Влияние природных локальных факторов на загрязнение

ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȽɌɍ, ɬɨɦ 1, ʋ3, 1998 ɝ.
ɫɬɪ.151-160
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɉɟɱɟɧɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ)
ɇ.ȿ. Ɋɚɬɤɢɧ1,2, ȼ.ɗ. Ⱥɫɦɢɧɝ3, ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɨɲɤɢɧ1
1
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ Ʉɇɐ ɊȺɇ
2
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ ɆȽɌɍ, ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
3
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ Ʉɇɐ ɊȺɇ
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ. ɐɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ
ɫɧɟɝɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɚ "ɉɟɱɟɧɝɚɧɢɤɟɥɶ". Ɋɟɲɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɚ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ “ɇɢɤɟɥɶ” ɡɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ:
x ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɫɧɟɝɟ ɡɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɫ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɬɨɝɨɦ ɫ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ;
x ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ;
x ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ: ɩɨ ɡɚɦɟɪɚɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ
ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɯɨɠɢɦɢ
ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ
ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɧɟɝɟ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ.
Abstract. The purpose of the work is the method of account of accumulation of sulphate, nickel and copper in
the snow of the local pollution zone of the industrial complex "Pechenganikel". The basic task of studying
character of formation and pollution of snow cover in the territory having crossed relief has been solved. On the
basis of five years' experiment the model of aerotechnogenic pollution of the snow cover in landscapes of the
local zone has been developed. According to the data of annual emissions of the industrial complex, distribution
of wind and amount of deposits on the meteostation "Nikel" for a winter period the model provides:
x representation of the material in the form of isoline display of modern, retrospective and perspective
accumulation of water stock, sulphates, nickel and copper in snow for any winter period, and also integrated
accumulation of polluting substances and water stock with an increasing result from the moment of emission
source occurrence;
x calculation of water stock and polluter accumulation on the area of drainage pools and other natural and
territorial complexes;
x the decision of a reverse task: measuring snow pollution in control points to define emission of sulphate,
nickel and copper from the enterprise.
The model can be applied in other northern areas of the Russian Federation with similar physicogeographical and climatic conditions. The basis of the model are dependences of the amount of deposits from
water stock in the same landscapes and also dependences of snow polluter contents from a relief and distance up
to a source of emissions.
1. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɧɨ-ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ,
ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ (Ʌɨɩɚɬɢɧɚ,
1983).
151
Ɋɚɬɤɢɧ ɇ.ȿ. ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ...
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɤɟɥɶ, ɦɟɞɶ, ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɝɚɡ (Ʉɪɸɱɤɨɜ,
Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ, 1989). ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ, ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɫɟɪɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. ɋɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɩɨɱɜ (ɇɚɡɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 1976; ȼɨɟɜɨɞɨɜɚ, 1979). ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ: ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɞɨɥɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ
(Ƚɥɚɡɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ., 1983; Ⱥɧɞɪɢɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 1975; ȼɚɫɢɥɟɧɤɨ ɢ ɞɪ., 1985). ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɯ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɯ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚ (ȼɚɫɢɥɟɧɤɨ ɢ ɞɪ., 1985; ɂɡɪɚɷɥɶ ɢ ɞɪ., 1987).
ȼ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0.1% ɟɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (Ʉɪɸɱɤɨɜ,
1979). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ Ʉɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ Ʉɪɚɣɧɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɸɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɱɟɬɚ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɬɨɤ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. (ɂɜɟɪɨɧɨɜɚ, 1956;
ɋɨɫɟɞɨɜ, 1967; ɋɟɜɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ., 1987; Ɋɚɬɤɢɧ, Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ, 1992).
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɧɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɣ
ɬɨɥɳɢ.
2. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
Ɋɚɣɨɧ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɟ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɚɫɜɢɤ.
