddtltybz gtitöjlysö lytq lj vfccjdsö
jabwbfkmysö jåzpfntkmysö ghjuhfvv
gj ecnfyjdrt yf äktrnhjcnfywbzö
gthtljdsö cbcntv jxbcnrb dsåhjcjd d
fnvjcathe. Kbim jxtym ytvyjubt bp
gthtxbcktyysö vth lfñn bltfkmyst
htpekmnfns, yj ytvfkj b nfrbö,
rjnjhst gjpdjkzñn ljcnbxm pfvtxfntkmysö ecgtöjd, b bvtyyj gjänjve bö
xfcnj gjghjcne yt pfvtxfñn.
YTPFVTNYST ECGTÖB
D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, yfghbvth,
fdnjvjåbkbcns jnrfpfkbcm jn åtypbyf
c ljåfdrfvb cdbywf, jcyjdyjq ghbxbys
pfuhzpytybz djpleöf, nfr xnj gj-
lfdkzñott åjkmibycndj cnfywbq
jåckeébdfybz åjkmit yt ghjlfñn tuj.
Gjcrjkmre d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö d
åtypby ntgthm ghfrnbxtcrb yt ljåfdkztncz cdbytw, tuj chtlyzz rjywtynhfwbz d rhjdb ltntq egfkf gjxnb
dldjt. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj ghjbpdjlbntkb åtypbyf c ghbvtcmñ b ljåfdrfvb cdbywf ghtlcrfpsdfkb hjcn wty yf
njgkbdj b cjrhfotybt tuj gjcnfdjr, bö
ghjuyjps yt jghfdlfkbcm. Ctqxfc
fvthbrfycrbt djlbntkb tldf kb pfvtxfñn jncencndbt änjuj jgfcyjuj lkz
pljhjdmz njgkbdf, tckb djjåot bvtñn
ghtlcnfdktybt j tuj ceotcndjdfybb.
Evtymitybt rjywtynhfwbb cdbywf d
fnvjcatht cnfkj ≤jlybv bp dtkbxfqibö ecgtöjd d jöhfyt jrheéfñotq
chtls≥, cxbnftn Vfqrk Ejki, rjycekmnbheñobq ghfdbntkmcndf Rbnfz,
Idtwbb, Idtqwfhbb b hzlf lheubö
cnhfy.
Ltqcndbntkmyj, kbrdblfwbz cjlthéfotuj cdbytw åtypbyf gjvjukf ghjldbyenm yf hsyjr yjdjt gjrjktybt
tot åjktt ≤ärjkjubxtcrb xbcnsö≥
dbljd vjnjhyjuj njgkbdf. Bö
öbvbxtcrbq cjcnfd gjldthucz
bpvtytybñ, b ntgthm d ytv jncencndetn
lj 90 ghjwtynjd åtypjkf b lheubö
njrcbxysö byuhtlbtynjd. Änj ghbdtkj
r njve, xnj gjckt dcnegktybz d cbke
ghfdbk jå jåzpfntkmyjq ghjlfét
ärjkjubxtcrb xbcnsö dbljd åtypbyf
ehjdtym pfuhzpytybz djpleöf dj
vyjubö fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö egfk lj
15 ghjwtynjd. Jlyfrj ecgtöb åjhmås
c pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf yt
juhfybxbdfñncz ghjuhfvvfvb
gthtöjlf yf lheujt njgkbdj.
D Zgjybb dct äktrnhjcnfywbb
cnhfys åskb jcyfotys nfrbvb ntöyjkjubzvb cybétybz ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz
jrheéfñotq chtls, rfr abkmnhs,
ecnfyfdkbdftvst yf lsvjdsö nheåfö
– ecnhjqcndf, gjpdjkzñobt elfkznm
lj 95 ghjwtynjd cthysö cjtlbytybq bp
ghjvsiktyysö dsåhjcjd d fnvjcathe. D 1974–1983 uu., ytcvjnhz yf
åehyjt hfpdbnbt ärjyjvbrb, änj
gjpdjkbkj ghbvthyj yf 40 ghjwtynjd
cjrhfnbnm dsåhjcs ldejrbcb cths,
pfuhzpyzñotuj dtotcndf, jåhfpeñotujcz ghb cébufybb cthjcjlthéfobö
dbljd njgkbdf, nfrbö rfr eujkm b
ytanm. Dj Ahfywbb gjckt pfvtys änbö
dbljd njgkbdf yf fnjvyeñ äythubñ
GLR ldejrbcb cths gj cnhfyt egfkf
ghbvthyj yf 75 ghjwtynjd.
Hfpevttncz, yt dct cnhfys ghjzdkzñn ujnjdyjcnm gthtqnb yf zlthyjt
njgkbdj. Vyjubt bp ybö yt étkfñn d
jåzpfntkmyjv gjhzlrt ddtcnb ecnfyjdre jåjheljdfybz, gjpdjkzñotuj
evtymibnm dhtlyst dsåhjcs d fnvjcathe. Nj, xnj ujlbncz lkz jlyjuj
ujhjlf bkb jlyjq cnhfys, yt gjlöjlbn
lkz lheubö. Ntv yt vtytt, gjzdkztncz
dct åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq lkz htitybz ibhjrjuj rheuf ghjåktv pfuhzpytybz djpleöf. D jnltkmysö jåkfcnzö
elftncz ljcnbxm pfvtxfntkmysö ecgtöjd. D lheubö ét-gjrf ytn pfvtnyjuj
ghjuhtccf.
JGFCYJCNB PFUHZPYTYBZ
DJPLEÖF
Gj jwtyrfv Dctvbhyjq Jhufybpfwbb
Plhfdjjöhfytybz (DJP), 70 ghjwtynjd
ujhjlcrjuj yfctktybz d vbht lsibn
dhtlysv lkz pljhjdmz djpleöjv, gj
rhfqytq vtht d jghtltktyyst ghjvtéenrb dhtvtyb, f 10 ghjwtynjd –
djpleöjv, ehjdtym pfuhzpytyyjcnb
rjnjhjuj ghbåkbéftncz r jgfcyjve
ghtltke. Lfét d Cjtlbytyysö
Infnfö, ult djpleö pfuhzpyty ujhfplj
vtymit, xtv d ujhjlfö vyjubö
hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy, d bccktljdfybzö extysö Ufhdfhlcrjuj eybdthcbntnf ghbdjlzncz lfyyst j njv, xnj
xhtpvthyfz pfuhzpytyyjcnm djpleöf
zdkztncz ghbxbyjq cvthnb
50 000–100 000 xtkjdtr d ujl.
Pfuhzpytybt djpleöf åjkmit djpltqcndetn yf ltntq, xtv yf dphjcksö,
b åtlyst ltnb, gjldthétyyst åjktt
hfpyjjåhfpysv dblfv b åjktt dscjrbv ehjdyzv pfuhzpytybz, cnhflfñn
åjkmit dctö. Bccktljdfybz gjrfpfkb,
xnj e ltntq, ébdeobö d ujhjlfö c
gjdsityysv ehjdytv pfuhzpytyyjcnb
djpleöf, vtymibq jåütv kturbö, xnj
jyb xfot ghjgecrfñn irjke gj åjktpyb b xfot gjgflfñn d åjkmybwe.
Åjktt ybprbq dtc b yföjlzobtcz yf
cnflbb hfpdbnbz jhufys ltntq ghbdjlzn r njve, xnj gj chfdytybñ cj
dphjcksvb bö pljhjdmñ uhjpbn
åjkmifz jgfcyjcnm. Ghbdsxrb ltntq
eceueåkzñn äne jgfcyjcnm: vkfltyws
åtp hfpåjhf cjcen pfuhzpytyyst ghtlvtns, f ltnb gjcnfhit buhfñn yf
ekbwfö, ult djpleö jnhfdkty dsökjgysvb ufpfvb, cjlthéfobvb cdbytw.
Nfr, yfghbvth, gj cjjåotybzv,
gjcnegbdibv bp åhfpbkmcrjuj ujhjlf
Reåfnfj, d 1980 u. 40 bp rfélsö 1000
vkfltywtd d änjv ujhjlt hjélfkbcm
vthndsvb, tot 40–bvtkb dhjéltyyst
jnrkjytybz b evbhfkb d ntxtybt gthdjq ytltkb ébpyb. D njv ét ujle, d
Reåfnfj, yfctktybt rjnjhjuj cjcnfdkztn 80 000 xtkjdtr, yfcxbnsdfkjcm
10 000 dspjdjd ytjnkjéyjq vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob d cdzpb c pfåjktdfybzvb
neåthrektpjv, djcgfktybtv kturbö,
åhjyöbnjv, ävabptvjq, fcnvjq b
lheubvb htcgbhfnjhysvb pfåjktdfybzvb.
2
D Uhtwbb d Åjkmibö Fabyfö d gthbjls yfbåjkmituj pfuhzpytybz djpleöf ehjdtym cvthnyjcnb djphfcnftn yf
500 ghjwtynjd. Lfét d hfqjyfö,
elfktyysö jn ghjvsiktyysö ghtlghbznbq, pfuhzpytybt djpleöf vjétn
yfytcnb dhtl pljhjdmñ. Nfr, yfghbvth,
gj cjjåotybzv extysö, d nhjgbxtcrbö
ktcfö Fahbrb yfåkñlfñncz rbckjnyst ljélb b cvju, gj cdjtq byntycbdyjcnb yt ecnegfñobt fyfkjubxysv
zdktybzv d Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgt, xnj,
dthjznyj, jåüzcyztncz htuekzhysv
dsébufybtv keujd c wtkmñ jxbcnrb
ptvkb. Cnjkm zhrbt ghbvths ecrjhbkb
dj dctv vbht ghjwtcc ghjdtltybz
vthjghbznbq gj clthébdfybñ pfuhzpytybz ujhjlcrjuj djpleöf.
DTOTCNDF,
PFUHZPYZÑOBT DJPLEÖ
C 1970-ö uu. d ghjuhfvvfö åjhmås c
pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf jcyjdyjt dybvfybt eltkzkjcm ghtljndhfotybñ
dsåhjcjd d fnvjcathe yfbåjktt
jgfcysö dtotcnd, jnhfdkzñobö ujhjlcrjq djpleö: vfrhjxfcnbw (lsvf b
cféb), euktdjljhjljd, ldejrbcb cths,
jrbcb fpjnf, jpjyf (ajnjöbvbxtcrjuj
cvjuf), eufhyjuj ufpf b cdbywf.
Eufhysq ufp. Dctvbhyfz Jhufybpfwbz Plhfdjjöhfytybz jåyfheébkf, xnj
dj vyjubö ujhjlfö cjlthéfybt eufhyjuj ufpf htuekzhyj ljcnbuftn jgfcyjuj lkz pljhjdmz ehjdyz b vjétn ghbdtcnb r cybétybñ ävåhbjyfkmyjuj
dtcf, gjdsityyjq ghtyfnfkmyjq cvthnyjcnb b gjdhtéltybzv vjpuf d pfdbcbvjcnb jn gthbjlf dhtvtyb, d ntxtybt
rjnjhjuj åthtvtyyfz étyobyf gjldthufkfcm djpltqcndbñ änjuj dhtlyjuj
dtotcndf, f nfrét jn tuj rjywtynhfwbb
d djpleöt.
Dj vyjubö ujhjlcrbö hfqjyfö
dsåhjcs jrbcb eukthjlf d fnvjcathe
gjxnb gjkyjcnmñ ghböjlzncz yf dsökjgyst ufps nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd.
Gjänjve ecgtö ghjuhfvv gj cybétybñ
cjlthéfybz jrbcb eukthjlf d djpleöt
pfdbcbn, ghtélt dctuj, jn rjynhjkz pf
dsåhjcfvb dsökjgysö ufpjd, yfghbvth, jn ghbvtytybz rfnfkbnbxtcrbö
ytqnhfkbpfnjhjd, ghtdhfofñobö åjkmieñ xfcnm jrbcb eukthjlf d tuj ldejrbcm. D ujhjlfö dctuj bylecnhbfkmyjuj
vbhf gjljåyst rjynhjkmyst ecnhjqcndf ceotcndtyyj cybéfñn dsltktybt
jrbcb eukthjlf b tt rjywtynhfwbñ d
djpleöt: d Zgjybb d gthbjl 1973–1984
uu. cjlthéfybt jrbcb eukthjlf d
jrheéfñotq chtlt cybpbkjcm ghbåkbpbntkmyj yf 50 ghjwtynjd, f d CIF
c 1980 gj 1989 uu. rjywtynhfwbz jrbcb
eukthjlf d djpleöt evtymibkfcm yf
28 ghjwtynjd, ytcvjnhz yf 39-ghjwtynysq hjcn eltkmyjuj ghjåtuf nhfycgjhnf. Jlyfrj d åjkmibycndt hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy cjlthéfybt jrbcb
eukthjlf d djpleöt edtkbxbdftncz gj
vtht hjcnf xbckf nhfycgjhnysö
chtlcnd b ljhjéysö ≤ghjåjr≥. Jhbtynbhjdjxyst gjlcxtns DJP cdbltntkmcndeñn j njv, xnj, gj-dblbvjve,
ghbåkbpbntkmyj d gjkjdbyt ujhjljd
vbhf ehjdtym rjywtynhfwbb eufhyjuj
ufpf d fnvjcatht yfyjcbn dhtl pljhjdmñ xtkjdtrf.
Jrbcb fpjnf. Änb dtotcndf, jåhfpeñobtcz gjchtlcndjv cjtlbytybz
fnvjcathyjuj fpjnf b rbckjhjlf gjl
djpltqcndbtv ntgkjdjq äythubb,
dsltkzñotqcz d htpekmnfnt hfåjns
ldbufntktq dyenhtyytuj cujhfybz,
ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq wtksq hzl jgfcyjcntq lkz pljhjdmz xtkjdtrf. Cfvb gj
ctåt jrbcb fpjnf hfpheifñn kturbt.
Fnvjcathyfz htfrwbz ghbdjlbn r
jåhfpjdfybñ vtkmxfqibö xfcnbw
ybnhfnf, jxtym ukeåjrj ghjybrfñobö
d kturbt. Nt ét ybnhfns htfubheñn c
djlyjq chtljq – dkfujq d kturbö bkb
djlzysvb gfhfvb d fnvjcatht – b
jåhfpeñn rbckjns. Yfrjytw, ghb
zhrjv cjkytxyjv cdtnt jrbcb fpjnf
htfubheñn c ytcujhtdibvb åtypbyjdsvb gfhfvb b lheubvb euktdjljhjlfvb, jåhfpez ybprjfnvjcathysq
jpjy, bkb ≤cvju≥ rhfcyj-åeheñ lsvre,
jådjkfrbdfñoeñ åjkmibycndj
ujhjljd vbhf.
Ldejrbcm cths. Dsåhjcs ldejrbcb
cths ghjbcöjlzn d jcyjdyjv d htpekmnfnt cébufybz cthjcjlthéfobö bcrjgftvsö dbljd njgkbdf – d jcyjdyjv
eukz – lkz ghjbpdjlcndf äktrnhjäythubb bkb jnjgktybz ébksö ljvjd. Gj
jwtyrfv dctvbhyjq Cbcntvs ärjkjubxtcrjuj rjynhjkz, abyfycbhetvjq
JJY, d 1987 u. ldt nhtnb ujhjlcrjuj
yfctktybz ébkb d ujhjlfö, ult rjywtynhfwbz ldejrbcb cths d fnvjcatht
hfdyzkfcm ecnfyjdktyyjve DJP
ghtltkmyjve ehjdyñ bkb ghtdsifkf
tuj. Ghtlcnfdkzñofz cjåjq tlrbq, yj
åtcwdtnysq ufp, ldejrbcm cths vjétn
dspdfnm ghbcnegs fcnvs. Yföjlzcm d
fnvjcatht, änj cjtlbytybt gjldthuftncz htfrwbb, jåhfpez ndthlst xfcnbws b
rbckjns.
Ndthlst xfcnbws. Jåsxyj yfpsdftvst ghjcnj lsvjv bkb cfétq,
ndthlst xfcnbws xfcnj zdkzñncz
yfbåjktt jxtdblysvb b, rfr ghfdbkj,
nfrét yfbåjktt jgfcysvb pfuhzpyzñ-
obvb dtotcndfvb d djpleöt. Gj jwtyrfv dctvbhyjq Cbcntvs ärjkjubxtcrjuj rjynhjkz, abyfycbhetvjq JJY,
d 1987 u. 70 ghjwtynjd vbhjdjuj ujhjlcrjuj yfctktybz ghjébdfkj d ujhjlfö, ult rjywtynhfwbz dpdtityysö
xfcnbw ghtdsifkf jcyjdyst cnfylfhns
DJP.
Ytrjnjhst ndthlst xfcnbws dsåhfcsdfñncz bp nheå ghjvsiktyysö
ghtlghbznbq d dblt uecnjuj xthyjuj
lsvf, yj yfbåjktt jgfcysvb bp änbö
pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd zdkzñncz
≤vtkrbt xfcnbws≥. D cbke cdjtuj
vfkjuj hfpvthf jyb ukeåjrj ghjybrfñn d kturbt. Åjkmibycndj bp änbö
vtkrbö xfcnbw djpybrftn gfhfkktkmyj
c lheubvb pfuhzpyzñobvb dtotcndfvb,
jcjåtyyj c ldejrbcmñ cths b jrbcmñ
fpjnf, b öbvbxtcrb bpvtyzñncz, jåhfpez ybnhfns b cekmafns. D pfdbcbvjcnb jn ujhjlf lj gjkjdbys dctö
ndthlsö xfcnbw, gjzdkzñoböcz d
ghjwtcct ltzntkmyjcnb xtkjdtrf, jåhfpeñncz d htpekmnfnt ghtjåhfpjdfybz d
fnvjcatht ldejrbcb cths d xfcnbws
cekmafnf. D lheubö ujhjlfö ybnhfns,
jåhfpeñobtcz fyfkjubxysv jåhfpjv
bp jrbctq fpjnf, vjuen cjcnfdkznm
jlye nhtnm bkb åjktt ndthlsö xfcnbw.
Euktdjljhjls. Yfpsdftvst ≤ktnexbvb jhufybxtcrbvb cjtlbytybzvb≥
(KJC) bkb ≤frnbdysvb jhufybxtcrbvb
ufpfvb≥ (FJU), euktdjljhjls zdkzñncz ytcujhftvsvb gfhfvb åtypbyf b
gjåjxysvb ghjlernfvb ytgjkyjuj cujhfybz. Lheubt euktdjljhjls, ytrjnjhst bp rjnjhsö dspsdfñn ktqrtvbñ,
hfr bkb lheubt euhjéfñobt ébpyb
pfåjktdfybz, dtcmvf hfpyjjåhfpys – jn
ghbvtyztvsö d öbvxbcnrt hfcndjhjd
lj ghjvsiktyysö jåtpébhbdfñobö
dtotcnd.
Jpjy, bkb ajnjöbvbxtcrbq
≤cvju≥. Cjcnjzobq åerdfkmyj bp cjnty
öbvbxtcrbö dtotcnd, cjlthéfoböcz d
cvjut, jpjy jåhfpetncz d htpekmnfnt
htfrwbb dctö ghbcencndeñobö d
ujhjlcrjv djpleöt euktdjljhjljd c
jrbczvb fpjnf. Jlyfrj d cbke njuj,
xnj chtlb ybö ghtdfkbhetn jlby –
jpjy, ghfdbntkmcndf gjkmpeñncz bv d
rfxtcndt rhbnthbz lkz jghtltktybz
rjywtynhfwbb ghjlernjd ajnjöbvbxtcrjuj hfpkjétybz d wtkjv. Jpjy
(yfhzle c ökjhjv) zdkztncz yfcnjkmrj
cbkmysv jrbckbntktv, xnj d ytrjnjhsö ujhjlfö jy bcgjkmpetncz lkz
ltpbyatrwbb gbnmtdjq djls. Vyjubt
extyst cxbnfñn, xnj änj yfbåjktt
njrcbxyjt bp dctö jåsxysö pfuhzpyzñobö djpleö dtotcnd. Jyj yfcnjkm-
rj zljdbnj, xnj ghb ghjdtltybb tuj
kfåjhfnjhysö bcgsnfybq ghbikjcm
elfkbnm bp bcgsnfntkmysö rfvth
rféljuj ltcznjuj ljåhjdjkmwf,
gjcrjkmre e ybö gthtödfnbkj lsöfybt.
Ghb ghjdtltybb jgsnjd yf kfåjhfnjhysö ébdjnysö jpjy ghbdjlbn r jåhfpjdfybñ ihfvjd b gjdhtéltybñ rktnjr, yfgjvbyfñobö ihfvs b gjdhtéltybz rktnjr e rehzobö kñltq.
Gjcrjkmre ävbccbb jrbctq fpjnf b
euktdjljhjljd edtkbxbkbcm, lfét d
ctkmcrjq vtcnyjcnb rjywtynhfwbz
jpjyf eldjbkfcm b ctqxfc ghbåkbéftncz r ghtltkmyjve ehjdyñ
njrcbxyjcnb lkz vyjubö åbjkjubxtcrbö dbljd.
Cdbytw. Cthtåhbcnj-cthsq vtnfkk,
njrcbxysq d kñåjq bpdtcnyjq ajhvt,
cdbytw ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jcjåtyyj
cthmtpyeñ euhjpe lkz ltntq lj itcnb
ktn, rjnjhst jåsxyj ghjukfnsdfñn
tuj d dblt recrjd rhfcrb c dyenhtyybö
cnty plfybz. Nzétksq vtnfkk
yfheiftn evcndtyyjt hfpdbnbt,
pfvtlkztn hjcn, eöeliftn ckeö b htxm
htåtyrf b kbiftn tuj cgjcjåyjcnb
cjchtljnjxbnmcz. Lfét djpltqcndbt
rhfqyt ybprbö rjywtynhfwbq, gjdblbvjve, cdzpfyj c gjcktleñotq
evcndtyyjq jncnfkjcnmñ ltntq.
Gjcrjkmre jcyjdysv bcnjxybrjv
cdbywf zdkzñncz dsökjgyst ufps
nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd, pfghfdktyysö
åtypbyjv, cjlthéfobv ghbvtcb
cdbywf, tuj vjéyj yfqnb gjdcñle, ult
njkmrj tcnm kturjdst fdnjvjåbkb,
uhepjdbrb b fdnjåecs. Lfét d cnhfyfö,
jnrfpfdiböcz jn bcgjkmpjdfybz
åtypbyf c ghbvtcmñ cdbywf, gskm
jcnftncz pfuhzpytyyjq gjckt ltcznbktnbq tuj bcgjkmpjdfybz. D Vtöbrj,
yfghbvth, åskj jåyfheétyj, xnj e
7 bp 10 yjdjhjéltyysö änjuj ujhjlf
cjlthéfybt cdbywf d rhjdb åskj dsit
yjhvs DJP.
D ujhjlcrbö hfqjyfö yt njkmrj
cdbytw, yj b vyjubt lheubt njrcbxyst
dtotcndf cbkmyj pfuhzpyzñn djpleö.
R ybv jnyjczncz fcåtcn b nzétkst
vtnfkks (nfrbt rfr rflvbq, vsimzr,
vfhufytw, ybrtkm b wbyr) b wtksq hzl
jhufybxtcrbö cjtlbytybq (nfrbö rfr
åtypjk b lheubt euktdjljhjls b
fkmltubls). D 1987 u. fvthbrfycrbt
rjvgfybb ghjbpdtkb yt vtytt 1,2 vky
vtnhbxtcrbö njyy njrcbxysö dtotcnd,
pfuhzpyzñobö fnvjcathe. Gj jwtyrfv
Futyncndf gj jöhfyt jrheéfñotq
chtls CIF, djpltqcndbt änbö dtotcnd
tétujlyj dspsdftn 1700–2700 hfpyjdblyjcntq hfrjdjq åjktpyb.
GHJUHFVVS ÅJHMÅS C
PFUHZPYTYBTV DJPLEÖF
Bcgjkmpjdfybt fdnjvjåbkmyjuj nhfycgjhnf dspsdftn åjkmitt pfuhzpytybt
djpleöf, xtv kñåfz lheufz jnltkmyj
dpznfz ltzntkmyjcnm. Yf ytuj ghböjlbncz gjxnb gjkjdbyf jrbctq fpjnf,
gjkexftvsö d htpekmnfnt xtkjdtxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb, 2/3 eufhyjuj ufpf
b jrjkj gjkjdbys euktdjljhjljd d
ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbnsö cnhfyfö, f
nfrét dtcm cjlthéfobqcz d djpleöt
cdbytw d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö. D
åjkmibycndt ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbnsö
cnhfy äktrnhjcnfywbb jåotuj gjkmpjdfybz dsåhfcsdfñn d fnvjcathe lj
2/3 ldejrbcb cths b 1/3–1/2 jåotq
ävbccbb åjkmibycndf lheubö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ldt
gthdjjxthtlyst ghjåktvs vyjubö
ghjuhfvv gj åjhmåt c pfuhzpytybtv
djpleöf – änj fdnjvjåbkmysq
nhfycgjhn b äktrnhjcnfywbb, öjnz d
ytrjnjhsö hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö
gthdjcntgtyyjt dybvfybt eltkztncz
ghtljndhfotybñ pfuhzpytybz d
htpekmnfnt ibhjrjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz
ltitdjuj b bvtñotujcz d åjkmijv
rjkbxtcndt eukz, ghbvtyztvjuj lkz
ghbujnjdktybz gbob d ljvfiybö eckjdbzö b ytwtynhfkbpjdfyyjuj jnjgktybz
ljvjd b rdfhnbh.
Tckb yt cxbnfnm ujhjljd, ult öjlmåf b tplf yf dtkjcbgtlfö jcnfñncz
jcyjdyjq ajhvjq gthtldbétybz, gjxnb
ytdjpvjéyj dcthmtp åjhjnmcz c
pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf, yt cjchtljnjxbd
dybvfybz yf dsåhjcfö dhtlysö
dtotcnd d fnvjcathe, ghjbpdjlbvsö
vjnjwbrkfvb, vjgtlfvb, vfibyfvb,
uhepjdbrfvb b fdnjåecfvb. Lfét d
ujhjlfö, ult ghtjåkflfñobv dbljv
nhfycgjhnf zdkztncz dtkjcbgtl,
åscnhj hfcntn xbckj fdnjvjåbktq.
Åjktt 500 vky fdnjvjåbktq b lheubö
xfcnysö b jåotcndtyysö fdnjnhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd tplzn ctqxfc gj
ljhjufv vbhf. Änj d 10 hfp åjkmit,
xtv d 1950 u. Cjukfcyj gjcktlybv
ghjuyjpfv, xthtp cjhjr ktn vbhjdjq
gfhr nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd eldjbncz b
cjcnfdbn ghbvthyj vbkkbfhl vfiby.
Åjkmifz xfcnm änjuj hjcnf ghbltncz
yf hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys. Jéblftncz,
xnj r rjywe dtrf cghjc yf fdnjvjåbkb
edtkbxbncz nfv åjktt xtv yf 200 ghjwtynjd, xnj pyfxbntkmyj jåjcnhbn
ceotcndeñobt ghjåktvs pfuhzpytybz
jrheéfñotq chtls, jcjåtyyj d
ujhjlfö.
Nfv, ult lj cbö gjh ibhjrj
bcgjkmpetncz cjlthéfobq cdbytw
3
HTDJKÑWBZ D RJYNHJKT PF FNVJCATHYSVB DSÅHJCFVB
Ldflwfnm ktn njve yfpfl rfnfkbnbxtcrbö ghtjåhfpjdfntktq yf hsyrt yt ceotcndjdfkj. Rjulf herjdjlbntkb
Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd dgthdst ddtkb juhfybxtybz yf dsåhjcs pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd d fnvjcathe, xnj b cltkfkj
ytjåöjlbvsv hfphfåjnre änbö ghtjåhfpjdfntktq, ghtpbltyn ≤Létythfk vjnjhc≥, rhegytqituj vbhjdjuj
ghjbpdjlbntkz fdnjvjåbktq, pfzdbk: ≤Yfcrjkmrj yfv bpdtcnyj, ljcnbétybt änbö wtktq ytdjpvjéyj ghjcnj c
ntöybxtcrjq njxrb phtybz≥. Ntv yt vtytt, c rjywf 1980-ö uu. gjxnb rfélfz dyjdm dsgecrftvfz kturjdfz fdnjvfibyf,
vbrhjfdnjåec bkb ytåjkmijq uhepjdbr-gbrfg, ghjlfdftvst d CIF, åskb jcyfotys rfnfkbnbxtcrbv ytqnhfkbpfnjhjv, rjnjhsq gjvju cjrhfnbnm dsåhjcs ktnexbö jhufybxtcrbö cjtlbytybq b jrbcb eukthjlf d fnvjcathe ghbvthyj
yf 85 ghjwtynjd, f jrbckjd fpjnf – ghbåkbpbntkmyj yf 60 ghjwtynjd d ntxtybt dctuj chjrf ckeéås fdnjvfibys.
D 1980-ö uu. yfxfkjcm gjdctvtcnyjt ddtltybt jåzpfntkmyjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj rjynhjkz pf dsökjgjv kturjdsö
fdnjvfiby b uhepjdbrjd d CIF b Zgjybb, rjnjhst zdkzkbcm tlbycndtyysvb cnhfyfvb, bvtñobvb gthtljdst
ghjuhfvvs rjynhjkz pf pfuhzpytybtv jrheéfñotq chtls fdnjnhfycgjhnjv. Jlyfrj r 1993 u. cbnefwbz d rjhyt
bpvtybkfcm: rfélfz dtleofz uheggf cnhfy (öjnz b yt rfélfz cnhfyf dyenhb nfrjq uheggs), drkñxfz b ytrjnjhst
cnhfys åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf, ghbyzkf åjktt étcnrbt ghfdbkf rjynhjkz dsökjgf fdnjvjåbktq.
Fvthbrfycrbq nbg rjynhjkz gjkexbk åscnhjt hfcghjcnhfytybt d Pfgflyjq Tdhjgt d htpekmnfnt njuj, xnj
Uthvfybz, Idtqwfhbz, Fdcnhbz b Idtwbz åskb dct åjktt jåtcgjrjtys åscnhj hfcneobvb vfcinfåfvb eothåf
jrheéfñotq chtlt, rjnjhsq jnyjcbkb yf cxtn pfuhzpytybz fnvjcaths. Uthvfybz cnfkf jrfpsdfnm lfdktybt yf
cdjbö gfhnythjd gj Jåotve hsyre c wtkmñ ddtltybz åjktt étcnrbö cnfylfhnjd, d nj dhtvz rfr jcnfkmyst nhb
cnhfys, yt zdkzñobtcz xktyfvb TÄC b gjänjve ltqcndeñobt gj cdjtve ecvjnhtybñ, zcyj lfkb gjyznm, xnj jyb d
jlyjcnjhjyytv gjhzlrt gjnhtåeñn ecnfyjdktybz rjynhjkz yf jcyjdt rfnfkbnbxtcrbö ytqnhfkbpfnjhjd. Nfrjt
cjxtnfybt lfdktybz bpyenhb b cyfheéb ghbdtkj d 1989 u. r ghbyznbñ htitybz jå jåzpfntkmyjv ddtltybb
fvthbrfycrbö cnfylfhnjd lkz dctö vfiby, yfxbyfz c vjltktq 1992 u., dj dctö cnhfyfö Jåotuj hsyrf.
Änjn gjdjhjn yf 180 uhflecjd ghjbpjitk jxtym djdhtvz, nfr rfr d 1988 u. dgthdst d bcnjhbb xbcktyyjcnm
vbhjdjuj gfhrf fdnjvfiby ghtdscbkf 400 vky tlbybw. Öjnz cfvsq cnhtvbntkmysq hjcn ghjbcöjlbk d ntö htubjyfö
Fpbb, ghjvsiktyyjcnm rjnjhsö hfpdbdfkfcm åscnhsvb ntvgfvb, ghjlféb kturjdsö fdnjvjåbktq ljcnbukb
htrjhlysö ehjdytq b d dscjrjhfpdbnsö htubjyfö, nfrbö rfr Pfgflyfz Tdhjgf. R 1989 u. gj ljhjufv vbhf rjktcbkb
åjktt 500 vky fdnjvjåbktq (drkñxfz ghjbpdjlcndtyysq nhfycgjhn) – d 10 hfp åjkmit, xtv d 1950 u.
Gj-dblbvjve, änjn cnhtvbntkmysq hjcn rjkbxtcndf kturjdsö fdnjvjåbktq b uhepjdbrjd åeltn ghjljkéfnmcz
åtcrjytxyj. Ghtlgjkfuftncz, xnj r 2000 u. bö xbcktyyjcnm eldjbncz gj chfdytybñ c 1960 u., d gthdeñ jxthtlm
åkfujlfhz edtkbxtybñ gfhrf fdnjnhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd d Fpbb åjktt xtv d ldf hfpf b d Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt – gjxnb
d ldf c gjkjdbyjq hfpf.