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ
ɢɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɚ “ɉɟɱɟɧɝɚɧɢɤɟɥɶ” ɡɚ 1973-1994 ɝɝ., ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ “ɇɢɤɟɥɶ” ɡɚ 19401994 ɝɝ., ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɨɦ “ɉɟɱɟɧɝɚɧɢɤɟɥɶ” ɡɚ
1979, 1983, 1990-1994 ɝɝ. ɉɪɨɛɵ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɦɚɪɬɚ – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ (ɪɢɫ.1), ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ: ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ, ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɢ
ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ, ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ: ɯɜɨɣɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ, ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ ɢ ɛɟɡɥɟɫɧɵɟ
ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨ-ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɪɨɛ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɋɟɜɟɪɚ (ɂɉɉɗɋ) Ʉɇɐ ɊȺɇ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ȼɚɫɢɥɟɧɤɨ ɢ ɞɪ., 1985; Ƚɥɚɡɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.,
1983; Ʉɪɸɱɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 1989; Ɋɚɬɤɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1992). ȼ ɦɚɪɬɟ 1994 ɝɨɞɚ ɂɉɉɗɋ ɩɪɨɜɟɥ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ ɫ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ
ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɢ Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ 97, 97 ɢ 100% ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ɉɛɟ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɚɤɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ EN 45000, ɢ ɩɪɢɫɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɵɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɜ 1990-1992 ɝɝ. ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ
ɩɪɨɛ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɵ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 150u150 ɦ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ ɲɚɝɨɦ 25 ɦ (ɪɢɫ.2). Ɉɬɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɛ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɧɚ
ɝɢɞɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɗȽɂɋ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ: ɪɟɥɶɟɮ, ɬɢɩ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ, ɭɝɥɵ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ (ɚɡɢɦɭɬ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ), ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɟɝɚ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɯ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɡɚ
ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɶ ɮɚɤɟɥɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ
152
ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȽɌɍ, ɬɨɦ 1, ʋ3, 1998 ɝ.
ɫɬɪ.151-160
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɫɧɟɝɨɩɭɧɤɬ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦɢ ȼ.ȼ.Ʉɨɲɤɢɧɵɦ
ɢ ȼ.ɗ. Ⱥɫɦɢɧɝɨɦ.
Ɋɢɫ.1. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɝɨɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ.
x
q
153
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɛ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɧɚ
ɝɢɞɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ
ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɩɚɫɚ
Ɋɚɬɤɢɧ ɇ.ȿ. ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ...
Ɋɢɫ.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɧɟɝɨɩɭɧɤɬɚ.
3. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ-ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɧɵɦ
ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ “ɦɹɝɤɢɦ” ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ ɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ. Ɉɫɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɜ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 200-250 ɤɦ (əɤɨɜɥɟɜ, 1961). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ “ɇɢɤɟɥɶ” ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚɦ ɜ ɪɟɩɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɜɵɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ
“ɇɢɤɟɥɶ”: ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɯ ɢ ɫɭɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ (21 ɢ 23%
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɪɹɞɵ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɪɟɩɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɤ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ
ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ “ɇɢɤɟɥɶ”. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɢɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɗȼɆ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦ ɩɚɤɟɬɟ
STATGRAF. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɧɭɥɶ-ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ t-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɋɬɶɸɞɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ 0.05.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ, ɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ 95% ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ (ɬɚɛɥ.1).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɤ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ “ɇɢɤɟɥɶ”
Ɍɢɩ
ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
Ɋɚɜɧɢɧɚ
ɋɤɥɨɧ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ
Ɍɢɩ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ
Ȼɟɡ ɥɟɫɚ
ɏɜɨɣɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ
Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ
0.66
0.80
1.03
0.69
0.83
1.15
0.66
0.84
1.08
0.67
0.82
1.09
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Wi = S·Ki,
(1)
ɝɞɟ: Wi – ɡɚɩɚɫ ɜɥɚɝɢ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɦɦ;
S – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ “ɇɢɤɟɥɶ”, ɦɦ;
Ki – ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ i-ɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɟ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ, ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɲɬɢɥɟɣ ɧɚ
ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ “ɇɢɤɟɥɶ” ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɡɚ ɧɨɹɛɪɶ – ɦɚɪɬ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɚɯ ɩɨ
ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɭɦɛɚɦ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɲɬɢɥɟɣ (ɬɚɛɥ.2).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɲɬɢɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɫɭɬɤɢ
Ɋɭɦɛ/ɝɨɞ
1979
1983
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
ɋ
4.7
3.6
4.7
3.3
5.6
2.9
5.3
ɋȼ
7.6
5.6
3.9
4.5
4.8
3.5
5.8
ȼ
8.6
5.1
8.1
7.0
3.9
5.3
5.8
ɘȼ
11.5
8.7
32.2
30.6
31.1
30.2
19.8
154
ɘ
50.0
55.5
35.8
52.6
52.4
51.3
49.8
ɘɁ
22.8
30.3
25.4
24.5
27.7
21.6
22.2
Ɂ
11.8
13.6
13.9
10.0
8.1
10.7
9.3
ɋɁ
5.6
5.9
6.8
6.7
6.4
8.0
5.9
ɒɬɢɥɶ
28.4
22.7
20.2
11.8
10.9
17.5
27.0
ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȽɌɍ, ɬɨɦ 1, ʋ3, 1998 ɝ.