Gjcrjkmre hfpheibntkmyst gjcktlcndbz pfuhzpytybz djpleöf cnfkb åjktt jxtdblysvb d rhegytqibö ujhjlfö
hfpdbdfñotuj vbhf, nfrbt cnhfys, rfr Vtrcbrf, Åhfpbkbz b Nfqdfym, nfrét ddtkb vths gj cybétybñ pfuhzpytybz
fnvjcaths yf jcyjdt rfnfkbnbxtcrbö ytqnhfkbpfnjhjd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, r rjywe ysytiytuj ltcznbktnbz änjn
vtnjl åeltn ghfrnbrjdfnmcz dj dctv vbht: d Zgjybb, yf Nfqdfyt b d Ñéyjq Rjhtt–d Fpbb, d Åhfpbkbb–d Ñéyjq
Fvthbrt, b d cnhfyfö Jåotuj hsyrf, f nfrét Fdcnhbb, Idtwbb b Idtqwfhbb–d Pfgflyjq Tdhjgt. D yfcnjzott dhtvz
80 ghjwtynjd dctö ghjbpdjlbvsö d vbht fdnjvjåbktq jndtxfñn cjjndtncndeñobv cjdhtvtyysv cnfylfhnfv yf
jcyjdt rfnfkbnbxtcrjq ytqnhfkbpfwbb.
F d Rfkbajhybb gjckt ghjljkébntkmysö ckeifybq ghfdbntkmcndj infnf d 1991 u. ddtkj nhtåjdfybt jå
jåzpfntkmyjq ghjlfét ≤nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd c yektdsv dsökjgjv≥ (NCYED) yfxbyfz c vjltktq 1998 u.
NCYED zdkzñncz jlyjq bp vth d hfvrfö rjvgktrcf dct eétcnjxfñoböcz cnfylfhnjd, rjnjhst åelen ddjlbnmcz
gjcntgtyyj. Gthdst NCYED ljkéys gjzdbnmcz yf ljhjufö r 1998 u., b jyb cjcnfdzn 2 ghjwtynf jn dctö ghjlfé
yjdsö fdnjvjåbktq, f r 2003 u. ehjdtym bö ghjlfé djphfcntn lj 10 ghjwtynjd. Yfåbhftn cbke b ldbétybt pf
ghtrhfotybt pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls lbptkmysvb ldbufntkzvb: tckb nfrbt ldbufntkb yt cyfåétys
cybéfñobvb pfuhzpytyyjcnm djpleöf ecnhjqcndfvb, jyb dsåhfcsdfñn d fnvjcathe d 30–70 hfp åjkmit ndthlsö
xfcnbw, xtv åtypbyjdst ldbufntkb, jåjheljdfyyst rfnfkbnbxtcrbvb ytqnhfkbpfnjhfvb.
Lj ytlfdytuj dhtvtyb pf lbptkmysvb ldbufntkzvb afrnbxtcrb yt jceotcndkzkjcm ybrfrjuj rjynhjkz, yj yjdst
cnfylfhns, ghbyznst d CIF b Tdhjgt, lfkb cnbvek hfpdbnbñ ntöyjkjubq, jåtofñobö pyfxbntkmyjt ekexitybt
gjrfpfntktq dsökjgf lbptkmysö ldbufntktq. Åskb hfphfåjnfys cfétekjdbntkb, n.t. ecnhjqcndf, ekfdkbdfñobt
ghjbpdjlbveñ lbptkmysvb ldbufntkzvb cfée c wtkmñ tt gjcktleñotuj eybxnjétybz, f nfrét cgtwbfkmyj
vjlbabwbhjdfyyst rfnfkbnbxtcrbt ytqnhfkbpfnjhs. D Zgjybb ghfdbntkmcndj ecnfyfdkbdftn yjhvfnbds rfr gj
cjcnfde njgkbdf, nfr b gj öfhfrnthbcnbrfv ldbufntktq, b cxbnftncz, xnj d änjq cnhfyt ltqcndeñn cfvst
étcnrbt d vbht nhtåjdfybz r rfxtcnde njgkbdf.
Njkmrj gjcnjzyyj eétcnjxfñobtcz cnfylfhns cltkfkb djpvjéysv clthébdfnm pfuhzpytybt djpleöf
fdnjnhfycgjhnjv, ytcvjnhz yf åscnhsq hjcn rfr rjkbxtcndf fdnjvjåbktq yf ljhjufö, nfr b, xnj tot dféytt, bö
cevvfhyjuj ghjåtuf. Ytbpdtcnyj, xnj ghbytctn åeleott. Kbåj dsåhjcs dsökjgysö nheå yeéyj jåzpfntkmyj
ghbåkbpbnm r yekñ, kbåj yeéyj rjynhjkbhjdfnm edtkbxtybt gfhrf fdnjvjåbktq, kbåj b nj b lheujt dvtcnt. Tckb
åjkmibt ujhjlf vbhf öjnzn bvtnm djpleö, ghbujlysq lkz lsöfybz, ytbpåtéyj ghbltncz kbåj cjrhfofnm jåütv
gjcnegfñobö d fnvjcathe dsökjgysö ufpjd lj åkbprbö r yekñ pyfxtybq, kbåj clthébdfnm hjcn gfhrf
fdnjnhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd, kbåj ltkfnm nj b lheujt dvtcnt.
4
Lfyyst gj dytlhtybñ nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd c yektdsv bkb åkbprbv r yekñ dsåhjcjv
(GNCYD, NCYD, NCCYD, NCYED)
D ybétghbdtltyyjq nfåkbwt erfpsdfñncz lfyyst, erfpsdfñobt, xnj ghjbpdjlbntkb fdnjvjåbktq ljkéys yfxfnm
ghjlfdfnm yjdst, vtytt pfuhzpyzñobt djpleö nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf d cjjndtncndbb c nhtåjdfybzvb infnf Rfkbajhybz
yf ghbvtht dsåhjcf euktdjljhjljd. Yfghbvth, d 1998 u. 48fi jn yjdsö ghjlfyysö vfiby ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm
ghtltkmyjve dsåhjce 0,25 u/rv, 48fi ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm cnfylfhne yf nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf c ybprbv dsåhjcjv
(NCYD) 0,075 u/rv, 2fi ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm cnfylfhne yf nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf cj cdthöybprbv dsåhjcjv (NCCYD)
0,040 u/rv, 2fi ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm cnfylfhne yf nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf c yektdsv dsåhjcjv (NCYED). D chtlytv
änf wbahf lkz dctö yjdsö vfiby ljkéyf cjcnfdkznm 0,157 u/rv.
Vjltkm
Ujl
0,39
0,25
GNCYB¡
0,125
NCYD
0,075
NCCYB
0,040
NCYEB
0,00
1994
10fi
80fi
10fi
0,250
1995
85fi
15fi
0,231
1996
80fi
20fi
0,225
1997
73fi
25fi
2fi
1998
48fi
48fi
2fi
2fi
0,157
1999
23fi
Ch.py.
0,202
73fi
2fi
2fi
0,113
2000
96fi
2fi
2fi
0,073
2001
90fi
5fi
5fi
0,070
2002
85fi
10fi
5fi
0,068
2003
75fi
15fi
10fi
0,062
¡ GNCYD (N£Tª) – gthtöjlyst nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf c ybprbv dsåhjcjv (transitional low emission vehicles)
åtypby, jlby bp yfbåjktt äaatrnbdysö vtnjljd åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv
djpleöf cjcnjbn kbåj d ghzvjv pfghtotybb ljåfdktybz cdbywf d åtypby,
kbåj d htprjv gjybétybb ehjdyz tuj
ljgecnbvjq rjywtynhfwbb d åtypbyt.
Rjulf gjljåyst vths åskb ghbyzns
d CIF, c 1976 gj 1980 uu. bcgjkmpjdfybt njgkbdf, cjlthéfotuj cdbytw,
cjrhfnbkjcm nfv åjktt xtv yf 50 ghjwtynjd. Ghb änjv cjlthéfybt cdbywf
d rhjdb evtymibkjcm yf 37 ghjwtynjd.
Ytrjnjhst ujhjlf b cnhfys egjhyj
cnhtvzncz r bcgjkmpjdfybñ fkmnthyfnbdysö dbljd njgkbdf, rjnjhst cujhfñn åjktt gjkyj, xtv jåotghbyznst
åtypby b lbptkmyjuj njgkbdj,
bvtñobt ytanzyeñ jcyjde. D rfxtcndt fkmnthyfnbdyjuj njgkbdf ghtlkfufñncz ärjkjubxtcrb xbcnst cvtcb c
yjdsv öbvbxtcrbv cjcnfdjv, rjnjhsq
evtymiftn bö bcgfhztvjcnm b,
cjjndtncndtyyj, dsåhjcs d fnvjcathe
bcgfhzñoböcz jhufybxtcrbö cjtlbytybq, f nfrét rjywtynhfwbñ åtypjkf
b lheubö njrcbxysö rjvgjytynjd. Lheufz djpvjéyjcnm cjcnjbn d ≤rbckjhjlyjv jåjufotybb≥ njgkbdf gentv
ljåfdktybz cgbhnf. Nfrbt ≤åtypjcgbhns≥ gjldthétys åjktt gjkyjve cuj-
hfybñ, d htpekmnfnt xtuj cjjndtncndtyyj evtymifñncz dsåhjcs eufhyjuj ufpf. Lbptkmyjt njgkbdj c gjybétyysv cjlthéfybtv cths dsåhfcsdftn d fnvjcathe vtymit ldejrbcb
cths b lheubö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd.
Änj njgkbdj c bpvtytyysv öbvbxtcrbv cjcnfdjv vjétn cfvj gj ctåt
cjrhfofnm hfpkbxyst dsåhjcs vfrcbvev yf 30 ghjwtynjd, rfr änj bvttn
vtcnj yf ctdthj-djcnjrt CIF, ult tuj
bcgjkmpjdfybt åskj dgthdst ddtltyj d
pfrjyjlfntkmyjv gjhzlrt d rjywt
1980-ö uu.
Tot åjktt ibhjrbt djpvjéyjcnb
jnrhsdftn bcgjkmpjdfybt njgkbdf, yt
bvtñotuj ytanzyjq jcyjds, yfghbvth,
vtnfyjkf, änfyjkf, céfnjuj ghbhjlyjuj ufpf bkb cébétyyjuj ytanzyjuj
ufpf b djljhjlysö bkb äktrnhbxtcrbö
åfnfhtq, gjcrjkmre jyb gjkyjcnmñ
ecnhfyzñn pfuhzpytybt, cdzpfyyjt c
dsökjgysvb ufpfvb.
YJDST DBLS VTÖFYBXTCRBÖ
NHFYCGJHNYSÖ CHTLCND
Gjcrjkmre d 70-ö uu. infn Rfkbajhybz ddtk åjktt étcnrbt cnfylfhns yf
ecnhjqcndf gj evtymitybñ pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls fdnjvjåbkzvb
b uhepjdbrfvb, ghjbpdjlbntkb rfnfkbpfnjhjd yfxfkb cjdthitycndjdfnm cdjñ
ghjlerwbñ, hfphfåfnsdfz chtlcndf lkz
ghtldfhbntkmyjuj yfuhtdf rfnfkbpfnjhjd, xnj ecrjhztn yfxfkj bö hfåjns
b nfrbv jåhfpjv tot åjkmit cjrhfoftn dsåhjcs pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd d
fnvjcathe.
Cnfylfhns Rfkbajhybb nfrét
lfkb njkxjr wtkjve hzle yjdjddtltybq d fdnjvjåbkmyjq ghjvsiktyyjcnb.
Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj äktrnhjvjåbkb
åskb jlybvb bp gthdsö nhfycgjhnysö
chtlcnd änjuj cnjktnbz, ntöyjkjubz bö
yt hfpdbdfkfcm, gjrf d Rfkbajhybb yt
bplfkb hfcgjhzétybt j ghjlfét njkmrj ≤nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd c yektdsv
ehjdytv dsåhjcf≥, bkb NCYED, yfxbyfz c vjltktq 1998 u. C ntö gjh
ghfrnbxtcrb rfélsq dtleobq ghjbpdjlbntkm fdnjvjåbktq d vbht, yfxbyfz c
≤ÅVD≥ b rjyxfz ≤Létythfk vjnjhc≥,
hfphfåjnfk äktrnhjvjåbkm. Nfr ét
gjcnegbkb b dct rhegyst rjvgfybb,
ghjbpdjlzobt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst
vtöfybxtcrbt chtlcndf. Xnjås gjvjxm
fvthbrfycrbv ghjbpdjlbntkzv, ghfdbntkmcndj CIF ghtljcnfdbkj Fvthbrfycrjve rjycjhwbeve gj bpujnjdktybñ dscjrjntöyjkjubxysö frrevekz5
njhjd 8 vky ljkkfhjd lkz hfphfåjnrb
kturbö b vjoysö frrevekznjhysö
åfnfhtq.
Gjcnfyjdktybt jå jåzpfntkmyjq
ghjlfét NCYED ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq
njkmrj jlby rjvgjytyn rjvgktrcyjq
cbcntvs åjktt étcnrbö cnfylfhnjd yf
cjlthéfybt dhtlysö dtotcnd d dsökjgysö ufpfö, ecnfyjdktyysö Rfkbajhybtq d gjgsnrt htprj cjrhfnbnm
pfuhzpytybt djpleöf kturjdsvb fdnjvjåbkzvb, uhepjdbrfvb b fdnjåecfvb.
Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj infnf nfrét ghtlgbcsdftn ghjlfée nhfycgjhnysö
chtlcnd c ybprbv dsökjgjv (NCYD),
nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd cj cdthöybprbv
dsökjgjv (NCCYD) b gthtöjlysö
nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd c ybprbv dsökjgjv (GNCYD), xnj, gjvbvj ljgecrf yf
hsyjr njkmrj åjktt ärjkjubxtcrb
xbcnsö vfiby, ghtcktletn b wtkm
ghjlféb åjktt xbcnjuj njgkbdf. Gjrf
xnj ghbyznfz d Rfkbajhybb ghjuhfvvf åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv fnvjcaths
dsgjkyztncz ecgtiyj.
Yfåkñlftncz nfrét ytdthjznyj
åscnhsq ghjuhtcc d hfphfåjnrt
cdthöxbcnsö ldbufntktq yf ghbhjlyjv
ufpt. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj vfiby b
uhepjdbrjd, pfghfdktyysö ghbhjlysv
ufpjv yfcxbnsdftncz cjnyb nsczx b
ghb änjv bvttncz åjkmijq bö gfhr d
Bnfkbb, Yjdjq Ptkfylbb b åsditv
Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt, jyb yt åskb
jgnbvbpbhjdfys yfcnjkmrj, xnjås
cjrhfnbnm pfuhzpytybt djpleöf dhtlysvb dtotcndfvb, cjlthéfobvbcz d
dsökjgysö ufpfö. Jlyfrj c gjzdktybtv rfkbajhybqcrjq ghjuhfvvs
NCYD/NCYED ghjbpdjlbntkb
fdnjvjåbktq b gjcnfdobrb ghbhjlyjuj
ufpf yfxfkb cjnhelybxfnm d hfphfåjnrt
nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd, bpyfxfkmyj
jhbtynbhjdfyysö yf bcgjkmpjdfybt
ghbhjlyjuj ufpf, b ljåbkbcm
pfvtxfntkmysö ecgtöjd. Gjljåyst
nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf yt njkmrj
cjjndtncndjdfkb cnfylfhne NCCYD, yj
åskb yf 96 ghjwtynjd ybét tuj.
Ntv yt vtytt, bcöjlz bp ghfrnbxtcrbö cjjåhfétybq, vjéyj ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj, gjcnegbd yf hsyjr kturbö
vtöfybpbhjdfyysö nhfycgjhnysö
chtlcnd, äktrnhjvjåbkb, gj dctq dthjznyjcnb, cnfyen pfdjtdsdfnm yf ytv
dct åjktt ghjxyst gjpbwbb. Dcktl pf
Rfkbajhybtq 11 lheubö infnjd CIF,
d jcyjdyjv yf ctdthj-djcnjrt, pfyzkbcm ddtltybtv cnfylfhnjd yf
NCYED/NCYD. Tckb änb cnfylfhns
cjöhfyzncz, yf ljhjufö CIF d
2003 u. åeltn jrjkj 2 vky NCYED.