ɫɬɪ.151-160
2. Ɋɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ: ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ, ɫɤɥɨɧ,
ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ, ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɮɚɤɟɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɡɨɧɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ.
3. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɚ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
qɫɭɬ.i = qi / Pi
(2)
ɝɞɟ: qɫɭɬ.i – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ. ɫɭɬɤɢ;
qi – ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ;
Pi – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɚɤɟɥɚ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ i-ɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɫɭɬɤɢ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɪɹɞɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ.3.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɨɦ “ɉɟɱɟɧɝɚɧɢɤɟɥɶ” (ɬɵɫ. ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
1979
399
0.44
0.35
SO2
Ni
Cu
1983
293
0.38
0.29
1990
273
0.51
0.31
1991
258
0.40
0.27
1992
251
0.38
0.24
1993
230
0.35
0.23
1994
200
0.39
0.25
4. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
qɭɞ.i. = qɫɭɬ.i / V
(3)
ɝɞɟ: q ɭɞ.i – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ. ɫɭɬɤɢ ɧɚ 1 ɬɵɫ. ɬ. ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ;
q ɫɭɬ.i – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ. ɫɭɬɤɢ;
V – ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬɵɫ. ɬ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (3) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɩɹɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɹɞ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ qɭɞ. ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦ ɩɚɤɟɬɟ STATGRAF. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ
ɫɜɹɡɢ:
(4)
q ɭɞ.i = ai xibi ,
ɝɞɟ: qɭɞ.i – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ. ɫɭɬɤɢ ɧɚ 1 ɬɵɫ. ɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ;
ai= logai – ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɱɥɟɧ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ i-ɬɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ;
xi – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɤɦ;
bi – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ i-ɬɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ.4-6.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ qɭɞ. ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ SO42- ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ
Ɍɢɩ
ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ
ɋɤɥɨɧ
Ɋɚɜɧɢɧɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ
qɭɞ.i = -5.4Xi-0.79
qɭɞ.i = -5.68Xi-0.63
qɭɞ.i = -6.18Xi-0.59
ɑɢɫɥɨ n
78
88
80
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
F-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ
K ɤɨɪ.
p
82
-0.73
0.000
87
-0.72
0.000
60
-0.69
0.000
R2
0.54
0.52
0.48
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ qɭɞ. ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ Ni ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ
Ɍɢɩ
ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ
ɋɤɥɨɧ
Ɋɚɜɧɢɧɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ
qɭɞ.i = -1.51Xi-1.17
qɭɞ.i = -1.52Xi-1.34
qɭɞ.i = -1.39Xi-1.45
ɑɢɫɥɨ n
78
88
80
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
F-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ
K ɤɨɪ.
P
117
-0.80
0.000
137
-0.79
0.000
98
-0.76
0.000
R2
0.64
0.62
0.57
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ qɭɞ. ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ Cu ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ
Ɍɢɩ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
155
Ɋɚɬɤɢɧ ɇ.ȿ. ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ...
ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ
ɋɤɥɨɧ
Ɋɚɜɧɢɧɚ
-1.18
qɭɞ.i = -1.35Xi
qɭɞ.i = -1.14Xi-1.44
qɭɞ.i = -1.31Xi-1.42
ɑɢɫɥɨ n
78
88
80
F-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ
127
138
103
K ɤɨɪ.
-0.80
-0.80
-0.77
p
0.000
0.000
0.000
R2
0.64
0.64
0.59
ɂɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ (2), (3) ɢ (4) ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ
ɬɨɱɤɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɩɚɫɚ:
qi = aiXibi · Pi ·V ,
(5)
ɝɞɟ: qi – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ;
aiXibi = qɭɞ.i – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ. ɫɭɬɤɢ ɧɚ 1 ɬɵɫ. ɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ;
Pi – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɮɚɤɟɥɚ ɧɚ i-ɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɫɭɬɤɢ;
V – ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ, ɬɵɫ. ɬ.
ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (5) ɫ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫɧɟɝɚ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɡɚ
1993-1994 ɝɝ. 61% ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɩɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚɦ (ɩɨ ɧɢɤɟɥɸ ɢ ɦɟɞɢ - 55%) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɢ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ 10y25%. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ >100% ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ (ɬɚɛɥ.7).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ (%) ɩɨ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ (%)
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ
SO42Ni
Cu
Ƚɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ
30-45
50-90
6
14
13
14
14
18
10-25
61
55
55
>100
19
18
13
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
Qi = qi · Wi ,
(6)
2
ɝɞɟ: Qi – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɦ ;
qi – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɟɝɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ;
Wi – ɡɚɩɚɫ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɦ.
ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ (6) ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ q (5) ɢ W (1), ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ:
Qi = Pi ·V· qɭɞ.i · S· Ki ,
(7)
2
ɝɞɟ: Qi – ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɦ ;
Pi – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɚɤɟɥɚ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ i-ɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɫɭɬɤɢ;
V – ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɵɫ. ɬ;
qɭɞ.i = aiXibi i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɦɝ/ɥ. ɫɭɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ V = 1 ɬɵɫ. ɬ ɜ ɝɨɞ;
S – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɦɦ;
Ki – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (5) ɢ (7) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɛɥɨɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ, ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɟɚɥɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɜ ɢ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.3 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɢ
ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1973-1994 ɝɝ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.5 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɚɪɟɚɥɵ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ
ɪɟɤ ɉɟɱɟɧɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɜ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɢ
ɦɟɞɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ.8.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ (ɋɨɥɨɦɚɬɢɧɚ, 1965). ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɟɺ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ
ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɺɩɥɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɦɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
156
ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȽɌɍ, ɬɨɦ 1, ʋ3, 1998 ɝ.
ɫɬɪ.151-160
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɞɚɺɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɺɩɥɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɞɚ
ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɟɯ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɜɟɬɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɺɩɥɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 3.8, 3.9 ɢ 3.8 ɦ/ɫ
(ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ, 1988), ɬɨ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ qɭɞ ,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ 4-6, ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
157
Ɋɚɬɤɢɧ ɇ.ȿ. ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ...
Ɋɢɫ.3. ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɫɧɟɝɟ, ɦɝ/ɦ2 .
Ɋɢɫ.4. ȼɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɝ/ɦ2 .
ȼɜɟɪɯɭ – SO4 (1973-94 ɝɝ.), ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ – Ni (1975-94 ɝɝ.), ɜɧɢɡɭ – Cu (1979-94 ɝɝ.).