6
Ljgecrfz, xnj rfélfz vfibyf d CIF
d chtlytv ghjöjlbn 48 rv d ltym,
gjnhtåkzz 0,5 rDn/x yf 1,6 rv (gjnhtåktybt äythubb äktrnhjvjåbktv ≤Rhfqckth≥ nbgf ≤TEVan≥, gjrf cfvsv
≤ghjéjhkbdsv≥ bp hfphfåjnfyysö
äktrnhjvjåbktq), rfélfz vfibyf
åeltn gjnhtåkznm 15 rDn d ghjwtcct
cnfwbjyfhyjq djcmvbxfcjdjq gjlpfhzlrb. Cjdjregyjt gjnhtåktybt
äythubb gfhrjv änbö vfiby cjcnfdbn
jrjkj 4 vky rDn, n.t. yf 1 ghjwtyn
åjkmit vfrcbvfkmyjuj jåotuj gjnhtåktybz. Gthtöjl dctuj fdnjvjåbkmyjuj
gfhrf yf frrevekznjhyjt gbnfybt
edtkbxbn gjnhtåyjcnm d äktrnhjäythubb ghbvthyj yf 25 ghjwtynjd. Jlyfrj
ghb änjv yf cnjkmrj ét evtymifncz
dsåhjcs ldejrbcb eukthjlf, tckb
ghtlgjkjébnm xnj cnhernehf gjnhtåktybz äktrnhjäythubb jcnfytncz
ytbpvtyyjq.
Nfrbv jåhfpjv, äktrnhjvjåbkb
ghbytcen ldjqyeñ gjkmpe: d cdzpb c
jncencndbtv dsökjgysö nheå, cjrhfnbncz vtcnyjt pfuhzpytybt jrheéfñotq chtls, drkñxfz cvju b dsåhjcs d
fnvjcathe jrbcb eukthjlf; ukjåfkmyjt ≤ntgkjdjt≥ pfuhzpytybt, yfghbvth,
gjchtlcndjv dsåhjcjd d fnvjcathe
ldejrbcb eukthjlf, åeltn clthébdfnmcz pf cxtn pfvtys jåotghbyznsö
ldbufntktq dyenhtyytuj cujhfybz yf
wtynhfkmyst cnfywbb gjlpfhzlrb åfnfhtq, xnj ghbyjcbn åjkmibq äaatrn.
Tckb ås elfkjcm ghtdhfnbnm gfhr
fdnjvjåbktq d gfhr äktrnhjvjåbktq,
åjktt äaatrnbdysö, xtv ≤TEVan≥,
vfcinfås pfuhzpytybz djpleöf evtymibkbcm ås tot åjkmit.
LHEUBT CHTLCNDF ÅJHMÅS
C PFUHZPYTYBTV
JRHEÉFÑOTQ CHTLS
VTÖFYBXTCRBVB
NHFYCGJHNYSVB
CHTLCNDFVB
Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj dj vyjubö
ujhjlfö jcyfotybt vfhihenysö
fdnjåecjd, vjnjwbrkjd b fdnjvfiby
cjdhtvtyysvb ecnhjqcndfvb,
cybéfñobvb ehjdtym pfuhzpytyyjcnb
fnvjcaths, lftn jghtltktyyst
gjkjébntkmyst htpekmnfns, jyj yt
ljcnfnjxyj åscnhj b d yeéysö
hfpvthfö evtymiftn pfuhzpytybt
djpleöf. Änb ujhjlf ddtkb e ctåz
wtksq hzl ghjuhfvv, bpdtcnysö gjl
jåobv yfpdfybtv ≤vthjghbznbz gj
åjhmåt c pfuhzpytybtv jrheéfñotq
chtls nhfycgjhnysvb chtlcndfvb≥
(VÅPJCNC), yfxbyfz jn gtitöjlysö
lytq b rjyxfz pfghtotybtv gfhrjdrb
fdnjvjåbktq d ujhjlt.
Vyjubt VÅPJCNC cnhjzncz yf
cybétybb byntycbdyjcnb ljhjéyjuj
ldbétybz. Lkz änjuj bcgjkmpeñncz
hfpkbxyst vtnjls jn abpbxtcrbö –
rjjhlbyfwbz hfåjns cdtnjajhjd,
gfhfkktkmyst ekbws c jlyjcnjhjyybv
ldbétybtv, jnltkmyst gjkjcs lkz
ckeétåysö vfiby b fdnjåecjd – lj
ärjyjvbxtcrbö cnbvekjd, yfghbvth,
≤gkfnf pf cjplfybt pfnjhf≥, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhjq djlbntkb gkfnzn pf
tple d xfcs ≤gbr≥.
Juhfybxtybz yf dütpl. D 1977 u. d
Åeäyjc-Fqhtct gj hfåjxbv lyzv cnfkb
ddjlbnm juhfybxtybz yf dütpl fdnjvjåbktq d wtynh ujhjlf c 10 x enhf lj
7 x dtxthf. Fdnjåecfv b nfrcb hfphtiftncz tplbnm kbim gj ytcrjkmrbv
ekbwfv. Änb pfghtns yfghfdktys yf
cybétybt byntycbdyjcnb ljhjéyjuj
ldbétybz d ujhjlt b ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz fnvjcaths, dspdfyysö ntv,
xnj d rfélsq bp hfåjxbö lytq d wtynh
Åeäyjc-Fqhtcf ghbtpéftn vbkkbjy
xtkjdtr. Dyfxfkt lkz ghfrnbxtcrjuj
jceotcndktybz egjvzyensö juhfybxtybq ghböjlbkjcm ecnfyfdkbdfnm
gjkbwtqcrbt rjhljys. Ntgthm ét
ljcnfnjxyj ytåjkmibö ljhjéysö
pyfrjd, gjrfpsdfñobö, relf ytkmpz
dütpéfnm yf fdnjvjåbkt.
Xfcnbxysq bkb gjkysq pfghtn yf
dütpl fdnjvjåbktq åsk nfrét
ecnfyjdkty d åjkmibycndt rhegysö
bnfkmzycrbö ujhjljd, drkñxfz Hbv,
Akjhtywbñ, Ytfgjkm, Åjkjymñ b
Utyeñ, f nfrét d ytrjnjhsö åjktt
vtkrbö ujhjlfö. C 7.30 x enhf lj
7.30 x dtxthf d wtynhfkmyst hfqjys
Hbvf b Akjhtywbb hfphtityj dütpéfnm njkmrj fdnjåecfv, nfrcb,
nhfycgjhnysv chtlcndfv, bcgjkmpetvsv lkz gthtdjprb njdfhjd b
eckeu, b fdnjvjåbkzv ébntktq änbö
hfqjyjd. Fyfkjubxyst pfghtns åskb
ddtltys d ltqcndbt d Fabyfö, Fvcnthlfvt, Åfhctkjyt, Åelfgtint, Vtöbrj b
Vñyötyt. D ntxtybt åkbéfqituj
ltcznbktnbz dkfcnb u. Åjhlj, Ahfywbz,
cjåbhfñncz eåhfnm fdnjvjåbkb c
gjkjdbys ekbw ujhjlf, jcdjåjlbd bö
lkz gtitöjljd b dtkjcbgtlbcnjd.
Pfghtns yf gfhrjdre. Pfghtns yf
gfhrjdre juhfybxbdfñn xbckj fdnjvjåbktq, rjnjhst vjuen åsnm gjcnfdktys yf cnjzyre d rfrjv-kbåj hfqjyt,
yj ybrjbv jåhfpjv yt dkbzñn yf
xbckj vfiby, ghjtpéfñobö åtp
jcnfyjdrb. Vjéyj htibnm ghjåktvs,
cdzpfyyst c yfkbxbtv bpkbiytuj
nhfycgjhnf d ujhjlt, tckb djjåot yt
gecrfnm tuj d wtynh ujhjlf. Cjplfybt
gtitöjlysö pjy d rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp
gentq evtymitybz pfuhzpytyyjcnb
djpleöf, cnbvekbhjdfybz nehbpvf b
gjdsitybz ehjdyz ébpyb cnfyjdbncz
dct åjktt gjgekzhysv d Tdhjgt. Jgsn
Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd d änjq jåkfcnb
ujhfplj crhjvytt: pjys c juhfybxtyysv ljgecrjv fdnjvjåbktq, rfr
ghfdbkj, dcnhtxfñncz d ytåjkmibö
nehbcncrbö hfqjyfö bkb hfqjyfö, ult
cjchtljnjxtys vfufpbys b njhujdst
njxrb, b vfkj dkbzñn yf jåobt
pfrjyjvthyjcnb ujhjlcrjuj ljhjéyjuj
ldbétybz.
Nhfycgjhnyst ≤ctrnjhs≥. D 1970 u.
d Utntåjhut, Idtwbz, wtynh ujhjlf
åsk gjltkty, rfr gbhju, yf gznm
rjyecjjåhfpysö ctrnjhjd, xnjås juhfybxbnm ≤crdjpyjt≥ ljhjéyjt ldbétybt
b cgjcjåcndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ jåotcndtyyjuj nhfycgjhnf. Vfibys Crjhjq
gjvjob, jåotcndtyysq nhfycgjhn,
dtkjcbgtls b vjgtls vjuen cdjåjlyj
gthtvtofnmcz bp jlyjq pjys d lheueñ,
yj änjuj yt vjuen ltkfnm fdnjvjåbkb.
Evtymitybt fdnjvjåbkmyjuj nhfycgjhnf d wtynht Utntåjhuf ghbdtkj r
cjdthitycndjdfybñ hfåjns ujhjlcrjuj
nhfycgjhnf b evtymitybñ rjkbxtcndf
ytcxfcnysö ckexftd. Nfr yfpsdftvsq
vtnjl nhfycgjhnysö ctrnjhjd, djpybribq d Åhtvtyt, Uthvfybz, nfrét ghbvtyztncz d Uhjybyutyt, Ujkkfylbz, b
Åtpfycjyt, Ahfywbz.
Gtitöjlyst lyb. D rjywt 1991 u.
Hbv, Vbkfy, Ytfgjkm, Nehby b
ctvm lheubö bnfkmzycrbö ujhjljd
jåüzdbkb djqye pfuhzpytybñ djpleöf b
cnfkb juhfybxbdfnm xbckj vfiby yf
ljhjufö. D cjjndtncndbb c änbv
gkfyjv, d jlby bp lytq pfghtoftncz
djlbnm vfibye, gjcktlyzz wbahf
yjvthyjuj pyfrf rjnjhjq zdkztncz
ytxtnyjq, f d lheujq – vfibye c
xtnyjq gjcktlytq wbahjq yf yjvthyjv
pyfrt. Vyjubt fdnjvjåbkbcns,
djpveotyyst yfheitybtv bö ghfd yf
djéltybt, ghjbuyjhbhjdfkb ghfdbkj
xtnysö-ytxtnysö wbah. D jlby bp
ltrfåhmcrbö lytq jabwths gjkbwbb
dsgbcfkb 12 983 rdbnfywbq d rfxtcndt
inhfaf yfheibntkzv pf dstpl d ujhjl
yf cdjtv fdnjvjåbkt yt d bö ltym bkb
pf gjlltkre yjvthysö pyfrjd. Jlyfrj
vbybcnh ärjkjubb Bnfkbb cxbnftn, xnj
c gjvjomñ étcnrbö ghbyelbntkmysö
vth xthtleñobqcz xthtp ltym pfghtn
yf djéltybt vjétn cjrhfnbnm
pfuhzpytybt fnvjcaths yf 20–30
ghjwtynjd.
Ujhjlcrbt dkfcnb Kjc-Fylétktcf,
Rfkbajhybz, nfrét hfphfåjnfkb gkfy,
fyfkjubxysq bnfkmzycrjve. D ltqcndbntkmyjcnb, änjn ghjnbdjhtxbdsq dcgjvjufntkmysq gkfy bvtk wtkmñ jrfpfybt gjvjob cjåkñltybñ cnfylfhnjd
yjdjuj Pfrjyf j xbcnjv djpleöt.
Yfxbyfz c 2000 u. d Kjc-Fylétktct
åelen ddtltys ≤gtitöjlyst lyb≥ rfr
gjcktlytt chtlcndj cybétybz ehjdyz
jpjyf b eufhyjuj ufpf d fnvjcatht.
Tckb gkfy åeltn dsgjkyty, rféljve
fdnjvjåbkbcne ghbltncz jlby ltym d
ytltkñ jcnfdkznm cdjñ vfibye ljvf
d pfdbcbvjcnb jn gjcktlytq wbahs yf
tt yjvthyjv pyfrt.
Dtkjcbgtlysq nhfycgjhn. Lfdyj
cnfd cfvsv hfcghjcnhfytyysv dbljv
nhfycgjhnf d vbht, dtkjcbgtl gthtébdftn ctqxfc gthbjl djphjéltybz. Ghfdbntkmcndf boen cgjcjås lfkmytqituj
hfpdbnbz dtkjcbgtlyjuj nhfycgjhnf gjchtlcndjv cgtwbfkmysö gjjohbntkmysö ghjuhfvv. D yfcnjzott dhtvz yf
gkfytnt yfcxbnsdftncz åjktt 800 vky
dtkjcbgtljd, ghbåkbpbntkmyj dldjt
åjkmit, xtv xbckj kturjdsö fdnjvjåbktq. Jlyfrj d wtkzö tot åjkmituj
hfpdbnbz dtkjcbgtlyjuj nhfycgjhnf
nfrbt cnhfys, rfr Ujkkfylbz, Lfybz,
Åtkmubz b Uthvfybz, hfcibhzñn ctnm
jnltktyysö jn fdnjvfubcnhfktq
dtkjcbgtlysö ljhjétr. Yfkbxbt
cgtwbfkmysö dtkjcnjzyjr, rjynjh
ghjrfnf dtkjcbgtljd gjl pfkju,
djpdhfn rjnjhjuj ufhfynbhetncz, b
lfét dtkjcbgtlysö ufhfétq cgjcjåcndetn bcgjkmpjdfybñ dtkjcbgtljd d
rfxtcndt nhfycgjhnyjuj chtlcndf.
Gjljåyst ghjuhfvvs jrfpsdfñn
juhjvyjt djpltqcndbt yf kñltq ghb
dsåjht bvb njuj bkb byjuj dblf
nhfycgjhnf. Nfr, yfghbvth, gjckt njuj,
rfr d ytvtwrjv ujhjlt Ähkfyutyt
åskj gjcnhjtyj 160 rv dtkjcbgtlysö
ljhjétr, byntycbdyjcnm dtkjcbgtlyjuj
ldbétybz nfv djphjckf dldjt. Dj
vyjubö rbnfqcrbö ujhjlfö bvtñncz
gznb- b itcnbgjkjcyst dtkjcbgtlyst
ljhjérb. Ltqcndbntkmyj, d Rbnft
dtkjcbgtl jcnfdkztn lfktrj gjpflb dct
lheubt dbls nhfycgjhnf. Cnfnbcnbrb
ljhjéyjq ckeéås d ujhjlt Nzymwpby
gjlcxbnfkb, xnj d ntxtybt xfcf jlby
bp gthtrhtcnrjd änjuj ujhjlf
gthtctrfñn 50 000 dtkjcbgtljd.
Crjkmpzobq uhfabr. D 1984 u. dj
dhtvz ktnybö Jkbvgbqcrbö buh d Kjc-
Pfuhzpytybt djpleöf, dspdfyyjt vtöfybxtcrbvb
nhfycgjhnysvb chtlcndfvb
(d ghjwtynfö)
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(Yf jcyjdt lfyysö cghfdjxybrf ≤Vbhjdst htcehcs≥ pf 1992–1993 uu.)
7
JÅPJH ECGTÖJD
Rehbnbåf, Åhfpbkbz. D Ñéyjq Fvthbrt ckfdf j åhfpbkmcrjv ujhjlt, rjnjhsq htrkfvbhetn ctåz rfr ≤cnjkbwe
ärjkjubb≥, bltn gj dctve rjynbytyne. Rehbnbåt c yfctktybtv 2,3 vky. xtkjdtr, drkñxfz ghbujhjls, elfkjcm
jhufybpjdfnm åtcgkfnyjt vtlbwbycrjt, peåjdhfxtåyjt jåckeébdfybt b cbcntve ltncrbö exhtéltybq, ljcnbxm jlyjuj
bp cfvsö dscjrbö d vbht ehjdyz gththfåjnrb jnöjljd b cybpbnm ehjdtym pfåjktdfybq, cdzpfyysö c ärjkjubtq, – b dct
änj ytcvjnhz yf åtpelthéyeñ byakzwbñ b djgbñoeñ åtlyjcnm jrheéfñobö ctkmcrbö hfqjyjd. F rkñx r änjve b
vyjubv lheubv ljcnbétybzv, gjvbvj dctuj ghjxtuj, cjcnjbn d dslfñotqcz fdnjåecyjq cbcntvt. Öjnz rjkbxtcndj
dkfltkmwtd fdnjvjåbktq yf leie yfctktybz ujhjlf cnjbn yf xtndthnjv vtcnt chtlb åhfpbkmcrbö ujhjljd,
gjnhtåktybt nhfycgjhnyjuj njgkbdf, f jncñlf b pfuhzpytybt djpleöf yf 25–30fi ybét. Ghbxbyf änjve d njv, xnj
fdnjåecs pltcm åscnhtt, ltitdkt b rjvajhnfåtkmytt vfiby. Fdnjåecs gthtdjpzn c njq ét äaatrnbdyjcnmñ, xnj
b cjdhtvtyyjt vtnhj, yj njkmrj pf 1–3fi tuj cnjbvjcnb. D wtkjv fdnjåecs gthtdjpzn åjktt 900 000 gfccfébhjd d
ltym. Gjcrjkmre nfr vyjuj kñltq bcgjkmpeñn änjn nhfycgjhn, jy zdkztncz jlybv bp ytvyjubö dbljd jåotcndtyyjuj nhfycgjhnf d vbht, rjnjhsq htynfåtkty.
Rehbnbåf yfxfkf cjplfdfnm fdnjåecyeñ cbcntve d 1970-ö uu. gjl herjdjlcndjv vähf, Létqvf Kthyfhf,
fhöbntrnjhf b ujhjlcrjuj ghjtrnbhjdobrf. Jy cjplfk dtkbrjktgyeñ ctnm ärcghtcc-vfubcnhfktq, vtcnysö
dcgjvjufntkmysö fdnjåecjd b cgtwbfkmysö vfhihenjd d wtynht ujhjlf. D ujhjlt hzljv c jcyjdysvb vfubcnhfkzvb
hfphtiftncz cnhjbnm njkmrj vyjujänféyst ébkst ljvf, b d rféljv ljvt ldf ybéybö änféf ljkéyj åsnm
jndtltyj gjl vfufpbys. Åkbpktéfobt vfufpbys cybéfñn lj vbybvevf ytjåöjlbvjcnm gjtpljr lkz ébntktq, f
vyjujänféyst ljvf lfñn åjkmijve rjkbxtcnde gfccfébhjd cdjåjlysq ljcneg r fdnjåecfv.
Pf gjcktlybt nhb ujlf Rehbnbåf hfphfåjnfkf tot jlye jhbubyfkmyeñ bltñ, rjnjhfz cltkfkf fdnjåecs åscnhtt
– gjcfljxyst wbkbylhbxtcrbt gkfnajhvs. Yföjlzcm jrjkj ljhjub, änb wbkbylhs bp cnfkb b cntrkf ljcnbufñn
gjxnb 3 v d lbfvtnht b 10 v d lkbye. Dvtcnj njuj, xnjås dpåbhfnmcz gj cnegtymrfv d fdnjåec b pfntv gkfnbnm pf
åbktn, gfccfébhs jgecrfñn étnjys d gjcfljxyst fdnjvfns b ghjcnj élen ghböjlf fdnjåecf, cgtwbfkmyj
cghjtrnbhjdfyyjuj lkz änjq cbcntvs.
Xthtp ytrjnjhjt dhtvz, jåsxyj ghbvthyj xthtp 5 vbyen, pdexbn vtkjlbxysq cbuyfk, d wbkbylh-gkfnajhve
dütpéftn cgtwbfkmysq fdnjåec ≤Djkmdj≥, ghb änjv ghbvtyztncz ajnjäktrnhbxtcrbq äktvtyn-ukfpjr.
Hfcrhsdfñncz ldt ldthb gj 1,3 v d ibhbye, ythéfdtñofz cnfkm cgjkpftn dybpb d cxbnfyyst ctreyls gfccfébhs
eét dyenhb fdnjåecf c abuehysvb rhtckfvb, ibhjrbvb cntrkzyysvb jryfvb b åjkmibv fccjhnbvtynjv
ythéfdtqrb, bvbnbheñobv yjdtqibt vbhjdst lbpfqys vtnhj. Fdnjåec, xfcnj d nhb hfpf lkbyytt jåsxyjuj,
dvtofñobq 270 xtkjdtr, yfåbhftn crjhjcnm b xthtp 20 vbyen gfccfébhs pfrfyxbdfñn 12-rbkjvtnhjdeñ gjtplre d
wtynh ujhjlf.
Vtöbrj, Vtrcbrf. Cnjkbwt c 20 vky. xtkjdtr, Vtöbrj jåsxyj ghbgbcsdftncz cfvsq cjvybntkmysq djpleö d vbht.
Htitybt ghjåktvs pfuhzpytybz djpleöf gjnhtåjdfkj, gj vytybñ vyjubö, lhfrjyjdcrbö vth. Gjcktlybt drkñxfkb
pfghtn yf djéltybt fdnjvjåbkz jlby ltym d ytltkñ, ddtltyysq d 1989 u. yf ajyt yfcnegfntkmyjq htrkfvyjq
rfvgfybb b inhfaf d 150 ljkkfhjd pf yfheitybz, xnj cybpbkj pfuhzpytybt ghbvthyj yf 10fi.
Öjnz ébntkb Vtöbrj dyfxfkt éfkjdfkbcm yf äne ghjuhfvve, ctqxfc 80fi bp ybö öjnzn ghjljkéfnm. Ecgtö
pfghtnf yf djéltybt d Vtöbrj cgjcjåcndjdfk yfxfke cjåcndtyysö ghjuhfvv d ldeö lheubö rhegytqibö ujhjlfö
cnhfys Vjynthhtt b Udflfkföfht.
Cbyufgeh. Änjn ujhjl-ujcelfhcndj vjétn gjödfcnfnmcz cfvjq cjukfcjdfyyjq d vbht ghjuhfvvjq gj evtymitybñ
pfuhzpytybz gentv rjynhjkz pf ldbétybtv. Gjtplrf yf vfibyt d Wtynhfkmysq ltkjdjq hfqjy (WLH) nhtåetn
cgtwbfkmyjuj hfphtitybz, rjnjhjt vjétn åsnm regktyj yf ltym bkb yf vtczw. Juhfybxtybt ldbétybz d WLH
ltqcndetn c 7.30 x enhf lj 6.30 x dtxthf tétlytdyj, rhjvt djcrhtctymz b yfwbjyfkmysö ghfplybrjd. Gjkbwtqcrbt
hfpvtofñncz yf cgtwbfkmysö gjcnfö yf äcnfrflfö gj gthbvtnhe WLH lkz rjynhjkz pf yfheitybzvb, pf rjnjhst c
gjvjomñ fdnjvfnjd dpbvftncz inhfa. Cnhjubq rjynhjkm hfcghjcnhfyztncz yf nfrcb, rjnjhst jåjheljdfys
cbuyfkmysvb cbcntvfvb d gfccfébhcrjv jnltktybb, rjnjhst fdnjvfnbxtcrb chfåfnsdfñn, tckb crjhjcnm
ghtdsiftn 80 rv/x. Dct fdnjvjåbkmyst chtlcndf ljkéys ghjqnb tétujlysq jcvjnh lkz ecnfyjdktybz bö
ghbujlyjcnb lkz djéltybz b cjjndtncndbz cnfylfhnfv yf dsåhjcs. Jnkbxyfz ctnm jåotcndtyyjuj nhfycgjhnf
drkñxftn fdnjåecs, nfrcb b ≤vfccjdst crjhjcnyst gthtdjprb≥, bkb vtnhj.
Gtrby, Rbnfq. Itcnjq gj dtkbxbyt ujhjl vbhf, Gtrby yfxfk ibhjrjt yfcnegktybt yf pfuhzpytybt djpleöf c
gjvjomñ ghjuhfvv pfobns ujhjlcrjuj djljcåjhf, gthtcnhjqrb nheojå, gjjohtybz dtkjcbgtljd (90fi gjtpljr d
ujhjlt cjdthiftncz yf dtkjcbgtlfö) b ghtrhfotybz cébufybz eukz d ujhjlt. Xnjås jcnfyjdbnm ibhjrjhfcghjcnhfytyyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt eukz, ujhjl gjcnhjbk ldf rhegysö pfdjlf gj ghjbpdjlcnde rfvtyyjeujkmyjuj ufpf, rjnjhsq
gthtrfxbdftncz gj nheåjghjdjlfv ghbvthyj d 1 vky ljvjd b 600 ghtlghbznbq.
8
Fylétktct d änjv ujhjlt åsk ddtlty
crjkmpzobq uhfabr hfåjns, xnj
gjpdjkbkj ljåbnmcz nfv cfvjuj ybprjuj pf gjcktlybt ujls ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz djpleöf. D yfcnjzott dhtvz
vyjubt ujhjlf gsnfñncz jcnfyjdbnm
pfuhzpytybt fnvjcaths, yfxbyfz
jåsxysq hfåjxbq bkb irjkmysq ltym
yf xfc-ldf hfymit bkb pfrfyxbdfz tuj
gjpét, evtymifz nfrbv jåhfpjv
pfnjhs ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz. D ytrjnjhsö ujhjlfö gjjohzñn xtnshtölytdyeñ hfåjxeñ ytltkñ d rfxtcndt
jlyjuj bp cgjcjåjd evtymitybz byntycbdyjcnb ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz. Nfr,
yfghbvth, d ujkjdyjq rjynjht Jrheéyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf jåotcndtyysö hfåjn
Kjc-Fyétktcf c gjytltkmybrf gj
xtndthu ckeéfobt hfåjnfñn gj 10 xfcjd d ltym. Gj gznybwfv dct plfybt
pfrhsdftncz, xnj yt njkmrj cgjcjåcndetn cybétybñ ehjdyz pfuhzpytyyjcnb fnvjcaths cvjujv b vtymitq byntycbdyjcnb ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz, yj b
gjpdjkztn cärjyjvbnm yf ärcgkefnfwbjyysö hfcöjlfö 1,7 vky ljkkfhjd d
ujl.
Bcgjkmpjdfybt rjvgmñnthjd b
ntktrjvveybrfwbjyysö cbcntv. Tot
jlybv bp cgjcjåjd evtymitybz pfuhzpytyyjcnb fnvjcaths zdkztncz
bcgjkmpjdfybt ckeéfobvb rjvgmñnthjd b ntktrjvveybrfwbjyysö cbcntv
ghb hfåjnt yf ljve. Änj gjpdjkztn
rjvgfybzv cjrhfnbnm yfrkflyst hfcöjls, f ckeéfobv cärjyjvbnm dhtvz b
ltymub. C gjvjomñ ghjuhfvv hfåjns
yf ljve dkfcnb Kjc-Fylétktcf
yfltñncz bpåfdbnmcz jn 3 vky ckeétåysö gjtpljr d ltym. Gj lfyysv
Wtynhf bccktljdfybq åeleotuj, 5 vky
fvthbrfywtd bvtñn hfåjne, cdzpfyyeñ
c rjvgmñnthjv, rjnjheñ r 1993 u. jyb
cvjuen dsgjkyznm yf ljve, f Fccjwbfwbz vtcnysö jhufyjd dkfcnb Ñéyjq Rfkbajhybb ecnfyjdbkf, xnj, tckb
rfélsq djcmvjq hfåjnybr ghtlgjxntn
hfåjne yf ljve bkb d vtcnyjv hfåjxtv wtynht, bvtñotv äktrnhjyyeñ
cdzpm c wtynhfkmysv jabcjv, elfcncz
gjxnb yf nhtnm cjrhfnbnm dhtvz
pfnjhjd yf crjhjcnysö fdnjcnhflfö c
nhfycgjhnysvb hfpdzprfvb.
Ntöjcvjnh b ntöjåckeébdfybt.
Ddtltybt cnhjubö ghfdbk ntöjåckeébdfybz b ntöjcvjnhf vtöfybxtcrbö
nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd b jåtcgtxtybt bö
cjåkñltybz ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq
dféyjt ljgjkytybt r ecnfyjdktyysv
cnfylfhnfv yf dsåhjcs. Åtpjndtncndtyysq gjlöjl r htitybñ änjuj djghjcf b gkjöjt cthdbcyjt jåckeébdfybt
CNHJBNTKMCNDJ LJVJD BP GHJLERNJD
PFUHZPYTYBZ DJPLEÖF
Cdfktyyjt d rexe dljkm étktpyjljhjéysö gentq rjvgfybb ≤Ryfea
ubgcev≥, rhegytqitq ytvtwrjq rjvgfybb cnhjbntkmysö vfnthbfkjd,
ktébn nj, xnj rjulf-nj åskj htfkmysv ghjlernjv pfuhzpytybz djpleöf
d cnhfyt. Dcrjht jyj ghtdhfnbncz d ljvf.
Pfuhzpytybt djpleöf vfnthbfkbpjdfkjcm d dblt ubgcjdsö åhbrtnjd –
ndthlsö, rfr rfvtym, b ghbvthyj cjjndtncndeñobö zqwfv gj hfpvthe b
wdtne, rjnjhst ktéfn, cdfktyyst d uhele yf pbvytv ghjybpsdfñotv
öjkjlt b cytue. Änb åhbrtns – gjåjxyst ghjlerns ufpjjxbcnbntktq
lsvjdsö nheå, ecnhjqcnd, rjnjhst hfpåhspubdfñn d pfuhzpytyysq
djpleö djle b bpdtcnre, jåhfpez gekmge, d åjkmibycndt cnhfy cgecrftveñ
d cnjr.
Yj d Uthvfybb äktrnhjcnfywbb hfphfåfnsdfñn fkmnthyfnbde
ufpjjxbcnbntkzv bkb yföjlzn cgjcjå bcgjkmpjdfnm äne gekmge.
Uthvfycrfz ghjvsiktyyjcnm ltkftn b nj b lheujt, yfghfdkzz jlby
gjnjr yjdjddtltybq yf hfphfåjnre åjktt ghjuhtccbdys ecnhjqcnd
rjynhjkz pf pfuhzpytybtv, xtv ufpjjxbcnbntkb, f lheujq – yf
cjdthitycndjdfybt gentq bcgjkmpjdfybz gekmgs, gjkextyyjq bp
ufpjjxbcnbntktq. Jlby bp htpekmnfnjd änjuj – ghjwtcc cnhjbntkmcndf
ljvjd bp ghjlernjd pfuhzpytybz rjvgfybtq ≤Ryfea≥.
vjuen jxtym åscnhj ghbdtcnb r ytäaatrnbdyjcnb rjynhjkz pf dsökjgfvb.
Cnfhtybt jåjheljdfybz, ghbvtyzñotujcz d öjlt åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv
jrheéfñotq chtls, nfrét cybéftn
tuj ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm. Gjänjve
ghbvtytybt ghjuhfvv, yfghfdktyysö
yf elfktybt c ljhju cnfhsö fdnjvjåbktq, yfghbvth, c gjvjomñ
rfrjuj-kbåj abyfycjdjuj cnbvekf,
cgjcjåcndetn ceotcndtyyjve cybétybñ
dsåhjcf fdnjvjåbkzvb d fnvjcathe
pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd.
ÄKTRNHJCNFYWBB
Lkbntkmyjt dhtvz cxbnfdibtcz dj
vyjubö cnhfyfö ljhjujcnjñobvb b
gkjöj gjllfñobvbcz rjynhjkñ,
äktrnhjcnfywbb dct åjkmit cnfyjdzncz
jåütrnjv ghbvtytybz yjdsö ntöyjkjubq b ghfrnbxtcrbö vtnjljd. Lkz
änjuj tcnm cdjb jcyjdfybz. Tckb yt
cxbnfnm vtöfybxtcrbö nhfycgjhnysö
chtlcnd, äktrnhjcnfywbb zdkzñncz
rhegytqibv cjdjregysv bcnjxybrjv
pfuhzpytybz djpleöf. Nfr, yfghbvth, d
CIF äktrnhjcnfywbb dsåhfcsdfñn d
fnvjcathe jrjkj ldeö nhtntq dctq
ldejrbcb cths b xenm vtymit jlyjq
nhtnb dctö jrbctq fpjnf. Ytcvjnhz yf
jncencndbt lfyysö d jnyjitybb
vyjubö lheubö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd,
gj dctq dthjznyjcnb, nj ét cfvjt
vjéyj crfpfnm b gj gjdjle lheubö
dsåhjcjd, jcjåtyyj ndthlsö xfcnbw b
nzétksö vtnfkkjd b, ytrjnjhsv
jåhfpjv, jpjyf. Dj dctv vbht ljkz
äktrnhjcnfywbq d pfuhzpytybb djpleöf,
gj-dblbvjve, åeltn hfcnb, gjcrjkmre
cghjc yf äktrnhjäythubñ d hzlt cnhfy
gjdsiftncz yf 10 ghjwtynjd d ujl.