Ɋɢɫ.5. Ⱥɪɟɚɥɵ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɜ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ (w, ɦɥɧ. ɬ), ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢ
ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɜ, ɬ
N
1
2
3
4
S, ɤɦ2
182.7
50.8
200.3
30.8
w
548.1
132.1
520.8
80.1
SO42- (1973-94)
1670
706
1902
715
158
ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ)
Ni (1975-94)
Cu (1979-94)
6.9
5.9
3.7
2.3
13.8
6.4
4.6
2.2
ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȽɌɍ, ɬɨɦ 1, ʋ3, 1998 ɝ.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
98.8
1530.1
57.8
134.0
75.8
189.6
237.7
120.6
114.8
174.0
136.1
278.5
771.1
448.8
73.1
228.6
210.9
65.6
143.6
261.9
85.3
230.1
321.1
4590.3
187.8
435.5
227.4
663.6
832.0
392.0
321.4
487.2
442.3
905.1
2159.1
1256.6
255.8
617.2
569.4
200.1
524.1
654.7
255.9
690.3
1535
51864
1601
2492.4
2657
2301
3390
2290
1505
6947
8670
5759
4548
7840
1031
1626
722
549
659
771
462
783
ɫɬɪ.151-160
14.9
573.4
11.4
20.1
39.7
41.7
54.7
25.9
40.6
200.9
347.8
105.5
72.5
73.3
8.0
11.3
4.7
3.8
5.5
4.6
1.2
3.5
qi ɝɨɞ = qɭɞ.i*Pi ɝɨɞ*V ,
9.2
413.0
8.4
10.0
27.4
29.9
30.9
13.3
14.4
152.7
283.8
55.2
44.0
47.9
3.4
5.9
2.1
1.5
2.3
2.1
0.8
2.1
(8)
ɝɞɟ: qɭɞ.i ɝɨɞ – ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ;
qɭɞ.i = aiXibi – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ. ɫɭɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɟ
1 ɬɵɫ. ɬ ɜ ɝɨɞ;
Pi ɝɨɞ – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɮɚɤɟɥɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ i-ɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɫɭɬɤɢ;
V – ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ, ɬɵɫ. ɬ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ:
Qi ɝɨɞ = Pi ɝɨɞ*V*qɭɞ.i*[(S*Ki)+S1],
(9)
2
ɝɞɟ: Qi ɝɨɞ – ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɦ ;
Pi ɝɨɞ – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɮɚɤɟɥɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ i-ɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɫɭɬɤɢ;
V – ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ, ɬɵɫ. ɬ;
qɭɞ.i – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɦɝ/ɥ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɟ 1 ɬɵɫ. ɬ ɜ ɝɨɞ;
S – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɦɦ;
Ki – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ i-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ;
S1 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ (ɚɩɪɟɥɶ – ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ), ɦɦ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (9) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, Ni ɢ Cu ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ
ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1973–1994 ɝɝ., ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.4.
4. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨ-ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɫ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ “ɇɢɤɟɥɶ”. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ
ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɧɨɹɛɪɶ – ɦɚɪɬ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ “ɇɢɤɟɥɶ”.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ
ɫɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɟɝɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ
ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ: ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ, ɫɤɥɨɧ, ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ. ȼɫɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ
159
Ɋɚɬɤɢɧ ɇ.ȿ. ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ...
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɗȽɂɋ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɨɲɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ,
ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɭ
ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ
ɢɡɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɚɯ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹɬ ɋɨɜɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪɚ Ɏɢɧɧɦɚɪɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɉɟɪɚȿɧɚɪɚ Ɏɟɫɤɟɛɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ Ʌ.Ɇ. Ɍɟɪɟɳɟɧɤɨ ɢ ȿ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɛ
ɫɧɟɝɚ, ȼ.ɉ. Ɇɚɧɠɭɥɟ, ɋ.Ⱥ. Ɋɹɡɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ, Ʌ.Ʉ. ȼɪɭɛɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ, ȿ.Ɋ. Ʉɪɟɩɫɭ, Ⱦ.ɘ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɧɟɝɨɫɴɟɦɤɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ⱥɧɞɪɢɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ɇ., Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜɚ ȼ.Ɇ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɝ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɚ. ȼ ɤɧ.:
Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ʌ., Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, ɫ.208-212, 1975.
ȼɚɫɢɥɟɧɤɨ ȼ.ɇ., ɇɚɡɚɪɨɜ ɂ.Ɇ., Ɏɪɢɞɦɚɧ ɒ.Ⱦ. Ɇɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. Ʌ.,
Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, 181ɫ., 1985.