Änj jpyfxftn, xnj gjnhtåktybt
äktrnhjäythubb åeltn eldfbdfnmcz
ghbåkbpbntkmyj rfélst ctvm ktn.
Djpltqcndbt cnjkm vfccjdjuj
pfuhzpytybz yf ujhjlf nhelyj gjllftncz njxyjq jwtyrt, gjcrjkmre d
wtkzö hfcghtltktybz pfuhzpyzñobö
dtotcnd yf cjnyb rdflhfnysö rbkjvtnhjd vyjubt äktrnhjcnfywbb
gjcnhjbkb nfr yfpsdftvst ≤dscjrbt
lsvjdst nheås≥– dsnzérb, ljcnbufñobt 396 v. D htpekmnfnt yf åjkmibö
nthhbnjhbzö htprj eöelibkjcm rfxtcndj djpleöf. Gjljåyjt pfuhzpytybt
fnvjcaths cnfkj dtcmvf hfcghjcnhfytyysv zdktybtv, yj tuj nhelyj
bpvthbnm. Gjcktlytt jåcnjzntkmcndj
pyfxbntkmyj eckjéybkj ecnfyjdktybt
ghbxbyyj-cktlcndtyyjq cdzpb vtéle
pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf b yfkbxbtv e
xtkjdtrf hfpkbxysö åjktpytq. Ntv yt
vtytt, rhegyst bccktljdfybz, abyfycbhetvst ghfdbntkmcndjv (jlyj bp
nfrbö bccktljdfybq d CIF ghjdjlbkjcm d ntxtybt 10 ktn b jåjikjcm d
600 vky ljkkfhjd), jghtltktyyj
cdzpsdfñn pfuhzpytybt jrheéfñotq
chtls d htpekmnfnt dsåhjcjd äktrnhjcnfywbq c hfcghjcnhfytybtv ärjkjub9
xtcrjuj eothåf, yfghbvth, gjdsitybtv rbckjnyjq rjywtynhfwbb jpth b
htr b ubåtkmñ ktcjd. Gjcktlybt bccktljdfybz cjcnjzybz pljhjdmz kñltq,
nfrét yjcbdibt ibhjrbq öfhfrnth,
cjlthéfn dsdjl j njv, pfuhzpytybt
djpleöf ghbdjlbn r gjdsityyjq
xtkjdtxtcrjq cvthnyjcnb. Ghb änjv
jåhfoftncz dybvfybt yf njn afrn, xnj
njkmrj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö d htpekmnfnt pfuhzpytybz djpleöf ndthlsvb xfcnbwfvb tétujlyj evbhftn
åjktt 50 000 xtkjdtr.
Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ghfdbntkmcndf d
90-ö uu. yfxbyfñn jåhfofnm dybvfybt
yf äktrnhjcnfywbb rfr yf cthmtpyst,
yj chfdybntkmyj kturj gjllfñobtcz
rjynhjkñ, bcnjxybrb pfuhzpytybz
djpleöf. Ghbåkbpbntkmyj gjl ntv ét
eukjv phtybz d 70-ö b 80-ö uu.
xbyjdybrb hfccvfnhbdfkb fdnjvjåbkmysq nhfycgjhn. Fyfkjubxyj rjynhjkñ
yfl dsökjgfvb kturjdsö fdnjvjåbktq,
uhepjdbrjd b fdnjåecjd, chtlcndf
åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf
äktrnhjcnfywbzvb dtcmvf hfpyjjåhfpys – jn yjdsö dbljd njgkbdf, yfghbvth, eukz c åjktt ybprbv cjlthéfybtv cths, lj nfrbö ntöyjkjubq, rfr
ufpjjxbcnbntkb dsnzéysö nheå,
rjnjhst yf 90 b åjktt ghjwtynjd cybéfñn dsåhjcs d fnvjcathe ldejrbcb
cths, jcyjdyjq ghbxbys rbckjnysö
ljéltq. Fyfkjubxyj njve, rfr c
gjzdktybtv ytrjnjhsö yjdsö ntöyjkjubq pfhjlbkfcm yfltélf yf gjkyjt
ecnhfytybt pfuhzpytybz djpleöf
fdnjnhfycgjhnjv, ltkftncz egjh yf
cbcntvs, cgjcjåyst gjkyjcnmñ
ghtljndhfnbnm dsåhjcs äktrnhjcnfywbzvb dhtlysö dtotcnd d fnvjcathe.
Nfr, yfghbvth, dtnhj-äythutnbxtcrbt
ecnfyjdrb vjuen ghjbpdjlbnm äythubñ
c ntvb ét pfnhfnfvb, xnj b eujkm,
cfvjt ltitdjt b uhzpyjt bcrjgftvjt
njgkbdj, yj c yektdsv pfuhzpytybtv
djpleöf.
Djpvjéyjcnb evtymitybz pfuhzpytybz djpleöf c gjvjomñ ljgjkybntkmysö ecnhjqcnd c ghbvtytybtv
gjlöjlf, fyfkjubxyjuj nhtåjdfybñ
ecnfyjdbnm rfnfkbnbxtcrbt ytqnhfkbpfnjhs yf fdnjvjåbkzö, eåtlbntkmyj
gjlndthélfñncz pfvtxfntkmysvb
ecgtöfvb, ljcnbuyensvb d änjq
jåkfcnb d Uthvfybb. D 1980-1981 uu.
jåotcndtyyjcnm änjq cnhfys pfåbkf
nhtdjue gj gjdjle ≤Dfkmlinähåäy≥
bkb ubåtkb ktcjd. Jåyfheébd gjxnb
vbabxtcreñ cdzpm cj cdjbvb ktcfvb,
yfxbyfz jn Xthyjuj ktcf b rjyxfz
uhfwbjpysvb kbgfvb Åthkbyf, b dshf10
éfz ytgjrjktåbveñ edthtyyjcnm d
njv, xnj pfuhzpytybt cdjlbn bö yf ytn,
Uthvfybz bplfkf gjcnfyjdktybt j
cjrhfotybb yf 90 ghjwtynjd d ntxtybt
6 ktn dsåhjcjd äktrnhjcnfywbq. Ghjuhfvvf jåjikfcm ult-nj d 21 vkhl
uthvfycrbö vfhjr (12,6 vkhl ljkkfhjd), yj ghb änjv ljcnbukf cdjtq wtkb
– cjrhfotybz dldjt dsåhjcjd ldejrbcb cths d vfcinfåfö dctq cnhfys.
D öjlt dsgjkytybz ghjuhfvvs
Uthvfybz pfhtrjvtyljdfkf ctåz d
rfxtcndt vbhjdjuj kblthf d ghjbpdjlcndt rfr ufpjjxbcnbntktq (gsktekjdbntktq), nfr b cbcntv ≤bpåbhfntkmyjq
rfnfkbnbxtcrjq ytqnhfkbpfwbb≥ (BRY),
rjnjhst vjuen cjrhfofnm yf 90 b åjktt ghjwtynjd cjlthéfybt d dsåhjcfö
äktrnhjcnfywbq jrbctq fpjnf, ghbdjlzobö rfr r cvjue, nfr b rbckjnysv ljélzv. Pfntv ytvtwrbt
äktrnhjcnfywbb åskb ecjdthitycndjdfys, b bö ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm
djphjckf ghbvthyj yf 12 ghjwtynjd.
Gj lfyysv Vtéleyfhjlyjuj äythutnbxtcrjuj futyncndf, d hfpkbxysö
cnhfyfö vbhf ecnfyjdktys bkb ecnfyfdkbdfñncz ufpjjxbcnbntkb yf
äktrnhjcnfywbzö jåotq vjoyjcnmñ
jrjkj 104 500 vuDn.
YJDST NTÖYJKJUBB
Hzl jnyjcbntkmyj yjdsö ntöyjkjubq
jåtoftn ceotcndtyyjt cjrhfotybt
dsåhjcjd d fnvjcathe gj chfdytybñ
c cjdhtvtyysvb cbcntvfvb. Pf cxtn
bcgjkmpjdfybz djljhjlf ytrjnjhst bp
ybö vjuen ltqcndbntkmyj ljcnbuyenm
yektdjuj pyfxtybz bkb yfcnjkmrj
åkbprjuj r yekñ ehjdyz dsåhjcjd,
xnj hfpybwe ytdjpvjéyj åeltn
bpvthbnm ceotcndeñobvb ghbåjhfvb.
Lfét ghb hfåjnt äktrnhjcnfywbq yf
bcrjgftvjv njgkbdt, yfghbvth, yf
ghbhjlyjv ufpt, änb ntöybxtcrbt
htitybz vjuen jåtcgtxbnm yektdst
dsåhjcs jlybö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd
b åkbprbt r yekñ dsåhjcs lheubö.
Nfrbt cnfwbjyfhyst ntöybxtcrbt
vtnjls drkñxfñn d ctåz:
Nehåbys rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj
wbrkf. Ghb bcgjkmpjdfybb ufpjdsö
nehåby rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj wbrkf lkz
dshfåjnrb äktrnhjäythubb pfuhzpytybt
djpleöf cjrhfoftncz yf 50–99 ghjwtynjd gj chfdytybñ c hfåjnfñobvb yf
eukt äktrnhjcnfywbzvb. (D cbcntvfö
rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj wbrkf njgkbdj
bcgjkmpetncz lkz jåtcgtxtybz ärcgkefnfwbb ldeö nehåby, jlyf bp rjnjhsö hfåjnftn yf ufpfö cujhfybz, f lheufz ghbdjlbncz d ldbétybt äythubtq
gfhf. Änf rjywtgwbz fyfkjubxyf
bcgjkmpjdfybñ åtypbyf lkz hfåjns
ldbufntkz fdnjvjåbkz b jlyjdhtvtyyjuj jndjlf äythubb dsökjgysö ufpjd
lkz ghbdtltybz d ldbétybt lheujq
vfibys). Gjcrjkmre nfrbt cbcntvs
hfåjnfñn yf ghbhjlyjv ufpt, jyb yt
dsåhfcsdfñn d fnvjcathe ldejrbcm
cths bkb ndthlst xfcnbws. Tckb jyb
jcyfotys cjdhtvtyyjq cbcntvjq rjynhjkz pf pfuhzpytybtv jrheéfñotq
chtls, bpdtcnyjq rfr bpåbhfntkmyfz
rfnfkbnbxtcrfz ytqnhfkbpfwbz (BRY),
dsåhjcs jrbctq fpjnf cjcnfdkzñn yt
åjktt jlyjq ltcznjq dsåhjcjd lheubö
cjdhtvtyysö äktrnhjcnfywbq.
Nehåbys cfvjktnyjuj nbgf. Yf
hfphfåjnre nfrbö cbcntv rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj wbrkf vjuen eqnb ujls b
cjnyb vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd. R cxfcnmñ, e ybö tcnm vtymibt gj hfpvthfv
b vtytt ljhjujcnjzobt ≤ldjñhjlyst
åhfnmz≥, bpdtcnyst rfr fähjnehåbys,
gjcrjkmre jyb jcyjdfys yf cfvjktnysö ldbufntkzö, ghbvtyztvsö d
Åjbyufö-747 b lheubö cjdhtvtyysö
cfvjktnfö. Äktrnhjcnfywbb, bcgjkmpeñobt nfrbt nehåbys cfvjktnyjuj
nbgf, vjuen åsnm gjcnhjtys c vtymibvb pfnhfnfvb b d ntxtybt vtczwtd,
f yt ktn. Åjktt njuj, ntjhtnbxtcrb jyb
vjuen jåtcgtxbnm cybétybt ehjdyz
pfuhzpytybz djpleöf lfét nzétkj
gjllfñotqcz rjynhjkñ ldejrbcmñ
eukthjlf yf 20–90 ghjwtynjd.
Njgkbdyst äktvtyns. Öjnz njgkbdyst äktvtyns (ecnhjqcndf lkz
öbvbxtcrjuj ghtjåhfpjdfybz njgkbdf d
äktrnhbxtcndj gj ghbywbge åfnfhtb)
ctqxfc njkmrj yfxbyfñn ghjbpdjlbnmcz
yf rjvvthxtcrjq jcyjdt, eét ceotcndeñobt vjltkb vjuen jåtcgtxbnm
RGL lj 40 ghjwtynjd, xnj åjktt xtv
dldjt ghtdsiftn chtlybq RGL
fdnjvjåbkmyjuj ldbufntkz b ceotcndtyyj ghtdjcöjlbn gjrfpfntkb
jåsxysö äktrnhjcnfywbq. Gjcrjkmre
jyb hfåjnfñn yf ghbhjlyjv ufpt bkb
lheujv ≤xbcnjv≥ njgkbdt, dsåhjcs
ldejrbcb cths b ndthlsö xfcnbw hfdys
yekñ. Åjktt njuj, njgkbdyst äktvtyns elbdbntkmyj rjvgfrnys –
ytrjnjhst bp ybö yt åjkmit yfcnjkmyjuj rcthjrcf – b ghfrnbxtcrb
åtcievys, gjänjve bö vjéyj ecnfyfdkbdfnm ghzvj d jabcfö, yf afåhbrfö b
lfét ljvf.
Rfr nehåbys cfvjktnyjuj nbgf,
nfr b njgkbdyst äktvtyns vjuen åsnm
hfpvtotys d rjvåbybhjdfyysö cbcntvfö, dshfåfnsdfñobö ntgkjdeñ b
äktrnhbxtcreñ äythubñ b nfrbv
jåhfpjv lfñobö djpvjéyjcnm bcgjkmpjdfnm äythubñ, rjnjhfz d ghjnbdyjv
ckexft ghjgfkf ås, lkz cfvsö hfpysö
wtktq, jn jnjgktybz b jökféltybz
gjvtotybq lj ghjbpdjlcndf ntöyjkjubxtcrjuj gfhf yf ghjvsiktyysö ghtlghbznbzö. Jåobq RGL nfrbö cbcntv
ljcnbuftn 80 b lfét 90 ghjwtynjd, xnj
gjxnb d 3 hfpf ghtdjcöjlbn jåsxyst
gjrfpfntkb, b ghb änjv cybéftncz ehjdtym pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls.
Änb yjdst cbcntvs ghjlfñncz
ytrjnjhsvb bp rhegytqibö b yfbåjktt
gthtljdsö rjvgfybq d vbht. Yfghbvth, nehåbys rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj wbrkf
ghtlkfufñncz b ≤Létythfk äktrnhbr≥,
b ≤Cbvtyc≥. Pfdjls, rjnjhst bcgjkmpeñn änb rjvåbybhjdfyyst cbcntvs
dvtcnt c yjdsvb vtnjlfvb ufpbabrfwbb eukz, bpåfdkzzcm nfrbv jåhfpjv
jn åjkmitq xfcnb pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls, drkñxfñn d ctåz
≤Fptf Åhfey Åjdthb≥, ≤Itkk≥,
≤Kehub≥ b ≤Ntrcfrj≥. Njgkbdyst äktvtyns bkb cdzpfyyjt c ybvb jåjheljdfybt ghjbpdjlzncz, d xfcnyjcnb, abhvfvb ≤Ñyfqntl ntryjkjlébp≥,
≤Aeléb äktrnhbr≥, ≤Dtcnbyuöfec≥,
≤Cbvtyc≥ b ≤Njibåf≥.
Cjdthityyj yt pfuhzpyzñobt jrheéfñoeñ chtle dtnhzyst nehåbys,
rjnjhst ghjbpdjlzn äktrnhbxtcndj ghb
ntö ét bkb tot åjktt ybprbö pfnhfnfö,
xnj b eujkmyst äktrnhjcnfywbb,
vjéyj ghbjåhtcnb e rjvgfybq ≤Ñ.Äc.
ebylgfeäh ja Kbdthvjh≥, infn
Rfkbajhybz, f cjkytxyst äktvtyns
ghjlfñncz åjktt xtv ltcznrjv rjvgfybq, drkñxfz ≤Cbvtyc cjekfh≥,
≤Frrehtrc≥, ≤Cjkfhtrc≥ b ≤Ntrcfc
bycnhevtync≥.
Vyjubt cnhfys ltkfñn ghbvtytybt
änbö ntöyjkjubq jåzpfntkmysv bkb
gjjohzñn bö bcgjkmpjdfybt c ntv,
xnjås cybpbnm ehjdtym pfuhzpytybz
djpleöf. Åtkmubz b Fyukbz ecnfyfdkbdfñn dtnhzyst nehåbys, f Uthvfybz b
Zgjybz cnhtvzncz hfpdbdfnm cjkytxyeñ ajnjäktrnhbxtcreñ äythutnbre.
Äktrnhjcnfywbb, bcgjkmpeñobt
gthtljdst cbcntvs rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj
wbrkf d cjxtnfybb c bpåbhfntkmyjq
rfnfkbnbxtcrjq ytqnhfkbpfwbtq, cnhjzncz d Zgjybb b Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö,
f ärcgthbvtynfkmyst njgkbdyst äktvtyns ecnfyfdkbdfñncz d Rfkbajhybb, Zgjybb, Uthvfybb b Yblthkfylfö. Ntv dhtvtytv nfrét hfcntn
bynthtc r cybétybñ ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls bysvb cgjcjåfvb – gentv tt ghtljndhfotybz c
gjvjomñ cfvsö hfpkbxysö chtlcnd.
GHTLJNDHFOTYBT
PFUHZPYTYBZ
JRHEÉFÑOTQ CHTLS
Fvthbrfycrbq ärjyjvbcn Hjåthn
Öfvhby yfpsdftn ghtljndhfotybt
pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls
≤yfbåjktt dféysv jnltkmyj dpznsv
afrnjhjv... bpvtytybz cjpyfybz fvthbrfycrjq bylecnhbb b gthtcvjnhf
ecnjzdiböcz ghjwtccjd ghjbpdjlcndf b
eghfdktybz≥. Yfxbyfz c cthtlbys 90-ö
uu. gjxnb ldt bp rfélsö nhtö rjhgjhfwbq endthélfñn, xnj åskb bybwbfnjhfvb dféytqibö ärjkjubxtcrbö
ghjuhfvv. Yfghbvth, c 1975 u. rjhgjhfwbz ≤3V≥ cärjyjvbkf 530 vky
ljkkfhjd åkfujlfhz ghjuhfvvt ≤3H≥,
rjnjhfz hfcibahjdsdftncz rfr
≤Ghtljndhfotybt pfuhzpytybz htynfåtkmyj≥ (Pollution Prevention Pays). Änf
öbvbxtcrfz rjvgfybz ghtljndhfnbkf
dsåhjc d jrheéfñoeñ chtle åjktt
575 000 n pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd.
≤Ghtljndhfotybt pfuhzpytybz
jrheéfñotq chtls cnfkj jåhfpjv
ébpyb≥, pfzdbkf änf rjhgjhfwbz, xnj
htprj gjdscbkj tt ghbåskb b rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnm.
Yf afhvfwtdnbxtcrjv pfdjlt ≤3V≥
d Rfkbajhybb pfvtyf gjrhsnbz
nfåktnrb yf jcyjdt hfcndjhbntktq yf
gjrhsnbt yf djlzyjq jcyjdt gjpdjkbkf
cärjyjvbnm 120 000 ljkkfhjd d ujl b
cybpbnm pfuhzpytybt djpleöf. Yfghbvth, yf pfdjlt ≤Lñgjy≥ d Åmtvjynt,
infn Ntöfc, ghjuhfvvf gj ghtljndhfotybñ pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq
chtls jåtcgtxbkf cjrhfotybt fnvjcathysö dsåhjcjd ghbvthyj yf 27 vky
ru d ujl b ärjyjvbñ gjxnb 1 vky
ljkkfhjd tétujlysö ghjbpdjlcndtyysö hfcöjljd. Jrjkj 1200 fvthbrfycrbö rjvgfybq ljåhjdjkmyj dpzkb
yf ctåz jåzpfntkmcndf cjrhfnbnm dsåhjcs 17 jcyjdysö öbvbxtcrbö dtotcnd yf gjxnb 160 vky ru.
RJYNHJKM B
HTUEKBHJDFYBT CGHJCF
Futyncndj gj pfobnt jrheéfñotq
chtls CIF (FPJC) jåyfheébkj, xnj
vyjubt fvthbrfycrbt rjvveyfkmyst
ckeéås c ujnjdyjcnmñ ghbybvfñn
exfcnbt d ghjuhfvvfö gj cjrhfotybñ
pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls gentv
clthébdfybz cghjcf yf äktrnhjäythubñ. Gjcrjkmre cnjbvjcnm rfr
cnhjbntkmysö hfåjn, nfr b rfgbnfkf
djphjckf, rjvveyfkmyst ckeéås dct
åjktt cnhtvzncz eljdktndjhbnm
hfcneobq cghjc yf äktrnhjäythubñ pf
cxtn ärjyjvbb, xnj bpdtcnyj gjl
yfpdfybtv ≤rjynhjkm b htuekbhjdfybt
cghjcf≥ – RHC. C ärjkjubxtcrjq njxrb
phtybz RHC – ghjcnj jlby bp cgjcjåjd
åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv jrheéfñotq
chtls, f bvtyyj, gentv tuj ghtljndhfotybz. Yj chtlb rjvveyfkmysö
ghtlghbznbq b bö rkbtynjd RHC jxtym
gjgekzhty, gjcrjkmre jy dsujlty
dctv.
Zhrbv ghbvthjy d änjv jnyjitybb
ckeébn pfdjl ≤Létythfk aelp≥ d
Ahfvbyufvt, infn Vfccfxectnc, ult
ghjbpdjlbncz jrjkj 76 vky kbnhjd
vjhjétyjuj d ujl. Rjvgfybz pfybvftn
55-t vtcnj d cgbcrt rhegytqibö gjnhtåbntktq äktrnhjäythubb, gjcnfdkztvjq
rjhgjhfwbtq ≤Åjcnjy-Älbcjy≥, b d
cbke cdjbö hfpvthjd, ecnfhtdituj
jåjheljdfybz b ytäaatrnbdyjcnb änjn
pfdjl cnfk gthdjjxthtlysv jåütrnjv
ghjuhfvvs rjhgjhfwbb ≤Cjnhelybxtcndj d äaatrnbdyjv bcgjkmpjdfybb
äythubb≥. D cjjndtncndbb c ytq ≤Älbcjy≥ gjvjuftn rjvgfybzv cjdthitycndjdfnm b vjlthybpbhjdfnm jåjheljdfybt b nfrbv jåhfpjv cybpbnm
gjnhtåktybt äktrnhjäythubb. Gjcrjkmre pfrjyjlfntkmcndj infnf gjpdjkztn
≤Älbcjye≥ rjvgtycbhjdfnm hfcöjls yf
änb ghjuhfvvs b gjkexbnm ghbåskm
(gentv ytpyfxbntkmyjuj gjdsitybz
wty), rjvveyfkmyjt ghtlghbznbt
vjétn ltkfnm ltymub yf äktrnhjäythubb, rjnjhfz nfr b yt ghjlftncz – nfr
yfpsdftvst ytufdfnns.
≤Älbcjy≥ nfrét gjvju rjvgfybb
≤Rhfan, Byr.≥ hfphfåjnfnm dctcnjhjyyññ ghjuhfvve vjlthybpfwbb, rjnjhfz drkñxftn yjdjt, yt bcgjkmpeñott
ahtjy öjkjlbkmyjt jåjheljdfybt,
dscjrjäaatrnbdyst ldbufntkb lkz
ujvjutybpbheñotuj b gfcnthbpfwbjyyjuj jåjheljdfybz b cbcntvs jcdtotybz c ärjyjvysvb kfvgfvb yfrfkbdfybz b rjynhjkmysvb ecnhjqcndfvb.
Änj gjpdjkbkj cjrhfnbnm gjnhtåktybt
äktrnhjäythubb yf jlye nhtnm b, nfrét
åkfujlfhz ghtljcnfdktyysv ≤Älbcjyjv≥ crblrfv, d ntxtybt 2 ktn rjvgtycbhjdfnm pfnhfns yf ghjuhfvvs
vjlthybpfwbb d hfpvtht 3,6 vky ljkkfhjd. Änj åsk rkfccbxtcrbq ckexfq
jåotq dsujls. Pfnhfns yf ärjyjvbñ
äktrnhjäythubb jregfñncz d ntxtybt
2 ktn, f pfntv ≤Rhfan≥ yfxbyftn
gjkexfnm ghbåskm. ≤Åjcnjy-Älbcjy≥
nfrét cärjyjvbk chtlcndf, nfr rfr
cvju jåjqnbcm åtp cnhjbntkmcndf yjdjq
ljhjujcnjzotq äktrnhjcnfywbb. Dsbuhfkf b jrheéfñofz chtlf, gjcrjkmre ehjdyb pfuhzpytybz rfr djpleöf,
nfr b djls åskb pyfxbntkmyj cybét11
ys. Nfrbt ckexfb nbgbxys yt njkmrj
lkz äktrnhjäythutnbrb d Cjtlbytyysö
Infnfö.
HSYJXYST CBCNTVS
D gjcktlytt dhtvz ecbkbz gj ghtljndhfotybñ pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq
chtls wtktyfghfdktyyj ghtlghbybvfkbcm d vfcinfåfö wtksö jnhfcktq
fvthbrfycrjq ärjyjvbrb d hfvrfö
ghjuhfvv c nfrbvb rhfcjxysvb yfpdfybzvb rfr ≤Pjkjnfz vjhrjdm≥ b ≤Ptktyst juyb≥. Dct jyb åskb yfghfdktys
yf bcgjkmpjdfybt bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnb
zyrb d hfphfåjnrt åjktt xbcnsö,
rfxtcndtyysö, åscnhj ghjbpdjlbvsö b
ltitdsö ghjlernjd b d nj ét dhtvz
yf cjrhfotybt ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz
djpleöf. Ghjuhfvvf ≤Ptktyst juyb≥
åskf yfxfnf Futyncndjv gj pfobnt
jrheéfñotq chtls (FPJC) CIF d
1991 u. c wtkmñ evtymitybz pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls gentv ärjyjvbb pfnhfn äktrnhjäythubb yf jcdtotybt. Rjhgjhfwbb, rjvveyfkmyst
ckeéås b ghfdbntkmcndj gjlgbcsdfñn
rjynhfrns c FPJC, jåzpezcm ecjdthitycndjdfnm 90 ghjwtynjd cdjtuj jcdtnbntkmyjuj jåjheljdfybz d ntxtybt
gznb ktn c vjvtynf gjlgbcfybz.
Gjcrjkmre yf jcdtotybt pfnhfxbdftncz
ghbvthyj jlyf gznfz dctq gjnhtåkztvjq d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö äktrnhjäythubb, lfét ytpyfxbntkmyfz ärjyjvbz d änjq jåkfcnb vjétn jåtcgtxbnm
ceotcndtyyjt cybétybt ehjdytq pfuhzpytybz djpleöf b djls.
Vtytt xtv pf 2 ujlf FPJC pfrkñxbkj rjynhfrns c åjktt xtv 650 rjvgfybzvb b exhtéltybzvb, drkñxfz
vyjubt bp rhegytqibö fvthbrfycrbö
rjhgjhfwbq, pfybvfñobö gjxnb
279 vky rd.v gkjoflb jabcjd, xnj
cjcnfdkztn jrjkj 3 ghjwtynjd jn tt
jåotuj jåütvf d cnhfyt. Ghtlgjkfufkjcm, xnj exfcnybrb cjrhfnzn gjnhtåktybt äktrnhjäythubb yf 12 vkhl
rDn/x d ujl, ärjyjvz ghb änjv
870 vky ljkkfhjd. Yfghbvth, rjvgfybz ≤Ébktnn≥ vjlthybpbhjdfkf cdjb
gjvtotybz gkjoflmñ 4650 rd.v d
Rfkbajhybb b åkfujlfhz änjve
cjrhfnbkf cdjb hfcöjls yf äktrnhjäythubñ yf 61 ghjwtyn. Gj jwtyrfv
FPJC, r 2000 u., gj rhfqytq vtht, yf
4,65 vkhl rd.v rjynjhcrbö gkjofltq
d CIF åelen dytlhtys ghjuhfvvs
ärjyjvbb äythubb yf jcdtotybb, xnj
gjpdjkbn bpåtéfnm dsåhjcjd d
fnvjcathe vbkkbjyjd njyy ldejrbcb
eukthjlf, ldejrbcb cths b jrbckjd
fpjnf.
12
Ecgtö ghjuhfvvs ≤Ptktyst juyb≥
gjlujnjdbk gjxde lkz yjdsö ljåhjdjkmysö ≤hsyjxysö≥ ghjuhfvv. Jlyf
bp ybö – ghjuhfvvf ≤Rjvgmñnth-äythutnbxtcrfz pdtplf≥, rjnjhfz yfghfdktyf yf hfpdbnbt hsyrf lkz rjvgmñnthjd, fdnjvfnbxtcrb gthtöjlzobö d
htébv ärjyjvbb äktrnhjäythubb,
rjulf bvb frnbdyj yt gjkmpeñncz. Änf
ntöyjkjubz, dgthdst bcgjkmpjdfyyfz d
gjhnfnbdysö rjvgmñnthfö ≤kägnjg≥,
ghfrnbxtcrb yt edtkbxbdftn wtye
rjvgmñnthf, yj vjétn cjrhfnbnm
gjnhtåktybt bv äythubb yf 80 ghjwtynjd. Gjcrjkmre gjnhtåktybt äktrnhjäythubb rjvgmñnthfvb cjcnfdkztn
ghbvthyj 5 ghjwtynjd tt jåotuj
gjnhtåktybz rjvvthxtcrbv ctrnjhjv,
änj – ytgkjöjt ljcnbétybt. Ghjuhfvvf ≤Äythutnbxtcrfz pdtplf≥ jrfpfkfcm
yfcnjkmrj gjgekzhyjq, xnj vjétn
afrnbxtcrb cnfnm ghjvsiktyysv
cnfylfhnjv.
Djpvjéyj, yfbåjktt bpjåhtnfntkmyjq bp hsyjxysö ghjuhfvv zdkztncz
≤Pjkjnfz vjhrjdm≥, d cjjndtncndbb c
rjnjhjq hzl dsgecrfñobö cgtwbfkmyjt
jåjheljdfybt ghtlghbznbq b ghfdbntkmcnd infnjd jåütlbybkb chtlcndf,
xnjås ecnfyjdbnm ghbp d 30 vky ljkkfhjd lkz rjvgfybb, rjnjhfz cvjukf
ås yfkflbnm vfccjdjt ghjbpdjlcndj
dscjrjäaatrnbdysö åsnjdsö öjkjlbkmybrjd, d rjnjhsö ås yt bcgjkmpjdfkcz xtnshtöökjhbcnsq eukthjl.
Gjcrjkmre öjkjlbkmybrb gjnhtåkzñn
20 ghjwtynjd dctq ghjbpdjlbvjq d
CIF äktrnhjäythubb b lj 1/3 äktrnhjäythubb, gjnhtåkztvjq chtlytcnfnbcnbxtcrjq ctvmtq, ghtlgjkfuftvfz
ärjyjvbz åskf juhjvyjq. Rjyrehc
dsbuhfkf rjvgfybz ≤Ejhkgek≥, b
ntgthm ecbkbz cjchtljnjxbdfñncz yf
dytctybb bpvtytybq d rjycnherwbñ
ntgkjdsö yfcjcjd, cnbhfkmysö vfiby
b hzlf lheubö äythujtvrbö bpltkbq.
PFRKÑXTYBT
Ldflwfnm ktn yfpfl åskj ås cvtiyj
dscnegfnm c bltzvb cybétybz ehjdytq
pfuhzpytybz fnvjcaths gentv vjlbabrfwbb cnbhfkmysö vfiby b kfvg
yfrfkbdfybz. Yj ytghthsdysq hjcn
xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz, cjghjdjélfñobqcz edtkbxtybtv ehjdytq pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls, yt jcnfdkztn
dkfcnzv, jcjåtyyj flvbybcnhfwbb
åjkmibö ujhjljd, rfrjuj-kbåj dsåjhf.
D htpekmnfnt änjuj yf cdtn gjzdkztncz
juhjvyjt vyjétcndj yjdsö ntöyjkjubq, jn fdnjvjåbktq b äktrnhjcnfywbq
lj rhfcjr, jn kfvg yfrfkbdfybz b
cnbhfkmysö vfiby lj ufpjyjrjcbkjr,
rjnjhst cjdthityyj bkb gjxnb
cjdthityyj yt pfuhzpyzñn fnvjcathe.