ȼɨɟɜɨɞɨɜɚ Ɂ.ɂ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɛ ɫɧɟɝɚ. ȼ ɤɧ.: ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ Ʉɨɦɢ
ȺɋɋɊ. ɋɵɤɬɵɜɤɚɪ, ɫ.80-88, 1979.
Ƚɥɚɡɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɇ.Ɏ., Ɂɥɨɛɢɧɚ Ⱥ.ɂ., ɍɱɜɚɬɨɜ ȼ.ɉ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ȼɟɪɯɧɟɨɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ. ȼ ɤɧ.: Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ. Ɇ., ɇɚɭɤɚ,
ɫ.67-83, 1983.
ɂɜɟɪɨɧɨɜɚ Ɇ.ɂ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɥɭɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɹɫɟ
ɯɪɟɛɬɚ Ɍɟɪɫɤɟɣ Ⱥɥɚɬɚɭ. Ɇ., Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɍ.67. Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ Ɍɹɧɶɒɚɧɶɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɜɵɩ.5, c.127-137, 1956.
ɂɡɪɚɷɥɶ ɘ.Ⱥ., ɇɚɡɚɪɨɜ ɂ.Ɇ., Ɏɪɢɞɦɚɧ ɒ.Ⱦ. Ɇɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ʌ., Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, 303ɫ., 1987.
Ʉɪɸɱɤɨɜ ȼ.ȼ. ɋɟɜɟɪ: ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ. Ɇ., “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, 127ɫ., 1979.
Ʉɪɸɱɤɨɜ ȼ.ȼ., Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ Ɍ.Ⱦ. Ⱥɷɪɨɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ʉɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ.
Ⱥɩɚɬɢɬɵ, ɢɡɞ. Ʉɇɐ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, 96ɫ., 1989.
Ʌɨɩɚɬɢɧɚ ȿ.Ȼ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ. Ɇ., Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, ɫ.24-28, 1983.
ɇɚɡɚɪɨɜ ɂ.Ɇ., Ɋɟɧɧɟ Ɉ.ɋ., Ɏɪɢɞɦɚɧ ɒ.Ⱦ., ɒɚɩɨɜɚɥɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ƚ., Ɇɚɯɨɧɶɤɨ ɗ.ɉ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ
ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɯ, ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɢ. ȼ ɤɧ.: Ɂɚɳɢɬɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ.
ȼɢɥɶɧɸɫ, Ⱥɇ Ʌɢɬ ɋɋɊ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɜɵɩ.3, ɫ.7-11, 1976.
ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɭ ɋɋɋɊ. ɋɟɪɢɹ 3, ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɱ.1-6, ɜɵɩ.2,
Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ. Ʌ., Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, 316ɫ., 1988.
Ɉɛɡɨɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɍȽɄɋ ɡɚ 1979-1994 ɝɝ. Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, ɆɍȽɄɋ, ɫ.185, 1994.
Ɋɚɬɤɢɧ ɇ.ȿ., Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ Ɍ.Ⱦ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼ
ɤɧ.: ɗɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ Ʉɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ. Ⱥɩɚɬɢɬɵ, ɢɡɞ-ɜɨ Ʉɇɐ ɊȺɇ, ɫ.20-35,
1992.
ɋɟɜɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ȼ., ɋɟɜɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɋ.ɂ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ. ȼ ɤɧ.: ɋɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɥɚɜɢɧɵ. Ɇ., ɇɚɭɤɚ, ɫ.16-23, 1987.
ɋɨɥɨɦɚɬɢɧɚ ɂ.ɂ. Ɉ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
Ɍɪɭɞɵ ȽȽɈ: ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ʌ., Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ,
ɜɵɩ.172, ɫ.58-69, 1965.
ɋɨɫɟɞɨɜ ɂ.ɋ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ. Ⱥɥɦɚ-Ⱥɬɚ, ɇɚɭɤɚ, 197ɫ., 1967.
əɤɨɜɥɟɜ Ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 180ɫ., 1961.
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