Yjdst ärjkjubxyst ntöyjkjubb
cnfyjdzncz yfcnjkmrj jåsxysvb, xnj
vs ntgthm tldf bö pfvtxftv. Nhelyj
ghtleuflfnm, r xtve dct änj ghbdtltn.
Dgjkyt dthjznyj, xnj änf yjdfz ghjvsiktyyfz htdjkñwbz pfrjyxbncz
njkmrj njulf, rjulf ghtrhfnzn cdjt
ceotcndjdfybt pfuhzpytybt djpleöf b
lheubt dspdfdibt tt r ébpyb afrnjhs. F änjuj vjétn yt ghjbpjqnb
ybrjulf.
CKJDFHM
Rbckjnysq ljélm: Ytrjnjhst pfuhzpyzñobt dtotcndf, jcjåtyyj jrbcb cths b fpjnf, gjl djpltqcndbtv cjkytxyjuj
cdtnf cj dhtvtytv ghtdhfofñncz d cjtlbytybz, dcnegfñobt d htfrwbñ c cjlthéfotqcz d djpleöt djljq c
jåhfpjdfybtv rbckjn. Änb pfuhzpyzñobt dtotcndf, xfcnj yfpsdftvst ≤rbckjnysv ljéltv≥, drkñxfñn d ctåz
cytu, nevfy b lsvre, f nfrét ceöbt cjtlbytybz, rjnjhst jrfpsdfñn dhtlyjt djpltqcndbt yf gjdthöyjcnm kbcnmtd
bkb ptvkb. Änb rbckjns yt njkmrj jnhfdkzñn jpthf b htrb, eåbdfz hsåe b lheueñ afeye, yj b dspsdfñn rjhhjpbñ
vtnfkkjd b rhfcjr b åerdfkmyj hfcndjhzñn ytrjnjhst rfvtyyst plfybz b gfvznybrb (cv. ldejrbcm cths).
Ldejrbcm eukthjlf (CJ2): Jåhfpetvfz ghb cébufybb eukthjljcjlthéfobö njgkbd, yfghbvth, eukz bkb ytanb,
ldejrbcm eukthjlf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq åtcwdtnyjt pfuhzpyzñott dtotcndj, yt bvtñott pfgföf, rjnjhjt zdkztncz
jlybv bp ufpjd, ghbdjlzob r gfhybrjdjve äaatrne, yfpsdftvjve nfr gjnjve, xnj änb ufps pflthébdfñn ntgkj
Ptvkb, gjljåyj cntrkzyysv gfytkzv d jhfyéthtt.
Jrbcm eukthjlf (CJ): Htpekmnfnjv ytgjkyjuj cujhfybz nfrbö eukthjljcjlthéfobö njgkbd, rfr eujkm b ytanm,
zdkztncz åtcwdtnysq ufp åtp pfgföf, bpdtcnysq gjl yfpdfybtv jrbcm eukthjlf. Ghb åjkmibö rjywtynhfwbzö jrbcm
eukthjlf tétujlyj eåbdftn nsczxb kñltq, f ghb ybprbö rjywtynhfwbzö d ujhjlfö vjétn jckjéybnm fyubye,
jnhbwfntkmyj djpltqcndjdfnm yf cthlwt b ghbxbybnm lheujq dhtl. Ghbvthyj 80 ghjwtynjd gjgflfñotq d fnvjcathe
jrbcb eukthjlf ghböjlbncz yf vtöfybxtcrbt nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf.
Euktdjljhjls (YC): Ytcvjnhz yf yfkbxbt hzlf lheubö yfpdfybq änjuj pfuhzpyzñotuj dtotcndf, yfxbyfz c
≤htfrnbdysö jhufybxtcrbö ufpjd≥ b rjyxfz ≤dhtlysvb jhufybxtcrbvb cjtlbytybzvb≥, dct jyb jnyjczncz r nsczxfv
hfpkbxysö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd, cjlthéfoböcz d ytcujhtditv åtypbyt, éblrjcnzö, ghbvtyztvsö d öbvxbcnrt,
ghjvsiktyysö hfcndjhbntkzö b vyjubö lheubö cjtlbytybzö djljhjlf c eukthjljv. Vyjubt euktdjljhjls jgfcys
cfvb gj ctåt: nfr, yfghbvth, åtypjk, jlby bp rjvgjytynjd åtypbyf, vjétn dspdfnm ktqrtvbñ. Tcnm b euktdjljhjls,
ghb cjkytxyjv cdtnt dcnegfñobt d htfrwbñ c jrbczvb fpjnf. D htpekmnfnt änjq htfrwbb jåhfpetncz ≤cvju≥, bkb
≤jpjy≥ (cv. jpjy).
Cdbytw (Pb): Ghtlcnfdkzñobq cjåjq cthtåhbcnj-cthsq vtnfkk, bpdtcnysq rféljve, rnj ghbdtibdfk uhepbkj r
eljxrt, cdbytw njrcbxty d kñåjq bpdtcnyjq ajhvt b yt bvttn ybrfrjq gbnfntkmyjq wtyyjcnb. Ytrjnjhst
cgtwbfkbcns gjkfufñn, xnj tuj ibhjrjt bcgjkmpjdfybt d rfxtcndt rjycthdfynf dby d Lhtdytv Hbvt ghbdtkj r
hfcghjcnhfytybñ ckfåjevbz b csuhfkj cdjñ hjkm d gfltybb bvgthbb. Rhjvt nfrbö ujhzxbö njxtr, rfr gkfdbkmyst
wtöf, cjdhtvtyyjt pfuhzpytybt cdbywjv xfot dctuj zdkztncz htpekmnfnjv tuj ljåfdktybz d åtypby d dblt ≤änbkf≥
bkb lheubö ljåfdjr.
Jrbcb fpjnf (NO): Ghb cujhfybb eukz, ytanb, ufpf b lfét cgbxrb d fnvjcatht dsltkzñottcz ntgkj cgjcjåcndetn
öbvbxtcrjq htfrwbb, ghb rjnjhjq tcntcndtyysv gentv dscdjåjélfñncz fpjn b rbckjhjl, rjnjhst, cjtlbyzzcm lheu
c lheujv, jåhfpeñn wtksq hzl rhfcyj-åehsö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd, yfpsdftvsö jrbczvb fpjnf. Ytcvjnhz yf nj,
xnj gjzdktybt ytrjnjhsö jrbctq fpjnf vjétn åsnm jnytctyj pf cxtn cjlthéfybz fpjnf d cfvjv njgkbdt,
jcyjdyfz bö xfcnm bvttn ≤ntgkjdjt≥ ghjbcöjéltybt. Änb ufps dspsdfñn htcgbhfnjhyst pfåjktdfybz, jcjåtyyj e
ltntq. Jrbcb fpjnf nfrét ghtjåhfpeñncz d xhtpdsxfqyj vtkrbt xfcnbws ybnhfnjd, rjnjhst vjuen jxtym ukeåjrj
ghjybrfnm d kturbt. Cvtibdfzcm c djljq, åelm nj d djpleöt bkb d kturbö, ybnhfns jåhfpeñn rbckjns (cv. rbckjnysq
ljélm b xfcnbws).
Jpjy (J3): D ghbhjlt rbckjhjl ceotcndetn d ldeö ajhvfö, jlyjq bp rjnjhsö zdkztncz jpjy. Cfvjt jåsxyjt
cjtlbytybt rbckjhjlf, gjllthébdfñott ébpym, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ldeöfnjvyeñ vjktreke, rjnjhfz cjcnfdkztn
jrjkj 20 ghjwtynjd jrheéfñotuj djpleöf. Jlyfrj, d dscjrbö ckjzö cnhfnjcaths ckjq jpjyf, nhtöfnjvyjuj
cjtlbytybz rbckjhjlf, ghtgzncndetn ghjybryjdtybñ hflbfwbb, rjnjhfz bpkexftncz yf Ptvkñ d htpekmnfnt
nthvjzlthysö dphsdjd yf Cjkywt. Jpjy nfrét dcnhtxftncz åkbprj r ptvkt, xfcnbxyj rfr cktlcndbt htfrwbb vtéle
ldevz jåsxysvb pfuhzpyzñobvb dtotcndfvb – jrbczvb fpjnf b euktdjljhjljd. Rhfqyt jgfcysq pfuhzpybntkm
djpleöf, jpjy zdkztncz yfcnjkmrj cbkmysv jrbckbntktv, xnj bcgjkmpetncz d ytrjnjhsö ujhjlfö (yfghbvth, KjcFylétktct, infn Rfkbajhybz, b Wñhböt, Idtqwfhbz) lkz ltpbyatrwbb gbnmtdjq djls. Cvtcm bp änbö pfuhzpybntktq djpleöf, dcnhtxfñofzcz dj vyjubö ujhjlfö, xfcnj yfpsdftncz jåobv (yj ytdthysv) nthvbyjv ≤jpjy≥, gjcrjkmre
änj ljvbybheñobq b ktuxt dctuj gjllfñobqcz bpvthtybñ rjvgjytyn.
Ndthlst xfcnbws (HV): Lsv b cféf yfpsdfñncz ndthlsvb xfcnbwfvb, yj yfbåjktt jgfcyfz ajhvf änbö ndthlsö
dtotcnd ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq rhfqyt vfkst gj hfpvthe ≤vtkrbt xfcnbws≥, rjnjhst ljcnfnjxyj vfks lkz njuj,
xnjås ghjybryenm ukeåjrj d kturbt, ult ntkj pfobotyj njkmrj cntyrfvb rktnjr njkobyjq d vjktreke. Xfcnj
ndthlst xfcnbws yfpsdfñncz HV10, gjcrjkmre jyb bvtñn hfpvth vtymit 10 vbrhjy, b uhjvflyjt åjkmibycndj
änbö vtkrbö xfcnbw cjcnjbn bp cjtlbytybq cths b fpjnf, rjnjhst d ntxtybt ytcrjkmrbö xfcjd bkb lytq bp ufpjd
ghtdhfofñncz d ndthlst dtotcndf.
Ldejrbcm cths (ßJ2): Jåhfpetvfz ghb cujhfybb cths, pjkjnbcnj-étknjuj gjhjirf, cjlthéfotujcz d eukt b ytanb,
ldejrbcm cths ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ytdblbvsq ufp c htprbv rbcksv pfgföjv, jrfpsdfñobv htprj jnhbwfntkmyjt
djpltqcndbt yf lsöfntkmyeñ cbcntve xtkjdtrf b cgjcjåysv eåbnm fcnvfnbrf. Jcnfdfzcm d djpleöt d ntxtybt
ytcrjkmrbö xfcjd bkb lytq, ldejrbcm cths jåhfpetn rhfqyt vtkrbt xfcnbws, yfpsdftvst cekmafnjv, rjnjhsq
vjétn ukeåjrj ghjybrfnm d kturbt. D cdjñ jxthtlm, cekmafn – d djpleöt bkb kturbö – htfubhetn c djljq, jåhfpez
cthyeñ rbckjne, xfcnj yfpsdftveñ rbckjnysv ljéltv.
13
ÅBÅKBJUHFABZ
A Look Ahead: Year 2020:
Proceedings of the Conference on
Long-Range Trends for the Nation’s
Highway and Public Transit Systems
Washington, D.C.: Transportation
Research Board, 1988
Economic Commission for Europe
National Strategies and Policies for
Air Pollution Abatement
New York: United Nations, 1987
The Economist
“Singapore’s Green Crusade –
Cleaning the Neighbours”
February 1, 1992
Anderson, Evert
“Trains of Tomorrow”
presented at Global Survival:
Sustainable Development in the
Networking World
Stockholm: Swedish Royal Institute
of Technology,
August 9–10, 1993
Enquete Commission of the
German Bundestag
Protecting the Earth’s Atmosphere
(Klimaänderung gefährdet
globale Entwicklung)
Ed. & transl. into English by
Wolfgang Fehlberg and Monica
Ulloa-Fehlberg
Bonn: Economica Verlag;
Karlsruhe: Müller, 1992
Weidner, Helmut
Air Pollution Control Strategies and
Policies in the Federal Republic of
Germany: Laws, Regulations,
Implementation and Principal
Shortcomings
Berlin: 95 Edition Sigma Bohn, 1986
Bates, D.V. and R. Sizto
“A Study of Hospital Admissions and
Air Pollutants in Southern Ontario”
Aerosols. S.D. Lee, et. al., eds.
Chelsea: Lewis Publishers, 1986
Environmental Economics Associate
“The Environmental Industry in the
United States”
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 1991
Blodgett, John
Health Benefits of Air Pollution
Control: A Discussion
Washington, D.C.: Congressional
Research Service, Library of
Congress, February 27, 1989
Environmental Protection in the
Industrial Sector in Japan
Tokyo: Industrial Pollution Control
Association of Japan, 1983
Cogan, Douglas
The Greenhouse Gambit: Industry
Response to Climate Change
Washington, D.C.: Investor Responsibility Research Center, Inc., 1991
Congress of the United States
Office of Technology Assessment
Acid Rain and Transported
Air Pollutants: Implications for
Public Policy
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
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Congress of the United States
Office of Technology Assessment
Catching Our Breath: Next Steps for
Reducing Urban Ozone
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, July 1989
14
Japan’s Industries Work for
Conservation of Global Environment
Tokyo: Keidanren, 1992
Moore, Curtis and Alan S. Miller
Green Gold: Japan, Germany, the
United States and the Race for
Environmental Technology
Boston: Beacon Press, 1994
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“Air Pollution In Europe:
International Policy Responses”
Environment
(v. 29, no. 10). December 1987
Schneider, Tonny, et al., eds.
Atmospheric Ozone Research and
Its Policy Implications: Proceedings
of the 3d U.S.-Dutch International
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New York: Elsevier, 1989
Wetstone, Gregory S. and
Armin Rosencranz
Acid Rain in Europe and North
America: National Responses to an
International Problem
Washington, D.C.: Environmental
Law Institute, 1983
World Resources Institute
Car Trouble: How New Technology,
Clean Fuels and Creative Thinking
Can Revive the Auto Industry
and Save Our Cities from Smog
and Gridlock
Boston: Beacon Press, 1993
World Resources Institute
World Resources 1992–93
New York: Oxford Union Press, 1992
RJYNFRNS
California Air Resources Board
Public Information Office
P.O. Box 2815
Sacramento, CA 95814
Tel: 916-322-2990
Fax: 916-445-5025
Northeast States
for Coordinated Air Use Management
85 Merrimac Street
Boston, MA 02114
Tel: 617-367-8540
Fax: 617-742-9162
Office of Technology Assessment
Press Office
U.S. Congress
Washington, D.C. 20510
Tel: 202-228-6204
Fax: 202-228-6218
Press Office
Palacio 29 De Marco
Centro Civico 80530
Curitiba, Parana
Brazil
Tel: 55-41-321-8399
Fax: 55-41-254-6033
South Coast Air Quality
Management District
Public Information Center
21865 East Copley Drive
Diamond Bar, CA 91765-4182
Tel: 909-396-3600
Fax: 909-396-3335
Umweltbundesamt
Bismarckplatz 1
14193 Berlin
Germany
Tel: 4930-89030
Fax: 4930-89032285
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air and Radiation
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Tel: 202-260-7400
Fax: 202-260-5155
State and Territorial Air Pollution
Program Administrators
444 North Capitol Street
Suite 307
Washington, D.C. 20001
Tel: 202-624-7864
Fax: 202-624-7863
Rähnbc Veh – rjycekmnfyn b fdnjh, cjnhelybxfñobq c hzljv vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq;
hfåjnftn ytlfktrj jn Dfibyunjyf, Atlthfkmysq jrheu Rjkevåbz; xfcnj xbnftn
ktrwbb j cdzpb gthtljdsö äythuj-ärjkjubxtcrbö ntöyjkjubq c yfwbjyfkmyjq rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnmñ.
Cjfdnjh rybub ≤Ptktyjt pjkjnj: Zgjybz, Uthvfybz, CIF b ujyrf ärjkjubxtcrbö
ntöyjkjubq≥, jgeåkbrjdfyyjq bplfntkmcndjv ≤Åbrjy ghtcc≥.
Cthbz ≤Ärjkjubxtcrbt ljrkfls≥
Htlfrnjh: Öfefhl Cbyrjnnf
Gjvjoybr htlfrnjhf: Ltåjhf V.C. Åhfey